Evolution: Brief History of

Computer Networking
Milestones in the history of data networking
Networking Fundamentals
1960s
Evolution: Brief History of Computer Networking
Network Connectivity Devices The first large-scale commercial computer network is
created for an airline reservation application
Network Topology
Standardization and its Benefits The ARPANET successfully links computers developed
by different manufacturers, forming what is later
Network Classifications and Architecture described as the origin of todays Internet
The OSI 7 Layer Reference Model
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Evolution: Brief History of Evolution: Brief History of
Computer Networking Computer Networking
1970s 1980s
A networking technology for minicomputers called The increase in the number of stand-alone desktop
Ethernet is developed microcomputers within organizations encourages
widespread adoption of LANs

Minicomputer
Environment
Personal Computing
Devices

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 Evolution: Brief History of Evolution: Brief History of
Computer Networking Computer Networking
1990s 2000s (The New Millennium)
Web-based Internet resources are introduced on a Improved mobile/wireless devices and networks
global scale provide the means to connect to an organizational
network from nearly any location in the world

Different Network Technologies That Can Be Connected to Create an

Internetwork

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Network Connectivity Devices Network Connectivity Devices

Network Connectivity Devices

These include any type of hardware that is
capable of transmitting data, instructions, and Repeater
information between the end-user devices
This is used to
Repeater regenerate the signal
Hub
Bridge
Switch
Router
Cloud
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 Network Connectivity Devices Network Connectivity Devices

Bridge
Hub

This converts network transmission data formats

This functions similarly as a repeater by means of as well as perform basic data transmission
a process known as concentration management
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Network Connectivity Devices Network Connectivity Devices

Router
Switch
This examines the
incoming data
packets, choose the
best path for them
through the network,
and then switch
them to the proper
This adds more intelligence to data transfer outgoing port
management
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 Network Connectivity Devices Network Connectivity Devices

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Network Connectivity Devices Network Connectivity Devices

Cloud
Cloud

This is not really a single device, but a collection of

collection/group of integrated and networked
hardware, software and Internet infrastructure
that represent processes and equipment that
would be involved in making a connection

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 Network Topology Network Topology

Network Topology
Considerations When Choosing a Topology
It refers to the structure of a network, including
the physical layout, design, diagram or map of Cost of network management
computers, cables, and other components on the
network
Cable length

Two (2) parts of network topology

Growth of the network


Physical topology
Logical topology
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Network Topology Network Topology

Physical Topology
Types Extended Star

Bus Topology
Topology
Bus Topology
Tree Topology
Ring Topology
Hierarchical
Topology
Star Topology

Mesh Topology
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 Network Topology Network Topology

Ring Topology
Bus Topology
Single Ring Topology

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Network Topology Network Topology

Ring Topology Ring Topology

Single Ring Topology
Dual Ring Topology

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 Network Topology Network Topology

Star Topology Star Topology

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Network Topology Network Topology

Extended Star Topology Extended Star Topology

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 Network Topology Network Topology

Hierarchical Topology Tree Topology

Server

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Network Topology Network Topology

Mesh Topology

Full Mesh Topology Mesh Topology

Full Mesh
Topology

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 Network Topology Network Topology

Mesh Topology Topology Advantages Disadvantages

Problems are difficult
Easy to set up and to
to isolate if the entire
maintain
Partial Mesh Topology network shuts down
Entire network shuts
Bus Inexpensive in terms down if there is a
of cable use break in the main
cable
Network slows down in
Easy to extend
heavy traffic
System provides equal Failure of one
access and even computer and network
Ring performance despite of reconfiguration
its many users disrupts operation
Network fails if
Easy to modify system
centralized point fails
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Network Topology Network Topology

Logical Topology Types

Topology Advantages Disadvantages
Failure of one Computers attached Broadcast Topology
computer does not are disabled if hub,
Star
affect the rest of the switch, or concentrator
network fails
Individual segments If the backbone line
Tree use point-to-point breaks, the entire
wiring segment goes down
System provides
System is expensive to
Mesh
increased redundancy
install because it uses a
Token Passing Topology
and reliability as well as
lot of cabling
ease of troubleshooting

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 Network Topology Network Topology

Characteristics of Bus Topology

Maximum Characteristics of Ring Topology
Network Segment
Networking
Topology Connectivity Designation Length/ Maximum
Media
Device/Connector Transfer Network Segment
Speed Networking
Topology Connectivity Designation Length/
500 m/10 Media
Coaxial 10Base-5 Device/Connector Transfer
Mbps Speed
Bus
Thin Coaxial 185 m/10 Double
Terminator/BNC 10Base-2 Fiber-optic 100 Mbps
(RG-58 A/U) Mbps Ring
connector
Bus (often Coaxial
3600 m/10
only point- (RG-58 A/U 10Broad-36
Mbps
to-point) CATV type)

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Network Topology Network Topology

Characteristics of Star Topology Characteristics of Star Topology

Network Maximum
Connectivity Networking Segment Maximum
Topology Designation Network
Device/ Media Length/Transfer Networking Segment
Topology Connectivity Designation
Connector Speed Media Length/Transfer
Device/Connector
Repeater hubs or Speed
Category 3 Fiber-optic -
Ethernet Star
or above two strands
switches/RJ-45 (often ST (Straight Tip
Star unshielded 10Base-T 100 m/10 Mbps of 2000 m (full-
(Registered Jack only fiber optic 10Base-FL
twisted-pair multimode duplex)/ 10 Mbps
modular connector point-to- connector)
(UTP) 62.5/125
(8P8C)) point)
Category 3 fiber
Star Repeater hubs UTP, or 1Base-5 100 m/1 Mbps
above

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 Network Topology Network Topology

Characteristics of Star Topology Characteristics of Star Topology

Repeater hubs or
Ethernet switches/ Fiber-
Category 5 100 m/100 optic - two
Star RJ-45 (Registered 100Base-TX 440 m
UTP Mbps Buffered strands of
Jack modular (multimode)
connector (8P8C)) distributor hub multimod 1000Base-
Star 5000 m
412 meters (or point-to- e 62.5/125 LX
Fiber-optic - (singlemode
(Half-Duplex)/ point) fiber or
two strands )/ 1 Gbps
Star 100 Mbps monomod
(often SC of e fiber
100Base-FX 2000 m (full-
only (Subscriber/Square multimode duplex)/ (200
point-to- Connector) 62.5/125
Mb/s full-
point) fiber
duplex mode)
1000Base-SX 260 m/1 Gbps

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Network Topology Standardization and its Benefits

Standard
Characteristics of Mesh Topology
Maximum
Network
Networking Segment
Topology Connectivity Designation
Media Length/Transfe
Device
r Speed
Mesh
(often only
Routers
point-to-
point) It refers to documented agreements containing
technical specifications or other precise criteria
that stipulate how a particular product or service
should be designed or performed
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 Standardization and its Benefits Standardization and its Benefits

Institute of Electrical and Electronics American National Standards Institute (ANSI)

Engineers (IEEE)

This is known for published standards such as the

This is best known for the standardization of LAN ASCII and SCSI
technologies
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Standardization and its Benefits Standardization and its Benefits

Telecommunications Industry Association

Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA) (TIA)

This writes ANSI standards and lobbies for

legislation favorable to the growth of the
computer and electronics industries

This focuses on standards for information

technology, wireless, satellite, fiber optics, and
telephone equipment
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 Standardization and its Benefits Standardization and its Benefits

International Organization for Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)

Standardization (ISO)

This is responsible for the overall development of

This defines the seven-layer OSI Reference Model the internet and the standardization of
internetworking technologies
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Network Classifications and
Standardization and its Benefits
Architecture
Geographic Scale
Major Groups of IETF
Personal Area Network
Internet Society (ISOC)
Local Area Network
Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG) Campus Area Network
Metropolitan Area Network
Internet Architecture Board (IAB) Wide Area Network
Storage Area Network
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)
Virtual Private Network

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 Network Classifications and Network Classifications and
Architecture Architecture
Personal Area Network (PAN)
Transmission technology

Point-to-point networks
Broadcast networks

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Network Classifications and Network Classifications and
Architecture Architecture
Local Area Network
(LAN)

Single Building LAN

Local Area Network
(LAN)

Multiple Building
LAN

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 Network Classifications and Network Classifications and
Architecture Architecture
Network Architecture Types
Network Architecture Client/Server Architecture

It specifies how the physical and logical components of

a computer network are assembled and connected
with each other to facilitate information exchange and
resource sharing

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Network Classifications and Network Classifications and
Architecture Architecture
Network Architecture Types
Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Architecture Comparison of Network Architecture
Client/server P2P
Consideration
architecture architecture
It requires at least one Individual users are
full-time and the ones that are
Administration
knowledgeable responsible for their
administrator own administration.
All nodes are
It has an extensive
Security independent of each
and consistent security
other

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 Network Classifications and Network Classifications and
Architecture Architecture

Comparison of Network Architecture Campus Area Network (CAN)

Client/server P2P
Consideration
architecture architecture
When server goes
Failure that occurs in
down, it affects
one node does not
functioning of the
Dependence affect the functioning
entire network since
of other nodes in the
nodes are dependent
network.
to it.

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Network Classifications and Network Classifications and
Architecture Architecture
Wide Area Network (WAN)
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

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 Network Classifications and Network Classifications and
Architecture Architecture

Virtual Private Network (VPN)

Storage Area Network (SAN)

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Network Classifications and Network Classifications and
Architecture Architecture
Types of VPN
Point to point networks

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 Network Classifications and The OSI 7 Layer
Architecture Reference Model

Broadcast/Multipoint networks
Scenario 1:

Signs
Layer Layer
1 1

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The OSI 7 Layer The OSI 7 Layer
Reference Model Reference Model
Scenario 2:

Layer 3 Chines
e
Filipino
Layer 3 Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)
Reference Model
Layer 2 Secret Secret Layer 2
Code Code
It refers to a seven-layer conceptual layout for
data communication that was defined by
International Organization for Standardization
Layer 1 Layer 1
(ISO) in the year 1984

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 The OSI 7 Layer The OSI 7 Layer
Reference Model Reference Model

Transmit Data User Received Data

Application Application Layer
Away Layer
Presentation
Pizza Control Layer
Session Control It both controls the sequence of activities within
Sausage Layer
an application and the sequence of events of
Throw Transport Layer
services used by the user of software applications
Not Network Control Layer

Do Data Link Layer

Please Physical Control Layer

Physical Link
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The OSI 7 Layer The OSI 7 Layer
Reference Model Reference Model

Presentation Control Layer Session Control Layer

It is also known as the syntax layer It manages, establishes and releases logical
connections for data transfer

It presents data into a uniform format and masks

the difference of data format through protocol
conversion, encryption, decryption, and data
compression

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 The OSI 7 Layer The OSI 7 Layer
Reference Model Reference Model

Transport Layer Network Control Layer

It is sometimes called as an end-to-end layer It provides control and creates logical paths for
transmitting data between two (2) adjacent
It manages data transfer between end systems or network nodes and between DTE and the network
hosts and also provides error checking that
guarantees complete, accurate and reliable data
transfer across the network

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The OSI 7 Layer The OSI 7 Layer
Reference Model Reference Model

Data Link Control Layer Two Sub Layers of Data Link Control

Media Access Control (MAC) sub layer

It provides protocol to check if the small units of
transmitted information are correctly exchanged
Logical Link Control (LLC) sub layer
across the network between two (2) terminals

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 The OSI 7 Layer
Reference Model

Physical Control Layer

It defines physical interface between DTE and DCE

and also presents electrical characteristics and
signaling needed to establish, maintain, and clear
the physical connection between the line
terminating equipment

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