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ORGANIZATIONS AND THE RELATIONSHIP

BETWEEN LOCAL, NATIONAL AND GLOBAL


BUSINESS ENVIRONMENTS

Presented by:
Hamda Abdi Haibe
Student at (INtel College)

Presented to:
Mr. Daniel Mugo
Lecturer at (INtel College)

A Document Presented to INtel College in, Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of a


Award of Certificate in Higher National Diploma in Business

ovember 13, 2015


Acknowledgement
I am grateful to all lecturers of INtel College specially Business Department for their massive
cooperation. Moreover, I am really gratitude and grateful to my lecturer Mr. Daniel who is
conducted this course Business Environment he has given a lot of support as well as guide to
prepare this assignment.

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Abstract
This assignment covers the purpose of different types of organization, describes the extent to
which Subaru meets the objectives of their different stakeholders and the responsibilities of an
organization and strategies employed to meet them.

It further explain ways economic systems attempt to allocate resources effectively and additional
to that the impact of fiscal and monetary policy on business organizations and their activities and
the competition policy and other regulatory mechanisms on the activities of selected
organization.

And lastly types of market structures, ways market force shapes organizational responses, ways
business and cultural environments shapes the behaviour of Subaru and discussed the
significance of international trade to UK business organizations, impact of global factors and
finally impact of policies of the European Union on UK business organizations

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Table of Contents
Acknowledgement...........................................................................................................................ii
Abstract..........................................................................................................................................iii
List of abbreviations........................................................................................................................v
1.0 Introduction...........................................................................................................................1
1.1 Types of Organization, Legal Structures and Their Purposes...............................................1
1.2 Stakeholders..........................................................................................................................4
1.2.1 Types of stakeholders....................................................................................................5
1.3 Responsibilities of Subaru and strategies employed to meet the responsibilities................6
2.1 Ways economic systems attempt to allocate resources effectively.......................................7
2.1.1 Recommendation for Subaru.........................................................................................9
2.2 Fiscal and monetary policies................................................................................................9
2.2.1 Fiscal policy..................................................................................................................9
2.2.2 Monetary policy............................................................................................................9
2.3 Competition policy and other regulatory mechanisms on the activities of Subaru ltd.......11
2.3.1 Regulatory mechanisms...............................................................................................11
2.3.1.1 Competition policy..................................................................................................11
2.1.2 Education and Training Policy....................................................................................12
3.1 Market structures................................................................................................................13
3.1.1 Monopoly....................................................................................................................14
3.1.2 Perfect Competition.....................................................................................................15
3.2 Market Forces.....................................................................................................................16
3.2.1 Business environment..................................................................................................18
3.2.2 Cultural environment...................................................................................................18
4.1 International trade...............................................................................................................19
4.1.1 Importance of International Trade to Subaru..............................................................19
4.2 Global factors......................................................................................................................20
4.3 European Union Policies....................................................................................................22
Recommendations..........................................................................................................................24
Conclusion.....................................................................................................................................25
References......................................................................................................................................25

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List of abbreviations
e.g.

Etc.

I.e.

BRIC

VET

MC

MR

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1.0 Introduction
Business Environment is an integral part of effective and efficient management of Business.
Business Environment determines the types of Business that will be Successful within the
environment. Business Environment has many forces that shape the business segment as well as
product line. In this particular assignment, the Business environment of Subaru Ltd is analyzed
with respect to some of the factors such as Market structure, key responsibilities of the Subaru
ltd etc. The impact of Fiscal and Monetary Policy on the Business of Subaru has given
importance here along with the impact of cultural Environment. Moreover, the importance of
International Trade as well as the impact of Global factors on Subaru ltd is described with the
essence of globalization. Lastly, the policy of European Union and its relation to the Subaru is
presented with reference to the particular policies.

1.1 Types of Organization, Legal Structures and Their Purposes


There are different types of organizations available. Some of the organizations are profit seeking
and some others are beneficiary or non-profit organizations. Organizations vary due to their
structures, cultures, and environment along with the line of Business. (Griffin, 2011) in another
word there are different types of organizations and mainly all kinds of organizations are divided
in three sectors: public sectors, private sectors and voluntary sector organizations. The purposes
of those organizations are not same.

Public sector: The main purposes of public sectors organizations are to provide essential
public services and to use resources well for the benefit of the community.
Private sector businesses: Purposes of private sector organizations are making profit,
growing their business, increasing market share and maximize sales.
Voluntary sector: purpose of this sector will be responsible for ensuring that it sets
targets and budgets and does what it is set up to do. In most instances they try to help
particular types of people like guide dogs for the blind or Oxfam etc. In order to survive
they normally must at least break-even (for an example spend no more than they take in
through fundraising, grants and donations etc.)

But normally on the basics of the objectives organization can be divided in two parts:

1. Commercial organization (profit oriented organization)

Commercial organization is any entity that has been created for purpose of profit operation, in
another word a for-profit organization exists primarily to generate a profit, that is, to take in more
money than it spends. The owners can decide to keep all the profit themselves, or they can spend
some or all of it on the business itself. Or, they may decide to share some of it with employees
through the use of various types of compensation plans.

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The purpose of commercial organization is to make profit, Residual income left over
after expenses is available to be distributed to employees and shareholders or reinvested back
into the company at management's discretion.

There are four main types of commercial organization:

i. Sole trader

The vast majority of small businesses start out as sole trader. These firms are owned by one
person, usually the individual who has day-to-day responsibility for running the business. Sole
trader owns all the assets of the business and the profits generated by it. They also assume
complete responsibility for any of its liabilities or debts. In the eyes of the law and the public,
you are one in the same with the business.

Legal structure of sole trader

Sole trader businesses are the easiest to set up because there is no complex paperwork. The
business and the owner are the same person in law. The sole trader does not have limited liability
which means that they are responsible for all the debts of the business. The sole trader has to
produce an annual accounting return for the Inland Revenue.

ii. Partnerships

In a Partnership, two or more people share ownership of a single business. Like proprietorships,
the law does not distinguish between the business and its owners. The Partners should have a
legal agreement that sets forth how decisions will be made, profits will be shared, disputes will
be resolved, how future partners will be admitted to the partnership, how partners can be bought
out, or what steps will be taken to dissolve the partnership when needed; Yes, its hard to think
about a break-up when the business is just getting started, but many partnerships split up at
crisis times and unless there is a defined process, there will be even greater problems. They also
must decide up front how much time and capital each will contribute, etc.

Legal structure of partnership

Partnerships are set up by a Deed of Partnership which is a document made out by the partners
and witnessed by a solicitor. This Deed sets out the legal relationship between partners e.g. how
profits will be shared out, responsibilities of partners etc. In traditional partnerships the partners
had unlimited liability i.e. they were jointly responsible for the debts of their partnership. In 2001
this has been altered so that some large partnerships e.g. accountancy firms can have limited
liability.

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iii. Private limited companies

These are closely held businesses usually by family, friends and relatives. Private companies
may issue stock and have shareholders. However, their shares do not trade on public exchanges
and are not issued through an initial public offering. Shareholders may not be able to sell their
shares without the agreement of the other shareholders.

Legal structures of private limited companies


A private company does not sell its shares to the wider public. Shares can only be traded with the
permission of the Board of Directors. A private company will have Ltd after its name.
Lastly Subaru is a private limited company and their objectives are to become the worlds
largest company in the motor industry. The purpose of Subaru ltd is to serve the society through
its quality products and services along with the profit seeking motive. From 1954 to present
times, Subaru has attained success to serve their existence purpose. Serving as a brand is one of
the most important purposes of Subaru group.
iv. Public limited companies
Limited companies which can sell share on the stock exchange are Public Limited companies.
These companies usually write PLC after their names, this also have the protection of limited
liability.
Legal structures of public limited companies

Public companies are obliged in law to have an Annual General Meeting of shareholders. The
Companies Acts set out the power and responsibility of directors. Public companies have a
number of legal obligations such as to produce an annual report and statement of accounts. There
are far more formalities and paperwork associated with setting up a public rather than a private
company.

2. Not for profit organization


A not for profit organization is a type of organization that does not operate for profit, personal
gain or other benefits of particular people. All of the money earned or by donated to not profit
organization is used in pursing the organizations objectives.
Not for profit organization is organized for the purpose of social, religious, charitable, political or
other activities. Also they aim is to provide or deliver a services. And the purpose of this type of
organization is to provide benefits, these benefits may be provided on an individual level or to
society as a whole. In short Not- for profit organizations serves for only one distinct purpose
which is to better the world.
Their three main categories of Not-for profit organization which include:
i. Public sectors: public sectors organizations are organizations that are owned by society.
They also dont operate for profit; they are setup and run by governments for the purpose

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of providing goods or services to the people of a society. Public sectors organizations are
financed by governments and their own revenue generating activities.
ii. Non- Governmental Organizations: Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) are any
organizations that work towards a social, cultural, economic or educational cause. They
are usually started and run to provide a goods or services that a government is not
providing or better the interest of citizen. NGOs cover a wide spectrum of aims ranging
from education to the environment.
iii. Co-operatives organizations: co-operatives are defined as being autonomous
associations of persons united voluntarily to meet a common economics, social, and/or
cultural objective. In short, it is an organizations that is owned and managed jointly by
those who use its facilities and services
Legal structures for not- profit organizations
The legal structures for the three main categories of not-for profit organization can be same
which include:
There is need to register a corporate association, and it doesnt cost anything to set one
up.
Public sectors organizations are financed by governments and their own revenue
generating activities.
Individual members are personally responsible for any debts and contractual obligations.
Not-for profit organization is function state of government

1.2 Stakeholders
Individuals, groups, government and all other members who are interested in an organization are
called stakeholders. The power and interest of different stakeholders are different. Interest
stakeholder is determined by his desire to influence the organization.

Therefore, the scheme of stakeholder: The Influence of the stakeholder = Power X Interest.

Stakeholder influence in power matrix

It is important for organisations to understand which groups of stakeholders can influence them
the most as these stakeholders probably cannot be ignored. The Mendelow framework is used to
understand the influence that each stakeholder has over the organisations strategy and
objectives. The organisations strategy for relating to its stakeholders depends on which part of
the map the stakeholder falls into. This enables organisations to prioritise which stakeholders are
more important than others.

1. Clearly, those stakeholders with high power and high interest are the most importance.
They cannot be ignored and need to be actively managed by an organisation. It may be
difficult if there are a several stakeholders in that section of the map as they may have
competing claims and it will be difficult for the organisation to please all of them.

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2. Stakeholders with high power and low interest must be kept satisfied as if they are
concerned about the organisations operations it would be easy for them to take an
interest and suddenly be influential.

3. Stakeholders with low power and high interest are interested in the organisation but have
little power. They may be able to increase that power by forming alliances with other
stakeholders. The organisation must keep them informed and watch their power base.

4. Stakeholders with low power and low interest can largely be ignored, although this
strategy does not take into account any ethical considerations towards those stakeholders.

1.2.1 Types of stakeholders


Individuals or groups who have stake in the activities of Subarus are regarded as the
Stakeholders. Stakeholders have several rights in Subaru, where both the sustainability and
performance related information is available for the stakeholders. The stakeholders of Subaru ltd
is divided in two main types which include the followings:

i. Internal stakeholders

Internal stakeholders are groups within a business which have a direct and immediate impact on
the company. The main objective this type of stakeholder is to help organization to achieve its
goals. The work environment and long-term prosperity of the organization are also a parity for
this group of stakeholders.

Example of Internal stakeholders include:

a) Investors: The providers of risk capital and their advisers are concerned with the risk
inherent in, and return provided by, their investments. They need information to help them
determine whether they should buy, hold or sell. They are also interested in information
which enables them to assess the ability of the company to pay dividends.

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Subaru meet the investors objective by offering them good, handsome dividend amount
and growth in the value of the shares and rational return against risk of their investments.
b) Employees: Employees and their representative groups are interested in information
about the stability and profitability of their employers. They are also interested in
information which enables them to assess the ability of Subaru Company to provide
remuneration, retirement benefits and employment opportunities.
ii. External stakeholders

External stakeholders are groups outside a business which affect the business indirectly.
Although there is no direct link between these stakeholders and the organization. External
stakeholders are those of individual of groups who are affected by the action of the organization,
they will have set of several of expectation of type of behaviour they expect from the
organization.

Example of external stakeholders includes

c) Suppliers: are interested in information that enables them to determine whether amounts
Subaru owing to them will be paid when due. Subaru has many suppliers as the company
has diversified products for the customers. And they meets suppliers objective by making
good payment systems, flexible terms of credit and business agreement and the behaviour
of the organization.
d) Customers: Customers have an interest in information about the continuance of Subaru
group, especially when they have a long-term involvement with, or are dependent on, the
company. And Subaru meet this stakeholders objectives by keeping them satisfied
because they are first extent or sector that Subaru has to consider before meeting
objectives of other stakeholders.
e) Public: Subaru affect members of the public in a variety of ways. For example, Subaru
may make a substantial contribution to the local economy in many ways including the
number of people they employ and their patronage of local suppliers. Financial statements
may assist the public by providing information about the trends and recent developments
in the prosperity of the company and the range of its activities

Each and every type of stakeholders is important for the sustainable growth and future of Subaru
ltd. Stakeholders make the decisions of investment or employment or mere
buying products of Subaru through the information related to its performance and financial positi
on.

Subaru ltd has arranged a continuous program in order to meet the stakeholders need through
public and private discussions. By these discussions, feedbacks of the stakeholders are
prioritized to the goal attainment of the company. Subaru accumulates the needs of the
stakeholders and then delivers the values and information according to that needs. Moreover,
Subaru ltd tries to inspire the stakeholders by innovation and integration.

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1.3 Responsibilities of Subaru and strategies employed to meet the responsibilities
The main response of Subaru is to provide good serves or products to it is clients.

- Consumers want to know if they buy safety and qualitative goods or serve. Subaru surely
should guarantee what they produce or serve. Marketing also have a place here because
many organizations usually promise too much on ads but in reality goods are not as they
were described. All this points are written in legislation and Subaru must follow them.
- If we talk about workforce at Subaru, then Subaru must provide them safety and good
condition where they work. The Health and Safety at Work (HSW) is the law which
provides and protects these points.
- According to Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 (cited rospa.com, 2012) "All
employers have a duty to ensure, as far as is reasonably practicable, the health, safety and
welfare of their employees. They also have a duty to protect non-employees from risks
arising out of their work activities". This means employer at Subaru is liable to provide
safe and healthy work environment.
- In the recruitment process Subaru have to provide equal opportunities for all applicants.
These points are written in The Equality Act 210 (cited homeoffice.gov.uk, 2012).
- According to this Act Subaru do not have right on discriminate jobseekers by their age,
sex, disability, religion or belief, sexual orientation and so on.
- Subaru must provide honest financial report every year or quarterly to their shareholders.
It is a statement in which financial performance and other operations are written.

Strategies follow by Subarus: it provides franchising opportunities to expand the business all
over the world. It allows franchisee shareholders, management and members to share their risks
and rewards. This model is working very well; now they has less risk but they are gaining the
revenue by rent and profit share. Rest of the organizations is adopting this model. They invest
huge money on product development and innovation to produce goods which customers want.
They develop their products on basis of economics, demography and local factors.

2.1 Ways economic systems attempt to allocate resources effectively


Economic systems - An economic system is one that a society attempts to meet peoples
material needs and wants through the production of goods and services. From the countrys point
of view, production of goods and services is influenced by the limited supply of such elements as
labour, land and natural resources and capital. The scarcity of supply of resources means that the
Government has to decide the allocation of these limited resources among competing claims,
given the opportunity costs associated with the decision of producing a certain products and
services within the economy systems instead of others.

Types of Economic Systems

A. Free market economies

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Markets enable mutually beneficial exchange between producers and consumers, and systems
that rely on markets to solve the economic problem are called market economies. In a free
market economy, resources are allocated through the interaction of free and self-directed market
forces. This means that what to produce is determined consumers, how to produce is determined
by producers, and who gets the products depends upon the purchasing power of consumers.
Market economies work by allowing the direct interaction of consumers and producers who are
pursuing their own self-interest. The pursuit of self-interest is at the heart of free market
economics.

B. Command economies

The second type is command economic which is the allocation of scarce resources by
government, or an agency appointed by the government. This method is referred to as central
planning, and economies that exclusively use central planning are called command economies. In
other words governments direct or command resources to be used in particular ways.

Command economies have certain advantages over free market economies, especially in terms of
the coordination of scarce resources at times of crisis, such as a war or following a natural
disaster. Free markets also fail at times to allocate resources efficiently, so remedies often
involve the allocation of resources by government to compensate for these failures.

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C. Mixed Economies
The third type of economy involving a combination of market forces and central planning, called
mixed economies. Mixed economies may have a distinct private sector, where resources are
allocated primarily by market forces, such as the grocery sector of the Kenya economy. Mixed
economies may also have a distinct public sector, where resources are allocated mainly by
government, such as defence, police, and fire services. In many sectors, resources are allocated
by a combination of markets and panning, such as healthcare and, which have both public and
private provision.

2.1.1 Recommendation for Subaru


As for Subaru, knowing that it is a private company with a large number of departments, it
would be in the best interest of the company if Subaru use the mixed economy strategy to
allocate resources. This is because it would enable individual departments to focus on their areas
and would generally have greater understanding of their needs, as opposed to the management,
who simply overview operations. The free economy would enable them to meet demands and
supply products accordingly, however could result in excess wastage of resources. Thus, through
using a mixed economy, the management can ensure that regulations are followed (scarce
resources arent wasted) and resources are provided as and when required, due to the
collaboration of the management and employees.

2.2 Fiscal and monetary policies


The impact of fiscal and monetary policy on business is significant. The aim of these policies is
the same but the ways of reach are different. The main purposes are stable economic growth, the
stability of the price level (inflation), the balance of payments, low unemployment.

2.2.1 Fiscal policy


Fiscal policy is a stabilization policy of the federal government aimed to control the economic
cycles. That means that government tries to stabilize economy by changing incomes and
outcomes of the state budget. The main tools of this policy are net of taxes and government
purchases of goods and services. In another word Fiscal and monetary policies have great impact
on business organizations and their activities. Fiscal policies are determined by the government

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and it is the amount of tax organization has to pay to government. If government increases the
tax level, firms have less money to invest and recruit. Organization may charge more money to
customers for their products and services. If government imposes low taxes, firms want to invest
for many sectors which create job for people.

2.2.2 Monetary policy


Monetary policy is stabilization mechanism aimed to control supply of money in the state by
Central banks. Monetary policy has effect not only on the business organization but also the
entire economy. It is the ability to obtain credit. Expansionary monetary policy ensures low
interest rates and availability of credit. Contractionary policy lessens the money supply and
makes it tough to borrow money for organization. The activities of organizations largely depend
on those policies. Expansionary policies reduces taxes, increases government expenditure and an
augmentation of money supply and those things are opposite in contractionary policies.

These policies are taken by the government bodies considering the economic positions that also
have a good impact on the business activities of a company that are shown below;

Changes in the interest rate: When government changes the interest rate through the
monetary policy then it has an impact on the business activities. If interest rates rise then
Subaru will face difficulties on financing as the cost of capital will increase while the
customers will reduce their consumption level that will reduce the sales volume of
Subaru. On the other hand, If Interest rate reduces then Subaru will be able to get more
financing at lower cost. This will help Subaru operate the business activities.
Changes in the reserve requirements: if monetary policy changes the reserve
requirement then it will also have an impact on the overall business activities. High
reserve requirement will push the interest rate high that will influence the consumers to
deposit more rather than consumption. So Subaru has to change the business activities as
its sales volume will reduce.
Changes in the exchange rates: If exchange rate changes then it will also affect the
activities of Subaru. If shillings appreciates then the business sector of Subaru that is
operating in other countries will face problems while home country sales will increase
more value for Subaru.
Changes in the tax rate: If government changes the tax rate through the fiscal policy
then it will affect the business activities from different perspective (Edgar, 1992). If tax
rate is reduced then Subaru will be benefited and company may increase the quality of
the products without considering the changes in the price. Or Subaru can increase more
expenses on the advertisement or other sector as reduction in the tax rate has made the
company more profitable.
Changes in the government spending: If government increase the government spending
in different sector than a business organization will face reduction in the sales volume.

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On the other hand, reduction in the government spending will increase the demand for the
private sector so is it for Subaru.

2.3 Competition policy and other regulatory mechanisms on the activities of Subaru
ltd
2.3.1 Regulatory mechanisms
These are frameworks that are utilized to guarantee that arrangement guideline are implemented
and that all the most suitable techniques are used keeping in mind the end goal to accomplish
destinations. These are made to guarantee compliancy with laws and regulations with the
utilization of chose arrangements in specific regions. On account of organizations inside of an
economy, administrative components are connected with managing rivalry (guaranteeing that
operations are led inside of set breaking points) in the business sector with the utilization of
specific frameworks/strategies. Two basic strategies have been talked about hereunder, that
assistance in making a focused yet honest in this manner making it attractable to different global
firms

2.3.1.1 Competition policy

Competition policy promotes competition and makes markets better and improves the efficiency
of various organizations. It ensures wider customer choice; technical innovation which promotes
dynamic efficiency and effective price competition between supplies.

Competition policies are based on four policies: antitrust & cartels, market liberalization, state
aid control and merger control. All those policies restrict competition including price fixing and
other abuses. Competition policies aim to keep the market fair and open to all by ensuring that
unfair activities are undertaken by dominant participants of the market.

Competition policy breaks the monopolistic market and ensures easy entry on new competitors.
On the other hand, regulations are enforced by government to forecast how a market works and
the outcomes which results for both customers and manufacturers. Some regulations are fair
trading, standard customer services, and environmental policies and so on. Regulatory committee
monitor prices, ensures standards customer services, surrogates competitors and opening up
markets (Riley, G., 2012). Subaru are facing challenges from other competitors like Toyota, and
jeep for price, quality of products and services and so on. All the products price of those
companies are almost same.

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The competition policy has numerous focal points as far as making and supporting reasonable
markets. This has numerous ramifications to associations, their operations and activities inside of
a business sector using different acts and enactment, for example, the Enterprise Act (2002) and
Competition Act (1998). Subaru ought to know about these policies as they affect their exercises
in both positive and negative behavior.

Positive Impacts of Competition Policy on Subaru

Basically, the competition policy would guarantee that Subaru are taking after the standard of
"Kaizen" (ceaseless improvement of their items, for this situation vehicles). This would offer
them some assistance with developing new items with new innovation prompting inventive
thoughts. It would permit reasonable competition to happen and consequently huge mergers and
cartels that can affect their vicinity in the business sector wouldn't debilitate Subaru. Besides, if
Subaru need to enter new markets, they will be permitted to do as such unreservedly, under the
competition. Favorable position that Subaru have is that they don't have direct competitors,
because of the sorts of vehicles they fabricate and in this manner liberalization of the Niche
market (specialty showcase) that Subaru assume a part in, isn't as large of a worry.

Adverse Impacts of Competition Policy on Subaru

By permitting competition to flourish, new players who might be all the more innovatively
progressed might posture dangers to Subaru, as they would have the capacity to create better
items and administrations in this way affecting buyer tastes. The more extensive scope of items
and administrations with differing value reaches would imply that Subaru would need to stay
aggressive as far as costs. This might bring about bringing costs down to stay competitive yet at
the expense of lower negligible benefits. In the event that Subaru plan to converge with another
organization, different players, because of the business sector divide that they have effectively
gained, may not acknowledge it and accordingly is bound by the competition policy.

2.1.2 Education and Training Policy


There is a developing interest in the business sector of very much prepared and qualified
volunteers. The education and training policy helps in guaranteeing that specific points, which
identify with this present reality, are obligatory in schools and that specific preparing in
organizations is led to enhance general efficiency of the business. Some of these incorporate
etymological capacities, science, fundamental financial matters and other such everyday
prerequisites.

Professional Education and Training

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The European Commissions act go for adjusting courses to genuine work advertises and
enhancing the level of training and quality of educators and in addition trainers. Its goal is to
outfit people with ideally all aptitudes and skills required for a specific field or occupation
through VET.

This might relate more to education in schools and colleges, notwithstanding, there are policies,
for example, the Training and Development Policy that relate more to authoritative situations.
Through having these policies and guaranteeing that organizations tail them, those organizations
can build efficiency; however likewise do make obstructions and certain gauges that must be met
by associations.

Progressive Impacts of Education and Training Policy on Subaru

By tolerating to the training policies, Subaru can advantage in various ways, all summing up to
improved efficiency. Having standard training as far as enhancing worker aptitudes amid taking
care of specific machines and gear, there will be an expansion in effectiveness of the employees
and in addition satisfaction. Work performance would be expanded inside of the organization and
group working would in the long run turn into a bother free undertaking. By having policies, for
example, this set up, Subaru would need to tail them, however would be for their own particular
great. Controllers might check these at time of review and accordingly, Subaru need to stay
aware of policies, for example, this.

Negative Impacts of Education and Training Policy on Subaru

These policies might constrain Subaru from hiring certain candidates because of the absence of
capabilities they might have. Keeping in mind the end goal to train existing and additionally new
staff all the time might yield more prominent expenses than general advantages over the long
haul, if its not done as such in a very much arranged way. On the off chance that Subaru's
training project isn't up to standard, they might free significant employees to different
organizations who offer better preparing and open doors for workers to add to their abilities.

3.1 Market structures


There are different market structure like Monopoly, oligopoly and perfectly competitive market.
In different market the company has to make different strategies to determine the output and
price of the companys product.

Every market has a certain level of competition and this is the factor that helps define a markets
structure. In essence, it is defined as the collective characteristics and factors that influence
buyers and sellers & their interactions within the market. These key factors include, but are not
limited to:

Level of competition
Number of buyers and sellers

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Product range within the market
Nature of entry into and exit from a market
Extent to which prices can be influenced
Marketing levels and the extent of promotions

Market structures can be considered as lying on a continuum with opposite market structures on
either end. In this case, one end would represent a market structure with the optimum amount of
competition whilst the other end holds a market structure with no competition whatsoever. The
main types of market structures have been displayed on the diagram below.

INCREASING LEVEL OF COMPETITION

Duopoly Monopolistic Competition


Perfect Competition
Monopoly Oligopoly

Knowing the market structure, it is possible for one to identify the behaviors and overall
productivity of companies within those markets as well as factors that impact their pricing and
output decisions made by the companies. Market structure is vital as it also implies certain
factors to companies and their operations & performance. The two extremes of market structures
have been discussed below.

3.1.1 Monopoly

As the name states, mono means one, and thus relating it to market structures, it defines a
market with no competition at all whereby there is only one supplier of a particular product
within the market. In this type of a market, the firm would have direct control and power over the
market, as it would be the sole provider of the product or service. Some of the ways in which
monopolies form, or simply put as barriers to entry include:

Patents (grants given by governments to selected firms)


High costs of entry
New innovative technology

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Economies of scale

Prices and output decisions are made based on various factors, however, for a monopoly it is
somewhat simpler, as it is the only firm in a particular sector. Knowing that companies want to
maximize profits, prices and output decisions should be made at appropriate levels such that
consumers feel comfortable.

Price & Output Decisions in a Monopoly

Knowing that in a monopoly there is only one provider, the firm essentially becomes the price
maker, in order to yield profits. In this, the firm would usually set prices above the marginal
cost and would be accepted by society due to the lack of competition and knowing that there is
only one provider. However, the price should not be set to high that it affects consumers
adversely, and thus they have to consider the demand curve to set the optimum price and using
graphs determine the appropriate output to result in profits. In the end, the firm is the primary
body that determines the price and output levels in consideration with demand of the product or
service.

Price discrimination can be exercised in monopolies as well in order to attain maximum profits.
In this, they would change the prices of the same product or service in different areas and offer
them to different individuals with varying demand requirements (someone who really needs a
product will purchase it even if it is higher than normal as there is nowhere else to buy that
product from).

Profits in a Monopoly

Output and price decisions would usually result in some sort of profit or loss for a company.
Monopolies are a set of markets that enable abnormal, or supernormal, profits to exist, as there is
no competition and they are the only providers of the good. In order to make normal profit, the
company would equal out the marginal revenues and marginal costs (MR=MC), however, in
monopolies, it would be possible for marginal revenues to exceed marginal costs (MR>MC), as
explained earlier, thus resulting in greater profits than normal.

The above is assuming a pure monopoly, however this is fairly theoretical as in real life, and
substitutes do exist for most products and services. The examples nearest to the definition of a
monopoly include electricity providers (such as KPLC) and postal services (Posta). It has been
determined that when 25% of a market is accounted by a firm, monopolistic power exists and in
order to avoid these from growing, the competition policy (as discussed earlier) come in play.

3.1.2 Perfect Competition

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On the other end of the market spectrum lies the perfect competition structure. In this type of a
market, the best level of competition exists, once again in theory. Perfect competition markets
are assumed to yield the greatest benefits for customers and society as a whole due to the
competitive pricing and range of products available. There are factors that help characterize a
perfect competition market, and includes:

Barriers to entry and exit are relatively low thus appealing greater competition
All players in the market produce homogenous and identical products
It is assumed that perfect knowledge exists (firms know each others prices and costs, and
prices are known by consumers)
Consumers can purchase their products from wherever they want to

Knowing that the above is what determines a perfect competition market structure, it can be
determined that these dont tend to exist in reality, and rather is model that represents the ideal
market structure. Critical decisions tend to lie in the market itself and impact firms choices.
These have been discussed below.

Price & Output Decisions in a Perfect Competition market

As no single firm can influence the price of a product or service, it can be concluded that there is
generally only one price of the product or service that is purely determined by market forces,
especially supply and demand. Due to this, firms are known to be price takers as opposed to
price makers. As they price is already pre-stated, the only factor the firm can influence would
be the desired output and the use of variable costs (as fixed costs are bound to be incurred
regardless of production or not). Preferably, the variable costs would be less than the production
cost and thus indicate that the firm can start or continue production. This, in turn would help in
knowing whether or not TR would be equal to TC and in if it would align with the price in the
market.

Profits in a Perfect Competition market

As there is only one price accepted in the market, firms would have to try equaling the marginal
revenue to it. However, this would mean that the marginal cost would have to be equivalent to
the marginal revenue (MR=MC) in order to make normal profits and as the MR is equal to the
price, the MC would determine the price. Thus, firms would also ascertain output to ensure that
the MC=MR=P. Making abnormal profits in this type of a market is rare, however is possible for
short periods of time. Another element in this type of a market is brand loyalty. As the products
are homogenous, the only difference would be the brand name and packaging, etc. Having loyal
customers would enable a certain amount of revenues always.

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Knowing that perfect competition market structures is theoretical; the closest examples of this
structure of market vegetable markets (multiple suppliers selling the same fruits and vegetable,
with the customer having the choice of where to buy from) and small street food vendors (who
sell homogenous snacks and fast foods that are available to all consumers with no barriers to
entry or exit).

3.2 Market Forces


There are different market forces that an organization has to consider to make strategic decision
and other purposes. Market forces affect organizational responses in many ways. Market forces
include things such as supply and demand.

Supply is the amount of goods or services available in a market while Demand is the number of
goods or services desired in the market. For example, a new car may be placed into the market.
The supply of the car is greater than the demand of the car. Thus, supply and demand have an
inverse relationship. Organizations want to reach a point called equilibrium where supply and
demand are equal. This is the ideal point in the market. Supply and demand are also measured
by price. In economics or business in general market forces would refer to the forces of demand
and supply affecting the price and quantity of items. Subaru focus their operations on trying to
understand, predict and at times influence the demand of their services or products. As stated the
market forces will affect the price and Subaru ltd will work to ensure there is benefit in such an
impact. For instance, if demand for a product is high then the Subaru would seek to increase their
price in line with the demand, eventually increasing the equilibrium price. The assumption in this
case is that supply is held constant. If the opposite occurs whereby the supply increases then the
organization would be required to reduce their prices to maintain or increase their revenues and
guarantee profitability, in this case assuming demand remains constant. In summary, market
forces will affect organizational response with regard to production, pricing, competition,
profitability and their promotion activities among other business variables.

Subarus response toward demand

Business cannot sell anything unless there is a demand for it. People must both want a product
and have the money to buy it. How people will buy Subarus products depend on the following:

Price

For the individual consumers, a fall in the price of an item makes it cheaper compared to other
goods. A fall in the relative price of an item increases demand for it.

A fall in the items price also means that people with lower incomes will also be able to afford it.
Thus the overall size of the market for the item increases. For these reasons, to penetrate and
increase the market share Subaru has lowered their products price which has increased demand
for their product.

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Substitute

People may change from one product to another, as the relative prices changes. As a substitute
product of Subaru has decreased their price to attract customers to switch.

Subarus response toward supply

Supply depends largely on price. The higher the price that a product can be sold for, the more of
it businesses will be willing to supply. The factors that affect or shape Subarus decision about
supply are as followed:

Change in technology

Technological developments which reduce costs of production will increase the quantity of a
product supplied at a given price. In past wireless technology were very expensive, as it became
cheaper and more available Subaru felt its feasible to enter the business. Although at the same
time to avoid diseconomies of scales Subaru must not get beyond its ideal size because by
employing too many people, with many levels in the hierarchy of management, there may be a
number of undesirable effects.

Costs of making the product

To expand and run their business Subaru need to pay wages and build network towers to sustain
their product. For this purpose Subaru has already covered with their product and still working to
expand their products and services outside of the capital.

3.2.1 Business environment


An organization has to consider the business and cultural environment before making any
decision as these environmental factors have a direct impact on the business organization Here,
the business environment is analysed through the PEST analysis;

Political factors: In Kenya political situation is more stable and the government
makes different supportive regulations for the business organizations. Subaru ltd can
make policy considering this inductive political situation. However Government is
responsible for providing a stable framework for economic activity and, in
particular, for maintain and improving the physical, social and market infrastructure.
Currently only political risk Subaru might face toward development is the excessive
corruption of government regulators in Kenya
Economic Factors: economic activity affects Subaru at both national and
international level, both in the general level of economic activity and in particular
variables, such as exchange rates, interest rates and inflation

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Social Factors: The behaviour of the customers, their expectations, perceptions and
actions are determined by the social norm and environment that has to be considered
by Subaru for the business activities.
Technological factors: As technology is changing fast, Subaru has to adjust the
operational activities with the changed technology to increase the product quality
and reduce the cost of the products

3.2.2 Cultural environment


This refers to an organisation's own values, beliefs and learned ways of doing business. This is
reflected in its structure and in the people who work in the organisation. The culture of an
organisation is derived from its aims and purpose, its past, its present and its current ways of
managing its people and resources. Because every organisation is unique in terms of these
features, each will have a culture that is unique. Analysis of culture is important within an
organisation because it impacts on everything the organisation does. But very often these values
and beliefs are not explicit and people take them for granted. This taken-for-grantees is what
frequently makes culture problematic in organisations. People assume that everyone views things
in the same way. But nothing could be further from the truth.

A strong culture can enable an organisation to be more effective. The three key functions of a
culture are to control, bond, and make sense of the internal and external environments of the
firm. Culture can bring employees together and can direct them towards achieving organisational
goals. A strong culture can also enable Subaru to attract and retain individuals who share
common values and who are a good fit for the organisation. A culture of shared values can give
employees a sense of membership and belonging to the organisation. This demonstrates how a
culture functions as the social glue that bonds employees together and motivates them to adopt
the culture in order to fulfill their need for social identity. Organisational culture therefore acts as
a control system by persuading employees to behave in ways that are consistent with Subarus
expectations.

Furthermore, a culture not only functions to control behaviours and bond employees, but it also
enables individuals to make sense of their environment. When struggling to lead employees
towards their goals and tasks, culture can empower employees to understand what behaviours are
expected of them, and it can clarify role perceptions. This role clarity can reduce employee stress
in the workplace, which contributes to a successful and effective organisation.

4.1 International trade


International trade is the exchange of goods and services between countries. This type of trade
gives rise to a world economy, in which prices, or supply and demand, affect and are affected by
global events. Trading globally gives consumers and countries the opportunity to be exposed to
goods and services not available in their own countries. Almost every kind of product of Subaru
ltd can be found on the international market. In another word International trade is the exchange

19 | P a g e
of capital, products and services across borders. Advantages of international trade include greater
utilisation of resources, importing products that cannot be produced locally, and increasing the
variety of choice to consumers. However, international trade may be associated with
disadvantages as well such as loss of local jobs and high level of dependency on foreign markets.

Significance of international trade to UK business organisations can be explained by referring to


the concept of comparative advantage. According to the concept trade between two countries can
be made in a mutually beneficial manner, if each country has comparative advantage to
manufacture products to be traded.

It represents a significance share gross domestic products which has served as platform on
globalization and also enhance trade that gives rises to countries economy, which enhances
domestic competitivene ss, increase on sales and profits.

4.1.1 Importance of International Trade to Subaru


So, international trade is very significant for Subaru as Subaru UK has already become global
operating in different countries especially in the EU countries where:

The company can freely operate the business activities with no barriers.
If there were no International trade in the UK then the economics of scale of Subaru will
be useless and the company could not make more revenues.
On the other hand, because of the international trade Subaru can outsource some of its
business activities and operations in other countries to reduce the cost and increase the
quality.
So, a company will always be benefited under the international trade that has been
emphasized by David Ricardo in his competitive advantage theory that one country will
be benefited by specification while other country will be benefited in reducing the cost.

Additional to the above points there seem to be three key areas that heavily define its importance
for companies such as Subaru. These have been explored here after.

i. Cost saving

Spare parts of Subaru vehicles come from various places, which forms part of its globalization
achievements. Positioning companies in nations where there is cheaper cost of labor and a
general lower price of purchasing parts of vehicles, the overall cost of Subaru vehicles would
decrease thus impacting its price and making it more competitive for customers.

ii. Use of resources

International trade would mean a more efficient way of using resources available. Subaru can
benefit from this, as it would affect where they locate and how they would acquire the required
resources, such as tires, lights, windows, etc. It opens up the amount of resources available thus
allowing Subaru to produce vehicles with the lowest costs ensures their existence within markets.
20 | P a g e
iii. Expansion

Subaru can benefit from international trade, as it would enable them to expand and enter new
markets and countries as they have been doing. The importance of this is that it would expose the
company to a whole new group of potential customers thus giving them a chance to grow and
achieve greater sales with their products. This would not only develop a company but also make
them become more efficient especially when competing with other companies in the same sector.

4.2 Global factors


Global factors are also a major issue for an organization while it is operating in the global way or
even if the organization is operating only in the home country (Denison & Daniel, 1990). Here
different Global factors are considered that have an impact on Subaru ltd.

With an expansion and the simplicity of globalization, there are huge components that influence
associations around the globe and can specifically affect the departmental level. These are
variables that influence the world in general and economies inside of it, as opposed to affecting
just a few organizations and nations. Worldwide variables range from ecological and nature to
sparing and terrorism, and accordingly, Subaru ought to know about these global factors that can
impact their operations and influence the presence of the business. A portion of the real ones
incorporate, yet aren't restricted to are:

i. BRIC Nations

Emerging markets are significantly impacting UK businesses and separate entities as well. BRIC
refers to 4 rapidly developing nations, which are Brazil, Russia, India and China. Companies in
these nations have started to pose impressive competition due to lean manufacturing and
efficient delivery. Subaru and companies alike would be impacted in their production department
as well as their marketing department. Marketing their products would have to be done with
more care and thus may need to invest more in that department. The R&D departments would
have to develop new products in order to stay competitive against other firms in these nations.
However, this may increase employment chances thus affecting the HR department, especially
during recruitment and decision-making regarding which economies to enter.

ii. Population

Having a population of about 7.38 billion people (and rising), this forms another global factor.
With an increasing population, companies do get an opportunity to target new groups of
individuals and have a greater chance of increasing revenues. Subaru as well as other business
alike would be affected in those departments as well as the HR department as this may increase
the number of individuals willing to work at Subaru.

iii. World Trade Organization

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This is an international body that regulates trade between nations with multiple agreements at its
core that have been developed, negotiated and agreed upon by various nations who trade with
others. Subaru should be aware of these regulations and would affect their management and sales
department, as they should align their activities with the set outline. This may result in alterations
of the structure of sales department and would affect the financing department due to regulations
on prices.

iv. Natural Disasters

These are naturally occurring events such as heavy rains, volcanoes, earthquakes, flooding, etc.
Natural disasters are a global factor that affects most nations as well as the location of
organizations. As Subarus headquarters and a production plant is located in Japan, which is
located along the Ring of Fire, they have to be particularly aware of Earthquakes and tectonic
plate activity. This affects the organization as a whole.

v. Protectionism

This is a factor that is present in the current world whereby governments attempt to restrict or
limit the number of foreign companies entering into their nations as a way to protect indigenous
and local businesses. This is achieved through tariffs and other levies as well as restrictions. This
could directly impact the financing department, as they would have to consider these added
costs. Also, the R&D department would have to formulate ways align with this.

vi. Technological Advancements

In the fast moving and developing world we live in, technology is being enhanced constantly.
This impacts an organizations R & D department, so as to make processes more efficient and
enhance products currently being offered. This would also impact the marketing department as
new technology often offers a platform from which marketing and advertising can be done in an
innovative and effective manner. Subaru should ensure they are at par with changing and
developing technology so as to stay competitive.

vii. Environmental Concerns

Another significant global factor is preserving the environment and conducting business in a
sustainable manner whilst attempting to reduce carbon footprints. Subaru would be affected by
this global factor, especially in their procurement department (purchasing machinery and
equipment) due to the increased need of more efficient machinery that leaves the least impact on
the environment.

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4.3 European Union Policies
EUROPEAN UNION has some rules and regulations that the member countries have to
maintain while operating different business activities within and outside the home country
(Burnes, 2009). The major policies taken by EU are categorized below:

The EU Employment and Social Affairs Policy


The EU Consumer Policy
The EU Innovation Policies
Taxation policy
The EU Trade Policy

i. The EU Employment and Social Affairs Policy

This EU policy aims to bring about decrease in unemployments and aims to better the lives of
the member nations citizens through offering them opportunities to enhance skills. Other than
this, there are sets of minimum standards for working conditions, which have to be followed so
as to allow operations to continue. Subaru, & other firms alike, would have to follow the
regulations of the nation in which they have set up base, as well as the EU policies. This policy
has an impact on such organizations, as they would have to maintain workplace conditions and
try developing employee skills. As the EU policy aims to combat social exclusion, it would mean
that firms like Subaru have to keep open and avoid limiting which individuals can apply for jobs
which impacts the HR department (who deal with employee well-being and development of their
skills).

ii. The EU Consumer Policy

This is a policy that hopes to maximize trust of consumers and their participation in the
marketplace. This came about after the European Consumer Agenda, which was adopted in 2012
as the strategic vision for the EU consumer policy. This policy focuses on a couple of key areas,
some of which are ensuring highly levels of product safety for consumers, creating awareness
regarding consumer rights as well as integrating and safeguarding consumer interests. Therefore,
advertisements and billboards designed by the marketing department should be accurate. Adding
to this, Subaru should consider customer feedback in order to integrate their opinions into the
companys overall strategy and improve constantly.

iii. The EU Innovation Policies

The EU strongly focuses on research and development as well as innovation that play a key role
in job creation and growth. It is said that the EU countries are encouraged to invest about 3% of
their overall GDP on R&D. This has a trickle-down effect on organizations. There are various
types of innovation that fall under this overarching policy, some of which include:

Design for Innovation (helps develop & create value as well as competition)

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Public Sector Innovation (helps in job creation and can lead to growth)
Workplace Innovation (changes in structures, HR teams, relationships between
employees and customers, working conditions, etc.)
Social Innovation (basically new ideas that reflect customer needs and wants to create
stronger relationships)

This policy has a significant impact on companies that deal in manufacturing of products,
especially firms like Subaru. This policy encourages innovation and the concept of creating value
for customers as well as jobs for employees. R&D is important for Subaru and has to follow this
policy as it dictates that innovation should thrive in most industries through investment in that
department.

iv. Taxation policy

Subaru can make a valuable contribution to the community by the taxes they pay. In return, the
government can help Subaru ltd by spending money on projects like airports, roads, aid to
developing countries and many other items. The main impact of this policy on organizations such
as Subaru it affects business costs. For example, a rise in corporation tax (on business profits)
has the same effect as an increase in costs. Businesses can pass some of this tax on to consumers
in higher prices, but it will also affect the bottom line. Other business taxes are environmental
taxes (e.g. landfill tax), and VAT (value added tax). VAT is actually passed down the line to the
final consumer but the administration of the VAT system is a cost for business.

v. The EU Trade Policy

EUs main purpose was to promote free trade so as to make trading with other nations more fluid
within the market. The EU is constantly attempting to conclude new free trade agreements thus
making it easier to do so within member states. Other than this, it aims to open up more markets
with other potential partner countries. However, the EU trade policy also aims to reduce
exporting problems, increase opportunities and reduce piracy of EU goods. Other than this,
Subaru should, as they have been doing, trade fairly in terms of pricing of their vehicles and
having constant guarantees as well as equal customer service and care. This would mean that
Subaru have the chance to grow significantly with a fair amount of competition leading to
overall increased effectiveness and productivity.

Recommendations
Subsequent to assessing the business environment for Subaru, it has come to surface that there
specific ranges in which they can enhance and create as far as completing business.

a) As specified before, Subaru ought to utilize the mixed economy strategy while
designating assets because of the sheer size of the organization as this would give space
for flexibility of workers along these lines making them innovative whilst being under

24 | P a g e
supervision that isn't as strong and commanding. This offers Subaru an opportunity to
utilize assets carefully and in a manageable way.
b) Subaru ought to direct a market research/survey in whichever nation they plan to open up
workplaces, and as of now have workplaces in. By doing this, they would have the
capacity to position and market items all the more appropriately, subsequently saving
money on trial costs. Further, they ought to participate in more auto show fairs, as they
have been doing and going to do with the '2015 LA Auto Show', in order to expand
mindfulness.
c) Another suggestion is that Subaru ought to create after deal benefits that are more
available. Alongside this, they ought to guarantee that their supply is at standard with
interest in demand to augment benefits and decrease stock or stock stockpiling costs.
Besides they ought to do more than a review report to affirm that their vehicles keep up
outflow levels.
d) In conclusion, they ought to devote a specific measure of their incomes to an office that
spotlights on current undertakings with respect to the laws and strategies and any
alterations being made. EU policies and additionally others direct how organizations
work and hence for a business to do well, they ought to submit to these.

Conclusion
The significance of comprehension the business environment is evermore expanding with more
lively rivalry creating in the commercial center. Subaru have effectively completed operations
and are doing as such at present, through addressing client needs and conveying what was
guaranteed. With everything taken into account, Subaru ought to keep up what they have been
doing and attempt actualize a percentage of the suggestions expressed above so as to stay
forceful and guarantee clients of ensured quality nearby encounters never to overlook.

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