Chapter 14 - Solutions

Describe types of solutions, including all phases

Describe saturation states of a solution (saturated, unsaturated, supersaturated)

Calculate concentration in a variety of ways (molarity, molality, and %mass vs % by volume)

Use concentration to perform stoichiometric calculations

Describe how environmental factors (T and P) affect solubility
Explain and calculate different physical properties between solutions and pure solvent
(colligative properties) - vapor pressure lowering - boiling point elevation elevation - freezing
point depression - osmotic pressure
Use colligative properties to estimate molar mass
Calculate and explain colligative properties of strong electrolytes (vant Hoff factor)
Calculate G and G of a reaction at a specified temperature given Q or K. (See 19.8
&19.9)

Use an ICE table and, if necessary, the quadratic formula to determine equilibrium, initial
or final concentrations of reactants and products

Employ and justify the x is small approximation using the 5% rule

Chapter 16
Define equilibrium
Equilibrium the concentrations of both species reach levels where they remain constant
because the two processes are occurring at the same rate and the system is said to have achieved
dynamic equilibrium
Dynamic equilibrium for a chemical reaction is the condition in which the rate of the
forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction.

Predict the shift of a reaction using Le Chteliers principle given a change in one of the
following: removal or addition of reactant or product, change in volume or pressure, and
temperature change.
Volume decrease, pressure increase less moles of gas
Temperature increase for exothermic reactants

Write the equilibrium constant (K) expression for a given reaction

Calculate K given equilibrium concentrations of reactants and products

Kc > 102 products

Kc < 10-2 reactants
10-2 < Kc < 102 products and reactants

Differentiate between heterogeneous and homogeneous equilibria

Heterogeneous equilibrium Kc*
Only aqueous and gaseous species appear in equilibrium expressions, solids and pure liquids do
not

Flipping products and reactants Kc = 1/Kc

Multiply reaction by x Kc = (Kc)x

Adding two reactions together Kc3 = Kc1*Kc2

Gaseous Equilibria Kp = (Partial pressure products)/(Partial pressure reactants)

Predict the relative amounts of reactants and products at equilibrium given the equilibrium
constant (K)

Calculate the equilibrium concentration of reactants or products given initial

concentrations.
Convert between Kc and Kp for a reaction involving gases

Calculate the reaction quotient (Q) and predict the direction of a reaction given initial
concentrations of reactants and products and the equilibrium constant (K).

Explain the relationship between the equilibrium constant (K) and the reaction quotient
(Q)
Reaction quotient Qc = [products]/[reactants]

Q < K initial products/reactants too small products

Q = K equilibrium
Q > K initial products/reactions too large reactants
Chapter 17- Acids and Bases (Review Section 9.7 Acids and Bases)
Write base/conjugate acid and acid/conjugate base pairs
Define through words and examples Brnsted acids/bases and Lewis acids/bases
A second, more widely applicable definition of acids and bases, called the BrnstedLowry definition ,
was introduced in 1923. This definition focuses on the transfer of H + ions in an acidbase reaction.
Since an H+ ion is a protona hydrogen atom without its electronthis definition focuses on the
idea of a proton donor and a proton acceptor.
 Define amphoteric and give examples of substances that are amphoteric
Act as acid or base

Determine the relative strength of acids based on their composition and structure
Binary acids

Negative charge on the H in Li-H

 Write the equilibrium expression for water (Kw) and use it to deter
mine whether a solution is acidic, basic, or neutral
 Classify a solution as being acidic, basic, or neutral using the pH scale

Calculate pH, pOH, concentration of hydroxide ion, or concentration of protons

Identify an acid or base as being strong or weak

 Calculate the pH of a weak acid or base using an ICE table, the acid or base-dissociation
constant (Ka or Kb) and, if necessary, the quadratic equation

Employ the x is small approximation and justify assumption with 5% rule

Explain the relationship between Ka, Kb and Kw

Calculate the percent ionization of a weak acid or base

Use the pH of a weak acid or base solution to calculate the Ka or Kb, respectively.
Calculate the Ka or Kb of conjugate pairs using Kw
Identify polyprotic acids and calculate their pH at a given concentration
Classify a salt as being basic, acidic, or neutral based upon the acid and base used to form
the salt
Calculate the pH of a salt solution
Identify Lewis acids and bases
Chapter 18 - Aqueous Ionic Equilibria
A buffer contains:
1. Significant amounts of both a weak acid and its conjugate base or
2. Significant amounts of both a weak base and its conjugate acid

Descibe how a buffer can neutralize small amounts of strong acid or strong base
Weak acid neutralizes added base
Weak base neutralizes added acid

Calculate the pH of buffers given initial amounts or concentrations of weak acid and a salt
containing its conjugate base or weak base and a salt containing its conjugate acid
Select an appropriate acid and salt to prepare a buffer of a specific pH

Predict whether the products of an acid-nnase neutralization (titration) will be acid, basic, or
neutral

Calculate the pH at various pointsduring a titration between an acid and a base wehre either both
are strong, or one is strong and the other weak

Describe the diferent profiles of titration curves depending upon the acid and base strengths
Explain the difference between an equivalence point and an end point ofa titration
Select an appropriate indicator for gien acid-base titration
Write Ksp expressions gien the name or formula of a sparingly solule salt
Calculate molar solubility from Ksp values and vice versa
Use Ksp values to predict wheter precipitation will occur
Know how to use factors such as a common ion or pH will affect solubility of a specific salt
Write equilibrium expressions for formation of complex ions (Kf)

Describe the effect of complex ion formation on solubility of metal ions

The solubility of an ionic compound containing a metal cation that forms complex ions increases in the
presence of Lewis bases that form complex ions with the cation