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energies

Article
Francis Turbine Blade Design on the Basis of Port
Area and Loss Analysis
Zhenmu Chen 1 , Patrick M. Singh 1 and Young-Do Choi 2, *
1 Graduate School, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Mokpo National University, Mokpo,
Jeollanam-do 58555, Korea; chenzhenmu@163.com (Z.C.); pms72006@yahoo.com (P.M.S.)
2 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of New and Renewable Energy Technology Research,
Mokpo National University, Mokpo, Jeollanam-do 58555, Korea
* Correspondence: ydchoi@mokpo.ac.kr; Tel.: +82-61-450-2419

Academic Editor: Jang-Ho Lee


Received: 17 December 2015; Accepted: 1 March 2016; Published: 4 March 2016

Abstract: In this study, a Francis turbine with specific speed of 130 m-kW was designed on the basis
of the port area and loss analysis. The meridional shape of the runner was designed focusing mainly
on the combination of the guide vane loss analysis and experience. The runner blade inlet and outlet
angles were designed by calculation of Eulers head, while the port area of blade was modified by
keeping constant angles of the blade at inlet and outlet. The results show that the effect of the port
area of runner blade on the flow exit angle from runner passage is significant. A correct flow exit
angle reduces the energy loss at the draft tube, thereby improving the efficiency of the turbine. The
best efficiency of 92.6% is achieved by this method, which is also similar to the design conditions by
the one dimension loss analysis.

Keywords: Francis turbine; runner design; port area; performance; loss analysis

1. Introduction
There is an increasing demand for renewable energy for sustainable development to solve the
coming energy crisis. The necessity of the use of renewable energy as one of the clean and sustainable
natural energy resources has become high. Francis turbines are applicable to a wide range of head and
specific speed values. Their wide range of applicability and easier structural design makes Francis
turbines more advantageous than other hydraulic turbines. As a key component of a Francis turbine
facility, the runner performance plays a vital role in the performance of the turbine. A Francis turbine
runner blade with good performance by the one dimensional hydraulic design method can be designed
effectively and successfully. Korea relies on foreign products, and the technology for local manufacture
was limited until 2010 [1]. Currently, Korea is in the process of developing its hydropower technology.
In this study, a new method on basis of the port area and loss analysis to design a Francis turbine
runner was developed for the Miryang power station in Korea. In this study, the port area is defined
as the minimum blade passage area at the exit of the blade passage, which will be defined in more
detail in Section 2.2. The meridional shape of the runner was designed on the basis of the combination
of the guide vane loss analysis and experience. The runner blade inlet and outlet angles were designed
by calculation of Eulers head, and the port area of blade was modified by keeping the inlet and outlet
angles of the blade constant. Unlike conventional direct design methods, where much attention is paid
to draw the meridional plane streamlines to obtain the meridional velocity [2], the new method tries to
adjust the port area of the runner blade passage to correct the outflow angle at the runner exit.

Energies 2016, 9, 164; doi:10.3390/en9030164 www.mdpi.com/journal/energies


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2. Turbine Runner Design and Numerical Method
2.TurbineRunnerDesignandNumericalMethod
Figure 1 shows the flow chart of the Francis turbine runner blade design. For one dimension
hydraulicFigure1showstheflowchartoftheFrancisturbinerunnerbladedesign.Foronedimension
design, calculation is required for the blade angle at leading and trailing edges. For the
hydraulicdesign,calculationisrequiredforthebladeangleatleadingandtrailingedges.Forthe
meridional plane shape design part, because the guide vane is movable, a minimum guide vane loss
meridionalplaneshapedesignpart,becausetheguidevaneismovable,aminimumguidevaneloss
exists according to different guide vane height (Bg ) at the design condition. In this study, the guide
existsaccordingtodifferentguidevaneheight(Bg)atthedesigncondition.Inthisstudy,theguide
vane height is determined according to the guide vane loss analysis, and the other parameters, such
vaneheightisdeterminedaccordingtotheguidevanelossanalysis,andtheotherparameters,such
as theastherunnerinletandoutletdiameters,aredeterminedbyexperience.Theoutflowanglefromthe
runner inlet and outlet diameters, are determined by experience. The outflow angle from the
runner passage
runner is controlled
passage by the
is controlled byrunner portport
the runner areaarea
andand
blade outlet
blade angle.
outlet Moreover,
angle. thethe
Moreover, blade outlet
blade
angle outletanglecanbecalculatedbytheEulerheadequation.Therefore,theportareacanbedetermined
can be calculated by the Euler head equation. Therefore, the port area can be determined by the
bytheoutflowanglefromtherunnerpassage.
outflow angle from the runner passage.


Figure1.FlowchartofFrancisturbinerunnerbladedesign.CFD:computationalfluiddynamics.
Figure 1. Flow chart of Francis turbine runner blade design. CFD: computational fluid dynamics.

2.1.OneDimensionLossAnalysis
2.1. One Dimension Loss Analysis
Inthisstudy,therunnerisdesignedfortheMiryangpowerstationinKorea.Theturbinedesign
In this study,
pointisatH the runner is designed for the Miryang power
e=64.2mfortheeffectivehead,theQ=1.21m station in Korea. The turbine design
3/sforflowrateandtherotationalspeedis

is at He = 64.2
point N=914min 3 /s for flow rate and the rotational speed is
m for the effective head, the Q = 1.21 ms=130mkW,whichiswithintherangeof
1.ThespecificspeedatthedesignpointisN

N = 914 min1 . The specifics=60450mkWandH=20700m[3].


FrancisturbineswithN speed at the design point is Ns = 130 m-kW, which is within the range of
To obtain
Francis turbines withthe
Nsguide vane
= 60450 pressure
m-kW andloss
H = coefficient
20700 m [3]. for the meridional shape design, the
numerical analysis was performed with different guide
To obtain the guide vane pressure loss coefficient for the meridional vane openings (a 0) and heights (Bg). The
shape design, the numerical
boundaryconditionatinletwassetasmassflowrateandtheflowanglewassetsameastheguide
analysis was performed with different guide vane openings (a0 ) and heights (Bg ). The boundary
vaneinletangle.Inletturbulenceconditionwasspecifiedas5%turbulenceintensity.Theboundary
condition at inlet was set as mass flow rate and the flow angle was set same as the guide vane inlet
conditionofaveragestaticpressurewassetatoutletoftheguidevanepassage.Accordingtothe
angle.previousstudy[4,5],theSSTkturbulencemodelisadoptedasturbulencemodel,whichhasbeen
Inlet turbulence condition was specified as 5% turbulence intensity. The boundary condition
of average static pressure was set at outlet of the guide vane passage. According to the previous
wellknowntoestimatebothseparationandvortexoccurrenceonthewallofacomplicatedblade
studyshape.
[4,5], the SST k-the
Moreover, turbulence
value ofmodel is adopted
y+, which meansas turbulence model,
nondimensional whichfrom
distance has been
wall well
[6,7],known
is
to estimate both separation and vortex occurrence on the wall of a complicated blade shape. Moreover,
determinedtobearound9fortheguidevanebladesurface.Thepressuredifferencemeasurement
the value of y+are
locations shown
, which in Figure
means 2. The location
non-dimensional P2 is between
distance from wall the[6,7],
guideisvane and stayto
determined vane, and 9
be around
locationP3isbetweentheguideandrunnervane.
for the guide vane blade surface. The pressure difference measurement locations are shown in Figure 2.
The locationForP2evaluating
is betweenthethe
guide vane
guide pressure
vane loss vane,
and stay coefficient (), the equation
and location is determined
P3 is between the guide by and
Equation(1):
runner vane.
For evaluating the guide vane pressure loss coefficient (),2 the equation is determined by Equation (1) (1):

pp2 p3 q 2
(1)
Vth 2
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wherep
where p222andp
and p333aretheaveragedtotalpressureatlocationsP2andP3,respectively.V
are the averaged total pressure at locations P2 and P3, respectively. V thththisthevelocity
is the velocity
atthethroatofguidevanepassageandisthedensityofthewater.
at the throat of guide vane passage and is the density of the water.


Figure2.Pressuredifferencelocationforguidevanelossanalysis.
Figure2.Pressuredifferencelocationforguidevanelossanalysis.
Figure 2. Pressure difference location for guide vane loss analysis.

The result of the guide vane flow angle according to the guide vane opening ratio (a00/Dr1r1) is
The result of the guide vane flow angle according to the guide vane opening ratio (a0 /Dr1 ) is
showninFigure3.Theflowangleisthemeasurementattheoutletofguidevane,whichmeansthe
shown in Figure 3. The flow angle is the measurement at the outlet of guide vane, which means the
flowangleistheoutflowangleofguidevanepassage.Therelationshipbetweentheoutflowangle
flow angle is the outflow angle of guide vane passage. The relationship between the outflow angle and
andguidevaneopeningratioisobtainedasshowninFigure3.
guide vane opening ratio is obtained as shown in Figure 3.

40

35 y =1335.7x22 +65.5x +5.0

30
[]
Flowangle( )) []
Flowangle(

25

20

15

10

0
0.03 0.05 0.07 0.09 0.11 0.13 0.15
Guidevaneopeningratioa00/Dr1r1

Figure 3. Relation of flow angle and guide vane opening ratio.
Figure3.Relationofflowangleandguidevaneopeningratio.
Figure3.Relationofflowangleandguidevaneopeningratio.

Figure44shows
Figure showsthethe relation
relation ofof
thethe pressure
pressure lossloss coefficient
coefficient and and
guideguide
vanevane hydraulic
hydraulic radiusradius
ratio
ratio (m/D
(m/Dr1 ). It can
r1
r1 ). It can be seen that there is lower pressure loss coefficient at the larger
be seen that there is lower pressure loss coefficient at the larger guide vane hydraulic guide vane
hydraulic
radius. radius.the
Moreover, Moreover, the between
relationship relationship between
pressure pressure loss
loss coefficient coefficient
and guide and guide
vane hydraulic vane
radius
hydraulicradiusratiocanbeobtainedasshowninFigure4.Thedefinitionofthehydraulicradius
ratio can be obtained as shown in Figure 4. The definition of the hydraulic radius (m) is shown in
(m)isshowninEquation(2):
Equation (2):
a Bg
m `0 (2)
2 a0 ` Bg (2)
2
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0.1
0.1

Pressurelosscoefficient()
y =119.6x2 9.5x +0.2

Pressurelosscoefficient()
0.08 y =119.6x2 9.5x +0.2
0.08

0.06
0.06

0.04
0.04

0.02
0.02

0
00.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04 0.045
0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04 0.045
Guidevanehydraulicradiusratiom/Dr1
Guidevanehydraulicradiusratiom/Dr1

Figure4.Relationofthepressurelosscoefficientandguidevanehydraulicradiusratio.
Figure 4. Relation of the pressure loss coefficient and guide vane hydraulic radius ratio.
Figure4.Relationofthepressurelosscoefficientandguidevanehydraulicradiusratio.
Forthedesignandbestefficiencypoint,itcanbeassumedthatthereisnoswirlflowremaining
For the design and best efficiency point, it can be assumed that there is no swirl flow remaining at
Forthedesignandbestefficiencypoint,itcanbeassumedthatthereisnoswirlflowremaining
at the draft tube. Therefore, according to the Euler turbine head equation [2,811], the relation
the draft tube.
at the draft Therefore,
tube. according
Therefore, to theto
according Euler turbineturbine
the Euler head equation [2,811],[2,811],
head equation the relation
the between
relation
betweenEulerhead,guidevaneheight(Bg)andtheoutflowanglefromguidevanepassage()is
Euler head, guide vane height (B ) and the outflow angle from guide
betweenEulerhead,guidevaneheight(Bg)andtheoutflowanglefromguidevanepassage()is
g vane passage () is shown in
showninEquation(3).Additionally,accordingtothepressurelosscoefficient,therelationbetween
Equation (3). Additionally, according to the pressure loss coefficient, the relation
showninEquation(3).Additionally,accordingtothepressurelosscoefficient,therelationbetween between guide vane
guide vane head loss, guide vane opening (a0) and guide vane height (Bg) is derived as shown in
head loss,
guide vane guide
headvane
loss,opening (a0 ) and
guide vane guide(avane
opening height
0) and guide(Bvane
g ) is derived
height (B asg)shown in Equation
is derived as shown(4):in
Equation(4):
Equation(4):
U V 1 NQ
Hth 1 u1 1 (3)
g g1 6060Bg tan
tan
(3)
(3)
60 tan
11
2
Vth 2

Q
Hgv 1 (4)
(4)
2g2 2g2 Zg a0 Bg (4)
2 2
According to the outflow angle from guide vane passage, guide vane pressure loss coefficient
Accordingtotheoutflowanglefromguidevanepassage,guidevanepressurelosscoefficient
and Accordingtotheoutflowanglefromguidevanepassage,guidevanepressurelosscoefficient
the Euler head, the one dimension loss analysis results are plotted in Figure 5. These results are
andtheEulerhead,theonedimensionlossanalysisresultsareplottedinFigure5.Theseresultsare
andtheEulerhead,theonedimensionlossanalysisresultsareplottedinFigure5.Theseresultsare
obtained only
obtained onlyatatdesign
design flow rate
flow andand
rate head. As the
head. AsEuler turbine
the Euler head for
turbine thefor
head design
the point
design is point
constantis
obtained
and the only
turbine at design
head is flow rate
controlled byand
the head.
guide As
vane the Euler
passage turbine
opening, head
the for
guide
constant and the turbine head is controlled by the guide vane passage opening, the guide vane the design
vane opening point is
ratio
constant and
(a0 /Dr1 ) has tothe
be turbine head forisa controlled by the guide vane(Bgpassage opening, the5.guide vane
openingratio(a 0/Ddetermined specified guide vane height
r1)hastobedeterminedforaspecifiedguidevaneheight(B ), as shown in Figure
g),asshowninFigure5.
openingratio(a0/Dr1)hastobedeterminedforaspecifiedguidevaneheight(Bg),asshowninFigure5.
350 1
350 1
Guidevaneheight(Bg)[mm]

=93.57% = 93.58%
300 0.95
Guidevaneheight(Bg)[mm]

=93.57% = 93.58%
300 0.95
250 0.9
)[%]

250 0.9
)[%]

200 0.85
Efficiency(

200 GVheight 0.85


Efficiency(

150 GVheight
Efficiency 0.8
150 Efficiency 0.8
100 Bg=103 0.75
100 Bg=103 0.75
50 0.7
50 Bg = 95 0.7
0 Bg = 95 0.65
0 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.65
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
Guidevaneopeningratioa0/Dr1
Guidevaneopeningratioa0/Dr1

Figure 5. One dimension loss analysis result.
Figure5.Onedimensionlossanalysisresult.
Figure5.Onedimensionlossanalysisresult.
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The efficiency curve shown in the graph is the design point efficiency with different designs of
Energies2016,9,164
Theefficiencycurveshowninthegraphisthedesignpointefficiencywithdifferentdesignsof 5of12
guide vane heights (Bg ) and guide vane opening ratios (a0 /Dr1 ). As a result, it can be seen 5of12
Energies2016,9,164 that there
guidevaneheights(Bg)andguidevaneopeningratios(a0/Dr1).Asaresult,itcanbeseenthatthereis
is a best efficiency
a best efficiencypoint
pointby
bythe
thedifferent guidevane
vaneopening
opening ratio /D0r1/D
(a0(a ). Additionally,
Theefficiencycurveshowninthegraphisthedesignpointefficiencywithdifferentdesignsof
different guide ratio ). r1
Additionally, therethere
is a is a
relatively Theefficiencycurveshowninthegraphisthedesignpointefficiencywithdifferentdesignsof
guidevaneheights(B g)andguidevaneopeningratios(a 0/Dr1).Asaresult,itcanbeseenthatthereis
relatively wide guide vane opening ratio (guide vane height) with high efficiency, meaning thatthere
wide guide vane opening ratio (guide vane height) with high efficiency, meaning that
guidevaneheights(B
a best efficiency g)andguidevaneopeningratios(a0/Dr1).Asaresult,itcanbeseenthatthereis
point by the different guide vane opening ratio (a0/Dvane
r1). Additionally, therestudy,
is a in
is a wide range for the design of guide vane opening ratio and guide height. In this
thereisawiderangeforthedesignofguidevaneopeningratioandguidevaneheight.Inthisstudy,
arelatively
best efficiency
wide point
guide by theopening
vane different guide
ratio vanevane
(guide opening ratio
height) (a0/D
with r1). Additionally, there is a
high efficiency, meaning that
orderinordertofittherunnertotheexistingFrancisturbineplantforperformancetest,theguidevane
to fit the runner to the existing Francis turbine plant for performance test, the guide vane height
relatively wide guide vane opening ratio (guide vane height) with high efficiency, meaning that
thereisawiderangeforthedesignofguidevaneopeningratioandguidevaneheight.Inthisstudy,
height(B
(Bg ) of 103 mm g)of103mmisselected,whichbelongstothehighefficiencyrangeaccordingtotheone
is selected, which belongs to the high efficiency range according to the one dimension
thereisawiderangeforthedesignofguidevaneopeningratioandguidevaneheight.Inthisstudy,
inordertofittherunnertotheexistingFrancisturbineplantforperformancetest,theguidevane
dimensionlossanalysis.Finally,themeridionalplaneshapewithbasicdimensionsisdeterminedas
loss analysis. Finally, the meridional plane shape with basic dimensions is determined as shown in
inordertofittherunnertotheexistingFrancisturbineplantforperformancetest,theguidevane
height(Bg)of103mmisselected,whichbelongstothehighefficiencyrangeaccordingtotheone
FigureshowninFigure6.
6.
height(B g)of103mmisselected,whichbelongstothehighefficiencyrangeaccordingtotheone
dimensionlossanalysis.Finally,themeridionalplaneshapewithbasicdimensionsisdeterminedas
dimensionlossanalysis.Finally,themeridionalplaneshapewithbasicdimensionsisdeterminedas
showninFigure6.
showninFigure6.


Figure6.Meridionalplaneshapeandbasicdimensions.

Figure 6. Meridional plane shape and basic dimensions.
Figure6.Meridionalplaneshapeandbasicdimensions.

2.2.TurbineRunnerBladeModel
Figure6.Meridionalplaneshapeandbasicdimensions.
2.2. Turbine Runner Blade Model
Figure7revealsthedefinitionoftherunnerbladeportarea.Theportareaoftherunnerbladeis
2.2.TurbineRunnerBladeModel
Figure 7 reveals the definition of the runner blade port area. The port area of the runner blade is
locatedattheexitoftherunnerflowpassage,whichistheminimumareaattherunnerflowpassage.
2.2.TurbineRunnerBladeModel
located Figure7revealsthedefinitionoftherunnerbladeportarea.Theportareaoftherunnerbladeis
Therefore,thedimensionoftheportareaplaysaveryimportantroleincontrollingtheexitrelative
atFigure7revealsthedefinitionoftherunnerbladeportarea.Theportareaoftherunnerbladeis
the exit of the runner flow passage, which is the minimum area at the runner flow passage.
locatedattheexitoftherunnerflowpassage,whichistheminimumareaattherunnerflowpassage.
velocity from runner passage as shown in Figure
Therefore, the dimension of the port area plays a very8. The relative
important rolevelocity (W2) reduces
in controlling the exit
locatedattheexitoftherunnerflowpassage,whichistheminimumareaattherunnerflowpassage.
with
relative
Therefore,thedimensionoftheportareaplaysaveryimportantroleincontrollingtheexitrelative
increasingportarea,whichcausestheoutflowangle( 2)todrop.Theoutflowanglefromrunner
velocity from runner passage as shown in Figure 8. The relative velocity (W
velocity from runner passage as shown in Figure 8. The relative velocity 2 ) reduces with
Therefore,thedimensionoftheportareaplaysaveryimportantroleincontrollingtheexitrelative increasing
(W2) reduces with
passageisperpendicular(90)onlywithcorrectrelativevelocity.Therefore,itispossibletoachieve
port velocity
area, which
from causes
runner the outflow
passage as angle
shown (
in
2 ) to drop.
Figure
increasingportarea,whichcausestheoutflowangle( 8. The
The outflow
relative angle
velocity from
(W2) runner
reducespassage
2)todrop.Theoutflowanglefromrunner
with is
correctoutflowanglebymodifyingtheportareaandrelativeoutflowvelocity.
) only with correct relative velocity.2)todrop.Theoutflowanglefromrunner
increasingportarea,whichcausestheoutflowangle(
perpendicular (90 Therefore, it is possible to achieve
passageisperpendicular(90)onlywithcorrectrelativevelocity.Therefore,itispossibletoachieve correct
passageisperpendicular(90)onlywithcorrectrelativevelocity.Therefore,itispossibletoachieve
outflow angle by modifying the port area and relative outflow velocity.
correctoutflowanglebymodifyingtheportareaandrelativeoutflowvelocity.
correctoutflowanglebymodifyingtheportareaandrelativeoutflowvelocity.


Figure7.Definitionoftherunnerbladeportarea.


Figure7.Definitionoftherunnerbladeportarea.
Figure 7. Definition of the runner blade port area.
Figure7.Definitionoftherunnerbladeportarea.


Figure8.Velocitytriangleatrunneroutlet.


Figure8.Velocitytriangleatrunneroutlet.
Figure8.Velocitytriangleatrunneroutlet.
Figure 8. Velocity triangle at runner outlet.
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Figure 9 shows the port area distribution from crown to shroud in the runner flow passage 1. The
Figure9showstheportareadistributionfromcrowntoshroudintherunnerflowpassage1.
port area has to be modified until the outflow angle is satisfactory.
Theportareahastobemodifieduntiltheoutflowangleissatisfactory.
Energies2016,9,164 6of12

Figure9showstheportareadistributionfromcrowntoshroudintherunnerflowpassage1.
34
Theportareahastobemodifieduntiltheoutflowangleissatisfactory.
32

Portarea(ar)[mm]
30 34

28 32
Portarea(ar)[mm] Case1
26 30 Case2
Case3
24 28 Case4
Case5
Case1
22 26 Case2
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 Case31
24 CrowntoShroud[Crown=0;Shroud=1] Case4
Case5

22Figure9.Portareadistributionofthefivecases.
Figure 9. Port area distribution of the five cases.
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1
2.3.NumericalMethod CrowntoShroud[Crown=0;Shroud=1]
2.3. Numerical Method
Figure9.Portareadistributionofthefivecases.
Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis is a very useful tool for predicting hydro
Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis is a very useful tool for predicting hydro machinery
machineryperformanceatvariousoperatingconditions[1215].CommercialcodeofANSYSCFX[16]
2.3.NumericalMethod
performance at various operating conditions [1215]. Commercial code of ANSYS CFX [16] was
wasemployedtopredictthecharacteristicsoftheFrancisturbine.Thegeneralconnectionwassetas
employed to predict the characteristics
Computational fluid dynamics of the(CFD)
Francis turbine.
analysis is The general
a very useful connection
stageconditionbetweentherotationalareaandthefixedarea.TheSSTkmodelwasselectedfor was set ashydro
tool for predicting stage
theturbulencemodel.Inletturbulenceconditionisspecifiedas5%turbulenceintensityandtheflow
condition between the rotational area and the fixed area. The SST k- model was selected for the
machineryperformanceatvariousoperatingconditions[1215].CommercialcodeofANSYSCFX[16]
directionisnormaltotheinletboundary.
turbulence model. Inlet turbulence condition is specified as 5% turbulence intensity and the flow
wasemployedtopredictthecharacteristicsoftheFrancisturbine.Thegeneralconnectionwassetas
TherearetwokindsofnumericaldomainfortheCFDanalysis.Consideringthecomputation
stageconditionbetweentherotationalareaandthefixedarea.TheSSTkmodelwasselectedfor
direction is normal to the inlet boundary.
timeconsumption,thecasesfordifferentportareacalculation(Cases15)wasconductedby1pitch
theturbulencemodel.Inletturbulenceconditionisspecifiedas5%turbulenceintensityandtheflow
There are two kinds of numerical domain for the CFD analysis. Considering the computation time
domain. Moreover, for the Francis turbine performance analysis, the full domain analysis was
directionisnormaltotheinletboundary.
consumption, the cases for different port area calculation (Cases 15) was conducted by 1 pitch domain.
conducted.For1pitchflowpassage(1stayvane,1guidevaneand1runnerbladeflowpassage),the
TherearetwokindsofnumericaldomainfortheCFDanalysis.Consideringthecomputation
Moreover,
mass for the
flow Franciswas
condition turbine performance
applied at the inletanalysis, the full
and the static domain
pressure wasanalysis wasoutlet
set at the conducted.
of the For
timeconsumption,thecasesfordifferentportareacalculation(Cases15)wasconductedby1pitch
1 pitch flow passage (1 stay vane, 1 guide vane and 1 runner blade flow passage),
calculationdomain.However,forthefulldomaincalculation,thetotalpressureboundarycondition the mass flow
domain. Moreover, for the Francis turbine performance analysis, the full domain analysis was
condition was applied at the inlet and the static pressure was set at the outlet of the
wasappliedattheinlet,andthestaticpressurewassetattheoutletofthedomain.Thisisdoneto
conducted.For1pitchflowpassage(1stayvane,1guidevaneand1runnerbladeflowpassage),the calculation domain.
However, forflow
the full domain calculation, the inlet
totaland
pressure boundary
maintainthedesignheadandchecktheflowrateismatchedwithdesignpoint.
mass condition was applied at the the static pressure condition
was set atwas
theapplied
outlet ofatthe
the
inlet, and For1pitchflowpassage,thetotalnumberofelementsis5.510
the static pressure was set at the outlet of the domain. This 6,forwhichthey+aroundthe
is done to
calculationdomain.However,forthefulldomaincalculation,thetotalpressureboundarycondition maintain the design
head bladesurfaceis9.Therefore,thetotalnumberofelementsfor1pitchflowpassageissufficientfor
and check the flow rate is matched with design point.
wasappliedattheinlet,andthestaticpressurewassetattheoutletofthedomain.Thisisdoneto
reliable
For results.
flowIn order to
theexclude the effect of mesh on theprediction
maintainthedesignheadandchecktheflowrateismatchedwithdesignpoint.
1 pitch passage, total number of elements is 5.5 accuracy,
106 , for which the ythe mesh the
+ around
dependencewasconductedforfulldomainCFDanalysisasshowninFigure10.Theefficiencywas
blade surfaceFor1pitchflowpassage,thetotalnumberofelementsis5.510 ,forwhichthey aroundthe
6 +
is 9. Therefore, the total number of elements for 1 pitch flow passage is sufficient for
normalizedbytheselectedefficiency.Itcanbeconcludedthattheturbineefficiencyisinsensitive
bladesurfaceis9.Therefore,thetotalnumberofelementsfor1pitchflowpassageissufficientfor
reliable results. In order to exclude the effect of 6mesh on the prediction accuracy, the mesh dependence
afterthenumberofelementsexceed7.510
reliable results. In order to exclude the.Therefore,thenumberofelementsaround7.510
effect of mesh on the prediction accuracy, the mesh 6
was conducted for full domain CFD analysis as shown in Figure 10. The efficiency was normalized by
wasselectedforfulldomaincalculation.
dependencewasconductedforfulldomainCFDanalysisasshowninFigure10.Theefficiencywas
the selected efficiency. It can be concluded that the turbine efficiency is insensitive after the number of
normalizedbytheselectedefficiency.Itcanbeconcludedthattheturbineefficiencyisinsensitive
exceed 7.5 104 106 . Therefore, the number6.Therefore,thenumberofelementsaround7.510
elementsafterthenumberofelementsexceed7.510 of elements around 7.5 106 was selected for full 6

domain wasselectedforfulldomaincalculation.
calculation. 100
/selected

96104

92100

88 96
/selected

84 92
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
88
Numberofelements(106)
84
Figure10.Meshdependenceforthefulldomaincalculation.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Numberofelements(106)
Figure10.Meshdependenceforthefulldomaincalculation.
Figure 10. Mesh dependence for the full domain calculation.
Energies 2016, 9, 164 7 of 12
Energies2016,9,164
Energies2016,9,164 7of12
7of12

3.ResultsandDiscussion
3.ResultsandDiscussion
3. Results and Discussion

3.1.OutflowPattern
3.1.OutflowPattern
3.1. Outflow Pattern
Thecriterionfortherunnerbladeportareadesignistheoutflowangle.Theeffectofdrafttube
Thecriterionfortherunnerbladeportareadesignistheoutflowangle.Theeffectofdrafttube
The criterion for the runner blade port area design is the outflow angle. The effect of draft tube on
on
on recycling
recycling
recycling thekinetic
the the kinetic
kinetic energy energy
energy islimited.
is
is limited.limited. Especially,
Especially,
Especially, thekinetic
the
the kinetic kinetic energy
energyenergy
from the from
from thecircumferential
the circumferential
circumferential velocity
velocityisveryhardtocollect.Therefore,acorrectoutflowangleplaysaroleofreducingthelossat
velocityisveryhardtocollect.Therefore,acorrectoutflowangleplaysaroleofreducingthelossat
is very hard to collect. Therefore, a correct outflow angle plays a role of reducing the loss at draft
drafttubeandimprovingtheefficiencyoftheturbine.Themodificationofportareaissatisfactory
drafttubeandimprovingtheefficiencyoftheturbine.Themodificationofportareaissatisfactory
tube and improving the efficiency of the turbine. The modification of port area is satisfactory until the
untiltheoutflowangleisascloseto90.Figure11showstheoutflowangledistributionfromrunner
angle is as close to 90 . Figure 11 shows the outflow angle distribution from runner crown to
untiltheoutflowangleisascloseto90.Figure11showstheoutflowangledistributionfromrunner
outflow
crownto
crown
shroud. to
Theshroud.
shroud.
outflow The
The outflow
outflow
angle angle
angle
of Case ofCase
of Case
5 is located 55is
close istolocated
90 with
located close
close
only to
to 90with
90
small with onlysmall
only
deviation. smalldeviation.
deviation.
Moreover, as the
Moreover,astheeffectofboundarywall,thedeviationincreasesnearthecrownandshroudwalls.
Moreover,astheeffectofboundarywall,thedeviationincreasesnearthecrownandshroudwalls.
effect of boundary wall, the deviation increases near the crown and shroud walls. Overall, the port
Overall,theportareaandtheoutflowangleofCase5aresatisfactoryfortherunnerdesign.
Overall,theportareaandtheoutflowangleofCase5aresatisfactoryfortherunnerdesign.
area and the outflow angle of Case 5 are satisfactory for the runner design.

130
130

110
110
)[]
Outflowangle(22)[]

90
90
Outflowangle(

70
70
Case1
Case1
50
50 Case2
Case2
Case3
Case3
30
30 Case4
Case4
Case5
Case5
10
10
0.0
0.0 0.2
0.2 0.4
0.4 0.6
0.6 0.8
0.8 1.0
1.0

CrowntoShroud[Crown=0;Shroud=1]
CrowntoShroud[Crown=0;Shroud=1]

Figure 11. Outflow angle distribution.
Figure11.Outflowangledistribution.
Figure11.Outflowangledistribution.

Figure12
Figure
Figure 12shows
12 showsthe
shows thestreamline
the streamlinedistribution
streamline distributionin
distribution inthe
in thedraft
the drafttube.
draft tube.It
tube. Itis
It isclearly
is clearlyindicated
clearly indicatedthat
indicated thatthe
that the
the
streamlineofCase1inthedrafttubeshowslargeswirlflow,whichincreasesthelossatthedraft
streamlineofCase1inthedrafttubeshowslargeswirlflow,whichincreasesthelossatthedraft
streamline of Case 1 in the draft tube shows large swirl flow, which increases the loss at the draft
tube.However,bymodifyingtheportareatoacorrectextent(Case5),thereareverticallystraight
tube.However,bymodifyingtheportareatoacorrectextent(Case5),thereareverticallystraight
tube. However, by modifying the port area to a correct extent (Case 5), there are vertically straight
streamlinesinthedrafttube,andexitflowangleiscloseto90.Theeffectofmodifyingtheportarea
in the draft tube, and exit flow angle is close to 90 . The effect of modifying the port area
streamlinesinthedrafttube,andexitflowangleiscloseto90.Theeffectofmodifyingtheportarea
streamlines
oncorrectingtheexitflowangleissignificantinreducingtheswirlflow.
oncorrectingtheexitflowangleissignificantinreducingtheswirlflow.
on correcting the exit flow angle is significant in reducing the swirl flow.


Figure12.Streamlinedistributionindrafttube.
Figure12.Streamlinedistributionindrafttube.
Figure 12. Streamline distribution in draft tube.

3.2.LossAnalysis
3.2.LossAnalysis
Forthelossanalysis,theequationisdefinedasfollowing:
Forthelossanalysis,theequationisdefinedasfollowing:
Energies 2016, 9, 164 8 of 12

3.2. Loss Analysis


Energies 2016, 9, x
Energies2016,9,164 88of12
of 12
For the loss analysis, the equation is defined as following:

p
HLoss = total (5)
(5)
gg

p
T
total (6)
= Q
HLoss runner g (6)
g
where
where the
the HLoss
Loss is
is the
the pressure
pressure loss
loss for
for the
the stay
stay vane,
vane, guide
guide vane
vane and
and draft
draft tube,
tube, HLoss runner is
is the
the
where the HLoss is the pressure loss for the stay vane, guide vane and draft tube, HLossLossrunner
runner is the
pressure loss for the runner passage.
pressurelossfortherunnerpassage.
pressure loss for the runner passage.
Figure 13 shows the loss distribution on each component. As the result is obtained from 1 pitch
Figure13showsthelossdistributiononeachcomponent.Astheresultisobtainedfrom1pitch
Figure 13 shows the loss distribution on each component. As the result is obtained from 1 pitch
analysis without casing, there is no casing component loss analysis. The loss exists to a large extent
analysiswithoutcasing,thereisnocasingcomponentlossanalysis.Thelossexiststoalargeextent
analysis without casing, there is no casing component loss analysis. The loss exists to a large extent at
at draft tube at Cases 1 and 2, for which swirl flow exists with large deviation outflow angle from 90
atdrafttubeatCases1and2,forwhichswirlflowexistswithlargedeviationoutflowanglefrom90
draft tube at Cases 1 and 2, for which swirl flow exists with large deviation outflow angle from 90
(as shown in Figure 11). However, the loss at draft tube reduces with correct outflow angle. The total
(asshowninFigure11).However,thelossatdrafttubereduceswithcorrectoutflowangle.Thetotal
(as shown in Figure 11). However, the loss at draft tube reduces with correct outflow angle. The total
loss distribution by each case is obtained in Figure 14. There is minimum total loss at Case 5, which
lossdistributionbyeachcaseisobtainedinFigure14.ThereisminimumtotallossatCase5,which
loss distribution by each case is obtained in Figure 14. There is minimum total loss at Case 5, which
satisfies outflow angle from runner exit and has the lowest loss at draft tube.
satisfiesoutflowanglefromrunnerexitandhasthelowestlossatdrafttube.
satisfies outflow angle from runner exit and has the lowest loss at draft tube.

3.5
3.5
Case
Case 11
3.0
3.0 Case
Case 22
Case
Case 33
Case
Case 44
2.5
2.5 Case
Case 55
Loss / H [%]

2.0
2.0

1.5
1.5
HLoss
H

1.0
1.0

0.5
0.5

0.0
0.0
Stay vane Guide vane Runner Draft tube

Figure 13.Loss
Lossdistribution
distributionon
oneach
eachcomponent.
component.
Figure13.Lossdistributiononeachcomponent.
Figure 13.

100
HLoss/HLossMax[%]
HLoss/HLoss Max [%]

99.6

99.2

98.8

98.4
Case 1
Case1 Case 2
Case2 Case 3
Case3 Case 4
Case4 Case 5
Case5

Figure
Figure 14.Total
14. Totalloss
lossdistribution
distributionby
byeach
eachcase.
case.
Figure14.Totallossdistributionbyeachcase.

3.3. Performance Analysis


3.3.PerformanceAnalysis
The
The performance
performance analysis
analysis of
of the
the Francis
Francis turbine
turbine was
was conducted
conducted by
by full
full domain
domain asas shown
shown in
in
Figure 15. There is best efficiency point of 92.6% with leakage loss at the Q11
Figure15.Thereisbestefficiencypointof92.6%withleakagelossattheQ of 0.525, at which the
11of0.525,atwhichthe

flow
flow rate
rate is
is the
the design
design flow
flow rate
rate for
for this
this Francis
Francis turbine.
turbine. In
In comparison
comparison to
to the
the efficiency
efficiency without
without
Energies 2016, 9, 164 9 of 12

3.3. Performance Analysis


The performance analysis of the Francis turbine was conducted by full domain as shown in
Energies2016,9,164
Figure 15. There is best efficiency point
Energies2016,9,164 of 92.6% with leakage loss at the Q11 of 0.525, at which the 9of12
flow
9of12
rate is the design flow rate for this Francis turbine. In comparison to the efficiency without leakage,
leakage,
leakage,
there 1.4%there
isthere is is 1.4%
1.4%
difference atdifference
difference at
at the
the design therate.
design
design
flow Theflow
flow rate.
rate. Theofleakage
Theloss
leakage leakage loss
1.4% loss ofof
of 1.4%
consists 1.4%
diskconsists
consists of
of disk
friction disk
loss
frictionlossandvolumeloss.
frictionlossandvolumeloss.
and volume loss.

94 94 94.0%94.0% 90 90
(Withoutleakage)
(Withoutleakage)
93 93 80 80
92.6%92.6%

Outputpower[kW]
Outputpower[kW]
92 92 70 70
Efficiency[%]
Efficiency[%]

91 91 60 60

90 90 50 50

89 89 Efficiency 40 40
Efficiency
88 88 OutputPower 30 30
OutputPower
87 87 20 20

86 86 10 10
0.36 0.360.4 0.40.44 0.440.48 0.480.52 0.520.56 0.560.6 0.60.64 0.64
Q11 Q11

Figure 15. Performance of the Francis turbine by the flow rate.
Figure15.PerformanceoftheFrancisturbinebytheflowrate.
Figure15.PerformanceoftheFrancisturbinebytheflowrate.

Figure 16 shows the component loss at different flow rates. It can be seen that the loss at the
Figure16showsthecomponentlossatdifferentflowrates.Itcanbeseenthatthelossatthe
Figure16showsthecomponentlossatdifferentflowrates.Itcanbeseenthatthelossatthe
casing and stay vane passage is relatively small and the loss increases slightly at high flow rate. The
casingandstayvanepassageisrelativelysmallandthelossincreasesslightlyathighflowrate.The
casingandstayvanepassageisrelativelysmallandthelossincreasesslightlyathighflowrate.The
loss at the guide vane passage and runner passage exists relatively to a large extent. The loss at the
lossattheguidevanepassageandrunnerpassageexistsrelativelytoalargeextent.Thelossatthe
lossattheguidevanepassageandrunnerpassageexistsrelativelytoalargeextent.Thelossatthe
guide vane passage reduces with increasing the flow rate. However, the loss at the runner passage is
guidevanepassagereduceswithincreasingtheflowrate.However,thelossattherunnerpassageis
guidevanepassagereduceswithincreasingtheflowrate.However,thelossattherunnerpassageis
insensitive to the flow rate. Minimum amount of loss exists at the design flow rate. However, the loss
insensitivetotheflowrate.Minimumamountoflossexistsatthedesignflowrate.However,the
insensitivetotheflowrate.Minimumamountoflossexistsatthedesignflowrate.However,the
lossincreasesrapidlyattheoffdesignflowrates.Especiallyatthepartialflowrate,thelossatdraft
increases rapidly at the off design flow rates. Especially at the partial flow rate, the loss at draft tube
lossincreasesrapidlyattheoffdesignflowrates.Especiallyatthepartialflowrate,thelossatdraft
tubeexistsinasignificantamount.
exists in a significant amount.
tubeexistsinasignificantamount.

100 100 Casingloss


Casingloss
98 98 GVloss
GVloss SVloss
SVloss
96 96
Efficiency[%]
Efficiency[%]

RVloss
94 RVloss
94
92 92
DTloss
DTloss
90 90
88 88
86 86
0.36 0.360.4 0.40.44 0.44
0.48 0.48
0.52 0.52
0.56 0.560.6 0.60.64 0.64
Q
Q11 11

Figure16.Componentlossbytheflowrate.
Figure 16. Component loss by the flow rate.
Figure16.Componentlossbytheflowrate.

3.4.3.4.FluidStructureInteractionAnalysis
3.4.FluidStructureInteractionAnalysis
Fluid-Structure Interaction Analysis
InIn In
order order
order to verify
totoverify
verifythe the runner
therunner
runner blade
blade
blade structure
structure
structure integrity,
integrity, fluidstructure
fluidstructure
integrity, fluid-structure interaction
interaction (FSI)
interaction (FSI)
isis
(FSI) is an
anan
effectivemethodtocalculatethestressesintheFrancisturbinerunner.Saeedetal.[17]foundstress
effectivemethodtocalculatethestressesintheFrancisturbinerunner.Saeedetal.[17]foundstress
effective method to calculate the stresses in the Francis turbine runner. Saeed et al. [17] found stress
maxima
maxima in different
in different partsparts ofrunner
of the the runner bymethod.
by FSI FSI method. Xiaoetal.
Xiaoetal. [18] [18] investigated
investigated the dynamic
the dynamic
stressesinaFrancisturbinerunnersuccessfullybasedonFSIanalysis.Inthisstudy,theFSIanalysis
stressesinaFrancisturbinerunnersuccessfullybasedonFSIanalysis.Inthisstudy,theFSIanalysis
hasbeenconductedforverifyingtherunnerstructurebythehydraulicforce.
hasbeenconductedforverifyingtherunnerstructurebythehydraulicforce.
ThematerialofSCS5steelwasappliedfortherunner,forwhichthetensileultimatestrengthis
ThematerialofSCS5steelwasappliedfortherunner,forwhichthetensileultimatestrengthis
540MPaandyieldstressis415MPa.Thepressureloadappliedontherunnersurfaceisimported
540MPaandyieldstressis415MPa.Thepressureloadappliedontherunnersurfaceisimported
from the full domain CFD analysis at the design flow rate, where the flow rate is 1.21 3 m3/s and
Energies 2016, 9, 164 10 of 12

maxima in different parts of the runner by FSI method. Xiao et al. [18] investigated the dynamic stresses
in a Francis turbine runner successfully based on FSI analysis. In this study, the FSI analysis has been
conducted for verifying the runner structure by the hydraulic force.
The material of SCS5 steel was applied for the runner, for which the tensile ultimate strength is
540 MPa and yield stress is 415 MPa. The pressure load applied on the runner surface is imported
Energies2016,9,164 10of12
the full domain CFD analysis at the design flow rate, where the flow rate is 1.21 m3 /s and turbine
Energies2016,9,164
Energies2016,9,164
from 10of12
10of12
rotational speed is 914 min . 1
The
The
The surfacesof
surfacesof
surfacesof hub,shroud,
hub,shroud,
hub,shroud,pressureand
pressureand
pressureandsuctionsides
suctionsides
suctionsidesof
of
ofthe
therunner
therunnerbladesare
runnerbladesareselected
bladesareselected
selectedfor
for
for
The surfaces of hub, shroud, pressure and suction sides of the runner blades are selected for
pressureloadingasshowninFigure17.ThepressureimportedtotherunnersurfacesfortheFSI
pressureloadingasshowninFigure17.ThepressureimportedtotherunnersurfacesfortheFSI
pressureloadingasshowninFigure17.ThepressureimportedtotherunnersurfacesfortheFSI
pressure loading as shown in Figure 17. The pressure imported to the runner surfaces for the FSI
analysisisshowninFigure18.Thehighestimportedpressureofaround0.39MPaexistsonthehub
analysisisshowninFigure18.Thehighestimportedpressureofaround0.39MPaexistsonthehub
analysisisshowninFigure18.Thehighestimportedpressureofaround0.39MPaexistsonthehub
analysis is shown in Figure 18. The highest imported pressure of around 0.39 MPa exists on the hub
andshroudsurfaceneartherunnerinlet.
andshroudsurfaceneartherunnerinlet.
andshroudsurfaceneartherunnerinlet.
and shroud surface near the runner inlet.


Figure17.Runnerhubandshroudsurfacesforpressureloading.
Figure17.Runnerhubandshroudsurfacesforpressureloading.
Figure17.Runnerhubandshroudsurfacesforpressureloading.
Figure 17. Runner hub and shroud surfaces for pressure loading.


Figure18.Pressureimportedtotherunnersurfaces.
Figure 18. Pressure imported to the runner surfaces.
Figure18.Pressureimportedtotherunnersurfaces.
Figure18.Pressureimportedtotherunnersurfaces.

Thestructuralfeasibilityisbasedonthestressontherunner,whichisshowninFigure19.The
Thestructuralfeasibilityisbasedonthestressontherunner,whichisshowninFigure19.The
Thestructuralfeasibilityisbasedonthestressontherunner,whichisshowninFigure19.The
The structural feasibility is based on the stress on the runner, which is shown in Figure 19. The
maximumstresspointof23MPacanbefoundatthecornerbetweenrunnerbladeleadingedgeand
maximumstresspointof23MPacanbefoundatthecornerbetweenrunnerbladeleadingedgeand
maximumstresspointof23MPacanbefoundatthecornerbetweenrunnerbladeleadingedgeand
maximum stress point of 23 MPa can be found at the corner between runner blade leading edge and
shroud,whichismuchlowerthanthematerialyieldstress.Thesafetyfactoris18,whichismore
shroud,whichismuchlowerthanthematerialyieldstress.Thesafetyfactoris18,whichismore
shroud,whichismuchlowerthanthematerialyieldstress.Thesafetyfactoris18,whichismore
shroud, which is much lower than the material yield stress. The safety factor is 18, which is more than
thansufficientforasafestructure.
thansufficientforasafestructure.
thansufficientforasafestructure.
sufficient for a safe structure.


Figure19.Stressdistributionontherunner.
Figure19.Stressdistributionontherunner.
Figure 19. Stress distribution on the runner.
Figure19.Stressdistributionontherunner.

4.Conclusions
4.Conclusions
4.Conclusions
TheFrancisturbinerunnerdesignandnumericalanalysisarepresentedfortheMiryangpower
TheFrancisturbinerunnerdesignandnumericalanalysisarepresentedfortheMiryangpower
TheFrancisturbinerunnerdesignandnumericalanalysisarepresentedfortheMiryangpower
stationofKorea.AsuccessfuldesignoftheFrancisturbinerunnerbasedontheonedimensionloss
stationofKorea.AsuccessfuldesignoftheFrancisturbinerunnerbasedontheonedimensionloss
stationofKorea.AsuccessfuldesignoftheFrancisturbinerunnerbasedontheonedimensionloss
analysisandportareaoftherunnerflowpassagehasbeenpresented.Theportareaofrunnerblade
analysisandportareaoftherunnerflowpassagehasbeenpresented.Theportareaofrunnerblade
analysisandportareaoftherunnerflowpassagehasbeenpresented.Theportareaofrunnerblade
playsaroleofcorrectingtheoutflowanglefromrunnerpassagetoreducetheswirlflowandtheloss
playsaroleofcorrectingtheoutflowanglefromrunnerpassagetoreducetheswirlflowandtheloss
playsaroleofcorrectingtheoutflowanglefromrunnerpassagetoreducetheswirlflowandtheloss
Energies 2016, 9, 164 11 of 12

4. Conclusions
The Francis turbine runner design and numerical analysis are presented for the Miryang power
station of Korea. A successful design of the Francis turbine runner based on the one-dimension loss
analysis and port area of the runner flow passage has been presented. The port area of runner blade
plays a role of correcting the outflow angle from runner passage to reduce the swirl flow and the loss in
the draft tube. Finally, the best efficiency of 92.6% is achieved by full domain calculation with leakage
loss at the design point. From the FSI results it is evident that the maximum stress on the runner is
much less than the ultimate stress the runner can withstand before failure.

Acknowledgments: This work was supported by the New and Renewable Energy of the Korea Institute of Energy
Technology Evaluation and Planning (KETEP) grant funded by the Korea Government Ministry of Trade, Industry
and Energy (No. 2013T100200079). Moreover, the authors are very grateful to Kazuyoshi Miyagawa of Waseda
University, Japan, for his valuable advices.
Author Contributions: Zhenmu Chen conceived, designed and analyzed the hydro Francis turbine; Patrick M.
Singh analyzed the data; Young-Do Choi planed the study project, as well as contributed the design and analysis
tools; Zhenmu Chen and Patrick M. Singh wrote the paper and Young-Do Choi revised the paper.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Nomenclature

4ptotal Total pressure difference


a0 Guide vane opening
ar Port area
Bg Guide vane height
Dr1 Runner inlet diameter
g Gravitational acceleration
He Effective head
Hgv Guide vane head loss
Hloss Pressure loss
Hloss runner Runner pressure loss
Hth Euler head
m Hydraulic radius
N Rotational speed
Ns Specific speed
p Pressure
Q Flow rate
Q11 Unit flow rate
T Torque
U Peripheral velocity
V th Velocity
Vu Rotational component of absolute velocity
W Relative velocity
Zg Guide vane number
Flow angle
Relative flow angle
b Blade angle
Pressure loss coefficient
Water density
Angular speed
Energies 2016, 9, 164 12 of 12

Abbreviations

DT Draft tube
GV Guide vane
RV Runner vane
SV Stay vane

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2016 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access
article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons by Attribution
(CC-BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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