Abstract

In todays time, there is an ongoing war on drugs in the Philippines. It is being done to

eradicate the rampant drug activity in the country and it is believed that consequently, it will

make the country a much safer place. This war on drugs has lessened the crime rate in the

country but it has also led to thousands of deaths for only a short period of time. The current

study aimed to identify what really are the thoughts of the Filipino people, specifically people

living in Metro Manila, and if they actually feel safer now than before. The study did a mixed

method approach through measuring perceived safety and psychological well-being using

scales and doing interviews to further support the data that was gathered. Results have

shown that the killings and perceived safety are negatively correlated (r=-0.529, p=0.000)

which was supported by the interviews that the shows that the people are scared that they

can also be a victim of this ongoing war and be part of the collateral damage.

Keywords: Perceived Safety, Killings, All-out-war on drugs, Psychological Well-Being

CHAPTER I
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Introduction
Safety is a state of being protected from harm or undesirable circumstances.

A well-known psychologist, Abraham Maslow, has designed the concept of a

Hierarchy of Needs. In this hierarchy of needs, it says that people are motivated to

fulfill basic needs first to be able to move further to a higher level of need. One of the

five levels of the Hierarchy of Needs is the need for safety. It talks about the need of

an individual for security to be safe from harm. It involves shelter, health and a safe

environment. Peoples perception of safety is a subjective manner which lies on their

own evaluation of their environment (Sideris, 2006). It can also be based in an

objective manner which is observable through crime rates or automotive accidents.

There are many factors that affect how an individual perceives safety. Physical,

social, environmental factors and individual characteristics affect how an individual

perceives safety (Clarke, 2012). Safety is an essential part of human beings and

according to the hierarchy needs of Abraham Maslow, safety needs must be fulfilled
to be able to attempt to meet a higher level of needs including love/belongingness,

esteem and self-actualization needs.

Well-being is defined as a construct that concerns optimal experience and

functioning (Ryan and Deci 2001). Ryan and Deci (2012) also suggested that well-

being is derived from two perspectives. Well-being may be defined in terms of

attaining pleasure and avoiding pain and the other one in terms of finding meaning

and self-realizations. Relationship with others is a key component of the

psychological well-being conceptualized by Ryff. The PERMA model of Seligman

also suggested that relationship is a core component for one to achieve well-being.

In Maslows hierarchy of needs, when safety needs are satisfied, the next need

would be the need for love or belongingness. This need includes friendship, family

and sexual intimacy. If the safety of an individual is satisfied, the individual can now

satisfy his/her need for love and belonging which will contribute in enhancing the

individuals psychological well-being.

Crime is one major threat to the safety of an individual. Poor communities are

more often the place of crimes than rich communities (Wikstrom, 1998). Though

some studies suggest that living in a gated community does not guarantee to be

crime free (Blake & Snyder, 1997), residents living in those areas feel much safer

(Atlas & LeBlanc, 1994; Blake & Snyder, 1997). The presence of guards or barriers

in residential areas may ward off the criminals. Since poor communities have higher

rate of criminality, it can be said that it is where criminals live.

In the Philippines, the current administration has raised an all-out war on

drugs and criminality. The police officers are encouraged to get rid of the drug

pushers and a lot of operations are being done during the current administration.

President Duterte has promised to subdue crime and illegal drugs and has declared

a brutal and bloody war against drug pushers and drug lords. Based on a report by

the Philippine National Police, the crime volume went down by 9.8% from 56,338 of

2
the Aquino Administration to 50,817 reported crimes during the Duterte

Administration. So far more than 540,000 drug pushers and users have surrendered

to authorities. There are 882 killed during police operations, 476 killed by unidentified

assailants, 119 bodies found way from the crime, and more than 7,300 others have

been arrested in the governments anti-drug campaign. Some of these killings were

done by unidentified groups of people and not during police operations which raises

a concern on the safety of the people. Some may say that these killings eradicate

the criminals thus, lessening criminality but these killings may also be perceived as a

threat to the safety of the people as some innocent people are affected indirectly.
Rationale
The war on drugs by the present administration in the Philippines is being

done to eradicate criminality in the country. They see drugs as a root source of why

people are able to do heinous crimes and eradicating drugs can lead to the lowering

of criminality. Although, the Duterte administrations campaign against crime

especially on illegal drugs was criticized for its human rights violations. The

Commission on Human Rights (CHR) and other human rights supporters raised

worries on the recent rampant killings of suspected drug personalities. According to

Inquirer, a four-year-old girl is the youngest fatality in the ongoing war on drugs. The

girl is only one of the many casualties that are not directly related to drugs but are

affected and killed. This has inflicted fear on some parents that anybody can become

affected as a casualty or collateral damage. It should be noted that this phenomena

is fairly new as the present administration just started. Putting all these in mind, this

study aims to know how the killings in this all-out war on drugs campaign affect the

perceived safety of people and its effect on their psychological well-being.

Statement of the Research Questions

The main intention of this paper is to know how the recent phenomena of the

all-out war on drugs and its killings affect the perceived safety of people living in

3
Metro Manila and how the perceived safety would affect their psychological well-

being. The study aims to answer the following questions using mixed methods:

How do the killings during the war on drugs affect the perceived safety

and psychological well-being of people living in Metro Manila?

What is the correlation of perceived safety and psychological well-

being?

What are the thoughts of people living in Metro Manila regarding this

all-out war on drugs

Significance of the Study

This study provides a broader knowledge on what really is the effect of the

all-out war on drugs by the Duterte administration. The war on drugs is a

controversial phenomenon which makes the study interesting and timely. The real

purpose of the all-out war on drugs is to eradicate drugs and criminality but it has

drawn much criticism as human rights may have been violated as the killings are

rampant. Killings done by unidentified men and not the police also raise a concern.

Certain surveys showed that the current president has a really high trust rating.

There has really been no scientific study yet as to how this all-out war on drugs

affects the citizens of the Philippines. This study will enlighten the people if the

purpose of the said agenda is met or does it illicit more fear to the safety of the

people. Safety is a basic need of human beings and it has to be met to be able to

live a fruitful life.

Scope and Limitations

This study revolved on the issue of drug related killings and its effect to the

perceived safety and psychological well-being of people working in Metro Manila.

The killings should only be during the Duterte Administration and should all be drug

4
 related. The timeframe of the said phenomena should be from June 30, 2016 until

December 31, 2016. The drug related killings can either be associated with the

police or with the unidentified men as long as it is drug related. The study was limited

to communities around Metro Manila and not for the whole Philippines. People who

are residing in Metro Manila were chosen to be the participants of this study. The

participants should be 18 years and above.

Definition of Terms

1. Perceived Safety the perception of the people on how safe they are in their

community/neighborhood. The perceived safety of the respondents about crime,

killings, and drug activity in their neighborhood were measured using the Perceived

Safety Scale.

2. Psychological Well-being - well-being that encompasses the wholeness of the

healthiness of an individual.

3. All-out war on drugs The Duterte administrations aggressive step in combating the

rampant drug use and drug trade in the Philippines to suppress criminality. The start

of the campaign against drugs started on June 30, 2016 up to December 31, 2016.

4. Killings the deaths that are related to and done during the war on drugs either by

the police or unidentified people.

CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Safety is the state of being free from harm and negative events that

may happen in the life of an individual. The sense of safety or lack of safety

5
according to Sideris (2006) can be a perception or in actuality. Different

objective measures or criteria can be used to be able to distinguish if a certain

area is safe or not. One criteria that is most often used is crime rate on an

area which can be establish to determine if the place is safe or unsafe (Booth,

Ayers, & Marsiglia, 2012; Sideris, 2006) but this thing can also be perceived

subjectively by an individual living in that community. The polices role is to

keep the safety of people. They play an integral part in maintaining peace and

order in an area. In the Philippines, there is rampant drug activity which the

current administration believes is one of the major causes why people are

engaging in criminal activities. The perception of the police and its importance

and link with perceived safety has been discussed by different researchers

(Nofziger and Williams, 2005). This could possibly be because of the police

doing a good job which reduces crime activity in the community, thus making

the residents feel safer and in turn also perceives the policemen in a favorable

manner
Death has always been associated to a negative event and negative

emotions in our lives. It is something that we cannot avoid and would come in

our lives at some point. Being exposed to death also has a detrimental effect

on the mental health of an individual (Sugimoto & Oltejenburn, 2001). Death is

a daily occasion in our world. According to the Population Reference Bureau,

151,600 people die each day. Even though death is something natural that

happens everyday, deaths that are related to killings are something deviant. In

the Philippines, there is an all-out war on drugs and drug pushers are being

killed on a daily occasion. Alleged drug pushers have been killed and there

are some occasions wherein innocent people are affected as collateral

damage.

7
 Well-being is a broad term, with lots of definition being incorporated with it but

in comparison with all these definition, it is common that well-being is the state of

wholeness or completeness of an individual in all aspects of their lives; it is being

physically, socially, mentally, spiritually and more importantly emotionally healthy

(McGillivray, 2007). There are two kinds of well-being, it can be psychological or it

may be subjective. The distinction between these two is that psychological well-

being encompasses the wholeness of the healthiness of an individual and subjective

wellbeing is being emotionally satisfied (happy, satisfaction in life and having a

positive affect).
The presence of the killings in the community can be detrimental to the safety

of the people living in that community. During this all-out war on drugs, different

communities are surrounded by the presence of death. It can be said that the killings

would lessen drugs and criminality in those communities but some of the killings are

not always done by the police. Some killings are done by unidentified men and

sometimes people who are innocent are affected as collateral damage from the

killings. Being surrounded by death may have a detrimental effect on an individual.

Although, crime rates have gone down since the all-out war on drugs have begun.

Police activity has been visible and support from the public has also been shown to

the police force. This shows that the death related to the all-out war on drugs may

increase or decrease the perceived safety of an individual.

Theoretical Framework

Maslows Hierarchy of Needs

Maslows Hierarchy of Needs is a theory formulated by Abraham

Maslow in his paper A Theory of Human Motivation in 1943. There are 5

levels of needs according to the theory. Maslow (1954) proposed a

classification of basic needs into five categories: physiological, safety and

8
 security, belongingness, esteem, and self-actualization. The theory suggests

that people are motivated to fulfill basic needs to be able to move further to a

higher level of need. Furthermore, the lower needs were more powerful than

the higher needs. The more these basic needs were satisfied, the better

would be the psychological health of the individual. If the physiological needs

are relatively well gratified, there then emerges a new set of needs, known as

the safety needs. Safety needs is the second level in the hierarchy of needs

next to physiological needs. It includes physical security, stability,

dependency, protection, and freedom from danger, and which result in basic

anxiety if not satisfied.

Safety is the main concern in this study. The study deals with the

perceived safety of the people. Providing a safer community or country is the

main agenda in the all-out war on drugs of the government but this war on

drugs has been the reason for lots of deaths. The killings may be a threat to

the safety and security of the people which can hinder the fulfillment of the

safety but on the other hand, if they see these killings as beneficial as it

lessens crime rate, it can have a positive effect on the perceived safety. Unlike

Physiological needs that can be satisfied safety needs can never be over

satisfied. But in order to progress into higher levels of need namely,

love/belongingness, esteem, and self-actualization needs, fulfillment of the

safety needs is essential to be able to progress into higher levels of needs.

Being deprived of the basic needs, which according to Maslows hierarchy of

needs, will deter the entire progression leading to dissatisfaction. Since safety

is a basic need, in this study we can say that when the perceived safety of an

individual is low, his/her overall well-being may be affected as well.

Psychological Well-being

9
 Psychological well-being is usually conceptualized as some

combination of positive affective states such as happiness (the hedonic

perspective) and functioning with optimal effectiveness in individual and social

life (the eudaimonic perspective) (Deci & Ryan, 2008). According to Carol

Ryff, psychological well-being encompasses the wholeness of the healthiness

of an individual. Ed Diener created the Flourishing Scale to measure the

Psychological Well-being of an individual. It is believed that when a person

scores high in the test it means that the individual possesses a lot of

psychological resources and strengths (Diener & Biswas-Diener, 2009)

Psychological well-being was used in this study to be able to know how the

recent all-out war on drugs affected the well-being of an individual. This study also

showed how perceived safety affects it. In relation to Maslows hierarchy of needs,

when a person satisfies his/her safety needs, the individual will now be able to

satisfy a higher need which is love or belongingness. Love and belonging includes

friendship, family, sexual intimacy. Positive relation with others is a key component of

the psychological well-being. The higher level of needs in the Maslows Hierarchy of

Needs can also be compared to the Psychological Well-being of an individual. In this

study we saw how the perceived safety affected the psychological well-being and

shows how related they are like in the Maslows Hierarchy of Needs.
Literature Review
Safety
Safety is the state of being free from harm and negative events that may

happen in the life of an individual. The neighborhood setting is where the people

create significant attachments to other people, where they create meaning and find

reason in their lives (Batson & Monnat, 2015). It is a place where people interact with

one another and where there home and security is. Sideris (2006) noted that sense

of safety or lack thereof can be a perception or real. There are objective measures or

10
criteria that can establish whether a place is safe or not. Crime rate on an area can

be establish to determine if the place is safe or unsafe (Booth, Ayers, & Marsiglia,

2012; Sideris, 2006) but this thing can also be perceived subjectively by an individual

living in that community. There are many other factors that affect the how the

perception of safety is shaped. Media has been identified to influence peoples

perception of safety (Shepherdson, 2014). Grabosky (1995) stated in his study that

being exposed to the media wherein crimes are highlighted can lead to exaggerate

the risk of being affected by crimes. The media is a very influential factor which

affects the thinking of the people that they are not safe and can easily be affected by

certain crimes or events. There are also some other factors that influence how

neighborhood safety is shaped like physical environment factors, social factors and

individual characteristics (Clarke, 2012). One noted social environment factor that

influences perception of safety is if when an individual has been approached by a

drug dealer (Payne & Gainey, 2007). Resilient and stable communities are vital to

the sustainability of healthy cities. Residents who feel satisfied with their

communities report a greater sense of attachment to the local community, higher

overall life satisfaction, better mental and physical health, greater political

participation, and are more likely to help in building healthy and stable communities

(Adams, 1992; Hays and Kogl, 2007; Sampson, Morenoff and Gannon- Rowley,

2002; Sirgy and Cornwel,l 2002). As crime and disorder increase, residents

satisfaction tends to decline, and they may decide to leave the community (Low,

2003; Skogan, 1990; Skogan and Maxfield, 1981). There is some indication that

residents perceptions of crime and disorder have greater influence on neighborhood

satisfaction than the actual existence of such crime and disorder (Adams 1992).

11
 Police Activity. The police are one of the primary protectors of the safety of the

people. The police play an important role in maintaining peace and order in the

community. In the Philippines, drug activity is rampant which the police believe is the

root cause of criminal activities. The Philippine National Police (2016) is now

concentrating its effort to fight against the abuse and rampant distribution of illegal

drugs in the Philippines. These consistent police operations that try to eradicate the

drug activities in the country was appreciated by the public in general. Although,

there are some groups that suspected that the police may have violated human

rights (Philippine National Police, 2016). Some studies have also suggested that

police are more likely to shoot and kill civilians, who are excessively involved in

criminal activity, particularly crimes that are violent in nature (Fyfe, 1980; Kania &

Matulia, 1985; Sherman & Cohen, 1986). In the Philippines, there seems to be a

loose practice in the firing of guns to the criminals. The president of the current

administration always reminds the policemen to not hesitate to shoot the criminals

when they think that their lives are in danger. Researches have also shown that the

shootings of the police are done when they are exposed to dangerous people and a

dangerous environment (Macdonald et al., 2001). Misbehaviors of the police have

been a well-studied topic over the past decades (Dorschner, 1989; Kappeler et al.,

1998). Satisfaction with the police is linked with the confidence and support of the

people to the police force. It is a significant area as it is linked with the peoples

willingness to cooperate and obey the police and the laws more in general (Tyler,

1990). The support for the police also has its implications for the police to be

effective in controlling the crime because of the distribution of resources in carrying

out police work (Hinds, 2009). The perception of the police and its importance and

link with perceived safety has been discussed by different researchers (Nofziger and

12
Williams, 2005). This could possibly be because of the police doing a good job

which reduces crime activity in the community, thus making the residents feel safer

and in turn also perceives the policemen in a favorable manner. With this, we can

say that a favorable perception of the police can also result to a higher perception of

safety. Ozascilar, Ziyalar and Yenisey (2015) noted that the peoples perception of

the police is mostly important it may be due because the public has granted police

force the capability to use force in conducting police operations (Klockars, 1985).

The people will not be willing to assist the policemen with their job in maintaining

peace and order if they see them negatively (Sunshine & Tyler, 2003; Taylor, 2006).

All these literatures have shown that for an individual to be able to have high

perception of safety, the perception of the people to the policemen should be

favorable as it signifies that the job of the policemen which is maintaining safety is

being done accordingly.

Death
Death is an inevitable part in the lives of human being. People have a

tendency to avoid talking about death and would not have the capability of facing

death (Shimazono, 2008). It is something most of the time not being taught in school,

not understood and feared by individuals (Mak, 2010). Death brings distress to

almost everyone in the world and it brings about different negative emotions (Al-

Sabwah & Abdel-Khalek, 2006). In fact, there have been researches that shown the

relationship between death and depression (Erikson, 1963; Kbler-Ross, 1969).

Sugimoto & Oltejenburn (2001) noted that being exposed to death is acknowledged

to be a reason for an individual to acquire posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

Crimes and Killings. Violent crimes are associated with killings. Crimes

such murder, homicide and other violent acts are associated to death. In the

Philippines, during the all-out war on drugs, almost three thousand have

13
already died and half of which are not done during police operations and its

still rising. Adams (1992) suggested that perception of crime in the

neighborhood is more influential on neighborhood satisfaction than actually

experiencing the crime itself. Those who live in a community with a higher

crime rate consequently are more afraid in crimes than those who live in a

much safer community (Kershaw et al., 2001). A vast number of studies

suggested that fear of crime is increased when an individual lives in a poor

environment (Thompson & Krause, 1998; Vacha & McLaughlin, 2000).

Crimes in Different Communities. Rich communities can also be stated

as gated communities. Gated communities can be defined as a residential

area wherein there is restricted access which includes physical barriers such

as a fence or security guard houses (Wilson-Doenges, 2000). Walls and gates

present in gated communities prevent intrusions associated with crime, drugs,

vandalism, and disregard for public or private property. In so doing, walls and

gates create social and economic security for the resident living inside gated

communities. The sense of security is one of the key components of why

people are living in a gated community. With the emphasis on security, it is

important to know, is the prevalence of crime rising, or is the actual incidence

magnified? Crime rates are going down, but fear of crime is rising (Colvard,

1997). Restricted access to the community would mean that the entry of

people are monitored closely and prevents unfamiliar people to the

community. Even though gated communities does not really lessen the risk of

criminal activity (Blake & Snyder, 1997), residents still feel a lot safer with the

protection from those physical barriers mentioned (Atlas & LeBlanc, 1994;

Blake & Snyder, 1997). Although residents may actually be no safer inside the

14
gates, residents in gated communities report that they feel less safe when

outside of their communities (Low, 2001). These physical barriers may be

seen as the residents as something that would make criminals more cautious

to come in that area.According to Tan (2012), households who live in the

gated, secured neighborhoods are 1.27 times more likely to be satisfied with

their housing situations compared to households who do not live in the gated,

secured neighborhood, holding all other things constant. As summarized by

Mohammad (2011), this level of satisfaction is due to the provision of better

quality housing services rather than just security.

The poor are defined as individuals living in households with per capita

expenditures below the poverty threshold. In most countries, poverty is

understood to be the minimum income necessary to purchase a basic calorie

intake, measured in terms of income and expenditure (ABD, 1999). In the

Philippines, many of the poor cannot afford to buy medicines or bring their

sick to the hospital. Some of the countries have subsidized or free

government health care programs, but for different reasons, many poor

people cannot or do not access them. Poor communities in the past decades

have become usual features of the Philippine urban landscape that are

commonly perceived in a negative light in Filipino popular culture. Even the

labels or descriptions assigned to them in Philippine society, such as

depressed area, blighted area, squatters, nesting area of crime, among

others, indicate that these settlements are stigmatized places (Racelis and

Aguirre, 2005). These negative outlooks have the effect of ostracizing and

dismissing those whose lives are inextricably associated with such

settlements (Starke, 1996).Numerous studies have shown that poor people

tend to be more afraid of crimes than wealthy people (Hale, 1996; Nilsson and

15
 Estrada, 2003; Pantazis, 2000).There is a great number of literature that

suggests that fear of crime is increased in neighborhoods characterized by

social poverty and rundown infrastructure (LaGrange, Ferraro, & Supancic,

1992; Sampson, 2001; Thompson & Krause, 1998; Vacha & McLaughlin,

2000). It can be explained by the fact that crime rates are higher in poor

communities than wealthy communities (Wikstrom, 1998) and being exposed

to crimes increases the fear of being affected by crime. Larsson (2009) stated

that the poor are more vulnerable to be victims of crime. Similarly, studies

evaluating neighborhood-level crime indexes reveal that crimes involving

interpersonal violence are more likely to occur in deprived neighborhoods

characterized by economic inequality (Pain, 2000; Sampson, 2001).

Well-being
The concept of well-being refers to optimal psychological functioning

and experience (Ryan and Deci, 2001). Well-being has been well studied over

the past decades (Diener, Suh, Lucas, & Smith, 1999; Keyes, Schmotkin,

&Ryff, 2002; Seligman, 2011) and may have been because of the recent

emergence and thriving of positive psychology. There have been a lot of ways

of how researchers define well-being. Ryff (1989) acknowledged six

components of well-being: autonomy, environmental mastery, positive

relations, purpose in life and self-acceptance. According to Ryan and Deci

(2008) well-being may be defined in the concept of attaining pleasure in life

and avoiding pain and the other in terms of finding meaning in life and

significance in it and the other type of well-being is the psychological well-

being which is the combined positive affective state and the eudaimonic

perspective which is having meaning in ones life. To be able to reach a better

well-being, Seligman created the PERMA model, a scientific theory about

16
 happiness. It is said that one must achieve the five core elements of the

PERMA model to be able to live a happy and flourishing life (Seligman, 2011).

This includes, positive emotions, engagement, relationships, meaning and

accomplishments.

Psychological Well-Being. Psychological well-being is both a concept

and a scale which was designed by Carol Ryff. It is contrasted with the

subjective well-being due to not only limiting well-being to happiness and

satisfaction. Psychological well-being encompasses the wholeness of the

healthiness of an individual. Psychological well-being focuses on the

eudaimonic perspective of well-being (Ryan and Deci 2008). It is a

perspective of well-being defined by Ryan and Deci (2001) which focuses on

knowing the meaning in ones life and self-realizations. Carol Ryff has

designed a model of psychological well-being which is composed of six

domains. The six domains are autonomy, environmental mastery, self-

acceptance, personal growth, purpose in life and positive relations with

others. Carol Ryff has designed a scale in measuring the psychological well-

being of a person. Scores from each dimension has a meaning that would tell

something about the psychological well-being of a person. Positive relations

with others is one key component of psychological well-being. In relation to

Maslows hierarchy of needs, when safety needs are satisfied, the next need

would be the need for love or belongingness. This need includes friendship,

family and sexual intimacy. If the safety of an individual is satisfied, the

individual can now satisfy his/her need for love and belonging which will

contribute in enhancing the individuals psychological well-being.

Based from the problem, the following hypotheses were formulated:

H1: Perception of safety of will be low when the killing in the area is high.

17
H2: Higher perceived safety results to higher psychological well-being

Synthesis
In the Philippines, there is an all-out war on drugs being done by the

Philippine National Police under the Duterte administration. The presence of death is

felt by people in different communities during this time but it can be said that those

who are killed are the criminals and would make the community much safer when

those criminals are gotten rid of. It is not only the police that are responsible for the

killings happening but a lot of deaths can be attributed to unidentified men. Those

killings from unidentified men, even though the targets are alleged drug pushers, are

still accounted as a crime. In conclusion, even though death brings distress and a lot

of negative emotions to an individual (Al-Sabwah & Abdel-Khalek, 2006), the deaths

that have occurred in the Philippines have mostly all been related to drugs and

criminals are their target. In turn, crime rate has gone down and police activity has

been really visible.

Simulacrum

This illustration shows the relationships of the variables in the study. It shows how

the killings affect the perceived safety and the psychological well-being of

individuals.

18
This illustration shows:

The effect of the killings on the perceived safety and psychological well-being

of individuals.
The relationship between perceived safety and psychological well-being.

CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY

Research Design
This paper used a mixed method approach and an explanatory method to be

able to give knowledge on how the killings in the war on drugs affect the perceived

safety of people living Metro Manila. Mixed method research involves gathering and

analyzing quantitative data and integrating it with qualitative data (Creswell & Clark,

2011). In combining two methods in research, it provides a better understanding and

a broader knowledge to the given problem. In the quantitative part of the research,

data-gathering instruments establish relationship between measured variables.

When these methods are used, the researcher is usually detached from the study

and the final output is context free. Measurement, numerical data and statistics are

the main substance of quantitative instruments.. The quantitative approach is more

on the detailed description of a phenomenon. It basically gives a generalization of

the gathered data with tentative synthesized interpretations. Quantitative data was

analyzed and specific results that needed more additional explanation was identified

to further strengthen it using qualitative approach. In the qualitative part, an interview

was administered following the quantitative approach to be able to strengthen further

the result of the study. Combined results from the two approaches were integrated

with one another to come up with a clear and more sufficient result.

19
 Data
The researchers gathered the perceived safety of the participants using a

perceived safety scale designed by the researchers. Perceived Safety Scale

(Cronbach a = 0.873) is a 10-item 5-point Likert scale which measures the perceived

safety of an individual. Individuals are instructed to indicated the degree of

agreement using a score ranging from 1-5, 1 being the lowest (strongly disagree)

and 5 being the highest (strongly agree), to each item in the questionnaire.

Psychological well-being was measured using the Flourishing Scale (Cronbach a = .

838). The Flourishing Scale is a brief 8 item scale which is designed by Diener and

colleagues. Statistics from the Philippine National Police were gathered to assess

the rate of killings in distinct cities in Metro Manila. After being able to gather the

needed data, interview questions were made based from the results of the tests.

Further data were gathered using one on one interview to be able to support further

and strengthen the results of the test.

Technique
Purposive sampling method was used to choose the respondents in

answering the tests of the research. The participants must be 18 years of age and

above, either a male or female and is currently residing in Metro Manila. There are

16 cities in Metro Manila and respondents from each city were accounted. A total of

200 respondents were used in the study. The respondents were divided base from

the population of each city in Metro Manila. In the interview part of the study, the

researchers have gathered 8 participants.

Analysis
The perceived safety was measured using the perceived safety scale

designed by the researchers. The psychological well-being was measured using the

Flourishing Scale. Statistics from the Philippine National Police pertaining to the

operations conducted regarding drugs would be considered as secondary data to

20
assess if there was a presence of killings in the communities. Pearson-r correlation

was used to assess how the killings affect the perceived safety and psychological

well-being of an individual and also to see the relationship between the perceived

safety and psychological well-being of an individual. The interview was transcribed

and was then analyzed using Thematic Content Analysis. It is used to come up with

themes or the patterns with regards to the responses of the participants. The themes

were then used to present an organized data and be presented to give a clearer

explanation on a phenomenon.

Ethical Consideration
The researchers gave informed consent to the respondents before conducting

the survey. The purpose of the study was clearly stated to the respondent to avoid

confusions and misunderstandings. The researchers have ensured that the

respondents should not be subjected to harm. The respect for the research

participants were prioritized by the researchers. Any type of misleading information,

as well as representation of the data collected in a biased way was avoided. The

data collected were used by the researchers for ensuring the privacy of research

participants has to be ensured.

21
 CHAPTER IV

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

In todays time, the phenomenon of the all-out war on drugs by the current

administration is very controversial. The agenda of this so called war is to lessen

criminality by getting rid of what they think is one of the main reasons why people are

able to commit crimes. Drugs and criminality is very rampant in our society and it is

believed by the current administration that by getting rid of drugs, people will feel much

safer. This study aimed to know the perceived safety of the people today. It sought to

find out whether the real agenda of the current government is really met or did it only

add fear because of the rampant killings that comes with it. The researchers have

conducted this study using Perceived Safety scale (Cronbach a = .873) and the

Flourishing Scale (Cronbach a = .838) to measure the Perceived Safety and

Psychological well-being of the participants respectively. The participants consist of

male (N=46) and the female (N=54) residents of Metro Manila ranging from ages 18-44

(mean = 20.8). Since there are 16 cities and 1 municipality in Metro Manila, the

participants were divided accordingly to represent each city and municipality. The

researchers used mixed method approach in this study to better understand the

thoughts and feelings of the people living in Metro Manila regarding the killings and the

all out war on drugs. In the qualitative part of the study, 6 participants were gathered,

all of them living in Metro Manila. These participants consist of 5 males and 1 female.

These participants lived in a community in Metro Manila wherein a killing has happened

near their area. Thematic content analysis was done to analyze the data that was

gathered.

22
 The researchers have hypothesized that the higher the killings in the city, the

lower the perceived safety and psychological well-being will be and that there is a

positive relationship between the perceived safety and psychological well-being.

Kill List

Table 1. Killings from June 30, 2016 December 31, 2016 in Metro Manila

City Killing
Valenzuela 5
San Juan 11
Malabon 12
Muntinlupa 13
Taguig 14
Navotas 14
Pateros 22
Las Pinas 25
Marikina 26
Paranaque 26
Makati 27
Mandaluyong 43
Caloocan 76
Pasig 100
Pasay 108
Manila 178
Quezon City 276
Total 976
Source: Inquirer News

From June 30, 2016, the first day of the current administration of President

Rodrigo Duterte until December 31, 2016, there have been a total of 1,899 people who

have been killed who are allegedly involved in drugs. 976 of those are from Metro

Manila. Metro Manila has the highest rate of killings in the whole Philippines. This table

shows the killings per city in Metro Manila arranged in ascending order. Quezon City

23
has the most number of killings and Valenzuela has the least. Based from the statistics

of the Dangerous Drug Board (DDB) there are 1.76 million drug addicts in the

Philippines. Metro Manila has the highest rate in the Philippines of being affected by

drugs wherein 92 percent of NCRs barangays are affected. It can be seen that there

really is a very alarming number of drug users in Metro Manila which is why almost half

of the people who were killed that are involved in drugs came from Metro Manila

because of rampant drug activity in the region.

Perceived Safety

Table 2. Perceived Safety means by City

City Killing Perceived Safety

Valenzuela (n=12) 5 33.2500
San Juan (n=10) 11 37.0000
Malabon (n=7) 12 36.4286
Muntinlupa (n=10) 13 38.0000
Taguig (n=10) 14 33.5000
Navotas (n=5) 14 32.8000
Pateros (n=9) 22 29.2222
Las Pinas (n=10) 25 28.6000
Marikina (n=5) 26 26.0000
Paranaque (n=13) 26 30.5000
Makati (n=10) 27 26.9231
Mandaluyong (n=5) 43 25.6000
Caloocan (n=15) 76 24.2667
Pasig (n=15) 100 21.4667
Pasay (n=12) 108 23.2500
Manila (n=26) 178 25.0000
Quezon City (n=26) 276 21.3846
Total (n=200) 976 27.6800

24
 The researchers have hypothesized that the higher the number of killings in the

area, the lower the perceived safety will be. The results have verified the hypothesis of

the researchers. The perceived safety is measured using the Perceived Safety Scale

designed by the researchers themselves. The number of participants was divided

equally from all cities of Metro Manila. Quezon City had the lowest score with the mean

of 21.3846 in perceived safety while Muntinlupa had the highest with the mean of 38. In

Table 2, a pattern can be seen that the higher the killings, the lower the perceived safety

is. The Philippine National Police have said that the total crime volume decreased by

13% through the first and second quarters of 2016. Different types of crimes have

decreased by more than 10% but in contrast, the number of people being murdered has

dramatically risen. Even though there seems to be a decline in crime rates during the

present administration, Reuters have noted, using PNP statistics, that serious already

have a trend of declining during the previous administration. The low score on perceived

safety can be due to the fact that those who have high number of killings also has a

higher crime rate and that the crime of murder has gone up dramatically. Being exposed

to death has a negative effect on an individual. It brings distress and a lot of negative

emotions on ones self (Al-Sabwah & Abdel-Khalek, 2006). Sugimoto & Oltejenburn

(2001) noted that being exposed to death is acknowledged to be a reason for an

individual to acquire posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

Psychological Well-Being

Table 3. Means of Psychological Well-Being per City

City Killing Psychological Well-Being
Valenzuela 5 44.8333
San Juan 11 41.6000
Malabon 12 43.4286

25
Muntinlupa 13 46.5000
Taguig 14 42.1000
Navotas 14 42.4000
Pateros 22 41.4444
Las Pinas 25 42.2000
Marikina 26 38.4000
Paranaque 26 40.9000
Makati 27 38.5385
Mandaluyong 43 41.8000
Caloocan 76 38.0667
Pasig 100 37.8667
Pasay 108 40.4167
Manila 178 40.9615
Quezon City 276 37.8846
Total 976 41.138

The psychological well-being was measured using the Flourishing Scale

designed by Ed Diener. Participants from Muntinlupa (n=7) had the highest mean score

with 46.5 while participants from Pasig (n=15) had the lowest with 37.87. The results

from the participants of each city do not vary much as can be seen in the table. It may

be the result of social desirability. The components of the Flourishing Scale consist of

very positive items that may have heightened the response of the participants for them

to be viewed favorably.

Killings, Perceived Safety and Psychological Well-Being

Table 4. Correlations of Perceived Safety and Killings

Perceived
Safety Killings
Perceived Pearson Correlation 1 -.529**
Sig. (2-tailed) .000
Safety N 200 200
Killings Pearson Correlation -.529** 1
Sig. (2-tailed) .000

26
 N 200 200
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
This table shows a moderate negative relationship between perceived safety and

killings. Even though the correlation is moderate, it still shows statistical significance.

This is consistent with the hypothesis of the researchers wherein the researchers

believed that there will be lower perceived safety in places wherein there is a high

number of killings. This means that the variable killings have a negative relationship with

the perceived safety. This validates the pattern that was shown in Table 2. As the killings

go up, the perceived safety of an individual has a tendency to go down. Not all killings

are because of police operations but half of which are done by unidentified men. The

results show that the killings have a negative effect on the perceived safety of an

individual. Quezon City had the highest number of killings based from the previous

tables and also had the lowest score in the perceived safety scale. This goes to show

that people may not actually feel much safer even though there is a rigorous effort in

reducing criminality by getting rid of drug personalities. The killings can be considered

as crimes since not all of the killings are done by legitimate police operations and some

actually are really innocent and was only affected because of collateral damage. United

Nations (2015) actually noted that these rigorous drug control policies have resulted to

extrajudicial killings, human rights abuses and a threat to public health and safety. Even

though the intentions are good and clear, the means have actually yielded negative

results.

Table 5. Correlation of Killings and Psychological Well-Being

Psychological
Well-Being Killings

27
Psychological Pearson Correlation 1 -.242**
Well-Being Sig. (2-tailed) .001
N 200 200
Killings Pearson Correlation -.242** 1
Sig. (2-tailed) .001
N 200 200
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

This table shows the relationship of the killings and psychological well-being.

There is a weak negative relationship between the two variables wherein the correlation

coefficient is -.242 and is significant at the 0.01 level. This shows that there is low

probability that when there are high killings, the level of psychological well-being will be

low. Even though there is a weak correlation between the two variables, it is still

significant at the 0.01 level. According to Dustman and Fasani (2012), mental distress is

one effect of being surrounded by crime. Even though one is not directly affected by

crime, it can still cause a substantial effect on the mental well-being of an individual.

Although the correlation coefficient is very low, there is still a probability that the killings

affect the psychological well-being of an individual in a negative manner.

Perceived Safety and Psychological Well-being

Table 6. Correlation of Perceived Safety and Psychological Well-Being

Perceived Psychological
Safety Well-Being
Perceived Pearson Correlation 1 .298**
Safety Sig. (2-tailed) .000
N 200 200
**
Psychological Pearson Correlation .298 1
Well-Being Sig. (2-tailed) .000
N 200 200
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

28
 One of the research objectives of the researchers was to see how the perceived

safety would affect the psychological well-being since it is said in the theoretical

framework of Abraham Maslows Hierarchy of needs that one must satisfy his safety

needs to be able to go up to higher levels of needs and we classify those needs as

similar to those of the psychological well-being. Basing from the theory, the results

should have shown a high positive correlation between the two variables wherein when

the perceived safety is high, psychological well-being would also be high. This table

shows a weak positive correlation between Perceived Safety and Psychological Well-

being but still has a significant relationship. Even though the correlation is low, the

significance level is below .01 which means an increase in a variable does has a

chance to relate to the increase of the other variable. Psychological Well-being scores

are generally high and may be the result of social desirability bias. Social desirability

bias is the type of response of an individual wherein the individual responds to

questions in a way that people will look at him/her more favorably than who he really is.

Kozma and Stones (1987) stated in their study that social desirability bias may actually

happen in psychological well-being tests because of items portraying the individual to

have a positive image. Although this could be the reason why the psychological well-

being scores are fairly high, there is still a significant relationship between the two

variables.

Thoughts on the all-out war on drugs

The interview part of this study is done to further support the results of the

quantitative part of the study. Throughout the interview, all the things that the

participants responded were all taken into consideration and were well recorded and

29
transcribed. The first hand and real experiences of people living in different parts of

Metro Manila was taken during the interviews. It is from those people who are part of a

community where one of the thousands of killings has happened in their area. This all-

out war on drugs and the killings that come with it that are happening right now is a

really a very serious thing. The non-verbal cues of the respondents were also taken into

consideration. The disappointment in their eyes was clearly seen when answering some

questions during the interview. In this effort to gather much needed data regarding the

thoughts of people living in Metro Manila regarding the all-out war on drugs, the

participants were able to provide substantive data to the researchers. From the data

that was gathered, two categorical themes were gathered namely Safety in Todays

Time and the Victims of the War.

Safety in Todays Time

Safety with the police

Police men play a vital role in keeping the community a safer place. Police

satisfaction is actually linked with higher perceived safety (Nofziger and Williams, 2005).

This could possibly be because of the police doing a good job which reduces crime

activity in the community, thus making the residents feel safer and in turn also perceives

the policemen in a favourable manner. The people will not be willing to assist the

policemen with their job in maintaining peace and order if they see them negatively

(Sunshine & Tyler, 2003; Taylor, 2006). In this study, the respondents see the policemen

as people who will be the one to protect them. As stated by Jasper:w

30
Pag may pulis sa lugar medyo nagiging okay yung loob mo na walang maglalakas loob

gumawa ng krimen ganon kasi takot yung mga kriminal sa pulis.

(Whenever there are police in the area, I feel okay because no criminals would have the

courage to do crimes in the presence of policemen because they are afraid)

The respondents will safer when policemen are around because they believe that

criminals will be afraid of policemen and it will make them refrain from committing

crimes. But some of the respondents noted the misbehaviors of policemen. Our

respondent, Raf, answered in one of our questions:

Para sakin kasi may mga pulis na hindi mapagkakatiwalaan, minsan sila pa yung

sangkot talaga sa droga diba? Baka kaya yung ibang mga napapatay mga bata nilang

mga drug pushers yun kaya nakakatakot din minsan yung ibang pulis.

(For me, there are police that are not trustworthy, sometimes they are the ones who are

involved in drugs right? Maybe those people who are drug pushers are their apprentices

thats why some police are scary)

Misbehaviors of the police have been a well-studied topic (Dorschner, 1989;

Kappeler et al., 1998). In our country today, the Philippine National Police is very

serious about their all-out war on drugs and numerous operations have already been

done. The president of the current administration always reminds the policemen to not

hesitate to shoot the criminals when they think that their lives are in danger. This has

drawn flak because many people believe that these alleged drug pushers do not really

fight back or resist arrest and they are just killed right away during police operations.

31
 Pag nanlaban patay na agad, eh sigurado ba tayong nanlaban talaga? Oh pinatay

talaga?

(If they fought back, theyre dead right away, are we sure that they really fought back?

Or they were just killed?)

Acts of resistance or resistance followed by death was a well recorded

incident in Brazil wherein there is also a strict and harsh implementation on drug

controls same as with the Philippines. In our country, it is called as nanlaban wherein

alleged drug pushers would fight back with guns and in turn the police will have to

defend themselves and eventually would have killed the suspects. The respondents

seeks a more humane treatment by the police

Para sakin dapat hulihin lang sila wag patayin, bakit naman bigla bigla na lang

sila nanglaban ngayon dati naman hindi sila nanglalaban.

(For me they should just be arrested, not killed. Why just now that they fight

back, back then criminals dont fight back?)

Uncertainty

You can never tell completely whether a place is safe or not. The government,

together with the police force, is always trying to make sure that we all live in a safer

and more secure place. The all-out war on drugs by the current administration is being

done to keep the citizens of the country feel more safe and free them from the violence

that criminality brings. Although the agenda of the so-called all-out war on drugs is to

32
make the country a safer place, it does not seem like it basing on the response of the

participants. As stated by Anton:

Hindi mo kasi masasabing 100% safe talaga ang isang lugar. Anytime,pwede ka

maging victim ng krimen

(You cant really say that you are 100% safe in a certain area. Anytime, you can be a

victim of a crime)

Di mo naman masasabi kung gaano kasafe kasi sa isang lugar eh. Bigla bigla naman

kasi umaatake yang mga yan, di mot alaga masasabi kailan ka ba safe o hindi parang

sa lugar namin may mga araw na okay naman pero may mga araw na may mga

nahoholdap ganon.

(You can never tell how safe it is in a certain area. Those criminals can attack when you

dont expect them thats why you can never tell whether its safe or not. There are times

that it is safe but then sometimes people will snatch your things)

The agenda of the all-out war on drugs was to reduce criminality through

eradicating the rampant drug use in our country. The end result would be the people

would feel much safer than before. Base from the PNP crime statistics, The Philippine

National Police have said that the total crime volume decreased by 13% through the

first and second quarters of 2016. It can be said that crimes have really gone down and

people should feel much safer than before but then again, it seems that it is not really

the case as stated by Raf and Jasper respectively:

33
Parang ganun pa din naman wala naman masyadong bago. Pag naglalakad ako, hindi

pa din naman nawawala sa isip ko iyong baka ma-snatchan ako ganoon

(It seems the same, nothings new. Whenever I walk alone, the feeling that someone will

steal my things is still there)

Wala naman nagbago yata, siguro naging mas seryoso lang yung mga pulis pero

madami pa din naman balita na nangyayaring masasama eh, dami pa lalong

namamatay ngayon kaysa dati

(I feel that theres nothing new. Maybe the police are more serious now but there are

still a lot of news that a lot of bad things are happening and there are more people being

killed right now than before.)

It is true that the total volume of crime has decreased but in contrast, the number

of people being killed or murdered has risen up dramatically at 51.14% compared to last

year (Crime Research Analysis Center). Some respondents have actually reported that

they do not feel safer but rather they are more afraid now because of the rampant

killings that are happening. In the result of the quantitative part of this study, the lowest

perceived safety recorded is from Quezon City (M=21.3846). The average perceived

safety of people living in Metro Manila is 27.68 wherein 50 would be the highest and 10

would be the lowest. This data shows that there is a low perception of safety from that

area despite the rigorous efforts of the current administration in making the country a

much safer place than before. This shows that people do not still feel generally safe and

still fear that they can still be victims of different crimes in their everyday lives. As stated

by Anton:

34
 Kahit nasaan ka pa, di mo talaga masisigurado yan kaya dapat lagi talaga nagiingat

kasi anytime, any day, umaaligid lang yang mga masasamang loob na yan

(Anywhere you are, you can never be really sure thats why you should always take

care because any time of any day, bad people are just lurking around)

These residents of Metro Manila have experienced firsthand what it is like living

in Metro Manila right now. Generally they do not feel that they are much safer and that it

feels just the same as with the past administration. Crimes are still happening and they

think that the people should always be aware of their surroundings and live everyday

with care.

Poverty as the source of crime

The method of this all-out war on drugs to make the country a safer place and

to reduce criminality is by eradicating the rampant drug activity in this country through

various methods like the Oplan Double Barrel. The current administration sees that drug

use is the main culprit on why people commit crimes and by eradicating it, criminality

will also be eradicated. Base from the study of the Inter-American Drug Abuse Control

Commission (CICAD), it is stated that the mere fact that crimes are being committed by

drug users is not adequate enough to conclude that drugs are the main cause why

people commit crimes. It is just more likely that drug can intensify and perpetuate an

individuals desire to commit a crime (CICAD, 2012). There are many reasons why

people commit crime and drug use may not be the main reason why. As stated by

Jasper and Raf respectively:

35
 Isang factor siguro nga yung droga kung bakit nakakagawa ng krimen mga tao pero

hindi siguro un ung pinakadahilan. Para sakin kasi wala silang pera kaya gusto nila ng

easy money kaya siguro gumagawa sila ng krimen, nanghoholdap, nangssnatch mga

ganon bagay Jasper

(Drugs may be one factor why people commit crimes but it may not be the main one.

For me, they do not have money thats why they go for the easy money thats why they

commit crimes, they steal and do things like that)

hindi siya ung pangunahing dahilan pero sa tingin ko isa parang yun yung

nagpprovoke sa tao para magcommit siya ng crime Raf

(Its not the main reason but I think it provokes people to commit crime)

It is said not all drug users are criminals, nor are all criminal acts committed by

drug users (NIJ, 2003). We cannot conclude that drug is the main reason why people

commit crime. The participants have responded generally that money is the problem

and that is the main reason why people commit crimes. As stated by Anton:

Sa karamihan siguro ng krimen dito sa Pilipinas, iyong mga pang araw-araw lang, sa

tingin ko kasi mga walang pera yang mga yan eh kaya gusto ng madaling pera kaya

manghoholdap at mangssnatch na lang.

(In most crimes here in the Philippines, the everyday crimes, I think its because they

dont have money thats why they want to steal money to gain money easily)

The highest type of index crime that is happening in our country involves crimes

against property and the highest is theft (CRAC, 2016). It is believed by the respondents

36
that the everyday crimes that are happening in our country right now does not really

revolve around the drug abuse but is because of poverty. The Philippines generally is

not a rich country. Poor communities in the past decades have become usual features

of the Philippine urban landscape that are commonly perceived in a negative light in

Filipino popular culture. Even the labels or descriptions assigned to them in Philippine

society, such as depressed area, blighted area, squatters, nesting area of crime,

among others, indicate that these settlements are stigmatized places (Racelis and

Aguirre, 2005). There is a great number of literature that suggests that fear of crime is

increased in neighborhoods characterized by social poverty and rundown infrastructure

(LaGrange, Ferraro, & Supancic, 1992; Sampson, 2001; Thompson & Krause, 1998;

Vacha& McLaughlin, 2000). As stated by Anton:

Ayun nga tulad ng sinabi ko kanina mga walang pera yang mga holdaper, carnapper,

snatcher, akyat bahay, kidnapper lahat lahat na. Kaya ayun ano ba ginagawa nila sa

nakukuha nilang gamit, diba binebenta para may pera, pera pera lang lahat yan.

(Like what I said earlier, those hold uppers, carnappers, snatchers, akyat bahay,

kidnapper, all of those money is their problem. What do they do to the things they stole?

They sell it. Its all because of money)

The current means on making the people feel safer may not actually work

because the root cause of why people commit crime may not really be the one being

dealt with. As stated by the CICAD (2012), the interventions should not target the

behaviors of the offenders but they should also target the environmental circumstances

37
that gave rise to why people do such criminal acts, for example, poverty in their

community.

Victims of the War

Violent Program

The current administration is concentrating its efforts in reducing criminality by

eradicating the rampant drug activity in our country. The current administration together

with the Philippine National Police is very serious about this all out war on drugs. From

June 30, 2016, the first day of the current administration of President Rodrigo Duterte

until December 31, 2016, there have been a total of 1,899 people who have been killed

who are allegedly involved in drugs. The tally from the quantitative part of the study

shows that 976 of these 1,899 people are coming from Metro Manila. All of these killings

did not only happen because of police operations but some of these were done by

unidentified men and not all of those people who were killed were really drug

personalities. Disappointment and frustration is exhibited by the respondents regarding

the all-out war on drugs

Sa tingin ko mali eh tsaka nakakatakot na madaming taong inosente yung nadadamay.

Tsaka walang due process kasi. Parang hindi naman naging mas ligtas ngayon eh mas

nakakatakot pa kasi baka madamay pa ko sa mga patayan diba?

Masyadong marahas tsaka ang dami talagang nagiging biktima, sobrang daming

namamatay. Kailangan nga diyan ng due process, di ka naman sigurado pa eh,

pagkaoperation patay na agad, walang korte korte, malay mo di naman talaga sila

pusher diba?

38
 The people see the method of reducing criminality as very harsh and violent. A lot

of people are being killed every day and most of them are said to have fought back to

the police thats why they were killed. Various UN organizations have noted that harsh

drug control efforts have resulted in human rights abuses which have also in turn

resulted to threatening public health and safety (, 2015). Human rights abuse is one of

the major criticisms that the current administration is facing. Issues of extrajudicial

killings are also being raised. Brazil also have conducted the same method in

eradicating the rampant drug activity in their country, reports from International Centre

for the Prevention of Crime (2010) has noted that they have found out that there were a

lot of cases wherein police have reported cases such as acts of resistance or

resistance followed by death. It is the same concept in the Philippines wherein the

alleged drug pushers were said to nanlaban which resulted to their death.

Respondents are not convinced with the method that the government is doing and they

believe that a more gentle and more humane treatment is necessary and that drugs is

not the main culprit on why people commit crimes

Kawawa sila para sakin. Dapat hindi sila patayin, hulihin lang dapat sila. Kung

tumakbo, habulin, wag dapat barilin hindi naman panglalaban yun eh, tumatakas lang

naman ung tao eh syempre natatakot siya.

Kawawa sila, di sila nabibigyan ng chance na magbagong buhay.

Dapat siguro hindi patayin eh kung pulis sila, pwede naman barilin siguro pero wag

patay na patay agad.

39
 This all-out war on drugs has also bred a series of killings by unidentified men.

The respondents believe that because of the all-out war on drugs, these people gain

authority to kill certain people and just label them as drug users or pushers. It scares the

people that these killings are happening around them and that they are really affected

by it.

Eto sobrang nakakatakot talaga to kasi di mo alam kugn totoo bang drug pusher tong

mga pinapatay o hindi pero feeling ko mga sindikato tong pumapatay na to tapos target

nila yung mga pusher nila para di magingay na.

Eto pa ung isa sa pinakapanget na nangyari dahil sa war on drugs na yan kasi eh.

Parang naging okay na pumatay yung mga tao? Nagkaron tuloy ng rason na okay lang

patayin kasi adik naman o pusher. Kawawa yung mga napapatay hindi naman

napapatunayan pa na pusher sila o adik diba? Kaya maling mali talaga, nagkaron ng

parang way yung mga tao para pumatay.

Malungkot din kasidapat ay binibigyan din nman sila ng pag asang mag bago. At hindi

inilalagay ang mga batas sa kamay ng mga tao.

These findings in our study are in line with what is happening in those countries

where there is a harsh program in eradicating drug activity. United Nations Development

Program (2015) noted that evidences have shown that in countries wherein there is a

strict drug control policy, it has little to no effect in really completely eradicating the drug

use or production of drugs. It is also said that these efforts in eradicating drug activities

have resulted to harmful collateral damages like creating violence, threatening public

health and safety, and human rights abuses. Lanfer (2010) stated that extrajudicial

40
killings are always a major sign of a crisis in a society. These killings that are happening

right now can be seen as one major crisis in our country. Instead of making the people

feel much safer, it instils fear in them even more and fearing for their life more. A more

humane treatment on drug addiction is sought by the people to have a more peaceful

place to live. Drug addiction should be seen as a sickness rather than a crime as said

by the respondents

Hindi droga yung problema diyan. Pag pinatay mo yung mga pusher, pag adik na yung

tao, hahanap at hahanap yan ng paraan para makakuha ng droga, dapat ang atakihin

yung addiction ng tao, dapat silang gamutin hindi patayin

A more humane treatment is sought by the people. A lot of innocent people are

affected may it be directly or indirectly. People dying in ones community can bring a lot

of distress to someone. It makes people feel uncomfortable and a lot of different

negative emotions. Sugimoto & Oltejenburn (2001) noted that being exposed to death is

acknowledged to be a reason for an individual to acquire posttraumatic stress disorder

(PTSD). This all-out war on drugs may just make the people fear more for their lives

rather than make them feel safe and secure in this country.

We can all be a victim

The intention of the all-out war on drugs was to eliminate drug activities in the

country and they are doing it so. Collateral damage has always been a part of wars.

This all-out war on drugs has already taken lives of innocent people like according to

Inquirer (2016), a four-year-old girl is the youngest fatality in the ongoing war on drugs.

This girl was sleeping when his father was targeted by the police and opened fire on

41
their home. The young girl was one of the many innocent lives that was taken because

of the ongoing all-out war on drugs. Disappointment was seen in the responses of the

participants regarding these innocent lives that were taken of the all-out war on drugs.

Hindi ba mostly naman inosente silang lahat? Innocent until proven guillty nga daw

diba? Kaso walang due process eh. Pag nanlaban patay na agad, eh sigurado ba

tayong nanlaban talaga? Oh pinatay talaga?

Nakakalungkot dahil hindi muna sila kinilalang mabuti at biglaan nalang pinaslang.

Hindi makatarungan ang pag patay ng tao ng walang kasalanan o kahit na meron man

ay hindi parin makatarungan ang pag patay ng tao.

Ayan ang pinakanakakaawa, wala naman kinalaman ung mga tao pero grabe kasi todo

todo pumatay, kawawa talaga. Wala naman silang kasalanan pero sila yung napapatay

kaya mahirap din talaga tong ginagawa ng mga pulis na to, madami talagang pwedeng

mamatay na wala naman kasalanan,

Drug control efforts are seen to have a disproportionate impact to the vulnerable

and marginalized communities. Those low-level drug offenders, poor people and the

likes are the ones who are more affected rather than those who are in the higher

echelon of the drug trade (United Nations Development Programme, 2015). The

respondents also fear that they may be affected directly and that there really is a

possibility of them being killed because of the really high number of people being killed

right now.

Tapos naiisip ko din, paano kung isa na ko sa mga inosenteng yan? Tamaan ako ng

bala bigla diba kaya nakakatakot talaga tong ginagawa ni Duterte ngayon. Sana wag

42
 masyadong marahas yung ginagawa ng gobyerno, pwede naman sigurong di patayin

eh, sugatan lang ganun.

Nakakatakot kasi pwede tayo maging isa sa mga inosenteng yan. Dito sa lugar namin

pag nagkahulihan pwedeng matamaan kami ng bala o kaya magkamali yung mga

pumapatay sa target nila, sobrang nakakatakot na baka isa kami sa madamay.

Sabi nila pag wala nang adik mas magiging ligtas na daw. Kaso hindi naman ganun

eh. Naging mas nakakatakot na ngayon kasi baka isa ka sa mapagbintangan tapos

kamukha mo lang pala yun ung nakakatakot tapos bigla ka na lang papatayin.

The killings have instill fear on the lives on those people living in the community

wherein people have been killed because of drugs may it be because of the police or

because of unidentified men. Other crimes may have been reduced but more serious

crimes like murder have risen up dramatically by actually 51.14% (Crime Research

Analysis Center, 2016) and it really is an alarming rate. This all-out war on drugs may

be justified because of the really serious drug problem of the Philippines, still evidences

show that these drug policies does not really get rid of the drug production and drug use

in a country (United Nations, 2015). The results of the study are in line with the data

regarding drug control policies of different nations and how it failed to resolve the real

problems of criminality. Drug control policies only result to harmful consequences to the

communities wherein these harsh drug control policies are implemented. According to

various UN organizations, large scale human rights abuses are being generated by

these violent drug control policies.

43
 Sobrang nakakatakot yung makakakita ka ng naghahabulan mga pulis tapos biglang

may pinatay na sa inyo, nakakatakot yun hindi ko nakikitang mas ligtas ako pag may

nangyayaring mga ganyan.

Tapos meron pang mga balita na mistaken identity daw eh di paano kung ikaw yung

mapaghinalaan diba eh di patay ka wala ka namang ginawa.

From the responses of the participants, it can be concluded that people do not

feel much safer today and it can be concluded that the all-out war on drugs have failed

with its agenda. The all-out war on drugs bred a series of killings in the lives of the

Filipinos and instead of making the people feel safe, it actually instill in them the fear of

being affected by the killings.

CHAPTER V

Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation

Summary

This study aimed to know how the killings during the all-out war on drugs affected

the perceived safety and psychological well-being of an individual. The all out war on

drugs is being done to eradicate the rampant drug use in our country and by eradicating

it, it is believed by the present administration that it will in turn lower the crime rate in the

country, thus making the country a safer place to live in. The study aimed to know

whether this agenda was met or not. The researchers gathered data using Google

Forms from all the cities and municipality in Metro Manila. 200 participants were needed

for the study and these participants were divided by city and municipality in Metro

44
Manila to make sure that all parts of Metro Manila were well represented. Three

variables were used in the study. The first variable, killings was described as the

number of people who were linked to drugs who were killed; the tally of the killings per

city and municipality in Metro Manila was acquired from Inquirer News Kill List. The

Perceived Safety scale designed by the researchers with a reliability of 0.863 Cronbach

alpha was used to measure the perceived safety of the participants It is a 10 item 5

point Likert scale that measures how an individual sees how safe he/she is in his/her

community. The Psychological Well-being of the participants was measured using the

Flourishing Scale with the reliability of 0.837 Cronbach alpha and is designed by a well-

known psychologist in the field of Positive Psychology, Ed Diener. The participants were

asked to complete the two survey questionnaires and were then classified according to

which city or municipality they live in inside Metro Manila. The participants age ranges

from 20-28 (M=23.08) with 127 males and 79 females. All cities and municipality are

well represented.

After gathering all the data, the results showed the average perceived safety of

residents in Metro Manila (M=27.860, SD=7.46) and their average psychological well-

being (M=40.68, SD=5.66). The relationship between perceived safety and

psychological well-being was analyzed using the Pearson-r correlation which has

yielded a correlation coefficient of 0.298 which showed that there is a weak positive

relationship between the two variables but is still significant at the 0.01 level. The results

of the psychological well-being may have been high because of social desirability since

the items used in the questionnaire all depict a very positive image. Social desirability is

a term that describes the responses of a person to make him/her look more favorable in

45
the eyes of others. Kozma and Stones (1987) actually noted that social desirability bias

can be high in psychological well-being tests as psychological well-being tests are

believed to have items that create a positive image of an individual. The data also

showed that from June 30, 2016 up to December 31, 2016, there have been a total of

976 people who have been killed either by the police or unidentified men in general all

of which are from Metro Manila. Quezon City had the highest number of killings with 876

and Valenzuela with the lowest with only 5. The relationship between the killings and the

perceived safety is the main essence of the paper. The relationship between the killings

and the perceived safety was measured also using the Pearson-r correlation and it has

yielded a correlation coefficient of -0.529 which shows that there is a negative but

somewhat moderate relationship between the two variables and is significant at the 0.01

level. This result showed that when there is a high number of killings, the perceived

safety of an individual will be lower. It is evident by the fact that Quezon City had the

highest number of killing and also the lowest score in the perceived safety (M=21.384).

Various UN organizations have noted that harsh drug control efforts have resulted in

human rights abuses which have also in turn resulted to threatening public health and

safety (United Nations Development Programme, 2015).

Conclusion

From the beginning, the researchers have hypothesized that the higher number

of killings in a community would result to lower perceived safety because of being in the

presence of death and all the negative things that death brings and that there is a

positive relationship between psychological well-being and perceived safety. The

researchers have used Maslows Hierarchy of Needs in the study. The focus of the

46
study is on the safety needs of an individual and crime is one major threat to the safety

of an individual. Crimes expose a person to potential harm and surround them with

violence, thus making the safety needs hard to meet. The first hypothesis of the

researchers is validated by the results of the research. The results yielded a correlation

coefficient of -0.529 between the variables killings and perceived safety. This shows that

the higher number of killings may result to lower level of perceived safety of an

individual. This can also show that the real agenda of the all out war on drugs is not

really met. The real aim of the so called war on drugs was to eradicate the rampant drug

activity in our country and consequently will reduce the criminality in our country. The

second hypothesis was not fully validated by the results of the research. The

researchers have used two theories namely, the theory on Psychological Well-Being

and Maslows Hierarchy of Needs. The researchers have believed that when the basic

safety such as being free from harm and violence is met, the overall well-being of an

individual will be affected and will be high. In contrast, when safety needs are not met, it

would result to lower well-being of an individual. The correlation between the Perceived

Safety and Psychological Well-Being only yielded a correlation coefficient of 0.298

which shows weak correlation but still is significant at below 0.01 significance level.

The current administration in the Philippines believes that drugs is one root-

cause why people commit crimes. The results of the research have shown that even

though drug activities are being eradicated, the people actually does not feel much safer

at all. This can be due to the fact that the killings are not all being done by legitimate

police operations but also included unidentified men. Some people also believed that

extrajudicial killings are being done during this all out war on drugs. According to United

47
Nations Development Program (2015), in many countries around the world, drug control

efforts have resulted in serious human rights abuses: torture and ill treatment by police,

mass incarceration and extrajudicial killings. According to Lanfer (2010), extrajudicial

killings are a major sign of a very big human rights crisis in a country. The same war on

drugs on our country can be compared to that of Brazil. Brazil is one of the most violent

countries in the world wherein there are a lot homicide taking place in that country

(Miraglia, 2016). Their strategy in eradicating drugs are very serious as they are doing

armed raids a lot of times which results to people getting killed (Miraglia, 2016).

Extrajudicial killings is also an issue in their country, wherein in 2008, the police of Rio

de Janeiro have recorded that there have been 1,330 people who have been killed

because of resisting arrest (Human Rights Council, 2008). It can be associated to what

is happening in our country wherein alleged drug personalities who were killed allegedly

resisted arrest or in what people say, nanlaban. ICPC (2010) have also reported that

the families of victims tend to under-report the incidence because of not having

confidence on the institutions involved because of fear of reprisal from them.

This study shows that instead of making the people feel safer, it actually struck

more fear in them. The qualitative part of the study highlighted the reasons why people

living in Metro Manila actually did not feel safer because of the all-out war on drugs.

Because of the dramatic rise in the counts of murder and the high death toll ever since

the start of the administrations war on drugs the people feel that they can be affected

so much by this war on drugs to the extent that they can also be killed unintentionally.

Sanidad-Leones (2006) noted that it is important for the public to feel that they are free

from harm, enjoy their community and participate in social events wherein they would

48
not worry about their safety or their life. Since almost half of the killings are not actually

done by legitimate police operations, these killings can also be considered as crime.

Even though an individual is not directly involved in the crime or is not really the victim

of the crime, the fact that the individual knows the crime has a negative effect on

him/her. Dustmann & Fasani (2012) noted that indirectly, the crimes that are happening

around an individual affect him/her. It is said that the indirect effects of being surrounded

by crime included inflicting fear and anxiety, and leading to changes in daily routines

and behavior, and this indirect effects may be larger than the direct effects of a crime. It

can also be said that drugs is not the main root of why people commit crimes. According

to Helbing and colleagues (2013), the underlying reason as to why many crimes are

committed has socio-economic background. Poverty is one of top main causes why

people commit crimes. According to a psychologist, drug abuse is a mental disorder

which needs proper psychological care and not extreme policies that would eradicate

them. So in conclusion, the serious drug control policy or the all out war on drugs in the

Philippines has not really met what it aims to achieve which is to have a safer country.

Instead, it created more killings and struck fear to its citizens. It can also be concluded

that it is not only drugs that should be eradicated to diminish or even eradicate

criminality in the country but the country should focus more on seeing poverty as one of

the main reasons why people commit crimes.

Recommendation

Since the research is an ongoing issue, the research can validate that the

ongoing war on drugs does not make the people feel much safer than before. The

researchers recommend that other measures should be done to keep the people feel

49
much safer rather than inflict more fear in them. The United Nations Development

Programme (2015) showed data that even though harsh drug controlling policies are

legitimately done because of rampant drug use in an area, it really does not diminish

drug activity in that area by a significant amount. It has been observed by the United

Nations that it has only done harmful collateral damages and creating public safety

threats to the people.

One problem that may have come from this paper is the social desirability bias

from the psychological well-being test. Psychological well-being tests really have a

tendency to have social desirability bias responses (Kozma and Stones, 1987). More

tests may be looked into or produced since there are only little amount of tests to

measure psychological well-being to control the social desirability bias of psychological

well-being tests. Perceived Safety also has very little amount of tools and the Perceived

Safety scale designed by the researchers and was used in the research may also be

improved upon to be able to really capture the full scale of the perceived safety of

individuals. The research was also an attempt to integrate the Humanistic Psychology

and Positive Psychology. The researchers believe that mixed methods can be used to

integrate and reconcile the differences between the two. In the article of Waterman

(2013) he believed that qualitative data can be further studied and have a more

concrete explanation and backed up using quantitative data. The researchers

recommend that other researchers may look in advancing and integrating the two fields

using mixed method approach.

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