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CHAPTER 10

MAXIMA AND MINIMA - 1

TOPICS:

1.Increasing and decreasing functions

2. Maxima and minima of functions

3.Mensuration

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MAXIMA AND MINIMA

MONOTONIC FUNCTIONS OVER AN INTERNAL
Definition: A function f :[a, b] R is said to be

(i) Monotonically increasing (or non - decreasing) on [a, b] if

x1 < x2 f ( x1 ) f ( x2 ) x1 , x2 [a , b]

(ii) Monotonically decreasing (or non - increasing) on [a, b] if x1 < x2 f ( x1 ) f ( x2 )

x1 , x2 [a , b]

(iii) strictly increasing on [a, b] if x1 < x2 f ( x1 ) < f ( x2 ) x1 , x2 [a , b]

(iv) strictly decreasing on [a, b] if x1 < x2 f ( x1 ) > f ( x2 ) x1 , x2 [a , b]

(v) a monotonic function on [a, b] if f is either monotonically increasing or monotonically
decreasing on [a, b].

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THEOREM:
Let f be a function defined in a nbd of a point a and f be differentiable at a. Then
(i) f ( a ) > 0 f is locally increasing at a.
(ii) f ( a ) < 0 f is locally decreasing at a.

Note:

Let f be continuous on [a, b] and differentiable on (a, b). Then

(i) f ( x ) 0 x ( a , b ) f ( x ) is increasing on [a, b].

(ii) f ( x ) 0 x (a , b ) f ( x ) is decreasing on [a, b].
(iii) f ( x ) > 0 x (a , b ) f ( x ) is strictly increasing on [a, b].

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(iv) f ( x ) < 0 x ( a , b ) f ( x ) is strictly decreasing on [a, b].

(iv) f ( x ) = 0 x (a , b ) f ( x ) is a constant function on [a,b].

INCREASING AND DECREASING FUNCTIONS

EXERCISE
x
1
1. Without using the derivative, show that f ( x ) = is strictly decreasing on R.
2
x
1
Sol. f ( x ) = let x1, x 2 R
2 ,
x1 x2
1 1
let x1 < x 2 >
2 2
f ( x1 ) > f ( x 2 )

Therefore, f is strictly decreasing on R.

2. Without using the derivative, show that f ( x ) = 3x + 7 is strictly increasing on R.

Sol. f ( x ) = 3x + 7

let x1, x 2 R
let x1 < x 2 3x1 < 3x 2
3x1 + 7 < 3x 2 + 7
f ( x1 ) < f ( x 2 )

Therefore, given function is strictly increasing on R

1
3. Show that x + is increasing on [1,).
x

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1
f (x) = x +
x
1
f1 (x) = 1
Sol. x2
1
sin ce x [1, ), 1 >0
x2
f1 (x) > 0

Therefore, f(x) is increasing function.

4. Show that f ( x ) = cos 2 x is strictly decreasing on ( 0, / 2 )

Sol.

f ( x ) = cos 2 x
f ' ( x ) = 2 cos x ( sin x ) = sin 2x
x ( 0, / 2 ) 0 < 2x <
f ' ( x ) = ( positive value ) = ve.
f '( x ) < 0

Therefore, f ( x ) = cos 2 x is strictly decreasing on ( 0, / 2 )

I. State the points at which the following functions (from 1 to 4) are increasing and the
points at which they are decreasing.

1. f ( x ) = x 3 3x 2

Sol: Given function f ( x ) = x 3 3x 2

f ( x ) = 3x 2 6x = 3x ( x 2 )

f(x) is increasing if f ( x ) > 0 3x ( x 2 ) > 0

x does not lie between 0 and 2

f ( x ) is increasing in ( , 0 ) ( 2, )

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f(x) is decreasing if f ( x ) < 0

x ( x 2) < 0

x lies between 0 and 2

f(x) is decreasing in (0, 2)

f ( x ) = x3 ( x 2 ) .
2
2.

Sol: Given function f ( x ) = x 3 ( x 2 )

2

f ( x ) = x 3 .2 ( x 2 ) + ( x 2 )2 .3x 2 = x 2 ( x 2 ) ( 2x + 3 ( x 2 ) )

= x 2 ( x 2 )( 2x + 3x 6 ) = x 2 ( x 2 )( 5x 6 ) x R, x 2 0

If f(x) is increasing f ( x ) > 0

x 2 ( x 2 )( 5x 6 ) > 0

( x 2 )( 5x 6 ) > 0, x 0

6
x , ( 2, ) {0 }
5

f ( x ) is increasing if 6
x , ( 2 , ) {0 }
5

and f(x) is decreasing if 6

x ,2
5

3. f ( x ) = x 3 3x 2 6x + 12

( )
Ans: f ( x ) is decreasing in 1 3, 3 + 1 and x < 1 3 and x > 3 + 1

4. f ( x ) = xex

Sol: given function f ( x ) = xex

f ( x ) = x.e + e .1 = e ( x + 1)
x x x

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ex is positive for all real values of x

f ( x ) > 0 x + 1 > 0 x > 1

f ( x ) is increasing when x > 1

f ( x ) < 0 x + 1 < 0 x < 1

f(x) is decreasing when x < 1

Determine the intervals in which the functions (from 5 to 8) are increasing and the interval
in which they are decreasing.

lnt
5. f (t ) =
t

Sol: Given function f ( t ) = l n t

t

1
t l n t1
f (t) = t 2 =
1 l n t
t t2

If f(x) is increasing f ( x) > 0

1 l n t
f (t) = >0
t2

1 l n t > 0 l n t < 1 t < e

f ( x ) is increasing when t < e

f(x) is decreasing if f ( x ) < 0

f (t ) < 0 1 l n t < 0
2
t

1 l n t < 0

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l n t > 1 t > e

f ( t ) is decreasing when t > e

6. l n (1 + x )
f (x ) = 1 , (x > 0 )
x

Sol: l n (1 + x )
f (x ) = 1 , (x > 0 )
x

1
l n (1 + x ) .1
x
f (x ) = 1 1+ x
x2

x (1 + x ) .l n (1 + x )
= 1
x 2 (1 + x )

x 2 + x 3 x + (1 + x ) .l n (1 + x )
= > 0 for x > 0
x 2 (1 + x )

f(x) is increasing ( 0,)

7. f (x) = 25 4x 2

Sol: f(x) is defined when 25 4x 2 0

(
4x 2 25 0 )
( 2x + 5 )( 2x 5 ) 0

5 5
x lies between and
2 2

5 5
Domain of f = ,
2 2

1 4x
f (x) = ( 8x ) =
2 25 4x 2
25 4x 2

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f(x) is increasing when f ( x ) > 0

4x
>0
25 4x 2

i.e., x < 0

f ( x ) is increasing when 5
,0
2

f(x) is decreasing when f ( x ) < 0

4x
<0
25 4x 2

x > 0

f(x) is decreasing when 5 .

0,
2

8. f(x) = l n (l n x); x > 1.

Sol: given function f(x) = l n (l n x); x > 1.

Diff, w.r.t x, f1(x) = 1 . 1

1nx x

f(x) is decreasing when f1(x) > 0

1
x>0
x.1n

x .1n x > 0

ln x is real only when x > 0

ln x < 0 = l n 1

i.e., x < 1

f(x) is increasing when x > 1

i.e., in (1, )

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f(x) is decreasing when f 1(x) < 0

l nx>o=ln

i.e., x < 1

f(x) is decreasing in (0, 1)

9. Show that x < l n (1 + x) < x when x > 0.

x+1

x
Sol: Let f(x) = l n (1 + x) -
1+ x

1+ x 1
=l n (1 + x ) -
1+ x

1
=l n ( 1 + x ) 1 +
1+ x

1 1 1+ x 1 x
f 1 (x) = = = > 0 ( x > 0)
1 + x (1 + x) 2
(1 + x) 2 (1 + x) 2

f(x) is increasing when x > 0.

0
f(0) = l n 1 - =00=0
1+ 0

x
x>0 f(x) > f(0) l n (1+x) - >0
1+ x

x
l n (1+x) > ------(1)
1+ x

Let g(x) = x l n (1+x)

1 1+ x 1
g 1 (x) = 1 - =
1+ x (1 + x )

1
= > 0 ( x > 0)
1+ x

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g(x) is increasing when x > 0

now g(0) = 0 l n = 0 0 = 0

x >0 g(x) > g(0) x l n (1 + x) > 0

x > l n (1 + x) ------(1)

From (1), (2) we get

x
< l n (1 + x) < x for x > 0
x +1

x
10. Show that 2
< tan 1 x < x when x > 0.
(1 + x)

Ans. Same as above.

11. Show that tan x > x for every x o,
2

Sol:` Let f(x) = tan x x

f 1(x) = sec2 x 1 > 0 for every x o ,

2

f(x) is increasing for every x o ,
2

Now f(0) = tan 0 0 = 0 0 = 0

tan x x > 0 as f(x) is increasing.

tan x > x for every x o ,
2

12. If x o, , then show that 2 x < sin x< x.
2

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(1 + x) x2
13. Show that 2x < l n < 2x 1 + for all x (0, 1).
1 x 2(1 x)2

14. For the function f(x) = x x find dthe points at which it is

i) Increasing and ii) deceasing. Hence determine which of e , e is greater

Sol: Let f(x) = x x

1 x
f (x) = x (1 + log x)

1
For f to be increasing f (x) > 0

x x (1 + log x) > 0 1 + log x > 0 log x > -1 x > e 1 =

1
e

f(x) is increasing in
1
,
e

For f to be dereasing f 1 (x) < 0

x x (1 + log x) < 0 1 + lo x < 0

1
log x < - 1 x < e 1 =
e

But x > 0

f(x) is decreasing in 0,
1
e

Consider the function f(x) = x1/x

1
log f(x) = log x1/x = log x
x
Differentiating w. r. to x

1 1 1 1 1
.f 1 ( x ) = . lo g x . 2 = (1 log x ) <0 when x > e
f (x ) x x x x2

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f 1(x) 1
< 0 f (x) < 0
f (x)

f(x) is decreasing if x > e

But > e f () < f (e)

1/ < e1/ e ( 1/ ) e < (e1/ e ) e e < e

e is greater than e .

15. State the points at which the following Functions are increasing and the points At
which they are decreasing.

i) f(x) = sin h (sin x)

Sol: f(x) = sin h (sin x)

f 1 ( x ) = cosh ( cos x ) co s x

f(x) is increasing if f 1 (x) > 0

c o s h (sin x). co s x>o

c o s x > 0 ( cosh(sin x) > 0x R )

x ,
2 2

(or) x 2 n
, 2n + , n z
2 2

f(x) is decreasing if f 1 (x) < 0

cos x < 0

3
x 2n + , 2n + ,n z
2 2

ii) f(x) =Cos h (cos x)

Sol: f(x) = cos h (cos x)

f 1 (x) = sinh(cos x)( sin x)

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f(x) is increasing f 1 (x) > 0

i.e., - s i n h ( c o s x ) , s i n x > o

case (1) : sin x > 0, s in h (c o s x ) < 0

s in x > 0 , c o s x < 0

x , ( o r ) x 2 n + , 2 n + , n z
2 2

Case (2) : sin x < 0, sin h (cos x) >0

s in x < 0 , c o s x > 0 x
3
, 2 (o r )
2

3
x 2n , 2n + 2 n z
2

f(x)is decreasing if f(x) < 0

s in h (c o s x ), s in x < 0 )

s in h (c o s x ), s in x > 0

Case (3) : sin h ( c o s x ) > 0 , s i n x > 0

3
c o s x > 0 , s i n x > 0 x 0, i.e., 2 x + 0 , 2 x + ,x z
2 2

Case (4) : sin h (cos x) < 0 and sin x <o

c o s x > 0 , s in x < 0

3
x , a
2

3
x 2 x + , 2 x +
2

f(x) is increasing if

x 2 x + , 2 x + 2 x + 3 , 2 x + 2
2 2

f(x) is decreasing if

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3
x 2 x + , 2 x + 2 x + , 2 x +
2 2

iii) f(x) = sin ( t a n h x )

Ans : f increasing on R.

iv) f(x) = tan 1 (sin x)

Ans. f(x) is increasing in 2x , 2x + , x z
2 2

f(x) is decreasing in 3
2x + , 2x + ,x z
2 2

x3 3 2 11x
16. At what point by the slope of y = x + + 12 increasing?
6 2 2

Sol. Equation of the curve is

x 3 3 2 11x dy 3x 2 3 11 x2 11
y= x + + 12 = .2x + = 3x +
6 2 2 dx 6 2 2 2 2

x2 11 dm 2x
Slope m = 3x + = 3= x3
2 2 dx 2

Slope m increasing if m > 0 x3>0

x> 3

The Slope increasing in(3, )

Show that the function l n ( 1 + x ) ,

x
17. decreasing in ( 0,) .
x ( 1 + x ) ln ( 1 + x )

i) sol: let f ( x ) = l n (1 + x )
x

1
x l n (1 + x ) x (1 + x ) , l n (1 + x )
f (x ) = 1+ x = <0
x2 x 2 (1 + x )

f ( x ) is a decreasing for x ( 0, )

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x
ii) f (x) =
( 1 + x ) ln ( 1 + x )
x
Sol: f ( x ) =
( 1 + x ) ln ( 1 + x )

(1 + x ) l n (1 + x ) x (1 + x ) .
1
+ l n (1 + x )
f (x) = 1+ x
(1 + x ) . l n (1 + x ) 2
2

=
(1 + x ) .ln (1 + x ) x x l n (1 + x )
(1 + x )2 . l n (1 + x )
2

l n (1 + x ) + x.l n (1 + x ) x. x. l n (1 + x )
=
(1 + x )2 .lx (1 + x )2
x l n (1 + x )
= <0
(1 + x )2 l n (1 + x )2

f ( x ) is decreasing for x ( 0, )

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