5: Thvenin and Norton

Equivalents
Equivalent Networks
Thvenin Equivalent
Thvenin Properties
Determining Thvenin
Complicated Circuits
Norton Equivalent
Power Transfer
Source Transformation
Source Rearrangement
Series Rearrangement
Summary
5: Thvenin and Norton
Equivalents

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-8869) Thevenin and Norton: 5 1 / 12

 Equivalent Networks

5: Thvenin and Norton

Equivalents
From linearity theorem: V = aI + b.
Equivalent Networks
Thvenin Equivalent
Thvenin Properties
Determining Thvenin
Complicated Circuits
Norton Equivalent
Power Transfer
Source Transformation
Source Rearrangement
Series Rearrangement
Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-8869) Thevenin and Norton: 5 2 / 12

 Equivalent Networks

5: Thvenin and Norton

Equivalents
From linearity theorem: V = aI + b.
Equivalent Networks
Thvenin Equivalent Use nodal analysis:
KCL@X: X XV
Thvenin Properties
Determining Thvenin 1 6+ 2 =0
Complicated Circuits
Norton Equivalent
KCL@V: V X
2 I =0
Power Transfer
Source Transformation
Source Rearrangement
Series Rearrangement
Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-8869) Thevenin and Norton: 5 2 / 12

 Equivalent Networks

5: Thvenin and Norton

Equivalents
From linearity theorem: V = aI + b.
Equivalent Networks
Thvenin Equivalent Use nodal analysis:
KCL@X: X XV
Thvenin Properties
Determining Thvenin 1 6+ 2 =0
Complicated Circuits
Norton Equivalent
KCL@V: V X
2 I =0
Power Transfer
Source Transformation
Source Rearrangement Eliminating X gives: V = 3I + 6.
Series Rearrangement
Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-8869) Thevenin and Norton: 5 2 / 12

 Equivalent Networks

5: Thvenin and Norton

Equivalents
From linearity theorem: V = aI + b.
Equivalent Networks
Thvenin Equivalent Use nodal analysis:
KCL@X: X XV
Thvenin Properties
Determining Thvenin 1 6+ 2 =0
Complicated Circuits
Norton Equivalent
KCL@V: V X
2 I =0
Power Transfer
Source Transformation
Source Rearrangement Eliminating X gives: V = 3I + 6.
Series Rearrangement
Summary There are infinitely many networks with the same values of a and b:

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-8869) Thevenin and Norton: 5 2 / 12

 Equivalent Networks

5: Thvenin and Norton

Equivalents
From linearity theorem: V = aI + b.
Equivalent Networks
Thvenin Equivalent Use nodal analysis:
KCL@X: X XV
Thvenin Properties
Determining Thvenin 1 6+ 2 =0
Complicated Circuits
Norton Equivalent
KCL@V: V X
2 I =0
Power Transfer
Source Transformation
Source Rearrangement Eliminating X gives: V = 3I + 6.
Series Rearrangement
Summary There are infinitely many networks with the same values of a and b:

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-8869) Thevenin and Norton: 5 2 / 12

 Equivalent Networks

5: Thvenin and Norton

Equivalents
From linearity theorem: V = aI + b.
Equivalent Networks
Thvenin Equivalent Use nodal analysis:
KCL@X: X XV
Thvenin Properties
Determining Thvenin 1 6+ 2 =0
Complicated Circuits
Norton Equivalent
KCL@V: V X
2 I =0
Power Transfer
Source Transformation
Source Rearrangement Eliminating X gives: V = 3I + 6.
Series Rearrangement
Summary There are infinitely many networks with the same values of a and b:

These four shaded networks are equivalent because the relationship

between V and I is exactly the same in each case.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-8869) Thevenin and Norton: 5 2 / 12

 Equivalent Networks

5: Thvenin and Norton

Equivalents
From linearity theorem: V = aI + b.
Equivalent Networks
Thvenin Equivalent Use nodal analysis:
KCL@X: X XV
Thvenin Properties
Determining Thvenin 1 6+ 2 =0
Complicated Circuits
Norton Equivalent
KCL@V: V X
2 I =0
Power Transfer
Source Transformation
Source Rearrangement Eliminating X gives: V = 3I + 6.
Series Rearrangement
Summary There are infinitely many networks with the same values of a and b:

These four shaded networks are equivalent because the relationship

between V and I is exactly the same in each case.
The last two are particularly simple and are respectively called the Norton
and Thvenin equivalent networks.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-8869) Thevenin and Norton: 5 2 / 12

 Thvenin Equivalent

5: Thvenin and Norton

Equivalents
Thvenin Theorem: Any two-terminal network consisting of resistors, fixed
Equivalent Networks voltage/current sources and linear dependent sources is externally
Thvenin Equivalent
Thvenin Properties equivalent to a circuit consisting of a resistor in series with a fixed voltage
Determining Thvenin
Complicated Circuits
source.
Norton Equivalent
Power Transfer
Source Transformation
Source Rearrangement
Series Rearrangement
Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-8869) Thevenin and Norton: 5 3 / 12

 Thvenin Equivalent

5: Thvenin and Norton

Equivalents
Thvenin Theorem: Any two-terminal network consisting of resistors, fixed
Equivalent Networks voltage/current sources and linear dependent sources is externally
Thvenin Equivalent
Thvenin Properties equivalent to a circuit consisting of a resistor in series with a fixed voltage
Determining Thvenin
Complicated Circuits
source.
Norton Equivalent
Power Transfer We can replace the shaded part of the
Source Transformation circuit with its Thvenin equivalent
Source Rearrangement
Series Rearrangement network.
Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-8869) Thevenin and Norton: 5 3 / 12

 Thvenin Equivalent

5: Thvenin and Norton

Equivalents
Thvenin Theorem: Any two-terminal network consisting of resistors, fixed
Equivalent Networks voltage/current sources and linear dependent sources is externally
Thvenin Equivalent
Thvenin Properties equivalent to a circuit consisting of a resistor in series with a fixed voltage
Determining Thvenin
Complicated Circuits
source.
Norton Equivalent
Power Transfer We can replace the shaded part of the
Source Transformation circuit with its Thvenin equivalent
Source Rearrangement
Series Rearrangement network.
Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-8869) Thevenin and Norton: 5 3 / 12

 Thvenin Equivalent

5: Thvenin and Norton

Equivalents
Thvenin Theorem: Any two-terminal network consisting of resistors, fixed
Equivalent Networks voltage/current sources and linear dependent sources is externally
Thvenin Equivalent
Thvenin Properties equivalent to a circuit consisting of a resistor in series with a fixed voltage
Determining Thvenin
Complicated Circuits
source.
Norton Equivalent
Power Transfer We can replace the shaded part of the
Source Transformation circuit with its Thvenin equivalent
Source Rearrangement
Series Rearrangement network.
Summary

The voltages and currents in the unshaded

part of the circuit will be identical in both
circuits.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-8869) Thevenin and Norton: 5 3 / 12

 Thvenin Equivalent

5: Thvenin and Norton

Equivalents
Thvenin Theorem: Any two-terminal network consisting of resistors, fixed
Equivalent Networks voltage/current sources and linear dependent sources is externally
Thvenin Equivalent
Thvenin Properties equivalent to a circuit consisting of a resistor in series with a fixed voltage
Determining Thvenin
Complicated Circuits
source.
Norton Equivalent
Power Transfer We can replace the shaded part of the
Source Transformation circuit with its Thvenin equivalent
Source Rearrangement
Series Rearrangement network.
Summary

The voltages and currents in the unshaded

part of the circuit will be identical in both
circuits.
The new components are called the
Thvenin equivalent resistance, RT h , and
the Thvenin equivalent voltage, VT h , of
the original network.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-8869) Thevenin and Norton: 5 3 / 12

 Thvenin Equivalent

5: Thvenin and Norton

Equivalents
Thvenin Theorem: Any two-terminal network consisting of resistors, fixed
Equivalent Networks voltage/current sources and linear dependent sources is externally
Thvenin Equivalent
Thvenin Properties equivalent to a circuit consisting of a resistor in series with a fixed voltage
Determining Thvenin
Complicated Circuits
source.
Norton Equivalent
Power Transfer We can replace the shaded part of the
Source Transformation circuit with its Thvenin equivalent
Source Rearrangement
Series Rearrangement network.
Summary

The voltages and currents in the unshaded

part of the circuit will be identical in both
circuits.
The new components are called the
Thvenin equivalent resistance, RT h , and
the Thvenin equivalent voltage, VT h , of
the original network.

This is often a useful way to simplify a complicated circuit (provided that

you do not want to know the voltages and currents in the shaded part).
E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-8869) Thevenin and Norton: 5 3 / 12
 Thvenin Circuit Properties

5: Thvenin and Norton

Equivalents
A Thvenin equivalent circuit has
Equivalent Networks a straight line characteristic with
Thvenin Equivalent
Thvenin Properties the equation:
Determining Thvenin
Complicated Circuits
V = RT h I + VT h
Norton Equivalent
Power Transfer
Source Transformation
Source Rearrangement
Series Rearrangement
Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-8869) Thevenin and Norton: 5 4 / 12

 Thvenin Circuit Properties

5: Thvenin and Norton

Equivalents
A Thvenin equivalent circuit has 1

Equivalent Networks a straight line characteristic with 0

Thvenin Equivalent
the equation:

I (mA)
Thvenin Properties -1
Determining Thvenin
Complicated Circuits
V = RT h I + VT h -2

Norton Equivalent
1 VT h
Power Transfer I= RT h V RT h
-3
-2 0 2
V (V)
4 6 8

Source Transformation
Source Rearrangement
Series Rearrangement
Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-8869) Thevenin and Norton: 5 4 / 12

 Thvenin Circuit Properties

5: Thvenin and Norton

Equivalents
A Thvenin equivalent circuit has 1

Equivalent Networks a straight line characteristic with 0

Thvenin Equivalent
the equation:

I (mA)
Thvenin Properties -1
Determining Thvenin
Complicated Circuits
V = RT h I + VT h -2

Norton Equivalent
1 VT h
Power Transfer I= RT h V RT h
-3
-2 0 2
V (V)
4 6 8

Source Transformation
Source Rearrangement Three important quantities are:
Series Rearrangement
Summary
Open Circuit Voltage: If I = 0 then VOC = VT h . (X-intercept: o)

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-8869) Thevenin and Norton: 5 4 / 12

 Thvenin Circuit Properties

5: Thvenin and Norton

Equivalents
A Thvenin equivalent circuit has 1

Equivalent Networks a straight line characteristic with 0

Thvenin Equivalent
the equation:

I (mA)
Thvenin Properties -1
Determining Thvenin
Complicated Circuits
V = RT h I + VT h -2

Norton Equivalent
1 VT h
Power Transfer I= RT h V RT h
-3
-2 0 2
V (V)
4 6 8

Source Transformation
Source Rearrangement Three important quantities are:
Series Rearrangement
Summary
Open Circuit Voltage: If I = 0 then VOC = VT h . (X-intercept: o)
VT h
Short Circuit Current: If V = 0 then ISC = R (Y-intercept: x)
Th

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-8869) Thevenin and Norton: 5 4 / 12

 Thvenin Circuit Properties

5: Thvenin and Norton

Equivalents
A Thvenin equivalent circuit has 1

Equivalent Networks a straight line characteristic with 0

Thvenin Equivalent
the equation:

I (mA)
Thvenin Properties -1
Determining Thvenin
Complicated Circuits
V = RT h I + VT h -2

Norton Equivalent
1 VT h
Power Transfer I= RT h V RT h
-3
-2 0 2
V (V)
4 6 8

Source Transformation
Source Rearrangement Three important quantities are:
Series Rearrangement
Summary
Open Circuit Voltage: If I = 0 then VOC = VT h . (X-intercept: o)
VT h
Short Circuit Current: If V = 0 then ISC = R (Y-intercept: x)
Th

dI
Thvenin Resistance: The slope of the characteristic is dV = R1T h .

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-8869) Thevenin and Norton: 5 4 / 12

 Thvenin Circuit Properties

5: Thvenin and Norton

Equivalents
A Thvenin equivalent circuit has 1

Equivalent Networks a straight line characteristic with 0

Thvenin Equivalent
the equation:

I (mA)
Thvenin Properties -1
Determining Thvenin
Complicated Circuits
V = RT h I + VT h -2

Norton Equivalent
1 VT h
Power Transfer I= RT h V RT h
-3
-2 0 2
V (V)
4 6 8

Source Transformation
Source Rearrangement Three important quantities are:
Series Rearrangement
Summary
Open Circuit Voltage: If I = 0 then VOC = VT h . (X-intercept: o)
VT h
Short Circuit Current: If V = 0 then ISC = R (Y-intercept: x)
Th

dI
Thvenin Resistance: The slope of the characteristic is dV = R1T h .
If we know the value of any two of these three quantities, we can work out
VT h and RT h .

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-8869) Thevenin and Norton: 5 4 / 12

 Thvenin Circuit Properties

5: Thvenin and Norton

Equivalents
A Thvenin equivalent circuit has 1

Equivalent Networks a straight line characteristic with 0

Thvenin Equivalent
the equation:

I (mA)
Thvenin Properties -1
Determining Thvenin
Complicated Circuits
V = RT h I + VT h -2

Norton Equivalent
1 VT h
Power Transfer I= RT h V RT h
-3
-2 0 2
V (V)
4 6 8

Source Transformation
Source Rearrangement Three important quantities are:
Series Rearrangement
Summary
Open Circuit Voltage: If I = 0 then VOC = VT h . (X-intercept: o)
VT h
Short Circuit Current: If V = 0 then ISC = R (Y-intercept: x)
Th

dI
Thvenin Resistance: The slope of the characteristic is dV = R1T h .
If we know the value of any two of these three quantities, we can work out
VT h and RT h .
In any two-terminal circuit with the same characteristic, the three quantities
will have the same values. So if we can determine two of them, we can
work out the Thvenin equivalent.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-8869) Thevenin and Norton: 5 4 / 12

 Determining Thvenin Values

5: Thvenin and Norton

Equivalents
We need any two of the following:
Equivalent Networks
Thvenin Equivalent Open Circuit Voltage:
Thvenin Properties
Determining Thvenin
Complicated Circuits
Short Circuit Current:
Norton Equivalent
Power Transfer Thvenin Resistance:
Source Transformation
Source Rearrangement
Series Rearrangement
Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-8869) Thevenin and Norton: 5 5 / 12

 Determining Thvenin Values

5: Thvenin and Norton

Equivalents
We need any two of the following:
Equivalent Networks
Thvenin Equivalent Open Circuit Voltage:
Thvenin Properties
Determining Thvenin
Complicated Circuits
Short Circuit Current:
Norton Equivalent
Power Transfer Thvenin Resistance:
Source Transformation
Source Rearrangement
Series Rearrangement
Summary

Open Circuit Voltage:

We known that I1k = 6 because there is nowhere else for the current to go.
So VOC = 6 1 = 6 V.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-8869) Thevenin and Norton: 5 5 / 12

 Determining Thvenin Values

5: Thvenin and Norton

Equivalents
We need any two of the following:
Equivalent Networks
Thvenin Equivalent Open Circuit Voltage: VOC = VT h = 6 V
Thvenin Properties
Determining Thvenin
Complicated Circuits
Short Circuit Current:
Norton Equivalent
Power Transfer Thvenin Resistance:
Source Transformation
Source Rearrangement
Series Rearrangement
Summary

Open Circuit Voltage:

We known that I1k = 6 because there is nowhere else for the current to go.
So VOC = 6 1 = 6 V.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-8869) Thevenin and Norton: 5 5 / 12

 Determining Thvenin Values

5: Thvenin and Norton

Equivalents
We need any two of the following:
Equivalent Networks
Thvenin Equivalent Open Circuit Voltage: VOC = VT h = 6 V
Thvenin Properties
Determining Thvenin
Complicated Circuits
Short Circuit Current:
Norton Equivalent
Power Transfer Thvenin Resistance:
Source Transformation
Source Rearrangement
Series Rearrangement
Summary

Short Circuit Current:

The 2 k and 1 k resistors are in parallel and so form a current divider in
which currents are proportional to conductances.
1/2
So ISC = 3/2 6 = 2 mA

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-8869) Thevenin and Norton: 5 5 / 12

 Determining Thvenin Values

5: Thvenin and Norton

Equivalents
We need any two of the following:
Equivalent Networks
Thvenin Equivalent Open Circuit Voltage: VOC = VT h = 6 V
Thvenin Properties
VT h
Determining Thvenin
Complicated Circuits
Short Circuit Current: ISC = R = 2 mA
Th
Norton Equivalent
Power Transfer Thvenin Resistance:
Source Transformation
Source Rearrangement
Series Rearrangement
Summary

Short Circuit Current:

The 2 k and 1 k resistors are in parallel and so form a current divider in
which currents are proportional to conductances.
1/2
So ISC = 3/2 6 = 2 mA

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-8869) Thevenin and Norton: 5 5 / 12

 Determining Thvenin Values

5: Thvenin and Norton

Equivalents
We need any two of the following:
Equivalent Networks
Thvenin Equivalent Open Circuit Voltage: VOC = VT h = 6 V
Thvenin Properties
VT h
Determining Thvenin
Complicated Circuits
Short Circuit Current: ISC = R = 2 mA
Th
Norton Equivalent
Power Transfer Thvenin Resistance:
Source Transformation
Source Rearrangement
Series Rearrangement
Summary

Thvenin Resistance:
We set all the independent sources to zero (voltage sources short
circuit, current sources open circuit). Then we find the equivalent
resistance between the two terminals.
The 3 k resistor has no effect so RT h = 2 k + 1 k = 3 k.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-8869) Thevenin and Norton: 5 5 / 12

 Determining Thvenin Values

5: Thvenin and Norton

Equivalents
We need any two of the following:
Equivalent Networks
Thvenin Equivalent Open Circuit Voltage: VOC = VT h = 6 V
Thvenin Properties
VT h
Determining Thvenin
Complicated Circuits
Short Circuit Current: ISC = R = 2 mA
Th
Norton Equivalent
Power Transfer Thvenin Resistance: RT h = 2 k + 1 k = 3 k
Source Transformation
Source Rearrangement
Series Rearrangement
Summary

Thvenin Resistance:
We set all the independent sources to zero (voltage sources short
circuit, current sources open circuit). Then we find the equivalent
resistance between the two terminals.
The 3 k resistor has no effect so RT h = 2 k + 1 k = 3 k.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-8869) Thevenin and Norton: 5 5 / 12

 Determining Thvenin Values

5: Thvenin and Norton

Equivalents
We need any two of the following:
Equivalent Networks
Thvenin Equivalent Open Circuit Voltage: VOC = VT h = 6 V
Thvenin Properties
VT h
Determining Thvenin
Complicated Circuits
Short Circuit Current: ISC = R = 2 mA
Th
Norton Equivalent
Power Transfer Thvenin Resistance: RT h = 2 k + 1 k = 3 k
Source Transformation
Source Rearrangement
Series Rearrangement
Summary

Thvenin Resistance:
We set all the independent sources to zero (voltage sources short
circuit, current sources open circuit). Then we find the equivalent
resistance between the two terminals.
The 3 k resistor has no effect so RT h = 2 k + 1 k = 3 k.
Any measurement gives the same result on an equivalent circuit.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-8869) Thevenin and Norton: 5 5 / 12

 Thvenin of Complicated Circuits

5: Thvenin and Norton

Equivalents
For a complicated circuit, you can use
Equivalent Networks nodal analysis to find the Thvenin
Thvenin Equivalent
Thvenin Properties equivalent directly in the form:
Determining Thvenin
Complicated Circuits V = VT h + IRT h .
Norton Equivalent
Power Transfer
Source Transformation
Source Rearrangement
Series Rearrangement
Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-8869) Thevenin and Norton: 5 6 / 12

 Thvenin of Complicated Circuits

5: Thvenin and Norton

Equivalents
For a complicated circuit, you can use
Equivalent Networks nodal analysis to find the Thvenin
Thvenin Equivalent
Thvenin Properties equivalent directly in the form:
Determining Thvenin
Complicated Circuits V = VT h + IRT h .
Norton Equivalent
Power Transfer
Source Transformation
Source Rearrangement Step 1: Label ground as an output terminal + label other nodes.
Series Rearrangement
Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-8869) Thevenin and Norton: 5 6 / 12

 Thvenin of Complicated Circuits

5: Thvenin and Norton

Equivalents
For a complicated circuit, you can use
Equivalent Networks nodal analysis to find the Thvenin
Thvenin Equivalent
Thvenin Properties equivalent directly in the form:
Determining Thvenin
Complicated Circuits V = VT h + IRT h .
Norton Equivalent
Power Transfer
Source Transformation
Source Rearrangement Step 1: Label ground as an output terminal + label other nodes.
Series Rearrangement
Summary
Step 2: Write down the equations

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-8869) Thevenin and Norton: 5 6 / 12

 Thvenin of Complicated Circuits

5: Thvenin and Norton

Equivalents
For a complicated circuit, you can use
Equivalent Networks nodal analysis to find the Thvenin
Thvenin Equivalent
Thvenin Properties equivalent directly in the form:
Determining Thvenin
Complicated Circuits V = VT h + IRT h .
Norton Equivalent
Power Transfer
Source Transformation
Source Rearrangement Step 1: Label ground as an output terminal + label other nodes.
Series Rearrangement
Summary
Step 2: Write down the equations
XV X XY
2 + 1 + 1 =0

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-8869) Thevenin and Norton: 5 6 / 12

 Thvenin of Complicated Circuits

5: Thvenin and Norton

Equivalents
For a complicated circuit, you can use
Equivalent Networks nodal analysis to find the Thvenin
Thvenin Equivalent
Thvenin Properties equivalent directly in the form:
Determining Thvenin
Complicated Circuits V = VT h + IRT h .
Norton Equivalent
Power Transfer
Source Transformation
Source Rearrangement Step 1: Label ground as an output terminal + label other nodes.
Series Rearrangement
Summary
Step 2: Write down the equations (Y is a supernode)
XV X XY
2 + 1 + 1 =0
Y 3V Y X Y 3
1 + 1 + 2 =0

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-8869) Thevenin and Norton: 5 6 / 12

 Thvenin of Complicated Circuits

5: Thvenin and Norton

Equivalents
For a complicated circuit, you can use
Equivalent Networks nodal analysis to find the Thvenin
Thvenin Equivalent
Thvenin Properties equivalent directly in the form:
Determining Thvenin
Complicated Circuits V = VT h + IRT h .
Norton Equivalent
Power Transfer
Source Transformation
Source Rearrangement Step 1: Label ground as an output terminal + label other nodes.
Series Rearrangement
Summary
Step 2: Write down the equations (Y is a supernode)
XV X XY
2 + 1 + 1 =0
Y 3V Y X Y 3
1 + 1 + 2 =0
V Y +3 V X
1 + 2 I =0

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-8869) Thevenin and Norton: 5 6 / 12

 Thvenin of Complicated Circuits

5: Thvenin and Norton

Equivalents
For a complicated circuit, you can use
Equivalent Networks nodal analysis to find the Thvenin
Thvenin Equivalent
Thvenin Properties equivalent directly in the form:
Determining Thvenin
Complicated Circuits V = VT h + IRT h .
Norton Equivalent
Power Transfer
Source Transformation
Source Rearrangement Step 1: Label ground as an output terminal + label other nodes.
Series Rearrangement
Summary
Step 2: Write down the equations (Y is a supernode)
XV X XY
2 + 1 + 1 =0
Y 3V Y X Y 3
1 + 1 + 2 =0
V Y +3 V X
1 + 2 I =0
Step 3: Eliminate X and Y and
solve for V in terms of I :

V = 57 I 3
5 = RT h I + VT h

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-8869) Thevenin and Norton: 5 6 / 12

 Thvenin of Complicated Circuits

5: Thvenin and Norton

Equivalents
For a complicated circuit, you can use
Equivalent Networks nodal analysis to find the Thvenin
Thvenin Equivalent
Thvenin Properties equivalent directly in the form:
Determining Thvenin
Complicated Circuits V = VT h + IRT h .
Norton Equivalent
Power Transfer
Source Transformation
Source Rearrangement Step 1: Label ground as an output terminal + label other nodes.
Series Rearrangement
Summary
Step 2: Write down the equations (Y is a supernode)
XV X XY
2 + 1 + 1 =0
Y 3V Y X Y 3
1 + 1 + 2 =0
V Y +3 V X
1 + 2 I =0
Step 3: Eliminate X and Y and
solve for V in terms of I :

V = 57 I 3
5 = RT h I + VT h

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-8869) Thevenin and Norton: 5 6 / 12

 Norton Equivalent

5: Thvenin and Norton

Equivalents
Norton Theorem: Any two-terminal network consisting of resistors, fixed
Equivalent Networks voltage/current sources and linear dependent sources is externally
Thvenin Equivalent
Thvenin Properties equivalent to a circuit consisting of a resistor in parallel with a fixed current
Determining Thvenin
Complicated Circuits
source.
Norton Equivalent
Power Transfer KCL: 1

V
Source Transformation
Source Rearrangement
I IN o + RT h =0 0

Series Rearrangement -1
Summary
-2

-3
-2 0 2 4 6 8
V (V)

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-8869) Thevenin and Norton: 5 7 / 12

 Norton Equivalent

5: Thvenin and Norton

Equivalents
Norton Theorem: Any two-terminal network consisting of resistors, fixed
Equivalent Networks voltage/current sources and linear dependent sources is externally
Thvenin Equivalent
Thvenin Properties equivalent to a circuit consisting of a resistor in parallel with a fixed current
Determining Thvenin
Complicated Circuits
source.
Norton Equivalent
Power Transfer KCL: 1

Source Transformation
Source Rearrangement
I IN o + RVT h = 0 0

Series Rearrangement I = R1T h V IN o -1

Summary
-2

-3
-2 0 2 4 6 8
V (V)

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-8869) Thevenin and Norton: 5 7 / 12

 Norton Equivalent

5: Thvenin and Norton

Equivalents
Norton Theorem: Any two-terminal network consisting of resistors, fixed
Equivalent Networks voltage/current sources and linear dependent sources is externally
Thvenin Equivalent
Thvenin Properties equivalent to a circuit consisting of a resistor in parallel with a fixed current
Determining Thvenin
Complicated Circuits
source.
Norton Equivalent
Power Transfer KCL: 1

Source Transformation
Source Rearrangement
I IN o + RVT h = 0 0

Series Rearrangement I = R1T h V IN o -1

Summary
-2
c.f. Thvenin (slide 5-4):
VT h
Same R and IN o = R -3
-2 0 2
V (V)
4 6 8
Th

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 Norton Equivalent

5: Thvenin and Norton

Equivalents
Norton Theorem: Any two-terminal network consisting of resistors, fixed
Equivalent Networks voltage/current sources and linear dependent sources is externally
Thvenin Equivalent
Thvenin Properties equivalent to a circuit consisting of a resistor in parallel with a fixed current
Determining Thvenin
Complicated Circuits
source.
Norton Equivalent
Power Transfer KCL: 1

Source Transformation
Source Rearrangement
I IN o + RVT h = 0 0

Series Rearrangement I = R1T h V IN o -1

Summary
-2
c.f. Thvenin (slide 5-4):
VT h
Same R and IN o = R -3
-2 0 2
V (V)
4 6 8
Th

Open Circuit Voltage: If I = 0 then VOC = IN o RT h .

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 Norton Equivalent

5: Thvenin and Norton

Equivalents
Norton Theorem: Any two-terminal network consisting of resistors, fixed
Equivalent Networks voltage/current sources and linear dependent sources is externally
Thvenin Equivalent
Thvenin Properties equivalent to a circuit consisting of a resistor in parallel with a fixed current
Determining Thvenin
Complicated Circuits
source.
Norton Equivalent
Power Transfer KCL: 1

Source Transformation
Source Rearrangement
I IN o + RVT h = 0 0

Series Rearrangement I = R1T h V IN o -1

Summary
-2
c.f. Thvenin (slide 5-4):
VT h
Same R and IN o = R -3
-2 0 2
V (V)
4 6 8
Th

Open Circuit Voltage: If I = 0 then VOC = IN o RT h .

Short Circuit Current: If V = 0 then ISC = IN o

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 Norton Equivalent

5: Thvenin and Norton

Equivalents
Norton Theorem: Any two-terminal network consisting of resistors, fixed
Equivalent Networks voltage/current sources and linear dependent sources is externally
Thvenin Equivalent
Thvenin Properties equivalent to a circuit consisting of a resistor in parallel with a fixed current
Determining Thvenin
Complicated Circuits
source.
Norton Equivalent
Power Transfer KCL: 1

Source Transformation
Source Rearrangement
I IN o + RVT h = 0 0

Series Rearrangement I = R1T h V IN o -1

Summary
-2
c.f. Thvenin (slide 5-4):
VT h
Same R and IN o = R -3
-2 0 2
V (V)
4 6 8
Th

Open Circuit Voltage: If I = 0 then VOC = IN o RT h .

Short Circuit Current: If V = 0 then ISC = IN o

Thvenin Resistance: The slope of the characteristic is R1 .

Th

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 Norton Equivalent

5: Thvenin and Norton

Equivalents
Norton Theorem: Any two-terminal network consisting of resistors, fixed
Equivalent Networks voltage/current sources and linear dependent sources is externally
Thvenin Equivalent
Thvenin Properties equivalent to a circuit consisting of a resistor in parallel with a fixed current
Determining Thvenin
Complicated Circuits
source.
Norton Equivalent
Power Transfer KCL: 1

Source Transformation
Source Rearrangement
I IN o + RVT h = 0 0

Series Rearrangement I = R1T h V IN o -1

Summary
-2
c.f. Thvenin (slide 5-4):
VT h
Same R and IN o = R -3
-2 0 2
V (V)
4 6 8
Th

Open Circuit Voltage: If I = 0 then VOC = IN o RT h .

Short Circuit Current: If V = 0 then ISC = IN o

Thvenin Resistance: The slope of the characteristic is R1 .

Th

Easy to change between Norton and Thvenin: VT h = IN o RT h .

Usually best to use Thvenin for small RT h and Norton for large RT h
compared to the other impedances in the circuit.

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 Power Transfer

5: Thvenin and Norton

Equivalents
Suppose we connect a variable resistor, RL , across a two-terminal
Equivalent Networks network. From Thvenins theorem, even a complicated network is
Thvenin Equivalent
Thvenin Properties equivalent to a voltage source and a resistor.
Determining Thvenin
Complicated Circuits
Norton Equivalent
Power Transfer
Source Transformation
Source Rearrangement
Series Rearrangement
Summary

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 Power Transfer

5: Thvenin and Norton

Equivalents
Suppose we connect a variable resistor, RL , across a two-terminal
Equivalent Networks network. From Thvenins theorem, even a complicated network is
Thvenin Equivalent
Thvenin Properties equivalent to a voltage source and a resistor.
Determining Thvenin

We know I = R VT+R
Complicated Circuits h
Norton Equivalent L
Th
Power Transfer
Source Transformation
Source Rearrangement
Series Rearrangement
Summary

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 Power Transfer

5: Thvenin and Norton

Equivalents
Suppose we connect a variable resistor, RL , across a two-terminal
Equivalent Networks network. From Thvenins theorem, even a complicated network is
Thvenin Equivalent
Thvenin Properties equivalent to a voltage source and a resistor.
Determining Thvenin

We know I = R VT+R
Complicated Circuits h
Norton Equivalent L
Th
Power Transfer
Source Transformation
2 VT2h RL
Source Rearrangement power in RL is PL = I RL = (RT h +RL )2
Series Rearrangement
Summary

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 Power Transfer

5: Thvenin and Norton

Equivalents
Suppose we connect a variable resistor, RL , across a two-terminal
Equivalent Networks network. From Thvenins theorem, even a complicated network is
Thvenin Equivalent
Thvenin Properties equivalent to a voltage source and a resistor.
Determining Thvenin

We know I = R VT+R
Complicated Circuits h
Norton Equivalent L
Th
Power Transfer
Source Transformation
2 VT2h RL
Source Rearrangement power in RL is PL = I RL = (RT h +RL )2
Series Rearrangement
Summary

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 Power Transfer

5: Thvenin and Norton

Equivalents
Suppose we connect a variable resistor, RL , across a two-terminal
Equivalent Networks network. From Thvenins theorem, even a complicated network is
Thvenin Equivalent
Thvenin Properties equivalent to a voltage source and a resistor.
Determining Thvenin

We know I = R VT+R
Complicated Circuits h
Norton Equivalent L
Th
Power Transfer
Source Transformation
2 VT2h RL
Source Rearrangement power in RL is PL = I RL = (RT h +RL )2
Series Rearrangement
Summary
To find the RL that maximizes PL :

dPL (RT h +RL )2 VT2h 2VT2h RL (RT h +RL )

0= dRL = (RT h +RL )4

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 Power Transfer

5: Thvenin and Norton

Equivalents
Suppose we connect a variable resistor, RL , across a two-terminal
Equivalent Networks network. From Thvenins theorem, even a complicated network is
Thvenin Equivalent
Thvenin Properties equivalent to a voltage source and a resistor.
Determining Thvenin

We know I = R VT+R
Complicated Circuits h
Norton Equivalent L
Th
Power Transfer
Source Transformation
2 VT2h RL
Source Rearrangement power in RL is PL = I RL = (RT h +RL )2
Series Rearrangement
Summary
To find the RL that maximizes PL :

dPL (RT h +RL )2 VT2h 2VT2h RL (RT h +RL )

0= dRL = (RT h +RL )4

VT2h (RT h +RL )2VT2h RL

= (RT h +RL )3

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 Power Transfer

5: Thvenin and Norton

Equivalents
Suppose we connect a variable resistor, RL , across a two-terminal
Equivalent Networks network. From Thvenins theorem, even a complicated network is
Thvenin Equivalent
Thvenin Properties equivalent to a voltage source and a resistor.
Determining Thvenin

We know I = R VT+R
Complicated Circuits h
Norton Equivalent L
Th
Power Transfer
Source Transformation
2 VT2h RL
Source Rearrangement power in RL is PL = I RL = (RT h +RL )2
Series Rearrangement
Summary
To find the RL that maximizes PL :

dPL (RT h +RL )2 VT2h 2VT2h RL (RT h +RL )

0= dRL = (RT h +RL )4

VT2h (RT h +RL )2VT2h RL

= (RT h +RL )3

VT2h ((RT h + RL ) 2RL ) = 0

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 Power Transfer

5: Thvenin and Norton

Equivalents
Suppose we connect a variable resistor, RL , across a two-terminal
Equivalent Networks network. From Thvenins theorem, even a complicated network is
Thvenin Equivalent
Thvenin Properties equivalent to a voltage source and a resistor.
Determining Thvenin

We know I = R VT+R
Complicated Circuits h
Norton Equivalent L
Th
Power Transfer
Source Transformation
2 VT2h RL
Source Rearrangement power in RL is PL = I RL = (RT h +RL )2
Series Rearrangement
Summary
To find the RL that maximizes PL :

dPL (RT h +RL )2 VT2h 2VT2h RL (RT h +RL )

0= dRL = (RT h +RL )4

VT2h (RT h +RL )2VT2h RL

= (RT h +RL )3

VT2h ((RT h + RL ) 2RL ) = 0

VT2h
RL = RT h P(max) = 4RT h

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 Power Transfer

5: Thvenin and Norton

Equivalents
Suppose we connect a variable resistor, RL , across a two-terminal
Equivalent Networks network. From Thvenins theorem, even a complicated network is
Thvenin Equivalent
Thvenin Properties equivalent to a voltage source and a resistor.
Determining Thvenin

We know I = R VT+R
Complicated Circuits h
Norton Equivalent L
Th
Power Transfer
Source Transformation
2 VT2h RL
Source Rearrangement power in RL is PL = I RL = (RT h +RL )2
Series Rearrangement
Summary
To find the RL that maximizes PL :

dPL (RT h +RL )2 VT2h 2VT2h RL (RT h +RL )

0= dRL = (RT h +RL )4

VT2h (RT h +RL )2VT2h RL

= (RT h +RL )3

VT2h ((RT h + RL ) 2RL ) = 0

VT2h
RL = RT h P(max) = 4RT h

For fixed RT h , the maximum power transfer

is when RL = RT h (matched load).
E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-8869) Thevenin and Norton: 5 8 / 12
 Source Transformation

5: Thvenin and Norton

Equivalents
Sometimes changing between Thvenin and Norton can simplify a circuit.
Equivalent Networks Suppose we want to calculate I.
Thvenin Equivalent
Thvenin Properties
Determining Thvenin
Complicated Circuits
Norton Equivalent
Power Transfer
Source Transformation
Source Rearrangement
Series Rearrangement
Summary

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 Source Transformation

5: Thvenin and Norton

Equivalents
Sometimes changing between Thvenin and Norton can simplify a circuit.
Equivalent Networks Suppose we want to calculate I.
Thvenin Equivalent
Thvenin Properties
Determining Thvenin
Complicated Circuits
Norton Equivalent
Power Transfer
Source Transformation
Source Rearrangement
Series Rearrangement
18(10)
Summary Norton Thvenin on current source: I = 5 = 5.6 A

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 Source Transformation

5: Thvenin and Norton

Equivalents
Sometimes changing between Thvenin and Norton can simplify a circuit.
Equivalent Networks Suppose we want to calculate I.
Thvenin Equivalent
Thvenin Properties
Determining Thvenin
Complicated Circuits
Norton Equivalent
Power Transfer
Source Transformation
Source Rearrangement
Series Rearrangement
18(10)
Summary Norton Thvenin on current source: I = 5 = 5.6 A

If you cant spot any clever tricks, you can always find out everything with
nodal analysis.
X X(10)
6 + 3 + 2 =0

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 Source Transformation

5: Thvenin and Norton

Equivalents
Sometimes changing between Thvenin and Norton can simplify a circuit.
Equivalent Networks Suppose we want to calculate I.
Thvenin Equivalent
Thvenin Properties
Determining Thvenin
Complicated Circuits
Norton Equivalent
Power Transfer
Source Transformation
Source Rearrangement
Series Rearrangement
18(10)
Summary Norton Thvenin on current source: I = 5 = 5.6 A

If you cant spot any clever tricks, you can always find out everything with
nodal analysis.
X X(10)
6 + 3 + 2 =0
5X = 36 30 = 6

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 Source Transformation

5: Thvenin and Norton

Equivalents
Sometimes changing between Thvenin and Norton can simplify a circuit.
Equivalent Networks Suppose we want to calculate I.
Thvenin Equivalent
Thvenin Properties
Determining Thvenin
Complicated Circuits
Norton Equivalent
Power Transfer
Source Transformation
Source Rearrangement
Series Rearrangement
18(10)
Summary Norton Thvenin on current source: I = 5 = 5.6 A

If you cant spot any clever tricks, you can always find out everything with
nodal analysis.
X X(10)
6 + 3 + 2 =0
5X = 36 30 = 6
X = 1.2

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 Source Transformation

5: Thvenin and Norton

Equivalents
Sometimes changing between Thvenin and Norton can simplify a circuit.
Equivalent Networks Suppose we want to calculate I.
Thvenin Equivalent
Thvenin Properties
Determining Thvenin
Complicated Circuits
Norton Equivalent
Power Transfer
Source Transformation
Source Rearrangement
Series Rearrangement
18(10)
Summary Norton Thvenin on current source: I = 5 = 5.6 A

If you cant spot any clever tricks, you can always find out everything with
nodal analysis.
X X(10)
6 + 3 + 2 =0
5X = 36 30 = 6
X = 1.2
X(10)
I= 2 = 5.6

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 Source Rearrangement

5: Thvenin and Norton

Equivalents
If all but one branches connecting to a node are voltage sources or are
Equivalent Networks current sources, you can choose any of the branches to be the sourceless
Thvenin Equivalent
Thvenin Properties one.
Determining Thvenin
Complicated Circuits
Norton Equivalent
Power Transfer
Source Transformation
Source Rearrangement
Series Rearrangement
Summary

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 Source Rearrangement

5: Thvenin and Norton

Equivalents
If all but one branches connecting to a node are voltage sources or are
Equivalent Networks current sources, you can choose any of the branches to be the sourceless
Thvenin Equivalent
Thvenin Properties one.
Determining Thvenin
Complicated Circuits Voltage Sources:
Norton Equivalent
Power Transfer
Source Transformation
Source Rearrangement
Series Rearrangement
Summary

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 Source Rearrangement

5: Thvenin and Norton

Equivalents
If all but one branches connecting to a node are voltage sources or are
Equivalent Networks current sources, you can choose any of the branches to be the sourceless
Thvenin Equivalent
Thvenin Properties one.
Determining Thvenin
Complicated Circuits Voltage Sources:
Norton Equivalent
Power Transfer
Source Transformation
We can use the left
Source Rearrangement node as the reference
Series Rearrangement
Summary

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 Source Rearrangement

5: Thvenin and Norton

Equivalents
If all but one branches connecting to a node are voltage sources or are
Equivalent Networks current sources, you can choose any of the branches to be the sourceless
Thvenin Equivalent
Thvenin Properties one.
Determining Thvenin
Complicated Circuits Voltage Sources:
Norton Equivalent
Power Transfer
Source Transformation
We can use the left
Source Rearrangement node as the reference =
Series Rearrangement
Summary

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 Source Rearrangement

5: Thvenin and Norton

Equivalents
If all but one branches connecting to a node are voltage sources or are
Equivalent Networks current sources, you can choose any of the branches to be the sourceless
Thvenin Equivalent
Thvenin Properties one.
Determining Thvenin
Complicated Circuits Voltage Sources:
Norton Equivalent
Power Transfer
Source Transformation
We can use the left
Source Rearrangement node as the reference =
Series Rearrangement
Summary

Current Sources:

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-8869) Thevenin and Norton: 5 10 / 12

 Source Rearrangement

5: Thvenin and Norton

Equivalents
If all but one branches connecting to a node are voltage sources or are
Equivalent Networks current sources, you can choose any of the branches to be the sourceless
Thvenin Equivalent
Thvenin Properties one.
Determining Thvenin
Complicated Circuits Voltage Sources:
Norton Equivalent
Power Transfer
Source Transformation
We can use the left
Source Rearrangement node as the reference =
Series Rearrangement
Summary

Current Sources:

KCL gives current into

rightmost node

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 Source Rearrangement

5: Thvenin and Norton

Equivalents
If all but one branches connecting to a node are voltage sources or are
Equivalent Networks current sources, you can choose any of the branches to be the sourceless
Thvenin Equivalent
Thvenin Properties one.
Determining Thvenin
Complicated Circuits Voltage Sources:
Norton Equivalent
Power Transfer
Source Transformation
We can use the left
Source Rearrangement node as the reference =
Series Rearrangement
Summary

Current Sources:

KCL gives current into =

rightmost node

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 Series Rearrangement

5: Thvenin and Norton

Equivalents
If we have any number of voltage sources and resistors in series we can
Equivalent Networks calculate the total voltage across the chain as:
Thvenin Equivalent
Thvenin Properties
Determining Thvenin V = 8I 2 + 7I + 5 + 9I
Complicated Circuits
Norton Equivalent
Power Transfer
Source Transformation
Source Rearrangement
Series Rearrangement
Summary

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 Series Rearrangement

5: Thvenin and Norton

Equivalents
If we have any number of voltage sources and resistors in series we can
Equivalent Networks calculate the total voltage across the chain as:
Thvenin Equivalent
Thvenin Properties
Determining Thvenin V = 8I 2 + 7I + 5 + 9I = (2 + 5) + (8 + 7 + 9)I
Complicated Circuits
Norton Equivalent
Power Transfer
Source Transformation
Source Rearrangement
Series Rearrangement
Summary

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 Series Rearrangement

5: Thvenin and Norton

Equivalents
If we have any number of voltage sources and resistors in series we can
Equivalent Networks calculate the total voltage across the chain as:
Thvenin Equivalent
Thvenin Properties
Determining Thvenin V = 8I 2 + 7I + 5 + 9I = (2 + 5) + (8 + 7 + 9)I
Complicated Circuits
Norton Equivalent = 3 + 24I
Power Transfer
Source Transformation
Source Rearrangement
Series Rearrangement
Summary

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 Series Rearrangement

5: Thvenin and Norton

Equivalents
If we have any number of voltage sources and resistors in series we can
Equivalent Networks calculate the total voltage across the chain as:
Thvenin Equivalent
Thvenin Properties
Determining Thvenin V = 8I 2 + 7I + 5 + 9I = (2 + 5) + (8 + 7 + 9)I
Complicated Circuits
Norton Equivalent = 3 + 24I
Power Transfer
Source Transformation
Source Rearrangement
Series Rearrangement
Summary

We can arbitrarily
rearrange the order of
the components
without affecting
V = 3 + 24I .

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 Series Rearrangement

5: Thvenin and Norton

Equivalents
If we have any number of voltage sources and resistors in series we can
Equivalent Networks calculate the total voltage across the chain as:
Thvenin Equivalent
Thvenin Properties
Determining Thvenin V = 8I 2 + 7I + 5 + 9I = (2 + 5) + (8 + 7 + 9)I
Complicated Circuits
Norton Equivalent = 3 + 24I
Power Transfer
Source Transformation
Source Rearrangement
Series Rearrangement
Summary

We can arbitrarily
rearrange the order of
the components
without affecting
V = 3 + 24I .

If we move all the voltage sources together and all the resistors together we
can merge them and then we get the Thvenin equivalent.

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 Summary

5: Thvenin and Norton

Equivalents
Thvenin and Norton Equivalent Circuits
Equivalent Networks
Thvenin Equivalent
Thvenin Properties
Determining Thvenin
Complicated Circuits
Norton Equivalent
Power Transfer
Source Transformation
Source Rearrangement
Series Rearrangement
Summary

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 Summary

5: Thvenin and Norton

Equivalents
Thvenin and Norton Equivalent Circuits
Equivalent Networks
Thvenin Equivalent
A network has Thvenin and Norton equivalents if:
Thvenin Properties
Determining Thvenin only 2 terminals connect it to the outside world
Complicated Circuits
Norton Equivalent it is made of resistors + sources + linear dependent sources
Power Transfer
Source Transformation
Source Rearrangement
Series Rearrangement
Summary

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 Summary

5: Thvenin and Norton

Equivalents
Thvenin and Norton Equivalent Circuits
Equivalent Networks
Thvenin Equivalent
A network has Thvenin and Norton equivalents if:
Thvenin Properties
Determining Thvenin only 2 terminals connect it to the outside world
Complicated Circuits
Norton Equivalent it is made of resistors + sources + linear dependent sources
Power Transfer
Source Transformation How to determine VT h , IN o and RT h
Source Rearrangement
Series Rearrangement
Summary

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 Summary

5: Thvenin and Norton

Equivalents
Thvenin and Norton Equivalent Circuits
Equivalent Networks
Thvenin Equivalent
A network has Thvenin and Norton equivalents if:
Thvenin Properties
Determining Thvenin only 2 terminals connect it to the outside world
Complicated Circuits
Norton Equivalent it is made of resistors + sources + linear dependent sources
Power Transfer
Source Transformation How to determine VT h , IN o and RT h
Source Rearrangement
Series Rearrangement Method 1: Connect current source Nodal analysis
Summary

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 Summary

5: Thvenin and Norton

Equivalents
Thvenin and Norton Equivalent Circuits
Equivalent Networks
Thvenin Equivalent
A network has Thvenin and Norton equivalents if:
Thvenin Properties
Determining Thvenin only 2 terminals connect it to the outside world
Complicated Circuits
Norton Equivalent it is made of resistors + sources + linear dependent sources
Power Transfer
Source Transformation How to determine VT h , IN o and RT h
Source Rearrangement
Series Rearrangement Method 1: Connect current source Nodal analysis
Summary
Method 2: Find any two of:
(a) VOC = VT h , the open-circuit voltage
(b) ISC = IN o , the short-circuit current
(c) RT h , equivalent resistance with all sources set to zero

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 Summary

5: Thvenin and Norton

Equivalents
Thvenin and Norton Equivalent Circuits
Equivalent Networks
Thvenin Equivalent
A network has Thvenin and Norton equivalents if:
Thvenin Properties
Determining Thvenin only 2 terminals connect it to the outside world
Complicated Circuits
Norton Equivalent it is made of resistors + sources + linear dependent sources
Power Transfer
Source Transformation How to determine VT h , IN o and RT h
Source Rearrangement
Series Rearrangement Method 1: Connect current source Nodal analysis
Summary
Method 2: Find any two of:
(a) VOC = VT h , the open-circuit voltage
(b) ISC = IN o , the short-circuit current
(c) RT h , equivalent resistance with all sources set to zero
Related by Ohms law: VT h = IN o RT h

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 Summary

5: Thvenin and Norton

Equivalents
Thvenin and Norton Equivalent Circuits
Equivalent Networks
Thvenin Equivalent
A network has Thvenin and Norton equivalents if:
Thvenin Properties
Determining Thvenin only 2 terminals connect it to the outside world
Complicated Circuits
Norton Equivalent it is made of resistors + sources + linear dependent sources
Power Transfer
Source Transformation How to determine VT h , IN o and RT h
Source Rearrangement
Series Rearrangement Method 1: Connect current source Nodal analysis
Summary
Method 2: Find any two of:
(a) VOC = VT h , the open-circuit voltage
(b) ISC = IN o , the short-circuit current
(c) RT h , equivalent resistance with all sources set to zero
Related by Ohms law: VT h = IN o RT h
Load resistor for maximum power transfer = RT h

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 Summary

5: Thvenin and Norton

Equivalents
Thvenin and Norton Equivalent Circuits
Equivalent Networks
Thvenin Equivalent
A network has Thvenin and Norton equivalents if:
Thvenin Properties
Determining Thvenin only 2 terminals connect it to the outside world
Complicated Circuits
Norton Equivalent it is made of resistors + sources + linear dependent sources
Power Transfer
Source Transformation How to determine VT h , IN o and RT h
Source Rearrangement
Series Rearrangement Method 1: Connect current source Nodal analysis
Summary
Method 2: Find any two of:
(a) VOC = VT h , the open-circuit voltage
(b) ISC = IN o , the short-circuit current
(c) RT h , equivalent resistance with all sources set to zero
Related by Ohms law: VT h = IN o RT h
Load resistor for maximum power transfer = RT h
Source Transformation and Rearrangement

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 Summary

5: Thvenin and Norton

Equivalents
Thvenin and Norton Equivalent Circuits
Equivalent Networks
Thvenin Equivalent
A network has Thvenin and Norton equivalents if:
Thvenin Properties
Determining Thvenin only 2 terminals connect it to the outside world
Complicated Circuits
Norton Equivalent it is made of resistors + sources + linear dependent sources
Power Transfer
Source Transformation How to determine VT h , IN o and RT h
Source Rearrangement
Series Rearrangement Method 1: Connect current source Nodal analysis
Summary
Method 2: Find any two of:
(a) VOC = VT h , the open-circuit voltage
(b) ISC = IN o , the short-circuit current
(c) RT h , equivalent resistance with all sources set to zero
Related by Ohms law: VT h = IN o RT h
Load resistor for maximum power transfer = RT h
Source Transformation and Rearrangement
For further details see Hayt et al. Chapter 5 & A3.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2016-8869) Thevenin and Norton: 5 12 / 12