Computer consists of :

Central Processing Unit - CPU

Receives instructions from memory and executes them.
Control Unit controls and coordinates actions of other components.
Clock speed determines how quickly these instructions are executed.
Multiple cores improves processing power.
Arithmetic/Logic Unitperforms numeric operations.
Memory - Main Memory
8 bits per byte, each byte has a unique address
Random Access Memory (RAM) can access any location at the same speed
Storage Devices - discs, CDs
Hard disks permanently store data and programs
Compact Disk (CD) and Digital Versatile Disk (DVD) can be either Read-on
ly or Read/Write and can be used for the same purpose
DVD has higher storage capacity than CD
Input Devices - mouse, keyboard
Keyboard: Function keys (F1-12), modifier keys (ctrl, alt, shift), numer
ic keypad, arrow keys
Output Devices - monitor, printers
Monitor screen resolution is dependant on the dot pitch, or amount of sp
ace between pixels (measured in mm).
Communication Devices - modems, network interface cards
Enables networking of computers. Examples include dial-up modem, digital
subscriber line (DSL), network interface card (NIC) and wireless adapter.
Computer components are interconnected by subsystem called a bus.
Assembler is used to translate assembly language (low level computer lan
guage) into machine language (computer's native language).
Assembly is an example of a low level programming language.
High level languages were developed in the 1950s; these are platform ind
ependant (can run on multiple machines) and are more powerful
Interpreter reads source code statement by statement and translates + ex
ecutes immediately on the machine.
Compiler translates the entire program and executes when requested.
An Operating System (OS) :
Controls and monitors system activities
basic tasks (keyboard input, sending output, managing devices and driver
s), security, installations, etc.
Allocates and assigns system resources
which computer resources a program needs, distribution
Schedules operations
Multiprogramming - allows for multiple programs to run simultaneously by
sharing CPU
Multithreading - allows single program to execute multiple tasks at the
same time
Multiprocessing (Parallel processing) - uses two or more processors toge
ther to perform subtasks concurrently then combines solutions of subtasks to obt
ain
solution for the entire task.
Java was developed at Sun Microsystems and became popular in part due to
its ability to run from a web browser (Java applets).
Java is currently owned by Oracle and can be used to develop Android app
s.
 Java syntax - Java language specification
Java library - Java API
Java Developer Kit - software for developing and running Java programs
Java IDE - used for developing programs rapidly
Reserved keywords - public, class, static, void
Types of Programming Errors:
Syntax Errors: errors detected by the compiler. These occur from errors
in code consturction such as mistyping a keyword, omitting necessary punctuation
or using an opening brace without the corresponding closing brace.
Runtime Errors: errors that cause a program to terminate abnormally. The
se occur while a program si running if the environment detects an operation that
is impossible to carry out. For example, divison by zero and invalid typ
e inputs into scanner (string when expecting int).
Logic Errors: erorrs that occur when a program does not perform as inten
ded. For example, Fahrenheit conversion to Celsius incorrectly computing
due to truncation of values during divison due to differing data types (
Java does not perform coercion on data types).
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An identifier is used to denote classes, methods and variables
is a sequence of characters that consists of letters, digits, un
derscores, and dollar signs.
cannot start with a digit
can be of any length
Literals are syntactic representations of boolean, char, numeric, or str
ing data. Proper representation is for numerics are usually the number
followed by a letter indicating the type (e.g. 1234L, 4123.0F, 1.23E2)
Augmented assignment operators +=, -=, *=, /=, %=
Nothing else interesting worth noting in this chapter.
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Relational operators <, >, <=, >=, ==, !=
If statements, nesting, multi-way (else if, else)
Logical operators !, && , ||, ^
&&, || vs. &, |: The prior 2 will check the righthand side of a
statement only if necessary (e.g. int i = 12, if (i ==10 & i<9) will check both
even though the second check is unnecessary. Using && and || wil
l help avoid some errors.
switch statements
use break at the end of a case otherwise next case will be execu
ted!
binary operators are left associative
assignment operators are right associative!!! This takes precedence.
for example: 2 + 3 = a - 5*7 + 4
 2 + (3 = a) - (5*7) + 4
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