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This paper studies the influence of small clamping eccentricity on the measurement and evaluation of involute profile, analyzes the cause
of clamping eccentric error, establishes a clamping eccentric error compensation model, and introduces a computing method of clamping
eccentric parameters. Experimental testing of the computing method of clamping eccentric parameters proves that the computing method of
clamping eccentric parameters is correct and feasible when the clamping eccentric value is within three quarters of the measurement range
of the probe. The results of the clamping eccentricity error compensation experiment show that the clamping eccentric error compensation
model can compensate measurement results to the results attained under operating conditions, and achieve precision measurement of
involute profiles. The highest allowed clamping eccentric value can be extended to three quarters of the measurement range of the probe
by the clamping eccentricity error compensation model proposed in this paper, thereby saving time otherwise spent adjusting for clamping
eccentricity.
Keywords: gear measuring center, clamping eccentricity, involute profile, measurement, evaluation
1 THE INFLUENCE OF CLAMPING ECCENTICITY ON It is important to study the usage of the above
MEASUREMENT AND EVALUATION OF INVOLUTE PROFILE rule in measuring the involute profile with clamping
eccentricity without changing the measurement
To measure the involute profile with a small trajectory. It is assumed that involute profiles are
clamping eccentricity, the influence of the clamping by default in their measurement position during the
eccentricity on the measurement and evaluation of process of measurement of involute profiles in the
the involute profile should be considered. When clamping eccentric measurement state, so the probe
there is no clamping eccentricity, the measurement may impact the gear if the clamping eccentricity is
trajectory of the probe relative to the gear is an too large. The measurement range of the probe is L,
involute curve attained through the linkage of the so the maximum allowed deviation dmax between the
X-axis and main shaft. If the X-axis and main shaft rotation center of the instrument and the geometric
still maintain their linkage in the default way in the center of the gear is expressed as:
clamping eccentric state, the profiles deviate from
dmax = L. (1)
their default measurement position by the existenceof
the clamping eccentricity. So, any point P0(x0, y0, z0) The output and input of the probe have a strictly
attained by generating the measured values of involute linear relationship within three quarters of the
profiles deviates from its default measurement measurement range of the probe, so the appropriate
position, as shown in Fig. 1a. The measured points are maximum value of the clamping eccentric value e is
in the same plane, because the Z-axis remains static given by Eq. (2).
when the involute profile is measured. Although there
is clamping eccentricity, the measured curve is part e = 0.75 L. (2)
of the involute curve to be measured and the point For all kinds of gears, except for micro gears,
P0(x0, y0, z0) is still in the curve to be measured. The the relation between d1 (the distance from the
point P0(x0, y0, z0) may delay or advance its actual starting point of evaluation to the starting point of
position, and it may appear at position P1-point or measurement) and d2 (the distance from the end point
P2-point, both of which are on the measured involute of evaluation to the end point of measurement) can be
profile, as shown in Fig. 1b. expressed as:
the instrument coordinate system is a constant. When between the instrument coordinate system and the
the gear revolves 2 around the rotation center axis i-position of workpiece coordinate system is expressed
of gear measuring center, the geometric center of as Eq.(8):
the gear moves in circle O, as shown in Fig. 3. It is
assumed that the origin of workpiece coordinate xi x0ii e cos(0 + i )
system at a certain measurement time is at the position
yi = y0ii + + e sinn(0 + i ) . (8)
point O00, the clamping eccentric value that the initial zi z 0
position of the gear geometrical center axis deviates 0ii
from the rotation center axis is e0 = e, and the polar
angle is 0 and the reading of main shaft is 0. After The measured values of involute profiles should
main shaft rotates i, the origin of the workpiece be transferred into the same workpiece coordinate
coordinate system revolves to point O0i. As shown in system in the evaluation. In this paper, the measured
Fig. 3, the eccentric value ei and the polar angle i at values are transfered into the initial workpiece
this measurement moment can be obtained as: coordinate system. As shown in Fig. 3, the coordinate
ei = e transformational relationship between the initial
, (6) workpiece coordinate system and the i-position of
i = 0 + i workpiece coordinate system can be expressed as:
where i is the angle that the main shaft rotates to the x00i x0ii
initial angle 0.
The origin of the workpiece coordinate system in y00i y0ii (9)
the instrument coordinate system is point O0i(mi, ni), z = M z ,
00i 0ii
and the equations of the orgin are as follows: 1 1
mi = e cos i = e cos(0 + i )
. (7) where, M is the coordinate transformational matrix
ni = e sin i = e sin(0 + i ) between the initial workpiece coordinate system and
the i-position of the workpiece coordinate system and
it is expressed as:
clamping eccentric the ith workpiece
value Y coordinate system 1 0 0 e[cos 0 cos(0 + i )]
the i-position 0 1 0 e[sin(0 + i ) sin 0 ]
polar angle M = , (10)
0 0 1 0
Y0i 0 0 0 1
2.3 Calculation of Clamping Eccentric Parameters e As shown in Fig. 4b, the involute curve P0Pm is
and 0 the involute profile to be measured, and O00 (m0, n0)
is the center of the base circle and rb is the radius.
This part discusses the calculation of the clamping The radius vector rkm at the point Pm (xm, ym) of the
eccentric parameters according to the measuring involute profile is expressed as:
points of the tooth profile. As shown in Fig. 4a, the
probe is adjusted to the base circle in the X direction. rkm = ( xm m0 ) 2 + ( ym n0 ) 2 . (13)
The proportional relationship between the rotation
angle of the main shaft and the moving distance of As shown in Fig. 4b, involute curve P0Pm is the
the Y-guideway is determined by the parameters involute profile to be measured, and O00 (m0, n0) is the
of the gear to be measured. The geometrical center center of the base circle and rb is the radius.
O00 (m0, n0) of the gear at a certain measurement According to the characteristics of the involute,
moment is defined as the origin of the initial the expression for generating angle km at the point
workpiece coordinate system, as shown in Fig. 4b. Pm (xm, ym) of the involute profile is as follows:
km = tan km km , (14)
Y Base circle where, km is the pressure angle at the point
Pm (xm, ym) of the involute profile and can be expressed
Probe of gear
measuring center
as:
rb
X km = arccos r
km
Geometric circle of gear . (15)
rkm rb2
2
m = DO00 P0 DO00 Pm =
y n y n
= arctan 0 0 arctan m 0 . (16)
x0 m 0 xm m0
Let
f m = km k0 DO00 P0 DO00 Pm . (18)
b)
Fig. 4. Determination of circle center using the involute curve; Eq. (19) should hold in theory, but it does not hold
a) measurement of involute profiles, and b) example of an involute for the manufacturing error and measurement error.
curve
f m = 0. (19)
The clamping eccentric angle 0 and the clamping According to the principle of the least square
eccentric value e can be expressed as: method, the following model for the identification of
0 = O00OX clamping eccentric parameters is established:
, (12)
e = O00O N
F (m0 , n0 , rb ) = min f m
2
m =1 . (20)
s .t r > 0
b
Measurement of Involute Profile with Small Clamping Eccentricity in a Gear Measuring Center 273
Strojniki vestnik - Journal of Mechanical Engineering 59(2013)4, 269-278
Eq. (20) is a nonlinear least square problem and it is determined by the parameters of the gear to be
can be solved by recursive methods [13]. In theory, as measured. The involute profile with small clamping
long as the measurement values of one tooth profile are eccentricity is compensated such that it is in the ideal
obtained, m0 and n0 can be estimated. But it may result state using the clamping eccentric error compensation
in a large deviation between the obtained eccentricity model. Involute profiles are evaluated according to
parameters and the true value. To reduce such a large ISO1328-1 [12].
deviation, the measurement values of teeth evenly
distributed in the gear are adopted. The circle center is
obtained from each tooth is O0i(m0i,n0i). The optimum
identification model of the circle center is established
as follows:
z0
d (m0 , n0 ) = min [(m0i m0 ) 2 + (n0i n0 ) 2 ], (21)
i =1
To verify the correctness of the calculation method The involute profiles of the gear are measured
for clamping eccentricity parameters and the validity under the same clamping eccentric condition,
of the clamping eccentricity error compensation and the center of base circle is obtained using the
model, the following experiments were carried out Involute Model proposed in this paper. To decrease
with the internal gear on a L45 type gear measuring contingency, a series of experiments were carried out
center. The measurement range of the probe in the under different clamping eccentric value conditions.
experiment is 0.70 mm and the parameters of the
internal gear are as follows: modulus is 3.25; tooth 3.2 The Clamping Eccentric Error Compensation
number is 60; modification coefficient is 0; face width Experiment
is 30 mm; pressure angle is 20; spiral angle is 0.
Fig. 5 shows the measurement equipment. The gear Using the Involute Model proposed in this paper,
is fixed on the platform with six magnets, the probe the clamping eccentric value is 164.3 mm and the
is adjusted to the base circle in the X direction. The clamping eccentric angle is 43.62. The clamping
proportional relationship between the rotation angle of eccentric error compensation model is applied in the
main shaft and the moving distance of the Y-guideway evaluation of the involute profiles.
274 Lianfu, H. Wenyan, T. Jun, W. Changfeng, F.
Strojniki vestnik - Journal of Mechanical Engineering 59(2013)4, 269-278
i ( , )
Measurement of Involute Profile with Small Clamping Eccentricity in a Gear Measuring Center 275
Strojniki vestnik - Journal of Mechanical Engineering 59(2013)4, 269-278
the evaluation position resulting from the clamping The average measurement results of the
eccentricity. As shown in Table 2, due to clamping involute profiles before and after compensation with
eccentricity, the 5th grade F is incorrectly judged different clamping eccentric values are shown in Fig.
as grade 9, the 6th grade Ff is incorrectly judged as 8. As shown in Fig. 8, as the clamping eccentric value
grade 10, and the 4th grade fH as grade 9. Therefore, grows, the measurement errors of F, Ff and fH all
the measurement results are seriously affected. So, increase. The maximum measurement errors of F, Ff
the measurement of tooth profile is seriously affected and fH are, respectively, 31.6, 29.5 and 16.6 m, so
under conditiond of clamping eccentricity if the the measurement results seriously deviate from the
clamping eccentricity compensation is not taken into true results under operating conditions.
account. After compensation, the curves in Fig. 7b
mostly accord with those in Fig. 7c in the evaluation
range. According to Table 2, the measurement results
after compensation are close to those under operating
conditions and do not influence the evaluation grade.
a)
a)
b)
b)
c) c)
Fig. 7. Comparison of measurement results; a) the measurement Fig. 8. Comparison of profile deviation before and after
result before compensation, b) the measurement result after compensation; a) comparison of total profile deviation,
compensation, c) the measurement result under operating b) comparison of profile form deviation, and c) comparison of
conditions profile slope deviation
6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
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