DUAL WATER PUMP

ABSTRACT
The technology of pneumatics has gained tremendous importance in the field of workplace
rationalization and automation from old-fashioned timber works and coal mines to modern
machine shops and space robots. Certain characteristics of compressed air have made this
medium quite suitable for used in modern manufacturing and production industries. It is
therefore important that technicians and engineers should have a good knowledge of pneumatic
system, air operated valves and accessories.
A pneumatic system consists of a compressor plant, pipe lines, control valves, drive
members and related auxiliary appliances. The air is compressed in an air compressor and from
the compressor plant the flow medium is transmitted to the pneumatic cylinder through a well
laid pipe line system. To maintain optimum efficiency of pneumatic system, it is of vital
importance that pressure drop between generation and consumption of compressed air is kept
very low. Pneumatic material handling system is used to move the components from one place to
another with a maximum weight of 3.5 kg. It is used in the following places:

Chemical laboratories

Welding

Foundry, etc.
 INTRODUCTION

Material handling is a specialized activity for a modern manufacturing concern. It has been
estimated that about 60-70% of the cost production is spent in material handling activities.

The arm control by robotics is very popular in the world of robotics. The essential part of the
robotic arm is a programmable micro controller based brick capable of driving basically Two
servos & a dc motors design to form an anthropomorphic structure.

Our primary objective is to make the Robotic arm, having two servo motors & a dc motor to
interface with the In-Development of a Microcontroller Based Robotic Arm. It provides more
interfaces to the outside world and has larger Memory to store many programs

Approach:

We were able to perform a detailed study of the robotic arm. We Tested the built robotic arm, and
the pneumatic piston when the robot is loaded.

Robot is an automatically controlled material handling unit that is widely used in the
manufacturing industry. It is generally used for high volume production and better quality.
Implementation of robot technology with integration of automatic system can contribute to
increasing of productivity of the company and enhances the profitability of the company. The
word 'robot' first appeared in 1921 in the Czech playwright Karel Capek's play "Rossum's
Universal Robots'. The word is linked to Czech words Robota (meaning work) and Robotnik
(meaning slave). Computer Aided Manufactures
International of USA describes the meaning of robot as a device tlmt performs functions
ordinarily ascribed to human beings, or operates with wlwt appears to be almost human
intelligence. Another definition from Robot Institute of America is ...a programmable
multi function manipulator designed to move and manipulate material, parts, tools or
specialized devices through variable programmed motions for the performance of a variety of
specified tasks. ISO defines a robot as: A robot is an automatically controlled, reprogrammable,
multipurpose,
manipulative machine with several reprogrammable axes, which in either fixed in place or
mobile for
use in industrial automation application. Webster dictionary defines a robot as: An automatic
apparatus or device tlmt performs functions
ordinarily ascribed to human or operates with xulmt appears to be almost human intelligence.
There are a number of successful examples of robot applications such as: Robots perform more
than 98% of the spot welding on Ford's Taurus and Sable cars in U.S.A. A robot drills 550 holes
in the vertical tail fins of a F-16 fighter in 3 hours at General Dynamics compared to 24 man
hours when the job was done manually. Robots insert disk drives into personal computers and
snap keys onto electronic typewriter keyboards.
Robot Applications True to the above definitions of robot as an automatic machine, industrial
robots are observed to perform the following tasks (shown in the ascending order of
technological complexity) in manufacturing. a) Parts Handling: this may involve tasks like
Recognizing, sorting/ separating the parts Picking and placing the parts at desired locations
Palletizing and Depalletizing Loading and Unloading the parts on required machines b) Parts
Processing: this may involve operations like
Routing
Drilling
Riveting
Arc Welding
Grinding
Flame Cutting
Deburring
Spray Painting
Coating
Sandblasting
Dip Coating
Gluing
Polishing
Heat Treatment
c) Product Building: this may involve assembly of typical products like
Electrical Motors
Car bodies
Solenoids
 Circuit Boards
and operations like
Bolting
Riveting
Spot welding
Seam welding
Inserting
Nailing
Fitting
Adhesive Bonding
Inspection
The automation of the above tasks greatly facilitates computer controlled
manufacturing systems. Further, robots have often been used in undesirable and
hazardous environment like that of excessive heat, dust, noise, fumes etc. and for
dirty, dangerous dull and difficult tasks. Accordingly, industrial robot has become an
essential component of all flexible manufacturing systems, subsystems, cells and
modules. The robot application in U.S. are given in Table 1.
Robots are being applied in industries because
Hazardous or uncomfortable working conditions: In situations where there are
potential dangerous or health hazards (like heat, radiation, toxicity, etc.) robots
may be used. Some of the examples are hot forging, die casting, spray painting,
etc.
Need for material handling:
Reduction of lab our and material cost
Reduction of overall cost
Increased production
Increased storage capacity
Increased safety
Reduction in fatigue
Improved personnel comfort
Line diagram
 LITERATURE SURVEY

2.1 PNEUMATICS
 Pneumatics has for some considerable time between used for carrying out
the simplest mechanical tasks in more recent times has played a more important
role in the development of pneumatic technology for automation. Pneumatic
systems operate on a supply of compressed air which must be made available in
sufficient quantity and at a pressure to suit the capacity of the system. When the
pneumatic system is being adopted for the first time, however it wills indeed the
necessary to deal with the question of compressed air supply.

The key part of any facility for supply of compressed air is by means using reciprocating
compressor. A compressor is a machine that takes in air, gas at a certain pressure and delivered
the air at a high pressure. Compressor capacity is the actual quantity of air compressed and
delivered and the volume expressed is that of the air at intake conditions namely at atmosphere
pressure and normal ambient temperature.

The compressibility of the air was first investigated by Robert Boyle in 1962 and that
found that the product of pressure and volume of a particular quantity of gas.

The usual written as

PV = C (or) PV = P2V2

In this equation the pressure is the absolute pressured which for free is about 14.7 Psi and
is of courage capable of maintaining a column of mercury, nearly 30 inches high in an ordinary
barometer. Any gas can be used in pneumatic system but air is the mostly used system now a
days.

2.2 SELECTION OF PNEUMATICS

Mechanization is broadly defined as the replacement of manual

effort by mechanical power. Pneumatic is an attractive medium for low
cost mechanization particularly for sequential (or) repetitive operations.
Many factories and plants already have a compressed air system, which is
capable of providing the power (or) energy requirements and the control
system (although equally pneumatic control systems may be economic and
can be advantageously applied to other forms of power).
 The main advantage of an all pneumatic system are usually economic and simplicity the
latter reducing maintenance to a low level. It can also have out standing advantages in terms of
safety.

2.3 PRODUCTION OF COMPRESSED AIR

Pneumatic systems operate on a supply of compressed air, which must be made available
in sufficient quantity and at a pressure to suit the capacity of the system. When pneumatic system
is being adopted for the first time, however it wills indeed the necessary to deal with the question
of compressed air supply.

The key part of any facility for supply of compressed air is by means using reciprocating
compressor. A compressor is a machine that takes in air, gas at a certain pressure and delivered
the air at a high pressure.

Compressor capacity is the actual quantity of air compressed and delivered and the
volume expressed is that of the air at intake conditions namely at atmosphere pressure and
normal ambient temperature. Clean condition of the suction air is one of the factors, which
decides the life of a compressor. Warm and moist suction air will result in increased precipitation
of condense from the compressed air. Compressor may be classified in two general types:

1. Positive displacement compressor.

2. Turbo compressor

Positive displacement compressors are most frequently employed for compressed air
plant and have proved highly successful and supply air for pneumatic control application.

The types of positive compressor

1. Reciprocating type compressor

2. Rotary type compressor

 Turbo compressors are employed where large capacity of air required at low discharge
pressures. They cannot attain pressure necessary for pneumatic control application unless built in
multistage designs and are seldom encountered in pneumatic service.

2.4 RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS

Built for either stationary (or) portable service the reciprocating

compressor is by far the most common type. Reciprocating compressors
lap be had is sizes from the smallest capacities to deliver more than 500
m/min. In single stage compressor, the air pressure may be of 6 bar
machines discharge of pressure is up to 15 bars. Discharge pressure in the
range of 250 bars can be obtained with high pressure reciprocating
compressors that of three & four stages.

Single stage and 1200 stage models are particularly suitable for pneumatic applications ,
with preference going to the two stage design as soon as the discharge pressure exceeds 6 bar ,
because it in capable of matching the performance of single stage machine at lower costs per
driving powers in the range.

2.5 FACTORS DETERMINING THE CHOICE OF MATERIALS

2.5.1 Properties

The material selected must posses the necessary properties for the proposed application.
The various requirements to be satisfied can be weight, surface finish, rigidity, ability to
withstand environmental attack from chemicals, service life, reliability etc.

The following four types of principle properties of materials decisively affect their
selection

a. Physical

b. Mechanical

c. From manufacturing point of view

 d. Chemical

The various physical properties concerned are melting point,

Thermal Conductivity, Specific heat, coefficient of thermal expansion,
specific gravity, electrical Conductivity, Magnetic purposes etc.

The various Mechanical properties Concerned are strength in tensile, compressive shear,
bending, torsional and buckling load, fatigue resistance, impact resistance, elastic limit,
endurance limit, and modulus of elasticity, hardness, wear resistance and sliding properties.

2.5.2 Manufacturing Case

Sometimes the demand for lowest possible manufacturing cost or surface qualities
obtainable by the application of suitable coating substances may demand the use of special
materials.

2.5.3 Quality Required

This generally affects the manufacturing process and ultimately the material. For
example, it would never be desirable to go for casting of a less number of components which can
be fabricated much more economically by welding or hand forging the steel.

2.5.4 Availability of Material

Some materials may be scarce or in short supply. It then becomes obligatory for the
designer to use some other material which though may not be a perfect substitute for the material
designed.

2.5.5 Space Consideration

Sometimes high strength materials have to be selected because the forces involved are
high and the space limitations are there.

BLOCK DIAGRAM
WORKING PRINCIPLE
The experimental setup consist of four cylinders, all are of double acting type. The
cylinder1 is used to actuate rack and pinion assembly, piston rod of cylinder 1is connected to
rack, which is meshed with the pinion. By operating the cylinder1, rack and pinion turns the
whole assembly for 260. By varying the length of the rack the turning angle can be altered.
Vertical cylinder or cylinder2 is used to increase the height of the setup. The height is limited to
piston rod length. Horizontal cylinder or cylinder3 is used to increase the arm length, the
working area of the arm is limited to length of the piston rod length. Gripper cylinder or
cylinder4 is used to actuate the gripper.

Windmill
Up until recently, people still only had visual impressions of what a windmill is, often
associating it with the past and particularly before the industrial revolution. Today, things have
come full circle, if you will and there is now a growing demand for large, technologically
advanced windmills across the world. The term wind energy or wind power describe the process
through which wind turbines convert the kinetic energy in the wind into electrical energy by the
use of generator.
What this introductory guide seeks to do is describe the apparatus in laymans terms and also
outline how they work and what they were intended for originally and the purposes for which
they are used today. We begin with a brief definition of what a windmill is.

It was originally a structure with sails, much like that on pre-industrial ships, and was
originally used to produce flour from corn. In order to do this, the wind would have to
prompt the sails to turn. They were also originally built by master craftsmen.

A dictionary definition explains it thus; it is a machine which is propelled by the wind

from a horizontal shaft which extended onto sails. Windmills still used today, mainly in
parts of the world which have traditionally relied on them, are powered by electricity or
water.

The dictionary expounds this definition further by relating it to a human physical exercise
technique which replicates the symbolism and movement of the original windmill. It is
also famously symbolic in Cervantes classic of Don Quixote. This definition reminds
readers that the original mill was also used to pump water and generate power.

In modern terms, the advanced windmill operates with just three blades mainly to
generate sustainable sources of electricity and energy. Today, these windmills are also
referred to as wind turbines.

According to Wikipedia, A windmill is a mill that converts the energy of wind into
rotational energy by means of vanes called sails or blades.
More from Wind energy:

How to build your own wind generator

35 Facts about wind energy

What is a wind turbine

Pros and cons of wind energy

Vertical axis wind turbines

Fixed speed windmills run at one speed no matter what the speed of wind is and use gearbox
(gearbox has gears which convert the slow speed of the spinning blades into higher-speed rotary
motion) to generate electricity at the right frequency for the grid whereas variable speed
windmills speed up and down as the wind speeds up and down

How Does a Windmill Work?

Winds are produced due to uneven heating of the atmosphere by the sun, the rotation of the earth
and the irregularities of the earths surface. Wind flow patterns differ from place to place and are
modified by bodies of water, vegetation, and differences in terrain. This next section explains
briefly but accurately how windmills work. Sourcing more extensive information, readers will
learn that understanding technical processes initiated in wind turbines will be easy to follow
because the manner in which windmills work follows a simple process. Here we continue to rely
on laymans terms.

A number of different options were tried when modern wind turbines were first built.
Today, the universal mechanizing principle is to operate the turbine by using just three
blades placed around a rotor which is connected to a shaft. Note that number of variations
have been tried, two blade and even one blade. But, three blades works the best.

As its name states, the windmills only source of energy is derived from the wind. The
wind turns the blades which spins a shaft, in turn, prompt a generator to produce
electricity. These blades are connected to a generator, sometimes through a gearbox and
sometimes directly. In both the cases, the generator converts the mechanical energy into
electrical energy. Interestingly, most modern turbines turn in a clockwise direction.
Depending on wind speed, most modern turbines can operate at speeds from as little as
four meters per second to as much as 15 mps.

Quite a number of green energy advocates and NGOs describe the wind-generator
process more succinctly by correlating it closely with the environmental sustainability
initiatives.

Once the turbines blades turns a shaft located inside of a box placed on top of the
turbine, gearbox mode is propelled and more speed rotation is given off. A transformer
within the turbine then converts electricity into a voltage suitable for distribution to a
national grid.
Main Purpose of Modern Wind Turbine
By now, most readers will know that modern windmills (turbines) primary purpose is to produce
electricity from wind with as little impact on the environment as possible. These next few notes
simply highlight this sustainable initiative. The minimal impact on the environment is, however,
controversial. Well mention this briefly too.

Whether located in rural or urban sectors, it is often people on the lowest level of the
socio-economic scale that are faced with looking at these hegemonic structures every day.
Also, nature lovers continue to voice legitimate concerns on how these turbines impact
migratory patterns of bird species.

Already mentioned, the basic function of a wind turbine is to utilize the power generated
from wind and convert it into usable (renewable) energy. On a smaller scale, home users
can install their own turbine and produce their own power at little or no cost.

As renewable energy, it can be reproduced continuously until there is enough power to

feed its designated locations. It is also promoted as a clean source of energy and while not
yet widely used, it is ideal for the worlds least developed nations as an affordable source
of producing electricity.

Most importantly, the turbine contributes greatly to reduce fossil fuel consumption. It
goes without saying that the more countries that use them, the greater the reduction in
fossil fuel use because it has been proven to be a reliable driver of energy.

What is a Windmill?

Up until recently, people still only had visual impressions of what a windmill is, often
associating it with the past and particularly before the industrial revolution. Today, things have
come full circle, if you will and there is now a growing demand for large, technologically
advanced windmills across the world. The term wind energy or wind power describe the process
through which wind turbines convert the kinetic energy in the wind into electrical energy by the
use of generator.
What this introductory guide seeks to do is describe the apparatus in laymans terms and also
outline how they work and what they were intended for originally and the purposes for which
they are used today. We begin with a brief definition of what a windmill is.

It was originally a structure with sails, much like that on pre-industrial ships, and was originally
used to produce flour from corn. In order to do this, the wind would have to prompt the sails to
turn. They were also originally built by master craftsmen.

A dictionary definition explains it thus; it is a machine which is propelled by the wind from a
horizontal shaft which extended onto sails. Windmills still used today, mainly in parts of the
world which have traditionally relied on them, are powered by electricity or water.

The dictionary expounds this definition further by relating it to a human physical exercise
technique which replicates the symbolism and movement of the original windmill. It is also
famously symbolic in Cervantes classic of Don Quixote. This definition reminds readers that the
original mill was also used to pump water and generate power.

In modern terms, the advanced windmill operates with just three blades mainly to generate
sustainable sources of electricity and energy. Today, these windmills are also referred to as wind
turbines.

According to Wikipedia, A windmill is a mill that converts the energy of wind into rotational
energy by means of vanes called sails or blades.

More from Wind energy:

How to build your own wind generator

35 Facts about wind energy

What is a wind turbine

Pros and cons of wind energy

Vertical axis wind turbines

Fixed speed windmills run at one speed no matter what the speed of wind is and use gearbox
(gearbox has gears which convert the slow speed of the spinning blades into higher-speed rotary
motion) to generate electricity at the right frequency for the grid whereas variable speed
windmills speed up and down as the wind speeds up and down

How Does a Windmill Work?

Winds are produced due to uneven heating of the atmosphere by the sun, the rotation of the earth
and the irregularities of the earths surface. Wind flow patterns differ from place to place and are
modified by bodies of water, vegetation, and differences in terrain. This next section explains
briefly but accurately how windmills work. Sourcing more extensive information, readers will
learn that understanding technical processes initiated in wind turbines will be easy to follow
because the manner in which windmills work follows a simple process. Here we continue to rely
on laymans terms.

A number of different options were tried when modern wind turbines were first built. Today, the
universal mechanizing principle is to operate the turbine by using just three blades placed around
a rotor which is connected to a shaft. Note that number of variations have been tried, two blade
and even one blade. But, three blades works the best.

As its name states, the windmills only source of energy is derived from the wind. The wind turns
the blades which spins a shaft, in turn, prompt a generator to produce electricity. These blades are
connected to a generator, sometimes through a gearbox and sometimes directly. In both the cases,
the generator converts the mechanical energy into electrical energy. Interestingly, most modern
turbines turn in a clockwise direction. Depending on wind speed, most modern turbines can
operate at speeds from as little as four meters per second to as much as 15 mps.

Quite a number of green energy advocates and NGOs describe the wind-generator process more
succinctly by correlating it closely with the environmental sustainability initiatives.

Once the turbines blades turns a shaft located inside of a box placed on top of the turbine,
gearbox mode is propelled and more speed rotation is given off. A transformer within the turbine
then converts electricity into a voltage suitable for distribution to a national grid.

Main Purpose of Modern Wind Turbine

By now, most readers will know that modern windmills (turbines) primary purpose is to produce
electricity from wind with as little impact on the environment as possible. These next few notes
simply highlight this sustainable initiative. The minimal impact on the environment is, however,
controversial. Well mention this briefly too.

Whether located in rural or urban sectors, it is often people on the lowest level of the socio-
economic scale that are faced with looking at these hegemonic structures every day. Also, nature
lovers continue to voice legitimate concerns on how these turbines impact migratory patterns of
bird species.

Already mentioned, the basic function of a wind turbine is to utilize the power generated from
wind and convert it into usable (renewable) energy. On a smaller scale, home users can install
their own turbine and produce their own power at little or no cost.

As renewable energy, it can be reproduced continuously until there is enough power to feed its
designated locations. It is also promoted as a clean source of energy and while not yet widely
used, it is ideal for the worlds least developed nations as an affordable source of producing
electricity.

Most importantly, the turbine contributes greatly to reduce fossil fuel consumption. It goes
without saying that the more countries that use them, the greater the reduction in fossil fuel use
because it has been proven to be a reliable driver of energy.

The Iconic Dutch Windmill

Earlier, we made reference to the windmill being part of a nations traditional method of
generating power. Most people today will still associate the windmill as a Dutch symbol and
recognize it as part of that provinces rich history and cultural heritage.

Peculiarly, when we talk about the Dutch, we locate them to Holland, a federal province of
European Union Member, the Netherlands. Here are just a few brief interesting facts about the
Dutch windmill.

As a landmark icon of Holland, there are more than a thousand windmills located across the
province.
The first windmill was built around the middle of the eighteenth century in response to the need
to drain the Kinderdijk polder and surrounding polders. Situated on land below sea level, the
Netherlands is one of the most vulnerable countries where rising sea levels are concerned.

Throughout Dutch history, windmills have been used for many different purposes, but the best
known remains the intricate process of pumping water from the lowlands and into nearby rivers.

Main Components of a Windmill

To help understand how the modern wind turbine works we can also take a look at some of its
main components and what they are used for. Here are just a few features of the wind turbine.

Blades We should mention this apparatus once more because it is the most recognizable and
most important feature of the wind turbine. Another function of the blade worth mentioning is
that it controls rotor speed to prevent it from turning in winds that are either too high or low.

Rotor To follow on from the first point here, this is the technical term for the entire hub. It is
also known as a propeller.

Anemometer This important feature measures wind speed and transfers the recorded data to a
controller.

Tower This is another recognizable feature of the wind turbine. The towers of todays turbines
are made from steel and concrete.

Positive Effects of the Wind Turbine

Finally, it is incumbent to emphasize the importance of wind turbines where environmental

sustainability is concerned and as a rapid but highly effective response to global warming and
climate change.

The exponential benefits are not only crucial but already evident where wind turbines are used
increasingly, mainly in developed and developing nations. To finish this guide on windmills and
its natural successors, wind turbines, we highlight some positive effects they have on humankind
and the environment.
No more greenhouse gases Turbines do not emit carbon dioxide.

Power is free No government agency can presently regulate wind. So they cannot charge fees
to those who choose to use it as an alternative source of life-sustaining and life-saving energy.

Versatility There is a perception in some areas that the only modern day wind turbines you are
likely to see are giant monstrosities hovering over your home. Not the case, because smaller
wind turbines, small enough and perfectly equipped, are being manufactured for you today. All
you need do is talk to the farmers who are already util

SOLAR PANEL :

A solar panel is a flat construction resembling a window, built with technology that
allows it to passively harvest the heat of the sun or create electricity from its energy through
photovoltaics.

Passive solar panels include those used to heat water for home heating and to provide hot water
on tap. Most commonly, photovoltaics are assumed when speaking of solar panels. Photovoltaic
 solar panels use positively- and negatively-doped silicon working in conjunction with conductors
on the alternately-charged surfaces. Electricity is created when photons strike the surface and
excite electrons to the point that they leave their valence.

Solar panels are increasingly in popularity as solar power has reached price parity with oil and,
simultaneously, more and more jurisdictions mandate the use of solar panels or other renewable
energy sources in construction of new buildings.

SPECIFICATIONS

Typical Power: 15 W
Optimum operating voltage (Vmp): 17.6
Optimum operating current (Imp): 0.82
Short circuit current: 3.65
Dimensions: 12 x 15x 1 in.
Weight: 1.5Kg
Dimensions: 12x15x1 in.
Frame Material: Aluminum with plastic edge caps

Part detail:

COMPRESSORS

An air compressor is a machine which takes in air at a certain pressure and

delivers the air at a higher pressure. Everything on earth is subjected to the absolute
atmospheric pressure (pa), this pressure cannot be felt. The prevailing atmospheric
pressure is therefore regarded as the base and any deviation is termed "gauge pressure".

Absolute pressure = Atmospheric pressure + gauge pressure

Absolute pressure is approximately one bar greater than the gauge pressure.
Characteristics of interest on a compressor are, Delivery volume or capacity of the
compressor, Compression ratio. Compressor capacity is usually expressed as air volume at
ambient conditions at the compressor intake, namely in units of meter cube per minute or liters
per minute

Compressor

Compression ratio is expressed by the discharge pressure measured in the

generally accepted unit of bars. Compressors should be installed in a separate room. Special
care is required to ensure that the compressors will be able to take in air that is preferably cool
but above all dry and substantially dust-free. At locations where clean suction air is not
available, the installation of a separate intake filter can answer this requirement. Piping
leading from the filter to the compressor intake should be amply dimensioned. In this
way it is also possible for clean suction air to be supplied to a multiple number of
compressors via a common intake duct.

SPECIFICATIONS:

Medium: Compressed air

Pressure range max.: 10 Bar

Temperature nominal: -10C to + 60C

PNEUMATIC CYLINDER

This project works on pneumatic cylinder because concept of project is using pneumatic
systems we have to pick object and to place object. It is work by compressed air which comes
from air compressor. There is many type of pneumatic cylinder but here we use two way type
pneumatic cylinders its photo showing below figure:

Pneumatic cylinder
 In two way pneumatic cylinder compressed air comes in first way then cylinders piston
comes out side after sometime air comes in second way then piston comes in cylinder. This air
flows control by manual two way valve. Now its 3D drawing showing in this figure:

SPECIFICATION

CYLIDNER SIZE : L = mm,

= mm,
HOLE = 08 mm

PISTON SIZE : L = 80 mm,

= 08 mm.

NO. OF PARTS REQD : 4

RAKE AND PINION

In this project we use rake and pinion as mechanism of pick object. By this mechanism
we can pick object. This mechanism works by help of arms cylinder. Air comes in cylinder
piston comes out where rake is connected with piston so rake go forward that sway pinion rotate
where is two jaws connected with pinion which is becomes close. This way object pick in fixed
jaws which is fixed in arm. Its mechanism shows in figure:

Rake is slab which has one side v type groves. It is mash in pinions teeth. Rakes liner
motion converts into rotary motion by pinion. Here rakes 3D figure shows:
 Fig 3.13 Rake

SPECIFICATION

TOTAL TEETH : 22

MATERIAL : Mild steel

NO. OF PARTS REQD : 1

Pinion is just like gear it is amoung of type of gear. Its 3D figure showing as below:
 Fig 3.14 Pinion

SPECIFICATION:-

TOTAL TEETH : 22

MATERIAL : Mild steel

NO. OF PARTS REQ : 1

It is only one part use in this project. It is made from acrylic. It 2D figure showing as
below:

Jaws are made from m.s. material. It is strait piece but its bend on press machine. It is operation
showing in below figure:
 MATERIAL : M.S.

NO. OF PARTS REQD : 1

3.7.5 PNEUMATIC MANUAL CONTROL VALVE

Pneumatic cylinders are controlled by this pneumatic manual control valve. In this valve
there is one lever, two ways for air out and one way for air inlet from compressor. Its photo
showing below:

Fig 3.16 Pneumatic manual control valve

solenoid valve
A solenoid valve is an electromechanically operated valve. The valve is controlled by an electric
current through a solenoid: in the case of a two-port valve the flow is switched on or off; in the
case of a three-port valve, the outflow is switched between the two outlet ports. Multiple
solenoid valves can be placed together on a manifold.

Solenoid valves are the most frequently used control elements in fluidics. Their tasks are to shut
off, release, dose, distribute or mix fluids. They are found in many application areas. Solenoids
offer fast and safe switching, high reliability, long service life, good medium compatibility of the
materials used, low control power and compact design.

Besides the plunger-type actuator which is used most frequently, pivoted-armature actuators and
rocker actuators are also used.

OPERATION
There are many valve design variations. Ordinary valves can have many ports and fluid paths. A
2-way valve, for example, has 2 ports; if the valve is open, then the two ports are connected and
fluid may flow between the ports; if the valve is closed, then ports are isolated. If the valve is
open when the solenoid is not energized, then the valve is termed normally open (N.O.).
Similarly, if the valve is closed when the solenoid is not energized, then the valve is
termed normally closed. There are also 3-way and more complicated designs. A 3-way valve has
3 ports; it connects one port to either of the two other ports (typically a supply port and an
exhaust port).

Solenoid valves are also characterized by how they operate. A small solenoid can generate a
limited force. If that force is sufficient to open and close the valve, then a direct acting solenoid
valve is possible. An approximate relationship between the required solenoid force Fs, the fluid
pressure P, and the orifice area A for a direct acting solenoid value is:
Where d is the orifice diameter. A typical solenoid force might be 15 N (3.4 lbf). An application
might be a low pressure (e.g., 10 pounds per square inch (69 kPa)) gas with a small orifice
diameter (e.g., 38 in (9.5 mm) for an orifice area of 0.11 in2 (7.1105 m2) and approximate force
of 1.1 lbf (4.9 N)).

When high pressures and large orifices are encountered, then high forces are required. To
generate those forces, an internally piloted solenoid valve design may be possible.[1] In such a
design, the line pressure is used to generate the high valve forces; a small solenoid controls how
the line pressure is used. Internally piloted valves are used in dishwashers and irrigation systems
where the fluid is water, the pressure might be 80 pounds per square inch (550 kPa) and the
orifice diameter might be 34 in (19 mm).

In some solenoid valves the solenoid acts directly on the main valve. Others use a small,
complete solenoid valve, known as a pilot, to actuate a larger valve. While the second type is
actually a solenoid valve combined with a pneumatically actuated valve, they are sold and
packaged as a single unit referred to as a solenoid valve. Piloted valves require much less power
to control, but they are noticeably slower. Piloted solenoids usually need full power at all times
to open and stay open, where a direct acting solenoid may only need full power for a short period
of time to open it, and only low power to hold it.

A direct acting solenoid valve typically operates in 5 to 10 milliseconds. The operation time of a
piloted valve depends on its size; typical values are 15 to 150 milliseconds.

The diagram to the right shows the design of a basic valve, controlling the flow of water in this
example. At the top figure is the valve in its closed state. The water under pressure enters
at A. B is an elastic diaphragm and above it is a weak spring pushing it down. The diaphragm has
a pinhole through its center which allows a very small amount of water to flow through it. This
water fills the cavity C on the other side of the diaphragm so that pressure is equal on both sides
of the diaphragm, however the compressed spring supplies a net downward force. The spring is
weak and is only able to close the inlet because water pressure is equalized on both sides of the
diaphragm.
 Once the diaphragm closes the valve, the pressure on the outlet side of its bottom is reduced,
and the greater pressure above holds it even more firmly closed. Thus, the spring is irrelevant
to holding the valve closed.

The above all works because the small drain passage D was blocked by a pin which is the
armature of the solenoidE and which is pushed down by a spring. If current is passed
through the solenoid, the pin is withdrawn via magnetic force, and the water in
chamber C drains out the passage D faster than the pinhole can refill it. The pressure in
chamber C drops and the incoming pressure lifts the diaphragm, thus opening the main
valve. Water now flows directly from A to F.

When the solenoid is again deactivated and the passage D is closed again, the spring needs
very little force to push the diaphragm down again and the main valve closes. In practice
there is often no separate spring; the elastomer diaphragm is molded so that it functions as its
own spring, preferring to be in the closed shape.

From this explanation it can be seen that this type of valve relies on a differential of pressure
between input and output as the pressure at the input must always be greater than the
pressure at the output for it to work. Should the pressure at the output, for any reason, rise
above that of the input then the valve would open regardless of the state of the solenoid and
pilot valve.

DESIGN AND DRAWINGS

5.1 PNEUMATIC CYLINDER

5.1.1 Design of Piston rod

Diameter of the Piston (d) = 40 mm

Pressure acting (p) = 6 kgf/cm

 = 6 0.981

= 5.886 bar

= 0.5886N/mm2

Material used for rod = C45

Yield stress (y) = 36 kgf/mm

= 3698.1

= 3531.6 bar

= 353.16N/mm2

Factor of safety =2

Force acting on the rod (F) = Pressure x Area

= p x (d / 4)

= 0.5886 x {( x 40 ) /
4}
F = 739.6 N

Design Stress(y) = y / F0 S

= 353.16 / 2

= 176.5N/mm2

d = 4F/ [y]

= (4739.6)/ [176.5]

Minimum diameter of rod required for the load = 2.3 mm

We assume diameter of the rod = 15 mm

5.1.2 Design of cylinder thickness

Material used = Cast iron

Internal diameter of the cylinder = 40 mm

Ultimate tensile stress = 250 N/mm

Working Stress = Ultimate tensile stress or

factor of safety

Assuming factor of safety =4

Working stress ( ft ) = 250 / 4

According to LAMES EQUATION

Minimum thickness of cylinder ( t ) = ri {(f t+p)/(ft-p)-1}

Where,

ri = inner radius of cylinder in

cm.
ft = Working stress (N/mm)

p = Working pressure in
N/mm
Substituting values we get,

t = 2.0 { (62.5 + 0.5886) /

(62.5 0.5886) -1}
t = 0.27mm
 We assume thickness of cylinder = 2.5 mm

Inner diameter of barrel = 40 mm

Outer diameter of barrel = 40 + 2t

= 40 + ( 2 x 2.5 )

= 45 mm

5.2 DESIGN OF PISTON ROD

5.2.1 Diameter of Piston Rod

Force of piston Rod (F) = Pressure x area

= p x /4 (d)

= 0.5886 x ( / 4) x (40)

= 739.6 N

Also, force on piston rod (F) = (/4) (dp) x ft

F = (/4) x (dp) x 62.5

739.6 = (/4) x (dp) x 625

dp = 739.6 x (4/) x (1/62.5)

= 15

dp = 3.8 mm

By standardizing dp = 15 mm

5.2.2 Length of piston rod

Approach stroke = 160 mm

Length of threads = 40mm

 Extra length due to front cover = 12 mm

Extra length of accommodate head = 20 mm

Total length of the piston rod = 160 + 40 + 12 + 20

= 232 mm

By standardizing, length of the piston rod = 230 mm

5.3 DESIGN OF BALL BEARING

Outer Diameter of Bearing (D) = 35 mm

Thickness of Bearing (B) = 12 mm

Inner Diameter of the Bearing (d) = 15 mm

r =1

Maximum Speed = 14,000 rpm

Mean Diameter (dm) = (D + d) / 2

= (35 + 15) / 2

dm = 25 mm

5.4 WAHL STRESS FACTOR

4C-1 0.65
Ks = +
4C-4 C

(4X2.3) -1
+ 0.65
(4X2.3) -4 2.3
 =

Ks = 1.85

5.5 SPECIFICATION

5.5.1 Double acting pneumatic cylinder

Stroke length of Cylinder : 0.16 m

Quantity :1

Seals : Nitride (Buna-N) Elastomer

End cones : Cast iron

Piston : EN 8

Media : Air

Temperature : 0-80 C

Pressure Range : 8 N/m

5.5.2 Flow control Valve

Port size : 0.635 x 10 m

Pressure : 0-8 x 10 N/m

Media : Air

Quantity :1

5.5.3 Connectors
 Max working pressure : 10 x 10 N/m

Temperature : 0-100 C

Fluid media : Air

Material : Brass

5.5.4 Hoses

Max pressure : 10 x 10 N/m

Outer diameter : 6 mm = 6 x 10 m

Inner diameter : 3.5 mm = 3.5 x 10 m

APPLICATIONS
 Discharge of work piece

The arm feed has a wide application in low cost automation industries. It can be used in
automated assembly lines to pick up the finished product from workstation and place them in
bins. it can also be used to pick raw material and place them on the conveyor belts.

Work clamping

This unit can also be used in clamping. Operation in certain areas of mass production
where clamping and an clamping have to be done at high speeds. The application of these units is
limited to operations which involved moderate clamping forces.
Tool Changing Application
When the pneumatic arms are made smaller in size they can be used in automatic tool changes in
CNC turning and drilling machines, by attaching tool holding device to the rotary cylinder
 ADVANTAGES
The pneumatic arm is more efficient in the technical field

Quick response is achieved

Simple in construction

Easy to maintain and repair

Cost of the unit is less when compared to other robotics

No fire hazard problem due to over loading

Comparatively the operation cost is less

The operation of arm is faster because the medium used to operate is air

Continuous operation is possible without stopping

LIMITATIONS
 While working, the compressed air produces noise therefore a silencer may be used.

High torque can not be obtained

Load carrying capacity of this unit is not very high.(<50N)

MATERIAL USED

S.NO ITEM QTY DIMENSION MATERIAL

1 PISTON 4 20X50mm Aluminum And SS

Steel

2 Solenoid valve 4 15mm Dia I/O plastic

3 Frame 1 22X1814 Mild steel

4 Holding washer 2 50mm OD, 25mm Mild steel

 ID

COST ESTIMATION

S.NO ITEM QTY RATE AMOUNT

1 PISTON 4 1150 4600

2 Solenoid valve 4 450 1800

4 Frame 1 500 500

5 Holding washer 4 10 40

7 Labour charge 1000

Total 7940
 CONCLUSION

The concept of automated part transfer line fabricated as an experimental setup can be extended
to an industrial application with further modification in the manufacturing and assembly process
to achieve quality in the machine as per the test charts provided by leading machine tool
manufacturer. On a whole, it is concluded that the automation is an inevitable process though the
rate at which it should be introduced will have to be carefully planned in order to bring social
justice and to accrue economic benefits.
 APPENDIX

PROJECT IMAGE
 REFERENCE

o ABS Guide for Certification of FRP Hydrocarbon Production Piping System, American
Bureau of Shipping, 2005.

Parr, Andrew. Pneumatics and Pneumatics: A Technician's and Engineer's Guide. 1st
Edition. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 1999. Print.

http://www.northerntool.com/shop/tools/product_200318919_200318919

http://www.deltahoist.com/catalog/product/15

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal's_law

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_(device)
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E0RZhi52zu4