Pipeline Wall Thickness

Presentation

Godwin IRABOR
This presentation covers the following:

Purpose of the Presentation

Presentation Overview
Introduction
Design Parameters
Design Criteria

Conclusion

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To give an overview of Pipeline Wall Thickness Calculation
using API 1111 and ASME B31.4

API 5L was also used to get the standard nominal wall

thickness based on the minimum required wall thickness
calculated in the analysis

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 Pipelines need to be strong enough to withstand all the loads that will be applied to
it during installation, testing and operation
These loads include: Pressure, temperature, stresses and bending
The wall thickness and material grade influence the strength of a pipeline

Bad wall thickness design can lead to failurefailure leads to loss of life, money
and environmental pollution

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 API 1111 and ASME B31.4 were used to perform the mechanical sizing as both
codes can be utilized for design, construction, testing, operation and maintenance of
offshore liquid pipeline systems which applies to the scope of this project

API 1111-used for Pipelines and Flowlines Wall thickness calculations because it
takes into account only pipe straight parts

ASME B31.4 - takes into account both straight parts and bends which was used
to determine the jumper wall thickness (for specific load conditions) as well as
structures piping

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 Outer diameter
SMYS
Corrosion allowance
Pipe Coating
Pipe ovality
Poissons ratio
Modulus of elasticity
Steel density
Bend thinning
Bend radius Used for jumpers and structure piping

Thermal expansion coefficient

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Operational Parameters
Product Density - Minimum/Maximum
Hydrotest water Density
Design Pressure
Hydrotest Pressure
Incidental overpressure
Design Temperature

Environmental Parameters
Water Depth Minimum/Maximum
Seawater Density
Seawater temperature

Note: The design pressure was given at the well head (reference WD). To compute the hydrotest or
incidental pressure at Max or Min WD, the design pressure was taken to LAT before
multiplying it by 1.25 or 1.125 according to API 1111. The pressure at LAT is added to the
Weight column to get the pressure at Max or Min WD

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 Design Factors
API ASME
Burst design factor Hoop stress design factor -Hydrotest

Weld joint factor Hoop stress design factor - Operation

Temperature derating factor Longitudinal stress design factor

Collapse factor Combined stress design factor

Installation bending safety factor Hydrotest pressure factor

In-place bending safety factor

Propagation buckling factor

API in-place and Installation Design Bend thinning for ENP2

Parameters WI Jumpers - 3D Bends (15% thinning)
Maximum in-place bending strain Production Jumpers - 5D Bends (10%
Maximum installation bending strain thinning)

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The following criteria are checked against API 1111 for the pipeline and flowlines:

Burst due
to Internal
Pressure

Longitudinal
Propagation and
Buckling Combined
load
API 1111
Wall
Thickness

Buckling
Collapse
due to
due to
bending &
External
external
Pressure
Pressure

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The following criteria are checked against ASME B31.4 for the jumpers and
structure piping:

ASME Collapse
Hoop B31.4 due to
Stress
Wall External
Thickness Pressure

Other design criteria (e.g. longitudinal and combined load) were

checked in jumper design analysis

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Hoop stress (ASME B31.4) - Internal Pressure will create a hoop (circumferential) stress
in the pipe. This stress needs to be accommodated by the wall Thickness

Sh: hoop stress

Sh = (Pi Po) x OD Pi:
Po:
internal pressure
external pressure
2t OD: outside diameter of pipe
t: wall thickness of pipe

Design against hoop stress

As per section A402.3.5 of ASME B31.4, the tensile hoop stress due to the difference
between internal and external pressures shall not exceed the values given by:

Sh: hoop stress

Sh F1 * Sy Sy: specified min yield strength
F1: hoop stress design factor

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Internal Pressure (API 1111): If internal pressure is so large that the designed wall
thickness of the pipeline can not withstand it, the pipeline will BURST!!!

Hydrotest Pressure: Pt fd*fe*ft*Pb

Design Pressure: Pd 0.8*Pt
Incidental Pressure: Pa 0.9*Pt

fd: Internal pressure design factor

fe: Weld joint factor
ft: Temperature de-rating factor
P a: Incidental overpressure (internal minus external pressure)
P b: Specified minimum burst pressure
P d: Pipeline design pressure (internal minus external pressure)
P t: Hydrostatic test pressure (internal minus external pressure)

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The specified minimum burst pressure is determined by one of the following formulae:

OR

OD: Pipe outside diameter

ID: Pipe inner diameter (OD-2t)
S: Specified minimum yield strength (SMYS)
t: Nominal wall thickness
U: Specified minimum tensile strength (SMTS)
Ln: Natural log

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External Pressure will tend to make the pipeline ovalize and ultimately collapse

A perfectly round pipe will remain circular until the external pressure reached the
elastic critical pressure

for deep water, the external pressure is very large and critical when compared to
shallow water
Pipes are not perfectly circular (manufacturing ovality)

Ovality has a large impact on the collapse pressure

Bending Ovality Possibility of Collapse

increases increases

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Design against collapse due to external pressure (API 1111): As per section
4.3.2.1 of API 1111, the collapse pressure of the pipe must exceed the net external
pressure everywhere along the pipeline as follows:

fo: Collapse factor

Pi: Internal pressure in the pipe (depressurised but not empty)
Po: External hydrostatic pressure
Pc: Collapse pressure of the pipe

S: Specified minimum yield strength

Py: Yield pressure at collapse
Pe: Elastic collapse pressure of the pipe
v: Poissons ration
E: Modulus of elasticity

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Due to bending of the pipe during
installation the pipeline will experience Wall thickness to withstand:
bending stress

Installation:
Bending Stress + External
Pressure

Operation:
Resultant Bending Strain +
External Pressure

Design criteria not applicable to risers & bends

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Design against buckling due to combined bending and external pressure (API
1111): As per section 4.3.2.2 of API 1111, the combined bending strain and external
pressure load should satisfy the following:

Where:

g() = Collapse reduction factor

b = Buckling strain under pure bending
= Ovality
= Bending strain in pipe
Pc = Collapse pressure of the pipe
Pi = Internal pressure in the pipe
Po = External hydrostatic pressure
fo = Collapse factor
fc = Collapse factor for use with combined pressure and bending loads

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To avoid buckling, bending strains should be limited as follows:

Where:

1 = Maximum installation bending strain

2 = Maximum in-place bending strain
f1 = Bending safety factor for installation bending plus external pressure
f2 = Bending safety factor for in-place bending plus external pressure

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 If a buckle is formed it may propagate
along the pipeline driven by the hydrostatic
pressure of the seawater
The pressure required to propel a
propagating buckling is much smaller than
the pressure required to initiate collapse of
an undamaged pipe
For deepwater pipelines it is often
uneconomical to design the pipeline with
sufficient strength to prevent a propagating
collapse failure, Therefore it is more
economical to design a pipe on collapse
pressure than propagation pressure

Buckle arrestors may be used at

regular intervals to isolate any buckled
sections or thicker pipe joints

Design criteria not applicable to risers & bends

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Design against propagation buckling: As per section 4.3.2.3 of API 1111, buckle
arrestors should be used under the following condition:

P p: Propagation buckle pressure

t: Pipe nominal wall thickness
fp : Propagation Buckle Design Factor
OD: Pipe nominal outside diameter
S: Specified minimum yield strength
Pi : Internal pressure in the pipe (depressurised but not empty)
Po : External hydrostatic pressure

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STRUCTURE PIPING SPECIFIC GRAVITY (VERTICAL STABILITY
CHECK)
The maximum hoop stress at all points
along the structure piping should be less The specific gravity of a pipeline shall satisfy
than 72 per cent of the Specified Minimum the equation below unless otherwise
Yield Strength during operations: specified:
SGP 1.15
ShMAX< 0.72 * Sy
Where: SGP = wa / wd
ShMAX = Maximum hoop stress SGP = Specific gravity of an empty
Sy = Specified minimum yield strength submerged pipeline, a dimensionless ratio

Wa = Total in-air weight of an empty pipe,

per unit length, including anti-corrosion and
weight coatings, pipe is considered not
corroded

Wd = Weight of displaced water from

submerged empty pipeline, per unit length,
including weight coating

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The design pipeline wall thickness must take into
account the following:

Bend thinning
Fabrication Tolerance
Corrosion Allowance
API 5L Standards

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The following pipeline design parameters are given:
Pipe outer diameter (OD) = 12 (329.3mm)
Nominal Thickness (WT) = 10.9mm
Pipe Material Grade = X65 API 5L
Minimum water depth (WDmin) = 200m
Maximum water depth (WDmax) = 250m
Density of water (w) = 1000kg/m3
Design Pressure @ (200m WD) = 150 bar
Density of the product @ (WDmin) = 500kg/m3
Density of the product @ (WDmax) = 750kg/m3
Safety Factor (Sf) = 0.8
Fabrication Tolerance (Ftol) = +/- 5%
Corrosion Allowance = 3mm

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Use the diagram below to calculate the following:
The Allowable Stress
Pressure Variation (Design pressure at LAT and at 250m WD)
The pipe wall thickness that satisfy hoop Stress
The pipe wall thickness that satisfy Longitudinal Stress
The pipe wall thickness that satisfy Internal design pressure
The pipe wall thickness that satisfy External design pressure

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The design pipeline wall thickness must satisfy
the following:

Hoop Stress
Burst due to internal Pressure
collapse due to external pressure
Longitudinal and combined load
Buckling due to bending and external pressure
Buckling propagation

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