From : Bas;c- rgtisft For Science bJ -DonoVdn, O*Fond (lnlve ,SiV

tfi
1l
74
classwork
tl unit
*,
.r
6 SECTION 1 simpie instructions
classwork
A .B ln s.cientific English. we often say
section i When we want people to do ihings. we instead of put. For example.
use
instructicns. lnstructions can be give"n in
different some cooper sulphate crystals on a filter
ways. Spoken instruciions can bJ very dir-ect.
for. paper.
example'. Cpen the window.. Close the
dcor.
Give insiructicns io other people in the ciass.
using
:

j
this table Make sure the instructions are fcliowed
correctly. Make up some insiructions of your
: own
i,
!:

Open
your book )
t:
,I
1

Close the wrndorry.

I
,
Shut the cioor.
'i
,t, the cupboard
't;
ii {
filter papei
lr
it Many verbs which are used for insti"uctions
tr fcllowed by a prep,osirion ror. e*arpt;1;r; are
li
;he light
t,
ll
llIt
on. Svtirch the rarlro off ln everyday English rve could say
Give more instrrjctions. using this table. Fut -corne sugar in ycur coifee.
i'tl Again. make
sure ihey are carried out correctly.
t:
I
Vy'hat verbs would we use for these instruclions?
I
,|, i -.--....--- some water irrto a beaker.
ir the chair" up. o!':
Turn the light on.
Switch your book off.
Put your hand do,vr,rn.
Pick your pen rounci,
1l
your desk upside down.
;,
I
ll '
Nouu make up your own instructions
{,
I with these verbs
i. and prepositions:
I'
't:
i
ll
take . .. off
$l
xt
iirl
r

switch/turn ... offlon

ill,
tii I
pick . . up
Put . .. dcwrr
.riii
,:l l
rir j
\r!i
turn... round
"{ifl
ili r
tBt
ait
rli
rlt
tsi
tJ I
\I ai:
@'r'

75

unit 6
a tube into a test-tube. the resuit of the equatlon classwork
section 1
x'* y' +2? =?
a Ciagram of the aPParatus

the stoPPei f rom the contalner

the reaction whrch takes Place'

'a the wire to the terminal'
!

r
i
tr
7

t S!
5>\
)

\r\
$ I

the length of the rod q\

\

S
 unit 6 C We can illustrate the stages or steps tn a sequence Use the flow chart to help y6rl instructicns io
classw'ork of operations by meaqs o{ a flow chart. Here is a open the door.
section 1
flow chart rn,hich shora;s ho\ / to use a key to open a
door. Next ask someone to give you instructions to open
rnser i key door For example.
i.he
seleci key
into lcck
!\irat shouid I Co frrst?
u.fu What shoulC I dc after that?
What sirouid | .ic if the key doesn't turn ?
You can also sa_v:

Whai should i do after I have selec.teci the key?

After you have selected the ft6r7. you should insert
it into the lock.
it,-..t ihese are all very direct r,vays of giving instructions.
But often instructions are given in an indirect form.
remove key no ,i Study tl-re paragraph below. which 'efers again to the
from lock
flow chart.
First ihe key is selected and rnserted into the lock.
The key is then turned arrd the door ope ned Once
the Cocr is ocen. the key shouiC be rernoved f rcnr
y'es the lock. lf the key does not trrrn ir.r the lock. it
shculd be removed from the lock anC the ccrrect
:ii-riiii::
i::it:*+i
orie should be selected.

=t.tli D Now drarr,, up your orn;n florv chart for a simple

"i:.:'
operation Do this wiih i,6u1 teacher anC the rest of
open docr
the ciass
;!.:..:E::,..,in

r,i::;.:t;:i:ii;i:

:ii!l!:::i+

'i:il:iit:;:j,,.:n
-r:,:ti

remove key
frcrn icck
I
.t
- :':l
,iI
rl
 //

for repeating the unit 6

instruction and explanation Now ccnrplete these instructions This time. find classwork
sEcTloN 2 rnrith dif{erer-rt electrodes' section 2

A Here are a list oi instructions {or settirtg up a "r-p"rirn"nt

your owtr words
Use the ciragran-r to help Vou thre eleciiocies f ror''-r the
contatner'
siilrple voltalc cell Chcose w'ords from this
1 Q
(-orrrplete the instructions 8 D.-''..---..'-..-'.''._.-iile ln'rtres' ancj zlnc elecirodes w'ith
list I" R tnt iopp"t
fiii auTon and iron elecilodes
ncte
wait observe 1C Fc --'--.--.------.--- tlre Eaivanoffr:iel
galrranomeier
connect a!'range 1i R - ,-- the va'iue of the
cjeflectiotr .L^ for coppef
this value wlth ihe value
.

1') .u
t-/
anci zir'c'
'i-6
in 1f1s d:':t:t^
B lnstead o{ writing instruciions to written rn an
galrranom eter
connectlng wlre *ui it is also. po"ill" {or them be
indirect waY, in a ParagraPh'
suiphuric acid a'nd
zrnc electrode
electrode A container rs f rlled with Ciluteare.arranged so thai
(cathode)
(anode)
electrodes of topp"t and zinc
acid upiight and parallel
they are irn."',5i in the apart as
to-"r.f-, other Ti-rev shouid be as,f ar above the
p"*Ll" Their upper -tru'ttt
gnds sholl!-be
orlute
bubbies o{ ace of the ulli ate then attached to the
--,-.-
i1 2 SO4 (electrotYte) sr-rrf
ihe vvires are irt turn
hydrogen encis of the electrodes' and
forming The value of the
connecied to a-galvelnorneter. recorded' and
cont8!n9r .----.----_.- galvanomet", C"iLtiicn shouli^be
action of the acid and the
after a perroci of time the
copper shoulci be observed'
Nornr i'e-r,vrite !nstructicns 7-1 2
in tne same waV
acici'
a container with dilute sulPhuric using these notes io f'uf p you \lJ-hen you have dcne
electrolYte so
two electrodes in the ir-tu. v., will !'rave a paragraph.c-f fcur sentences.
that theY are vertical and at a distance from ine r/w,ii'es/d isco n nect
e iectiod es/ remove/co
nta
ehch other- and
copper and zinc
a galvanometer across the plates bY zinc electrodes
"i"-*itottfshould/iepiaceicarbon
then/ recon nect/r'alue/def lection/shcu /
ld
"- of trn'o wlres'
means galvanometeri
the reiding indicated by the
-galvanometer deflection
note
relva lue/copper
va lu e/Oettection /shou ld /trre n/compa
5 and zinc
the action of the acid and the copper
 ffi tttff,*-.: U",' #[i[r uJ{: F"i{--_F." fe P[*.n;1yi f-"I. C*'te , Jnstr,,tctr-on BooLc
OPERA'I-I ON - NOTES ON OPERATION

P1 ani ng

El ements
* Pl an i ngtabl e compri s i ng
- feed table (1)
- d'ischarge table (2)

3
* Cutter splndle guard (3)
B * Cutter spindle cover (4)
7 * Fence (5)
6
Feed tabl r,
,

* The lever (6) regulates the depth of cut

up to max. 3 mm.
* The depth of cut is indicated on tlte scale (7)

Discharge table
* Is clamped on the left and right lvith
eccentric clamps (B).
* I t i s removed for thi cknessi ng.

Cutter spindle quard

The following is enclosed depending on the
country of destrnaticn:
* Standard
Is raised and lowered by hand

* SLIVA
Is raised and lowered by operating a lever.

The guard covers the cutter spindle over the

enti re tabl e w'idth. Duri ng joi nti ng the area
not used is covered by moving the cover
sheet (4) to the side.
Fence
* For the accurate gu'iclance of the
workpi eces.
* The fence can be adjusted cross-wise to
offset wear to the cutter.
* The fence can be t'il ted by up to 45o.

* The angle is accurately displayed on

the scale (9)
Display range: 0o to 45o.
I'lorki ng ti ps trr
*
*
Remove swarf.

1.abl e i nto bottom

ili
*
Crank thi cknessi nq
position.
(Free space = space for swarf).
Ir
Set desired depth of cut.
*
*
Remove loose branches/twigs.
Remove nai I s and other f ore'ign object.s.
ni
* lnihen f eedi nq the workpi ece, exert pressure
i n the di recii on of the di scharge tabl e. tl
* !,.,liren planing workpieces v'rith uneven sur-
faces, always start vlith a smal'l depth of
cut. t
ili
Planing wide workpieces
{i
Plane arched boards on the concave side, {i
orherwise you will not obta'in a plane
surface. *r j

Safe t.y note

*
* C,-rver cutter indl e over the ent.ire tabl
n
sp e
wirlth.
* Do rrot grasp arouno workpiece.
* Press workpi ece orrto the tabl e wi th the
r+
bal I s of your hands.
* Always reach above the cover
spindle.
of the cutter +
+
+
Correct pcs i ti on of hands for p1 ani ng
4
+
+
H

t
*
 Joi nti ng

Thecutter spindle is guarded by the spindle

cover to the thj ckness of the workpi ece.
Safety note
* Guide workp'iece irr upPer area.
* Never reach under the cutter spind'le cover.

f,
t
f,
* Correct posi tion of hands for joi nti ng.

+
+ Planing and jointing of workpieces with

fi
small cross sections
blarning! Increased risk of accident owing
to poor gu'idance r:n the
il
f ence l!

r
* Use a self-made auxjliary angle fence (1)
Attach it to the fence (e.g. with two
cramps ) .

ru ll
7,

t
-tr-<--

I .I

t
@

1
-l
F-- -- -- F

n The guard i s fi tted with a spring (?) So

I that it assumes the function of a jointing

stri p. The openi ng rra' is approx. 14 mm.

il
ru
ril
Safety regul ations

General :

o Keep the working area clean.

cl Do not wear loose work clothes. Make sure

that your work cl othes are t'ight at your
wrists and hips.
o Remove ri ngs, watches, cha'ins etc.
o Never 'leave the machi ne runn.ing unattended.
o Unpl ug the mach'ine for
- maintenance work
- servi ci ng
- set-up work
- changing tools
- remedy i ng faui ts.

Do not reach into machine when it is

runni ng.

0n1y remove swarf and workpieces when the

ne i s swi tched off.
mach i

0 0n1 y remove resi n wi th terpenti ne.

D Flount safety equipntent before commission-

'ing and check that it functions.

0n1y use perfectly qround cutters.

ng wi th dul I grourrd cutters
l,Jorki
overl oads the machi ne, i ncreases the ri sk
of kick-back and produces poor results.
o Do not use cracked planing cutters.
0 Always change tools in pairs.
Remove loose twigs and branches from the
workpiece. 0therwi se, they are pul 1 ed out
during planing and f1y out of the mach'ine.
0 Remove na"i I s and other forei gn objects.
o Check the direction of rotation of the
tool.
 I

,anl ng Thi cl<nessi ng

+
o Adopt stable working posjtion
(1eft foot roughly at level of
cutter
o Only work with swarf ejection hood.
in this way the cutter spindle 'is s
spi ndl e )

{rb
always covered.
H
b worki ng di recti on
thicknessi ng, check
Bef o'r^e
kick-.back guard functions.
rai sed, i t must automat'ical
back.
that
When
ly f ai
the

1 T
Duri ng p1 ani ng the cutter
()nly use terpentine to remove resins
from the kick-back plates.
Ir
spindie is to be covered with
ihe guard over the entire table Do not thickness workpieces smal I er ru
\^/idth.

Never reach under the cover of

than 125 mm. Exaci guidance through
the transport rollers is no longer
guaranteed. x
the cutter spindle during
p1

When
ani ng.

joi nti ng, cover cutter

There is an increased risk of kick-
-back when thi cknessi ng boards of
di fferent thi cknesses .
s
spindle vrith guard except for
board w'idth.
th short workpi eces,
Afier thicknessing, move thicknessing
table i nto 'i ts bottom pos i ti on so
+
Wi use that swarf can be easily removed. *
feedi ng devi ce.
0n1y remove swarf from the opening
Gu'ide workpjece
saf ely.
firmly and when the machi ne i s srv'i tched of f . ffi
n
i

Hand pos i t'i on .

- Cl osed fi ngers
- Palm flat
m
-
-
Press workpiece with ball of
hand onto table
Never use yollr fingertips .,
or knuckles to advance the
workpiece.
.?*;i

'
s"ii*f i,l + t:.-, g.:

?'i.al:c "iiAr*;rji{i h* fu:l:i*-.:,.-

:*!:+i.;.. :
ili

I i i.rr i.u*
It

;'
cr: sa*

l;'

i. tr+ i i: * rifTl.r :*,ts"; !;a3f1q-;:gr: -t_rixi: ! * g

i:

=i;i:ij_:r+:
5lg*lail;g

;:*rl
e;,; tt
,?.
,ja:i*til-r;=1"
:i=,'E:lti lii$g.3: I;.i:tg ,ir*

is ln:rgriirff jj
$,;c3*: r:t"8ir:r: g** l*::rfuin*
+
;*" ?ieseriS: r ,ii-gr: ;"*{}i{{re .:ai*;?ts {r;'{:;xiir:;':,+ *
il*: i ti g li :+ :i::,:*!; *l
H
i":s.:*.9 i-l*t" +',
i. !iqs,rr"!i-r, :i:+ ;=;r-glrtg !lrr;lrJ f+:iiii:ir:s:
Use a feed i ng devi ce to gu i de aah**it l? gtsi i:ur., :it',i.rE{*-i*g-:.
narrov/ workpi eces.

Use an auxi I i ary fence when

fr
pl aning urorkpieces rvi lh a smal
cross section fr
Clamp discharge table r,^iith
eccentrrc.
k
F
f
f rom : ToPco t'd TlLr lrvc LE\/EL rrodeL -T-S
a
ToVyo Optr co I Co. ,Ltd.

NOMENCTATURE
Reor oirning sighl
Forword oiming sight

Hood

Horizontoi odiusimeni
clomP
--..-Renection plote

-,::+:]
',t
lr
iii ,.;;:.
Fi e. I

Focusing knob---'-

Eyepiece

Circulor level

Fine iilting kno

Fine horizontol knob

velling screw

OPERATION
Setling up the Tripod
(l) Spreod the tripod legs ond press in firmly so lhqt the
tripod heod is level ond ot o suitoble height for cttoching
lhe instiument. When using on extension leg tripod. first
extend lhe legs lo suitoble lengths ond tighten the winged
nuts on their mid-seciions.
(2) Once the tripod hos been set up, tighten the winced nuts
below the fripod heod.
Attoching the lnstrument
*(31 Toke the instrument corefully out of the metcl ccrrying
cose ond ploce it on the tripod heod; screw tne tripoC
screw into the instrumeni's tripod socket ond tightly fix the
instrument to the tripod.
Levelling the lnsfrument
Acliust the three levelling screws ond center the bubble of
l4l
the circulor level.
(o) First, use two of the levelling screws only cnd move
the bubble so thot it is loccted on o line perpendiculor
to o line running fhrough lhe centers of ihe two
levelling screws which ore being used to mcke the
initiol odjustment.
(b) Next, use the remoining levelling screw only cnd shift
the bubble to the center of the circulor level.
(.) lf it is not possible to center the levbl bubble, ihen
repeot the levelling operotion once more from
begin ning.
the
Eyepiece Adiustment
(5) Point the telercope towords the light qnd rock the eyepiece
out completely, by revolving the eyepiece odiustment ring
in the counter-clockwise direction until if stops.
(6) Next, revolve the odiustment ring slowly in the clockwise
directicn, while looking through the eyepiece, cnd stop
when ihe cross-hoirs of the reticule c!'e seen shcrply ond
distinctly, which will be the point ot which the eyepiege l5
odiusted to the user's eyesight. lf the eyepiece adiusiment
l0
}l.
ring is revolved post ihe point of distincf vision, then repeot Checking Porollox
the odiustment from the beginning once more. (12) Shift the eye up ond dcwn ond check whether
This odiustmeit must be undertoken corefully becouce it ony deviotions beiween fhe horizonto! line ot
hoirs ond the tcrget; if there is, porollox exisis
will help eliminote porollox (ond, therefore, errors) in
focusi n g. is porollox, either focusing hos not been corre
iustment of the eyepiece to the user's eyesigh
been properly mode. both of which will leocl to
Torget Sighfing
lrTl Loosen the horizontol odiustment clomp. which will permit the reoding o{ the levelling rod or torget' Por
the telescope io be rototed sround its verticol oxis, ond be eliminoted by re-focusing ccrefully or re-odi
eyepiece, or both.
point the telescope towords the iorget. using the rough
oiming sights on top of the telescope for speedy olignment.
(8) When oligned roughly to the torget, tighten the horizonlql Fine Tilling Adiustments by lrnoge Coincidencr
(.I3) Adiust brightness of ihe holf bubble imoges whi
odiustment clomp.
through the eyepiece. by roioting the refteciion 5
(See Fig. 7)
Focusing
(9) Revolve the focusing knob, in either direction, while look-
ing through the telescope, ond stcp when the torget is
seen distinctly.
Focusing wil! be greoily speeded uP if the estimoted dis-
tonce is set to the focusing knob prior to octuolly focus'
ing on the torget. (See Fie. 6)
Distonce scole
.iL9.':
.'- re
Fie. 7
*' (14) When the bubble imoges ore illuminoted sotisfo
Fis. 6 volve the fine tilting knob ond coincide the lef
holf bubble imoges. As in Fig.3, the fine tl
(10) When the torget is seen shorp ond disfinct in the field of should be rotoled to coincide the index-point or
view, use the fine horizontol knob ond olign the torget to to the Cot index on the instrument body, which
the center of the reiicule cross-hoirs. the bubble imoges inside its f rome in the field
{ll) Check focus once more. the telescoPe.
1l 12
 ADJ( ,
F,#d/Ft ; IMPORTANT
l. A{.
oti i l. Before focusing on the torget, corefully odiust the eyepiece (l)
to the user's eyesight (os exploined in OPERATION)' os
otherwise,therewillbeerrorsinfocusing'duetoporollox
orising from improper eyepiece odiustrnent'
2. For high precision surveying, cover both instrument ond
fripod with some kind of owning or umbrello to shield
them i
t
from the strong sunlight. i

Fig' 8
3.Whentheilluminotorisnotbeingused'theengrovedline
oniheilluminotionknobshouldolwcysbeplocedporollel
to the optiol cxis of the telescope' $lexaiiug {"" i '-..6i-."
ln most instonces, the ends of boih holf bubble they
irnoges
4. Preveni shock or vibrotion to the instrumenf'
during trons-
wili not be coincided ot this time ond' therefore' portotion, by using suitoble cushioning moteriol'
should be coincicjed by using the fine iilting
knob'
After using the inslrument, corefully wipe owoy dust
ond I .l,!tx,;rnihe fihc triFcrj'
moislure qnd then store the instrumeni in o dry
lftheleft-sidebubbleimogeishigher'theeyepiecesideo'f ond well-
in" iu'u;;o; is high aid,'therefore,-the fi-ne tilting
krrob
to ventiloted Iocotion.
:. {-};1..;crihe, f.{rel f:r*si$:lutt *{''ffue fusfufui* ;

sh6uld be roil!d-d in ihe counter-clockwjlg direction The lens surfoce should be cleoned' ofier first
dusting or i'1q',i] h,vt: iY 1\'i; lq" }: r: * I *{ t* ! *"'l'e}
other hond' if the 6. I I i rt'i",l, i,r{.:
move the ;na""-ioinito the left' Cn the
blowing owoy the surfoce dust ond dirt with o brush or oir
the fine tilting
ri.ght-side bubble imoge is higher' revolve blo*er, u'ith o soft well'woshed cotlon cloth which hos been d r trr:ims ;a r"i"ius{*:*1 "

kn-ob in the clockwise direciion ond coincide

the ends of ond ether' The
ccse' when the ends of dipped in olcohol or o mixture of olcohol , * la:,lrul'ibci ttt* lalo'l'twrelit. il[ []"8* e'ife'gr[r
the holf bubble imoges' ln either not be rubbed strongly but the lens
lenr rurfoce should plee:'r
theholfbubbleimogesorecoincided,thetelescopeiscor. wiped with o circulor motion until the lens {$.i [a 3i{ ibt*ftt t"i lt g'+t'$ I *rtlr' ! {rr: l'3** i
sur{o:e should be ;3

rectly levelled. (See Fig' 9) surfoce is cleon. *r*ri srfl i;ci-i ust*t*.
Z. The lightness of the levelling screws con be odiusted
with
-lirc
the levelling screw oCiustment screws' when necessory' i. * 3:,4,i;4"*be eirc, l' t:nrs{l{. {xt' {Xu* itrl*:${:
much' os the level-
However, do not tighten the screws too tr; sifl{rt {: t;;x{',uq{it,
ling screws will be domoged'
contoct the '\l1.,rl':ilt. fi{ pt}r
8, Do not dismontle the instrument but olwoys itrr {l?a E?{}:{eih$e cRi'ie{:$
n.or..i experienced cpricol repoir shop' if the :ns!runlent
i i.tir-ru li*ir";l p:e$'lllliti :1-'tlili6itjt:i1{'d "
must be overhquled.
t-\irtt \hrlrttd lre'inlrr{"i"11 flt lii if;$}li

Eyepiece side high

O Level Obiective side high
ci
.[j]s5{"riil6
itl4

{tte tra fi ;a
;5

{}q.;ir {ri{c*;{;t
Ft* q;;t"i Xrqi i fu e
g{-xxi f}iirsri t{} Iif{}}-{l

$?.}x-lh{:r.
lEn {i t'{r!

qlisl
g$ ri ii'il.
".4
{w i P *rl
g

ii; 1\'lttvur rftust t*iiiil itttritl'uHsrl'li b*

Fig. 9
IA
IJ