SURMA LAW REPORTS ~ ..., ,. ,.

SUPREME COURT

1959

Containing cases determined by the Supreme

Court of the Union of Burma.

dex prepared by-MR. K. NGYI PEIK, B.A., B.L. (Advocate). Editor.

U MYINT SOE, M.A., Bar.-at-Law. Repor~er"

lishe4 under the a~tho~ity of the President of .'t he Union .o1

:n~,1:he Suoerintendent, aovernment
,, : .
Printing and Stationery
Burma, Rangoon.
0N'BLE JUDGES OF THE SUPREME COURT OF THE.
UNION OF BURMA DURING THE YEAR 1959

CHIEF JUSTICE
he Hon'ble justice Agga Maha Thray Sithu U MYINT
THEIN, O.B.E., A.T.M., ~LA., LL.B. (Cantab.), LL.D.
(Ran.}, Barrister-at-Law, Chief Justice of the Union.

PlJISNE JUDGES
'he Hon'ble Justice Thada Maba Thray Sithu U Ci-IAN
HTOON, LL.B. (Lond.), Barrister-at-Law.
be Hon'ble Justice Thada Maha Thray Sithu, Maha Thirt
Thw1hamma U Bo GYI, B.A., B.L., LL.D. (Ran.).
'he Hon'ble Justice Maha Thray Sitbu U AUNG THA
GYAW, B.A., B.L.
LAW OFFICERS OF THE UNION OF BURMA DURING
THE YEAR 1959

Thiri Pyanchi U BA SErN, B.Sc., B.L., Attorney~G'eneral.

U YAN AuNG, B.A. B.L., Lega~ Remembrancer.
DR. MAUNG MAUNG, LL.D.,~ Barrister-at-Law, Assistant
Attorney-General.
Thiri Pyanchi U TIN MAUNG, B.A., . B.L., Government
Advocate.
U CHIT, B.A., B.L., Government

Htin U HLA MAUNG, Government Advocate.

KYAW, B.A., B.L., Government Advocate.
MAUNG, B.A., B.L., Government .Advoca
KYINE, B.Sc., B.L., Government Advocate.
PE, B.A., B.L., Government Advocate.
PE, B.Sc., B.L., Government Advocate.
HAN, B.A., B.L., Government Advocate.
THIN, B.A., B.L., Government Advocate.
C. GANGOOLY, B.A., B.L., Government Advocate. ,
THIN, B.Sc., Barrister-at-Law, Government Advocate.
LwrN, B.A., B.L., Government Advocate.
, B.A., B.L., Government Advocate.
Kyaw Htin U .,TuN NYo, B.A., B.L., Government
Advocate.
MYA.SHEIN, B.A., B.L.: Assistant Government Advocate..
.
KHrN SErN, B.A., B.L., . Assistant.GovernmentAdvocate.
'' ~ ~ . .
TIN OHN, B.A. (Hons.). :B.L., LL.B. (Lond.), Batiister7at-
Law, Assistant Government Advocate.
Pyanchi U CHIT TuN, Ba.rrister~at-Law, Legal
Draftsman.
 2
1-Vunna Kyaw Htin U LUN PE, B.A., B.L., LegalDraftsmaJ
DAW AYE KYr, B.A., B.L., Legal Draftsman.
U HLA THAUNG, B.sc., BrL., Assistant Legal"Draftsman.
U MAUNG MAUNG LwiN, B.A., B.L., Assistant Leg;
Draftsman.
 LIST OF CASES REPORTED

SUPREME COURT

PAGE

. Com,missioner (Commerce)
28
and four others
17~
~yin Byan Hin
of Chettinad Ltd. v. Daw Hmi and two others 51
K. Chin v. Hajee Ebrahim Mohamed Seedat 53
E. M. Abdul Rahman v. The Union of Burma 184
Ali v. Secre~ary, Ministry of Immigration and
National Registration and one 187
M. Suleman and six others v. E. K. Moideen mtd two
~-- 36
Sin (alias) Maung Shwe Mya v. The Finance
Mini$ter and two others ... 196
Ebrahim v. The Controller of Immigration, Burma 92
Tin Dredging Ltd. v. Income-Tax Officer,
Companies Circle, Rangoon 1
Bar Council, Hight C~mrt, Rangoon v. Daw Tin Tin
. Aye 201
Burmese Review Ltd. and two others v. Daw Than

Tin 206
Ba Hla and others .,_ S.A.M.B. ana others 38
Khin Maung v. U Thaung Pe (a) Maung Pa and .three
others . 80
Lay v. The Union of Burma and on~ 60
Vlll LIST OF CASES REPORTED

PACE

U Tun Pe v. U Maung Tin and four others 16

- Tha Din v. The Secretary, Ministry of Cooperative
and Commodity Distribution 94

<:
8dCDU
L

0()
.
LIST OF CASES REPORTED IX

'2?
 LIST OF CASE~ CITED

PAGE

.Abdul Salem v. King-Emperor, I.L.R. 49 Cal. 573

referred to . . . 159
.Arunachallam Chettyar v. Velliappa Chettyar, (r938)
R.L.R. 176, referred to . .. 42
.Aung Kim Sein v. The 'King, (1941) B.L.R. 552, referred
to 199
Barindra Kumar Ghose, I.L.R. 37 Cal. 467, referred to ... 159
<I
:British Columbia Railway Co. Ltd. v. The King, (1946)
(A.C.). 527 at 542, referred :to 13
Constitutional Law, pages 281, 286, referred to 45
Commissioner of Income-Tax, Bombay v. Major Goldie,
(1931) I.L.R. 55 Bom. 734 at 737 ... 3
Croft v. Dumphy, (1933) (A.C.), 156 at 162, referred :to 1'3
'Craises on Statute Law, Fifth Edition, p. 240 andp. 2.42
to 243, referred :to 175
.Curtis v. Stovin, (r889) 2 Q.B.D. 513, referred to 47
Daw Ngwe Tin v. The Collector of Rents, (1951) B.L.R.
(S.C) 85, followed 52
:Doraisami v. Vaithalinga, A.I.R. (1918) Mad. 548,
referred to ... 42

Ex parte Gilchrist, In Re Armstrong, (1866) LR. Q.B.D.
9 C 0 C' e ') C'
157
II

5.o!.I IP'JC~lCT.(C\JCT.l<.lOI:~

:Forbes v. Attorney-G~eral of Man1toba, (1937) (A.C.),

26o at 272, referiedto .... 13'
<Gokuldas Chunilal v. incciine~Tax Commissioner,
A.l.~. (1952) Nag. 152, referred to .... 11
xu LIST OF CASES CITED

Gordon v. Lucas, (r878) A.C. 582 at 603, referred to ... 41-

Governor-General v. Raleigh Investment Company,
A.I.R. (1944) (F.C) 51 at p. 6o, referred to
Haisbury's Law:; 'Jf England, Second Edition, Vol. 31,
p. 530, para.

692 dS!;l::S:'l::g::D::S
L I!:..:~G:& I [,_.
1
High Commissioner for India and Pakistan v. I. M. Lall,
75 I.A. 225, referred to ... 104-1'
Hoshide v. Emperor, I.L.R. (1940) Cal. (I) 231, referred
to
In re Kakumara Anjaneyalu and another, A.I.R. (1917)
Mad., p. 6or, referred to
In re London, Hamburgh and Continent~! Exchange
Bank, (1866-7) 2 Ch. Appeals 427, referred to .. . 2
London and Provincial Consolidated Coal Com-
pany, (1877) 5 Ch. Div. p. 525 at p. 532, referred
~ 2
- - South Bla\ kpool Hotel Company, (1867) 4 Equity
Cases 238, referred to . . . 2~

J'adavji Narshidas i,r. Commissioner of Income-Tax,

Bombax:, A.i.R. (r957) Born. 23, referred to
0

Kadar Nath v. The State of West Bengal, (1953) (S.C.)

404, Cooley's Constitutional Law, referred to ...
Karam Singh v. The Collector of Immigration, (1952)
B.L.R. (S.C.) 25 at 29. distinguished and explained c
Khem Chand v. The Republic of India, A.I.R. (1958)
.(S.C.) 300, referred to ... 10
Ko U 'Mar and one v. Ma Saw Myaing, (1950) B.L.R.
(H.C~) 86, referred to ... 18
' Krista Chandra Chose v. Krista Sakha Ghose, I.L.R.
( r9o8), 36 Cal. 52, referred to c 5
iachmandas v. The State of Bombay, {1952) (S.C.) 235.
referred .to . . . ... 4
_, e
Lakeside v. Simmon~ {1927) A.C. 487 ~:~e2o1 15
 LisT OF CASES CITED xiii

PAGE

Mallimogala Venkatramiah, A.I.R. (1938) l\lad. 130

c
:It::D()GOX'f:Dr:
c c 158
Maung San Myin v. The Emperor, 7 Ran. 771, referred
to 199
Moideen v. Eng Thaung & Co., 9 L.B.R. 45 refer.red.' to 200
Moti Lal v. Uttar Pradesh Government, A.LR. (1951)
All. 257, referred to 43
Mohamed Taqui Khan v. Mohamed Shaft, A.LR. (1948)
Oudh 36, referred to 42
N. N. Burjorjee v. K.E., A.I.R. (1935) Ran. 453 ~9t~f:
:Dr:c 158
Nakunja Rani Chowdhurani v. The Secretary of State,
(1916) LL.R. 43 Cal. 230, referred to 33
Nanalal Zaver and another v. The Bombay Life Insur-
ance Co., Ltd. and others, A.I.R. (1950) (S.C.) 172,
referred to ... 215
Queen v. Tolson, (r889), 23 Q.B.D. r63, referred to ... 167
Rangachari v. The Secretary of State for India, 64 I.A.
41 at 54 referred to 102
Ratnasami Pillay v. Sabapathi Pillai, A.I.R. (1925) Mad.
318, referred to 58
S. K. Dutt, Income-Tax Officer v. Anglo-India Jute MilTs
Co., Ltd., (1957) A.I.R. Cal. 515 at 520 9
Searle v. Choat, (1884) L.R. 25. Ch. D. 723, referred to 56
Secretary of State v. J. C. Maurice, (1937) R.L.R. 35,
referred to ... 104
Surendro Keshub Roy v. Doorgasoondery Dosee, I.L.R.
(1898) 25 Cal. 253, r~ferred to . 56
Venkata Rao v. The Secretary of State for India, 64 LA.
5~ at 63, 64 and 65, referred to ... 102
Q c- C'\
(' ( 0 c- 0 (' ('
GOJI mm:o:~c mm co;.1 GWI mc qxn:~cq: 1 :J~jO ~~01
~c 1 L ~JC g c <9 c-1.. "'L J 'c c c1,.l ._
r::Jrbl')t1~ ro 9c 9 gb1p:11D:lblJmp oo lll'i~~r=J)e ....
'T' o ., c c ~ 'Ti? c oo ., o c- . c . c
G81 ~011:$7:::. tj~~rill o,~(.})~P? t.ll 9 ())~9~~1':xe
[1958 B.L.R. (S.C.) 187}
XIV LIST OF CASES.CITED
 ~URMA LAW REPORTS .

. SUPREME COURT.

THABAWLEIK TIN DREDGING LTD. (APPLICANT) tS.C-

1959-
v.
"
'COME-TAX OFFICER, COMPANIES CIRCLE: RANGOON
. Feb. ~o.

(RESPOND:t:NT). *

ome-ta:>..~Revenue Laws-.,.Private Itttemational Lau:-Rule of-Bunna

Income-ta~ Act-S. 18 (3D}- Tinge of extra-territoriality~Income accrued
in Burma-Dividends paid out of-Levy of tax on-Validity-Direction
made under-To be complied with by company registered in Burma or which
has a principal officer in Bu;ma regardless of where paymetzt of dividend took
place-lVIeans of enforcirzg such directi(m-In what case not complied with-
Letter written by Income-tax Officer to company conveying his view-
Amounts to order-S. 43-Agent-Notice and opportunity to be giverz to-
Unwilling agent-Order against-Appeal- S. 2 ( I2) (b)-Principal Officer-
p erson to be treated as-Only after service of notice-Purpose of notice-
That amounts to waiver of notice-Term" connected ''in-Meaning of-
S. 61-Who only can represent assessee-S. 4 A (c)-Residence ofcompany-
R elevancy of-S. 42 (3)-Limitation placed by- S. 30-To detennine
.whether appeal lies (Obiter).
It is the rule of Private International Law that the revenue laws of one
1ntry will not be enforced by the Courts of another country.
Governor- General v. Raleigh Investment Co., A.I.R. (1944) (F.C.) 51 at 6o,
"erred to.

It rn~y be accepted as a general principle that "states can leg~late effec-
ely only for their own territories ".
Croft v. Dunphy, (1933) A. C. 156 at x6z; Forbes v. Attorney-General of
:mitoba, (1937) A. C. z6o at 272, referred to.
S . r8 (3D) of the Burma Income-Tax Act as it stands has a tinge of extra-
ritoriality.
" A Legislature which passes a law having extra-territorilil opEration
may find that what has been enacted cannot be directly enforced, but the
Act is not invalid on that acc.ount l)nd the Courts of the country must
enforce the law with the machrnery available to them ".
British Columbia Railway Co.; Ltd. v. The King, (1946) A.C. 527 at 542,
:erred to. ,.

Civil Misc. Application N~. 38 of 1957, .,

t Present; U MYINT T~.~~~ <;:hief Justice of the Pnion, U Bo Gyr, J.
d u AuNc TaA GYA,w,J.
2 BURMA LAW REfORTS.
c '

s.c. The Income-tax Act att~:mpts to be self-contained and thetas!' of cc

1959 super-tax from shareholders, resident and non-resident alike, is plact
THABAWLEIK t!le company.
TtN DREDG- It is irrefutable that income accrued in Burma can,be taxed and it J!
INGLTD.
the competence of the legisl~ture to make provisions for its collectior.
-v.
INCOME-TAX direction under section z8 (3D) would have to be complied with by a c<
OFFICER, registered in Bum1a or a company which has a principal officer in
CaMPANtES irrespective of the consideration as to where the> payment of divider
CmcLE,
RAnGOON. place; and.-sl,ll:h a direction may be enforced by declaring the comp
assessee in defa~lt under s. 18 (7).
Since levy of tax on dividends paid out of income accrued in BL
valid, the Income-Tax Officer is therefore under a duty to attempt col
what is due and his order directiflg the company to deposit what shoul
been deducted as super-tax, cannot be said to be in excess of his powe
is only when the direction is not complied with that the Income-Tax
will have to seek rec~JUrse to machinery provided by s. :s8 (2) which e
the Income-Tax Officer to make a direct oassessment on the share
himself.
In the case of a company registered outside Burma and where no pri
officer de facta under s. 2 (rz) (a) or dejur~ under s.]z {r2) (b) resides in B
the direction under s. r8 (3D) might not be complied with on the g
that laws enacted by a country primarily apply to residents in the count!
its nationals abroad.
The term "agent" is comprehensively explained in s. 43 An agE
he is to be trea ted as such, has not only to be given specific notice, bu
has to be given an opportunity of showing that he is not liable to be so tn
An order against an unwilling agent is appealable.
Gokuldas Clmnilal v. Income-Tax Commissioner, A.I.R. (1952) Nag.
referred to.
S. 2 (u) (b) says that any person "connected" with the company m :
treated by theJncome-Tax Officer as the Principal Officer but this ca n
be done af,ter service of notice.
If" .connected" were to be taken in its loose meaning, a lawyer, a
sharholder or even someone who provides an address for a company n
be pounced upon and saddled with the liabilities of a Principal Officer.
connection must be real ;md substantial. The very requirement of a n
js to enable the person named to repudiate his liabilitY as in the case c
Agent under s. 43 But conduct on his part, such as submitting ret
voluntarily on behalf of a non-resident principal may amount to waivE
notice.
Jadavji Narshidas v. Commissioner of [pcome-Tax, A.I.R. (1957) Born.
referrd to.
It is not everybody who can represent the assessee, for s. 6r limits aU1
rised representatives to relati:ves, lawyers. accountants an1 ~ncome
practitioners.
S. 4A(c)of the Burma In~o~e- Tax Act J'ennes" a company as "reside1
if its income arising in Burma exceeds its income arising outside Burma,
the company's residence is pertinent only for assessing the company it~
 959] BURNIA \.AW REPORTS. 3
'he case of shareholder~'s dividend is govemc'tl by the Explanation to s. 4 S.C.
1
hich limits the taxable dividend to the extent which has been paid out of 959
refits subjected to income-tax in Burma. Even in the case of a businesir of THABAWLEIK
hich all the operatio<ts are not carried out in Burma, a similar limitation is TIN DREDG-
laced by s. 42 (3). INC LTD.
Obiter.-A superficial reading of s. 30 might give rise to the impression that INco::~-T AX
o provision exists for appeals against orders made under s. 18 (3D). It seems OFFICER,
1atin deciding whether ab appeal lies s. 30 would have to be rea.d, for example, Coi\IPANIES
ith s. 2 (2) which defines an assessee as a person by whorl\ ificotne-tax or CIR.,CLE,
RANGOON.
ny sum of money is payable under the Act.

7. C. Khoo for the applicant.

3a Kyaw (Government Advocate) for the respondent.

U MYINT THEIN, C:.J.-The applicant, the Thabawleik

~in Dredging Company, is a company incorporated in
.1alaya and which now is in voluntary liquidation. Part
lf its income accrued in Burma where mines were worked
md, as is to be expected, the Income-tax authorities in
hirma have endeavoured to collect income-tax as well as
uper-tax leviable on the profits.
Now, the statute which governs the levy of income-tax
n Burma is the same Act which was originally the Indian
ncome-Tax Act of 1922, and from its promulgation
tttempts had been made to levy tax in respece of income
lerived from India. Though clearly the1.nt~ntion was to

ax all income from Indian sources, the revenue authorities
.uffered a . set-back with the judgment passed in the
::ommissioner of Income-tax, Bombay v. Major Goldie (r).
vfajor Goldie, who did not reside in India at the time he
as assessed, successfully sought a refund of assessment
m dividends paid :ln England by .compa~ies doing business
n British India but registered in London~ with head offices
n London. The reasons given by Beaumount, C.]. were:
: The companies themselves have paid income-tax in res-
.
pect of income which accrues Ql arises in Indl.a, hut the
' ' ~ .
.dividends which these companies pay to the assessee who is
.
resident in Eqgl~d,
. .
are simply
.
~ ..\
a . debt payable
- ...
by an English
. . .
' '

(x) (t93't). LL.){.. ss.a~m. 734at 737

 BURMA LAW REPORTS.
. (
[1955
s.c. debtor to an English o:.::reditor, and the st'Jurce from which the
19-59
~ debtor obtains the money from which he pays is irrelevant
'Ft:IABAWEEIK It seems to me clear that these dividends are not those which
'FIN DREOG-
rn'GLTD. accrues or arises in ~ritish India and they are plainly rfot
v. received in British India."
INCOMe-TAx
OFFICER,
COMPANIES In 1939 the Act was amended comprehensively to
Ci'R("l.E,
RANGOON.
meet tfle Qsituation. Under section 4 "income accruing
or arising or deemed to accrue or aTise in India " became
taxable under the amendments. A distinction was drawn
between persons resident in India and not resident in
India, and in respect of non-residents section 42(r) was
amended to enable tax to be levied on all income profits
or gains accruing or arising directly or indirectly through
or from any business connection in British India, property
in British India or through or from any asset or source of
income in British India. To cover the case of dividends
paid outside British India, provision was made in expla-
nation 3 to sub-section (r) of section 4-
.. that a dividend paid without British India shall be deemed
to be income accruing and arising in British India to the
extent to which it has been paid out of profits subjected to
income-tax in British India. "
Burma had separated from India in I 937 and the
amendments of 1939 made in India had no effect on her
Income-tax Act which remained substantially the same as
enacted in 1922 and which had remained in force under
section 148 of the Government of Burma Act 1935~ The
war years intervened and it was not until 1946 that she
could incorporate the kind of amendments to the Aci: that
had been made in India.. Since then.. there has been further
amendments to the Act both in India and in Burma and
it is irrefutable now that it is well within the competence
of sovereign legisiatures to enact laws for the impesition
of tax on in~ome accruhlg or arising in tpeir countries; but
tp.ere m~y be difficulty .i!l its collection when dividends
are paid outside the country to shareholders who are not
 l959J B'VRMA LAW RE~OR'lfS.

residents of the country levying the tax. As pointed Out S.C.

<959
by Spens, C.J. in Govern0r-General v. Raleigh Investment
THABAWLEIK
Co. (1), it is a well established ru'le.of Private International TJN DREDG-
ING LTD.
Law that the revenue laws of one country will not be v.
enforced by the Coarts of another cou11.try.. In the INCOME-TAX
Or-i'ICER,
circumstances the Income~tax Act attempts to be self- Cmv!PANIES
CIRCLE,
contained and the task of. collecting super-tax from RANGOON.
shareholders, resident and non resident alike, is placed
upon the company. The relevant section-section r8(3D)
as it stands today in India as enacted by Act 25 of 1953
reads:
"The principal officer of an Indian company or a company
which has made effective arrangements as may <be prescribed
for the deduction of super"tax from dividend shall, at the time ,
of paying any dividend to a shareholder whom the principal
officer has no reason to helieve to be a resident in the taxable
territories, .deduct super-tax on the amount of such divi-
dend . . . ''
In the Burma Act, the sub-section in its-!lJresent form
was enacted by Act 29 of 1954 and is deemed to hav.e
retrospective effect as from rst October 1953. It reads:
"The principal officer of a company shale at the time of
paying any dividend to a shareholder whom the principal
officer has no reason to believe to be resident in the Union
of Burma, deduct super-tax on the amount of such divi-
dend . . . "
It will be noticed that the approach is different. The
'insertion of the words " an Indian company ", which is
defined in section 2(7A) of the Indian Act, makes it clear
0

that no foreign company is meant to be called upon to

deduct super-tax from dividends paid outside India, unless
of c~lJ.rse, effective arrangements had been made. The
wording of the Burroo Act is more ambitious and the In-
come Tax authorities in Burma maintain that they can
call upon any company.
to which the Act applies,
.
to -deduct
6 BURMA LAW REPORTS.
~ ~
[195

S.C. super-tax irrespective of whether payment of dividend i

1959
made in Burma or outside Burma.
~!AB~':'~~~ We have to examine the correctness of this proposj
rNc LTv.
v.
tion and in doing so we must set out what had happene<
INcoME-TAx in this. qs~. As we have stated eaflier, the applican
OFFICER, b
CoMPANIES company is riot a company registered in Burma ut it i~
~~~~~~- one which the Financial CoJ11missioner has declared undeJ
section 2(6) to be a compa.ny for the purposes of this Act
Messrs. Allan Charlesworth & Co., a firm of Account
ants in Rangoon, describe themselves as the "Authorised
Tax Agent" of the applicant company. This is by nc
means a technical term but it only means that they act
under a special power of attorney in respect of each in-
dividual case to deal with " all matters relating to income-
tax assessments in Burma, including particularly, the sign-
ing of Income Tax Returns, Appeals, etc., and the granting
of receipts for any refunds which may become due " . It
is not everybody who can represent the assessee, for
section 61 limits authorised representatives to relatives,
lawyers, accountants and Income Tax practitioners.
PaymentJ)f dividend was made by the applicant com-
pany in Malaya and in Australia on the 26th March 1954.
The law as it stood then enabled an Income Tax Officer to
issue an order in writing for deduction of super-tax by
the Pri!J.cipal Officer. It is not in dispute that no such
demand was made. However, early in 1955 the Income
Tax Officer, Companies Circle, called in Mr. Tytwhitt-
Drake, Resident Partner of Messrs. Allan Charlesworth and
asked .for information regarding !Jayment of dividends on
25th March 1954 Full infor-mation was given, though
given under protest. It is evident that the Incmllf Tax
Officer maintained that~ the Principjl Officer should have
deducted super-tax under section J:8(3D) in respect of these
dividends, for Messrs;,. ~
, ::'U
Allan Charlesworth's letter dated
the 1oth June 195"5\.S,.t:t~sed (a) that payment was made
outside Burma.. (b) th~t the principal officer of the co~pany
1959] BUI\MA LAW REPORTS. 7

could not have foreseen that the amended Act would be S.C.
I959
promulgated on 4th April 1954 with retrospective effect as
THABAWLEllC
from 1st October 1953, and (c) that section r8(3D) could TIN DREDG-
ING LTD.
'not be invoked, there being no principal officer of the v.
company resident iri Burma. , . INCOME~TAX
0FFIC!ER,
By a letter dated the 17th January 1957. the Income CoMPANIES
CIRCLE,
Tax Officer conveyed his orders to the Company through RANGOON.
Mr. Tyrwhitt~Drake. In this it was stated:
" If the Principal Officer was not aware of the provision
of law, he got notice of it on 8th April 1954 and he should
have recovered the sqper~tax which he omitted to do so on
26th March 1954."
It must be noted that the 8th April 1954 was the date
on which the Act was promulgated, and the Income Tax
Officer's contention in reality is that the Principal Officer
must be deemed to ha.ve known ot the change in law.
In reply to the second contention the finding was :
" It is the view of this Department that the Act applies to
any person who is a Principal Officer whether that person is
within the territory of the Union of Burma, or not."
The communication ends with the fo]Jowing two
paragraphs : - ..
" In view of the above, I hold that the company is liable
to deduct super"tax under section 18 (3D) on the dividends
declared on the 26th March 1954. I therefore requ~t you to
adv}se the Company to pay the super-tax due on the !oiaid
dividend without further delay. I enclose a statement show-
ing the amount of super"tax pay<J.ble and a chalan for the
said amount.
You are also requested to file list of dividends subsequently
deelarcii ;])y the company and to state if super-tax were
deiucted on such dividends."
Now, defiance of such anorder, if it can be enforced,
would be punishable under section 51(a); or section r8(7)
.may be invoked under which_the .C~omp~ny may be deemed
~to be an assessee in default, witb all its. consequences-
~ : . .
8 BUE.MA LAW REPGRTS.

s.c. Tn these ci:rctlm-stance's, the company on the I

~ January 1957 paid in under protest the sum
THhBAWLBlK . th .
Trn baroc;. K L4I,J7634 bemg the super-tax demanded on e d1
rNcv~To. dends declared on 26th March t9~54 ~~d a further sum
INcoME-TAX K 84,70.&4 was paid in respect of interim dividends Nc
OFFICER, '
CoMPANIEs 28, 29 and 30 <distributed on the 25th Mar-ch 1955, 23

~~:~. September I9S5 and 28th Sept-erttber I'956 respectively.

Messrs. Alla~'n 'Charlesworth & Co., then moved t
Commissioner of Income Tax requesting him to exercise l
tevisional powers urrder sect-ion 33 'The :reply dated tl
rnh Apr:il 1'957 that they received was that the letter
the Income Tax Officer, Companies Circle, dated 17
January f!J7 was "in no sease any order attracting re1
sional -action !TtlRder sectioR 33 . . . ." The Coltrmi
si0ner's orcler ts .nat lt!Im!ler review befwe us and, in a:r.
case, a-oti<1>n 1tnder sectiibn J3 is discretionary.
On rt:he !<8-th A;pni.l [9"5-7 the application for direc.itiOI
in the .nature of certior-ari w.as filed before this Court. l
-the san1e rti~e appea:ls Were filed before the Assistar
Commissioner 0'f lllf.lcome Tax but they were not eve
admittea, the Assistant Commissioner holding that sectio
30 mad~ no'> provision for appeals against orders mad
under section r8(JD}. Jt is true that section 30 makE
~pecific mention of sections -r8(JA), ,(JB) and (3C) but nc
~of.(JD) -and thus a superficial reading of section 30 rnigb
;give ,:rfise to the impressjon that no provision exists fo
a:ppeals ;a:gain:st ctr-Gers m<tde under section r"8(jD).
The tnattet was taken up to "the Appcllate 1ribunal an(
here the applicants contended othat they were assessee
c< 1deh'J:ihg t1teit 1iaHHity to b e assessed " and as such
. competent 'to appea:1 under section 30(1).. The relevan
observation
.fl}ns::
.
on this . .

. .e>
as~ct made b:y: the Appellate Tribuna

" Ih other woriis the person Ii<ible to be assessed to super

ta::x: iS the shatehoUl.et ana not tlle ~'1latit. Consequerttl)
the .pefst1n 'Who is 1erlriit!l~I:I 'to detiy iliis liability to be assesset
 959] BURMA LAW REPORTS.

is the :shareholder .and n0t 'the appellant. As the appellaht S.C.

1959
was not called- '\l;pon to :pay the super-tax but was charged
with the duty .of collecting super-tax for the Government THABAWLEIK
TIN DREDG-
by deducting it from dividends payable to shareholders, all ING Lm.
that appellant muld do by way of protest, if it was. so v.
INCOME-TAX
advised, was to deny its liability to make such a deduction." 0FFICEF,
COMPANIES
CIRCLE,
It seems to us that .in deciding whether an appeal lies RANGOON.
ection 30 w0uld have to be .:read.~ for example, with section
(2) which defines an assessee as a person by whom income-
ax or any sum 0f .:money is payable under the Act, and
ection r8(7) which deems the company. "an assessee in
.efault" if no ~deduction is made as directed. However,
he order of the Appellate Tribunal is ,not under review
efore us.
The questiGn before us -is whether section r8(5D) could
'e invoked in the circumstances prevailing in the case ancl,
f in doing so, the Income Tax Oliker was acting within
is competence i n ask:ing the oompany to make the
.eduction.
It will be convenient if we deal first with the objection
aken by the learned Government Advocate that the order
>assed by :the ,Jncome-Tax Officer, Compan!es prcle, is
LOt .a ju~licial or a quasHudiaial order but merely an
tdministrative one. It is .apparent that he is endorsing
he view taken by the Commissioner -and he relies upon
:. K. Dutt, Income-Tax Officer v. Anglo-India Jute Mills
~o., Ltd. (i!) where Chakravarti, J. made obser;yations to
hat effect :but the learned .Judge qualified .his remarks .by
tdding:
"This matter was no~ argued before us and it would, there-
fa.e, llot be right "for me to express my final opinion or
intetfete with 'the or~er made by the learned Judge."

We have q:u0-ted the r-elevant por.tions of the Income

rax Officer's Jetter and we feel that what was .c0nveyed
. .
'(x) '(x9s7) id.R. ca.t. sxs at
. .
szo.
 BUR{vfA LAW REPORTS. [19

~9;9 il'1 the form of a letter, couched in polite official phras<:

. -
T HABAWLE1K
logy, was nevertheless, , an order, because the In come-T;
TlN DRJIDa~ Officer made the position clear by saying:
INGLTD. .
v. "I hold the company is liable to deduct super-tax unc
INCOME~TAX ~
OFJi;ICER, se~twp ,r8(3D) on the dividends declared on the 26th Mar
CoMPANIES 1954."
CIRCLE,
RANaooN. He also enclosed the chalan in triplicate, duly filled i
for the sum to be deposited. Further, the differen<
betwen the Calcutta case and the case before us is, n
deposit had been_made in the Calcutta case. But evenS<
the order directing payment was quashed.
There was some confusion in the submissions mad
before us. Learned counsel for the applicant argue
that Allan Charlesworth could not be deemed to be th
Principal Officer of the company because of section. r(I2
which enacts that a "principal officer " could only be th
Secretary, Treasurer, Manager or Agent of the compan~
or any person connected with the company upon whon
the Income Tax Officer had served a notice of his inten
tion of treating him as the principal officer, thereof. It i~
common ground e
that no such notice had been served bU1
it is contended by the learned Government Advocate that
a Tax Agent must be an agent. We think the submission
is open to question for the term "agent" is comprehen-
sively explained in section 43 An agent, if he is to be
treated as such, has not only to be given specific notice,
but also has to be given an opportunity of showing that
he is''ilotrl.ia.ble to beso treated~- Messrs. Allan Charles-
worth was n~th~ ~ed with notice nor given any oppor-
tunity~, , ,J ! ;.; r ',:f'~i~fjy.; { ( , .
. The.
-
l~ed,:
.-. . .
,,~~t
. ..r '/
"'~"" ~. -. ,. -
Advocate suggested
e
that
Messrs. Allan Charle$'W9n.\l,rwere treated as Principal
Officer by the Income-TaX Officerunder section .-2(r2)(b)._
Wenote that section 2(I2)(b)says any ~rson "connected"
wi,th the cotp.pahy may be treated by the Income-Tax
o fficer as tn~W~Jb,cipal Officer b_ut this can only be done
~59] . BURMA LAW REPORTS.
0 '
11

ter service of notice. No such notice was given, and., S.C.

1959
rther it is open to argument whether Messrs. Allan 'I'HAB<\WLEIK
1arlesworth can really be said to be " connected'' with TIN DREDG-
ING LTD.
e company because they represent the company in indi- v.
:lual tax cases. If.,, connected" were to be taken in its INCOi\IE- TAX
0FFIC~,
ose meaning, a lawyer, a mere shareholder o ~r even COMPANIES
CIRCLE,
meone who provides an addr<;ss for a company might RANGOON.
pounced upon and saddled with the liabilities of a
incipal Officer. To us it appears that the connection
llSt be real and substantial. The very requirement of
notice is to enable th~ person named to repudiate his
tbility as in the case of an Agent under section 43 But
nduct on his part, such as submitting returns volun-
rily on behalf of a non-resident principal may amount
waiver of notice . See ]adavji Narshidas v. Commis-
mer of Income-Tax, Bombay (r). An order against an
twilling Agent . is appealable. See Gokuldas Chunilal
Income-Tax Commissioner (2).
The question of a Principal Officer resident in Burma,
~wever, does not arise, for the Income-Tax Officer in
:; letter of the 17th January 1957, in reply to Messrs.
Ian Charlesworth's contention that there w~s no .. Prin-
)al Officer resident in Burma, did not refute it but said:
" It is the view of this department that the Act applies
to any per~on who is a Principal Officer whether this person
is within the territory of the Union of Burma or not."

Thus, we must approach 'this case as one in which

::ssrs. Allan Charleswortk are not involved as the Prin
)al Officer of the Company but .that it is the Principal
.
ficer resident abroad who had. been ordered to make
.

e deduction. In fact the application before us is by the

mpany itself.

The main submission of learned Counsel for the
plicant company is, section r8(3D) is not meant to be
(x) A.I.R. (1957) Born. 23. (z) A.I.R ..(195;) Nag. 152.
12 BU:RMA LAW REP.ORTS.
s.c. applied to payment of .dividends o0utside Burma.
I959
THABAWLElK
contends that if the principal officer who is res:
TIN DREDG- abroad does not make the deduction and does not de
ING LTD.
v. what should have been deducted as ordered by
INCOME-TAX
!)FFICER,
Incom~-Tax Officer, the latter has no means of enfm
'COMPANIES it u~der o the Act which cannot apply bey~nd the t
CrRCLF.,
RANGOON. tories of Burma. He S<J.Ys that the corresponding In
Act makes it clear that it is only the principal office
Indian companies and companies with whiCh India
made effective arrangements that wouJd be bound ton
the deduction. He says further .that even if the Burr
Act puts no specific limitation, the application of sec
r8 (3D} would have to be confined to the territorial lil
of Burma.
We have observed already that it is irrefutable 1
income accrued in Burma can be taxed, and it is wit
the competence of the legislature to make provision
its collection. The direction under section r8(3D) we
have to be .complied with by a company registered
Eurma or a company which has a principal officer
Burma, irrespective of the consideration as to where
payment of dividend took place; and such direction n
be enforced by declaring the company an assessee
default under section r8(7). The remedy perhaps
>drastic 'since tax on dividends is tax on the income
individual shareholders and not on the company, whi
itself is taxed as a separate entity and not as agent J
the sharehblders. But nevertheless -it is a liability impos
to meet ~ cases.
. 'Inl'fu~':bt~e~bf' a company registered outside Burr
.and whei'e}-nO'''P:t'i:i'itiPillbffk:er de facto undet sectic
2(r.2)(Q} or de jure Un.der'section _-2(I2)(b) resides in Burn:
the direction under section r8(JD) might not :be compli~
'with on the -ground tlmt laws oenadted !by a 'COUntry p:
marily apP'I.y to residents in-tihe,tountty -and its 'llationa
a.broad. w~ have ,already quoted .the observation (
 BURMA,. LAyY REPORTS. 13

ns, C.J. that the revenue laws of one muntry will not ~~<;9
enforced by another, and i:t may be accepted as a " -
THABAWLEIK
eral principle th?-t " states can legislate effectively only TEN DRt:oG-
the1r . . " - crof t v. ''D unph y ( r,.
. own terntones \. " Th e LNGv.LTD.
enue laws of a country are addressed to the inhabi- INcoME-TAx OFFICER,
ts of that country a-nd are ineffecnual to reach or affect CoMPANIEs
sons beyond Its. bord ers " -Forbes v. Attorney- . G eneral RANGooN.
CIRCLE .

Manitoba (2). And thus the indemnity guaranteed

ler section 65 of the Income-'fax Act to cover such
luction will be of no avail to the company if the
reholders were to sue for the full amount of his
idends in a foreign Court.
Section r8(3D), as it stands, has the tinge of extra-
ritoriality, an aspect which has undergone a series of
.icial decisions in the highest Courts of the British
mmonwealth countries and the position is succinctly
ted in British Columbia Railway Co., Ltd. v. The King
thus:
" A Legislature which passes a law having extra-territorial
operation may find that what has been enacted cannot be
directly enforced, but the Act is not invalid on that account
and the Courts of the country must enforce the law with
the .machinery available to them." "'

ith this observation we respectfully agree and since

y of tax on dividends paid out of income accrued in
rma is valid, the Income-Tax Officer is even under a
ty to attempt c~llecting what is due and his order
ecting the company to deposit w:hat should have been
:Iucted as super-tax, cannot be said to be in excess of his
wers. It is only when ~the direction is not complied
th that the Income-Tax Officer will have to seek re-
urse ~o other machinery provided by the Income~Tax
:t. Such machinery i~ provided by section 58(2) which

() (1933) A.C. is6 at z6z. (z) (1937) A.C. z6o ~t 272.

{3) (1946) A.C. 527 at 542
14 BURMA LA\Y REPORTS. [I

s.c. enables the Income-Tax Officer to make a direct assessrr

1959
on the shareholder himself.
THABA WLEil<
TIN DREDG- In this case, however, the comparzy having depos
lNG LTD.
v. the sum, the Income-Tax Officer is spared the cumb1
INCOME-TAX procedure of direct assessment of the individual sh
OFFICER,
CoMPANIES holders who are outside Burma. We appreciate that
., Ill (
CIRCLE,
R-\NGOON. deposit was made under protest and it may even be 1
by declining to interfere with the order of rhe Inco
Tax Officer we are em,barrassing the company in tl
dealings with the shareholders or, as the learned com
for the company puts it, we may even be penalising
company for their ready compliance with an order wr
needed no compliance. But, on the other hand, it can
be denied that super-tax is payable on these dividei
and these having been paid, we feel that interference
our part is not called for.
We would, however, like to make two observatic
The first is, our endorsement of the sentiments of L
Sumner who said that the way of the tax payer is h
and that the legislature does not go out of its way to m;
it easier. We would therefore enjoin upon the Incm
Tax authorities to keep strictly within the Act. ~
seGond is, 'Chere seems to be basis for the company~s c
te~tion that they have been over-assessed in respect of t}
dividends which were not confined to profits which accn
in Burma. The Income-Tax Officer in his affidavit justi:
his assessment on the. entire dividend by recourse to J
planation 3 of section 4 and to section 4A(c). The lat
section defines a company as "resident" _if its inca
arising in Burma exceeds its inr;;:ome arising outside Burr
This-is not disputed but. the company's residence is pe:
n:ent 6nly. for assessing the company itself. The case
the sh~eholder's dividend is governed by the Explanati
to sectldn 4 which limits the 'taxable dividend to 1
e~~ht wh~ch . has been paid out of profits subjected
mcoirie-taJC iii Burma. Even in the case of a business
959] BURMA LAW REPORTS. 15
rhich all the operations are not carried out in Burma, a S.C.
1959
milar limitation is placed by section 42 (J). If, as the
THABAWLEIK
Jmpany contends, part of the dividends were paid out TIN DREDG-
f profits accrued outside Burma, then it appears to us that ING LTD.
v.
1is portion should be kept out of the calculation, and any INCOME-TAX
OFFICER,
x:tess payment m<}de should be refunded. We would COMI:'ANIES
1ggest also that if there is to be any refund, suc11 refund Cmc::..e,
RANGOON.
1ight be n_:1ade to the company itself, instead of forcing
1areholders not resident in Burma to make individual
pplications for refund under section 48 of the Act, as
1ggested by the Commissioner of Income-Tax in his order.
The application is dismissed. There will be no order
s to costs.
16 :aVR.MA LAW REPORTS. rlC
. .;

SUJlREM.E COURT.
t S.C.
1959
u TUN PE (APPLICANF)
'
Feb. 27.
v.
u MAUNG TIN AND FOUR OTHERS., (RESPONDENTS).*

UdJan Rent Control Act, s. 11 (d~-Only tests rm4er-S. 22-In c;pplica

under-Doctrine of res judicata can~ot be invoked-S. 23-Enables Jt
to follow procedure laid dow1t for trial of regular suits only.
In an application under s. I 1 (d) of tb.e Urban Rent Control Act the c
tests axe (r.) whetlw~ the owner inteo.ds. to build aod (z) whetQ.er he has
means to build.
S. 23 of the Urban Rent Control Act enables the Judge to follow
procedure laid down for trial of regular suits, but not to convert the refen
into a regular suit.

Dutt for the applicant.

Hla Maung (Government Advocate} for the respondents .

U MYINT THEIN, C.J .-The orders of the Subdivisio1

Judge, Bassein, must be quashed.
A reference under section 22 of the Urban Rent Cant
Act was made to him by the applicant who was dissa
fied with tlrc order passed by the Rent Controller refus:
him a permit to sue the tenant for ejectment.
Section 23 of the Act enables the judge to follow 1
procedure laid down for trial of regular suits. He int
preted it to mean that he could convert the reference i1
a regular suit, and actually did so by entering the appli
tion into his file of regular cases. He should have reali;

of a regular smt.
. .
that what he is allowed to do is to follow the proced;

}laving converted the reference into a regular suit

proceeded to hold th~t.the finding of the RentCOJatrol]
C ivil Misc. Application No. 151 of 1958~
t :Present: U MYINT THEIN, Cilier'Justice of the Union, U CHAN HT<
and U Bo GYI, JJ.
 BURMA LAW REPORTS.
~
17

ho exercised quasi-judicial jurisdiction, prevented him S.C.

1 959
om trying the issue again because of the doctrine of
UTuN P:c
s judicata. . V.
in the first place, if the reference is convertible into U 2\'i.~UNG
TIN AND
regular suit, the judge should have considered what FOt'R onmRs.
tluation he would place on the suit and what Court fees
~ shoulc}. insist upon. Secondly, he should have~ re-alized
.at, if his extraordinary invocation of the doctrine of
s judicata is permissible, there would be no meaning to
ction 22. Every reference would be similarly barred.
His preliminary order dated the 3rd September 1958
quashed and he is directed to restore the application to
.s register of miscellaneous cases. Secondly, his final
der dated the 2rst October 1958 is also quashed and he
directed to deal with the application according to law.
)r his information, we must emphasise that the sole
1estion for a reference judge to decide is, whether the
)plicant really means to put up a building on his land.
h.e fact that he had tried to sell it is of no great import-
lee. It may well be that because he could not sell
. he wants to put up a building which would fetch him
tore than the paltry K 6 a month that he now gets
om the tenant. The original ,application .falls under
:ction rr(d) of the Act and we have repeatedly ruled that
1der this section the only tests are (r) whether the owner
ttends to build and (2) whether he has the means to build.
The respondents will pay the costs of the application.
dv0r::ltP. fP.P.~ K rr _

2
 :ccol;re;l'l~ co:~k:2 :h':l4o:cbco o~coc.:i~IS!) txJco!)c.o::oc.~!):d :h':l~o:Cba>
.,) .Jo ctJo o O~b .J :; o ~ ., e <:.::b
~00~ 1:~bd :h':l4o:dxo c.co~oo~ l:~ccob.l:CJ o]b~4o:cbco C.CO~OO~ I
.Jo O.::J., a:Jo o ..> .:.o .>o .J5 o .;, ~,:, :J .>O T
':I t1r11 ~, "r-:1
fliY-.Sil~CO~s-oo~o, ~~~e O~liO
II V *
1l ~ 11 ~~' ~ J~ 1 ~ n ,
fJOO:oroe ~ reo
i!.]vroc.u
v cccex:c ccoocc:cc:::> ::x:e :cc:ccw c.u:c1t?
o .> \. \. ..> .> .;, :J e -e o
1 <r _,_ r il. 11 r L 11 TI 1 1
~ecc~c.ucc coc.coeJcoro:coco :::>~cco~:orofJ c fJOI:lCOfJ ecce owe. s-c.uro
.) 0 .:> .:> .:> .:> .) .:> . .) .:> 0
v- ]_ ... cb 11 ,_ ., , , 1 n _l 1
e>coro:coco ::>co :::>oecoro Jl:lro we 6 ee:;o :co::> c.u .)coo.oxn c.u6:am
.) ;) .) 0 ...) "'
1 1 ot TI v- _l_ il_ _,_ 11 "' 1
~:::>:::>~
.JO
cus-fJroa;cccorocceJ:coco
0 ..>0 .) ..)
cco~:o:coco
.)
rofJ " c.cc~cc::::>cn
... 0 .)
II CC~ro~eClle>ePc.u CO
.) ' . b
r]1 1 <TJ_
:::>ceo~ :::>~:fJ orow LoeBf>Sm:::>cn :cenCll~croe>oC.f>~ c.uccoecoro:o:lco
.:> .:> .) .) .) .) tJ.) .) .) .)
_,_ 11 , 1 1 ':"] 7 _,_ , 1
o:lecow c.coe>:::>:::>~ cocccccorocc~:rnco
b:0w cb :::>ocns-
o .:> J
.)0 o .:>
: e~11cc:cbc.ocoo~
.) .)O.:>
Sew rl&l~to~b
o:b .) :::>rocccc(bco '
.) .:> o.:> 0:cbc.o bro (r) (o) (c) b esh .)
ce>ocwro
.)
1r , cb ,,1 1 , 1_
(JI c.ouw
:ceo fJ:C.CllW::O r:ces(!):::>Croe>:::>cee ro: coeeow ecn rowe:
J o o e.) .) J o o o .:> '\
S:be>:fJaxoccoe::::>cocc :~w :::>rolJ;wiG3u u:h.lk:3:h.l4o:chco
.:> .) .) .:> '$ Q.::lo " ~.)
\1 1 1!
u:::>cee>b:>:2 :~~el5~ cc.o~co&>b:~roll 11 c.uc.oroe:cocoeatcn
J e ltj .:> .:> o .:>
11 (r) ::::>e::>cese:2 ~f (c) ::::>e:::>c.ece>:cu uc.uwroro:cbccdbw
J .:> e .) .:> J e .) 0
u@o::~hloo;; &:lccC'o@l'lo!)b~ :c.rl'l:oc.~~~ &:lo::c.o::oc.!;~l'levl'l ~b'Cc~11~~
.) .,;J., .) ..) 0 .) :::::J .) .) \ .) 0 ~ oJ
,~00 IIO!)IO::~COC.CO~ '(l)l'l:OC.W 11
]~~ COoC.C~~OCOIIlffiO ~ i'. ,.1'1 0 rr ol "0C
ll'lu(l)
;> ~
,:, .) ,:, .)
o.) ,0W~l'l~:~ro
.)0 .) \ \
r:ll l o 0 1 v cb r ol 11
~o:: crooo:::o::oe
::JOO :cc:cccr: 1co:ctt'lCOieecc$COCC coC.CO$COro:
.J .) ,:, .l .l ,:, .>
o e o a,:,
oo ..)o"\\'C.CO$:orol'l
.:>
3col!,&:lo::oc:sdco~
',) .) .) 0
c.co!)cob.:J:cbco
.) .)
o&,cb:Joelbc:s
.) .)
tl~c:s 0cb t'lci-l
.)
:tooPcocoo.o>cb
..) .)
1 1 1 1 " n n ... .l i'. g,
:CJ~C.CO!)OO'i: CO\:I'l~o::o::oorocc~:o,co
u cmeco :oo coc.co~:":
cbcorol'lll
0 .) .JO 0 .)0 .) ..) .) .) .)
;, '~&:lo::oc:sdcolu
,:, .) ..) 0
co~co&:cbc.o
..)
o'C.ocbooemc:s
;) .)
cob:b~c.co~oo~
0 .) .)0
tbc:s 0cb l'lCh
,:,
:i:ooPcocoo..,cb
..) .)
0
(e:cbcoefucr;) 0
CCOel88~C
.) .)0
B~Q(o8CCOel(2hl
.)~ .) 0
.) ~ ucob
.) ..
* r od ro~Loc.~.o>
:::>~
.) .
(~:cbto~2:'ocr;) <l8CeGel8CBel vGtlc .j.
t;,.) .)
n
.)
lPec.coeco&:choo
.) .)
6IJ 'S.DIOd31I M V1 VJAJ'8:09: sr
 ':""I 1:1 v r v ~ ,. 1:1 ~ It ~11. , n
<FflLeWCOflflffi CC:::Jcocoro WffiOD ~t:>flfl oa')COCW~ WOie
v .:> .:>o 3 .:>
:e~::xcccco
.:> .:> o .:> .:> o ::> oo .:> o .:>
w "' 1 ':J , _,_ 11 r ~ 1 ':J r 'l
11 WCll::>e>co
0
Jccccro:mcoemro
,J 0
fllerocccc:oeJCOO
t,; ,J .o mccfl!moe>
,:>'(,;
BS"e>Wcl
,J Q
, "' 1 n _,_ , n ,. "' . 1r 1 ,
WO~S'IW c.u:m:CmCC ICC IWB llll!!lWOJieCllO CC IOBO:C0 I:':S'cr> ~:ceo
o .:> e o ::>.:>o J o.L '1. oe o,:,
v
?hlccme>Bcb:l::Jo~
~ t,;
::::Jeoroeccec~
,J \,
oroCC!ccme>coto
.) .) ,J
oPe
,J .)0
c lllli0oe>~coCb .)
w:cb:cmcc
e
1cc
e
1we> cb:::Jccoe>be>
.:>
:hlcrowcb~
~J. _, hncbcoefum
o
~~Pe
, .:>:> Ei
,J
Ccc:c~:~Pe
0 ,:,\:)
uccccroe>h,lb:occr;e>:~o
,J ::::1 .) ,J
E~cm~e:::>tomflro:
,J ,J ,J .)0
1k~
( 5:1 hlto) :~cc:4row I(C hl6J) :~roCll:2 cc~wcc offlfl rs(l)~boe:0e> E:
,J :.Jo .:>o J o :.Jo .:> e .J .:> oo ~ .:> .:>
lfo 1 ,. ,, ~ ,, _,_ 11
De>flrowcromro:
Jo o o
cbro emro:

oemoe> ccwro
eJ o .l
:m:cmcc ICC IWe> ~o:w:
e e
:dflco1o4 moPe Clllli0'be>4cocb
.:> 1.. o J J
hlb:J):~roCll:2
w(c :.Jo .:> e
:1l\6\ 6es~flffi
.:> o
:W:o
e-::1 .:>
II CCCCC\J~:C~:och,l~cr; tt:~ :h,l:of'lb ~~;row:~ 0-<ll-0 oli)
.) ~..) ~ 0 0 .:J
e.:J.) \. .)4eo~6 .) 0 .,_
:c~:oc~e>ro
:::J ..) ~ tt:~ CD-<ll-CD w::>co:4ro:2
o .) ..) e
!cb:c~oto
~..)o .J
wcbe;,:ctt cwco:40:
o .J :>
ICCcc:cb:ccoro
.:> ., e
ICC IWB II .)C2ccro::ncecwro.:>
:@chleJ
e'J :.3
eoCC!Bb:ccoc~
.:>
w&
.:;
.)
~6::>\hoe.
.;)0
occ:xem
.J .)
:eroRccwcbe>croflfl
v ..) .) 00
bee bwd:;,
..)
WOeJC.C
0
, 1 1 -'- , ' ~1 0
c:e:oc.coe>flfl 1wc.ro:;,roe'l : :>~Iflf'JC0ewcco~co
0 ..) 00 .J 0
wro:mcoemes
0
llll!!l
5 0
wc.a
0 .,) 0..) Ill
~ _1_ 1 1_ 11 r I"'
t,;leesccc~wme>c.ro ro:mro emes flCO::>CO:':;'a
.:>l.; ::> o , .:> .J ::; o..) ..
:e~ ::::>c.roe;~c0ewc.ro~
ll! jV 1C '>V ']lo"""j _l_ 'I
CCS'~CD~g(")(l)e'le8::JCD&lffi (]1-0-Cll WleaJC<llCOICCCC:m:cmcc ICC IW~ IICCCCC
.:> J .:> \. L .l o .:> e e .:>
e:CCOC.~
\.
:::>C.h,IBCDhl((!flC.CDflfl
.J ::::1 .,J~,J 00 .J
W~ed6tnje>b:J
,J 0
e;bcowc4:;,
.J .)
!:Jfto:hl:c
.J e'J
chle>
~
:och,l~<llhlccflb:c.co&b
..) ~ ..)~..)
:ccrowcGewcco~
,:) 0
~cowcm:;,co :oc.w~ o..) o .) .,)
11 1 J~ '1 9 ':'] 1 'f '1 ,
:e~ ro n:::>c.
.:>
:;,<ll~':":1
ccflewro
.:> .:> .:>
wc:o:1
o
08~ ::Jcoccccc :;, m1 oi!:lt'l:B0::>lg:
._. .) .J L o .J .:>o
to':>e>ccc:;:,wcro:;,~flOO ohlccb:::>c:e~e'l w:cb:c.mcc ICC IW::) cb4J:::l:occoe
o .:> o J:.J J .:> o \. .:; e e
'1 1 ,,. 1 ' .-, ,, 1 ~
:~ :c.CCS"51CD ..)
CCflffiCO
0 .)Q Q
sc~ecru:cbcoemro
c
Q D
c?.>~cowc.o:i'e> 11 ccccm:;,:c
..) ..) ..)
,C1 r':") If " 1 ~ rv
mccflflro o:occo::J:Jc.ro~Cl>~O::) <1
6e :ocoe OOG:::>>i'cc :::>!OJ:0::)fl oeco
J .:>o .) .:> J J .) .:> c .:; .:> J
(C hl6J)
~0
:cb:ccocc
e
ICC
e
IClJ::) :hl:c;e::JCllCllWcb:;,:c.~C
e'J .) .J ttflcr>Co
0 .)O 0
JC2cceo:d
.J 0
e&m
o
o~C2cc:o~<Jl:;)
.) .:> .JO
~b:fl(])~
.) ..) o .J .J ..)
.)wcbe:c.oc 0~f)-~0 .)~w~w<!:M~ rc:Orwa0
r 11 1 12 n 1 c .l) r r ':'1_\ ,~ 11
COflWro:wo:::>lg IC:C.Ie'l:ccc:ocomlgffi IS'1 ::) cu. COflcr>flcr> l:flro vc 1 <;'CJ..
.J .) ..)0 .) .)0 000 ..) ..)0 .) 0 .J
1 If 1 11
wocfl~OC.e'l~:c :1
'] :fl11r6 !feb
.., mwcoes li!):::>::JL :cmro:cbcoemm ::J1roc:eo
.J ,:, e \0 .J S:J 0 .J O.J
IICCD~
~
gcrwm II Pe::)CCO:;)Cue'l 4&Ko'ocowde dl'ahlC2cc:c.c
c::ke~bl ..) 0 :J :..J,J... 0 .J ..) ..) .)..)~.)
46hii&J::) .)CDCD:cc:;,a;
.JO .)~
, 1 ~~..-:1 9 '1 1 1 , r. 1' Q"
O.:::coo~@h\ I&J::J<Jl<li._..__ cc OCDS"BW t~ccceccro:c:::co w:co:cmw.om0
mflm
~ ~ :J ~ 0 1:1..) .)0 ,:)
:s..,) .) ..)
0 0 .) .)
r .-, I_ ~ , 1 lt ,, 1 Q
Otg
~
.) .) .J 0 0
nCCflO::)I:lCO :c:e 0Wf)emes em cw:::Jcc:
go~ceGe>fCfl~ ,11 ~r-> .-, ..-:1 11 ':J I I[ I~ r:: '<] 1
Wfl W II CCCC0 :C
:JOfl" CCCCCO CCfl0:;)o.:lo fl::JC.tole>e.G CCCCC.CC:JC.I:5Be'l
0 .) ,J ,J .J ,J 0 .J ~ .) .J
1 '-
\i'oCCW&JW<li" 1
WCD3:JO II 1
o~nCCBWC.CD:;)OJ(') ::::>cw
ecr> WCDe8S' " 16Wl&ln
ZJG~c ,J 0 .J .J .) .) .J . .) ,) .) ,J
61 'Sl~Od3~ M\11 VW'dflg [6S
20 BURMA LAW REPORTS. [1
59] BURMA tJ..w REPORTS. 21

0 GO C'
00):(\)<::)0)ffi
L
c
~::;
~<9G~rOl9'oo
J 0 c:
JO 9m11
 1f 1 I , 1 1 1 "J 1 .'r") , )
)ecnro CCCOti:CllffiCCO~::J::llg
bro ("i, ~GO GBOCWffi 10cero II CCCC(\)eJCll
o o. .l . ) 0 :J .) L o ..) :J
1
rn of 1 L __ 1 1 1 . r b 1 ~
wecos-~m I~XB c eGo 1ocei:G c~:::> :o~COIOICO ~
.:>
~ eccceco~1e 0 .JO .J (.; 0 .J .J ,0
ccro~:coohl 10~ :::>cJ:;"JeCDinl :::>~bcdoof &eulill wPro0:ec wcCB.)(;ro
~,J.; ,) ~ .J:::j .:>:::1 .) .) 0 ' ~ ,) \ Q '
1r " 1 o r 1."... 1! n
::~10::>COGeo 2 1ocero nc ] eccc~:ccn. nle:L::>W::>ceco cc:C1~CC_ :cro
ot,;
3 t,; o .:> .J .o .
1 0 .,11
, L WH~CCCOCCCeJCC II 1 ' 17. 1
)0WCO<J;W ll:lC(J)OC<'lW CCCD~~ ~::Jo::>O CCC~(]) 6JW(J)S'(J)
ro .J o .:y .:>o ' .:> e :f.:> .Jo .J '1: .:>
.w~::>ccnecc ICCcc:d)(ll ( ro) :tu:cA:c.cc 1bw (c) c~Gh sen2wro
; r .) ,) 0 , .) r" 0 r1 :1 ,)
!::'lcocn::>S')
~b,)
wn2<'ro
.)Q
bmm
o.
ICll~e
.)
CC~c cecero
0
nx(J)a:co
:::,--_ . .:>
~en uC2ccroe
00.)
, 1L v " 'L C'! n " o r n 11 n r o
:>e(J)(J)C0 ~ ~m:ccclewm :::>eiWie WCOD~:C!ACC:CroJe:L::>W::JceCO
.) 0 .) . .) .:>..:.!.:> .) ' .)
r 1 1 1._ ( ) 1 11 11' ![ J.
~ <'lC(J)O 2sro 1ocero cc:wCll ro :w:u'l:eco cc:crowc1roe womro
0 .:>0 L, 0 0 0 ,) 0 .) ' 0
:>1Peohl
> .:>
~~~mCli4-Cll
Y\ .J o
eAcro b:Jccoecchl
.:>
1nb::ro Drohwb
.:> ~ L o .:> .:>
c;r rocoeJ
.:>
~ oC:tlc uC2ccroeCDhl
.)
romroccccow(J)
.:>:::1 0 j .)
101f~
.)
oC:Zlc c~C2ccecro .) \.
fbec.uro
~0,)
r 1 ( ) 1 11 11' 1 ~ r 1~

Jccoe 1oweroflro
.:>o
ecn:coCD
o o
ro
.:>
:w:cfl:ecc
o
cc:ecnwe1roe>ecn
.:>
oCDes-
.:>
em
:tlomooom
.) .:>0
&to
0 0 .:>
11 .)C2ccroeetlocno
\.
::>om
,) 0
w~roCD~(J)MCro
\. .:>
boccoe 0 .)
~:l:o~co
o
2mc.ucceeroto
e .;:) o
bco:::>~oorofl
.:> ..)0
c.uc.ueroec.ub
.,) .;:.
0c ro:::>b:>:lb
.)0
~ 0C:~c nPeeJe;qfl ::::>~e:oeco~ fbcd:ofl:cPe&::>tob 8hlc.uPeC2~
\.~ .:>:::1 .:> ~.:> .:>o .:>:::1.:> e
::>CCJt::)tDfle
Yo oo
1Mco~o(b)cro(b
e .:>
lees IICCccroeJQecro:oe
.:>1 .) :::::J-. lbc.urowce
~.:> .:>
r 1 L 1 !f 1 l TI ~ l 11 l n
:l:::>ele.G ::>OC.Uco::::>:.J CC:JI:l::>OeJW C.UCs>eJcccc: c.urommoonm w:c fl
.:>o .:> o .:> o .:> .:>O.JO .:> .:> e.) o .:> .:ro
1 1 1 ( ) 1 L
m !f
oc.uroem wcocoero ~COCll ro :co~ce:ccc c.uwcro~rooJo IOlBOle>
O.J o .J oe o .) o .:> et.. ..J..;
: 0Cl)c 11 .)C2ccro~e:cro8~o~
\. .:> .:>o
:::>oobco::::>omccom
.) .:>o .:> o
cbh :ccruw~o
.) e
~ , 1 1 , ( ) , l 1 ~
ecr; ( .)b) em 11cccceoce:Jo w~ccCll ro :cu~cfl:ecc a;cs-::Jco 11 ccccro~
.J \..JO .)0 0 0 .:> 0 .) 0 .)
n r 1 01 ,, fl: G" ] r 1
lJ!e:L:JW ::>ceco
,)
C.UOOflC.U
o e
cos0c.u
o e.:r o
1.)orrom!cne
eJ
01 m:L:::>elm
.:> .:>o
c.u:co01
o
) :tD:C0:CCO
o
:1t..ocoecb<:\-;;, .:>&cc:ecn~WC\J
o .:>
((]))
.:> .:>
OlCC.U~:ce:eccwto
C.UCCOeJ e.:> .:r
r 1r 1 11 1 ~ ]1' 01 c ('-)
OOOOCO::J::>
.:> .:>
L <'lCO:::ll:l:JOOJe
.:> .:>o
IOceW
L, o
II CCCCCll
.:>
COCll)eJCO
.:> o e
SOU
e
0 Cffi (0' ) em
.:> .:r ur l(l~o:~~ec
(.; j ~ ~
(]) c.uccoe>6lcw::> :ce:ccc ,. 1
eu8<liC.U IC.Ucoero:co(J) ' r
( ro ):c.u:cfl:cccceJ:e neJ
.:> ) .) e.:r c e.) .:> ce o .:r o r~c5i~
e1 .:r
1 1 1 l If <' 1 1 ~ 1
:c~ccr.roec
:o :::>c.uoro :Jcns-e>CJWC\J ::xcr,cos ~<:ec.uem~ 1ocem 11ccccro~eoo , .)
.:>o .) .:>o o.:> .:> .:r .:> L, o .:> \..)o
1 11 1 1 1 1 ':""! ~ 1 1 b:cneccco~
1 11 o 2 r 0 .)
:ce:s-cc
0.)
1owro~ c.u:roeco e:sc.ucceecr; n~orom:cec.ucmeJoou cccc<ll
O e.) .).) .:> 0.:>.) ~okt'l~bl
.JO .)~
1 L I r 1_ 1 11 1~ l 1 JL
:mcec.ucm::> tr!:) s;) 1
bc b/....._,c trr :.JC to::Jc COflffi l:elro:roccro::J:ce <;>WS'o ~coo~@R
0 .) ::) .) l Cl
~ ~
10.) .)
.)
r "~
<llhlir.Jees :::>tof;mi(ZII 11 :4~4re:~ :r.714o:cbco J~
.:> .:> .:> .:>
oo2 e2roc.ucce::>ro .:> ~ .) ~ a .;:::1.)
CCCOF.C\J
., oe
.) ,)
u.)ccccwBoc.cee :k0(co) :eo
0 .) 0
:ct~:ccc
hJ
o
w~e0e;~CD:2 ':~
.:> o
e.:l ~~'3~b:bm;l e
t;c.ufues:cPfll!cbe:erowcfh>~
.:> ..:r
':':'! 19 1 l ' " ' 'l " 11 11'
II CCCCWO:JC II II W COffiCC :cOOC.UC 1(\) ~ 2JC:vc
.) .:> .) .:> o .:> .J e .:r, .:>
ce ~IL.OCDC\JC.US'COSocc:c
,IJ sr~o&nr .M vw~nH zz
. ' v1
 f)
59]
1
BURMA LAW REPORTS. 23
 ,.
24 BURMA LAw REPORTS. [19
 b.J:cPflc.oPeroC2cc0
a- .:> :>
~ro')!Jro ~n:>:c Pt=~&be:ccoc.ocrEo~
~ .:>
:s-
1:::>btuC2cc
.:> o .:>
:t=~C20c
.:> .:>
COl I_ 1 r--:1 1 ,_. g g
Ct'lCOCOffi I:::XJC.OCCCCOelC.OO:x"'
.) 0 .) ..)
ll:'
r1() ::lCOC0:0CbCC
.JO. . .)
CCCe>:C. C.OC
.)
el . .)C.OCC 6
0 ~
11 nr r n 11 11: ~ " 1 r ; 11 ,
ccoc.occ
.)
Ct'lC!.lleroccce0.
.)
" o0.
\.;>
" ..,e IO~mcc:ccoc.ocn:ot'l
.J..L .)
l:i:::>cc:m01g
.) .)
coflco
0 0
.. 11 C2
.:>'
a::C2&ccc
e
e<
C.OCCOe>:~w
1~ ~r= r--:~
,COCCCC0 ()bCOfJ t n
" CCCt'lCO~::::CCS'C!.JCIC\J~ n1,
Ceeco '""""~
IICCCCO::
.) .) .) .J .J .J .J .J 0 .J
" r 1 n 1 1 co
0 ,1fJ cccec.ocoo~:cc.om:c.oro :ccoescoccoem 111eococnfJ cofJC.s-e>coe
..) .J 0 .J
.J 0
i1.. 11 r 11 1 n 1 1 e .-, 1 n 1 ,
lt::~ccoe>:oecom c fJflCCC e:cc cc::Jm ccccroee:cc
11 .j ::>!C.OC s>c.oc
eo o.)
j-..)
o 1cocS'C..OC\J
)QQ.) \o.) .)c
c.occoe>:~e&ro
.:J oo
tuobco~ ccce>1!DC2ccnesc.o~cog,
C:J .) ..) .) .:>
c.ocbe>oo
.) ..)
c.occoe>:~el!ne
.)
to~flroto
o .Jo o
:JIEuccchcoMe
.J .J
::J&..,::Jmes
.J .J
:ch:ch~ :::>bccce~oltuC2c.otu
.:> .J .J e .J o
:Jm2Proro
.) .J
:S~c.oPed04
;, .J ;,
ro:cbco :8:4&l:cPfJ
0 iiJ.:>
4coflcero c~~e>:EOlecPro
;, --';,
ccce>co!,Pe 1:::hccce>o!Eu05]cro6">
.J ;,
.:> ;, .J....J
:S~obnbco~Ge>o2 c.Meroccceccf,l
e ;, .J .J ;,o .J
n1 . n '1 'I
i1.. "' , 11 ~ ~n
CCO::>:~CO II ::.JC
]e>OCCC.OJ6">COOfJ CUCOCDC\JeG C.OS' fJeG lt::FCCOe>:o C\JfJ
.) Q .) 0 ..) ;) ,) .) D
0 .)Q :S .)
i5:c.J C
.)
n0 .J:)~d:~cckl~ccte
~.. 0
C2cc:Scc::>ccee>:oe>
.) ;, ;,
~CCfJ
.)
[geC2fl
.J
;e~:h"Je~cProo
:::1 .)
11 C2ccroe>ecc~
.) \..)
~fJes4b0e>::>ccee>:oe>
Pe .:JO ;, .)
0R~
.J:J
:Wle .) ..... .J .) . .)
:::1 .Jc Proe> ;,::>ltuccc .)nPc.o ooo'c ;e> :)lii]cccei!d:nccccb:dro:cPfl4coflcee
r n n rn r--:1 Ll ,, ,--. 1
CflO IC.O ooo 'oocc "oe>:] t'lC.troeccce>cct=~le :ccro:co,ccct'lcc n n~ cotll:c
.) .) .) .) _,, 0 ;:) .) ;::1
1 ..-:1 1 i1.. 11 1 '""") 1 "'
::>mocoroccccco
.) .) Q .) .)
:ce c coe>:orofl cocccc:c.CJoco oro Joe:>::Jc
....L G .)
]e:>J[t:lflo:c1
.) 0 .) .) ;) Q 0
<I>blroQe>roc~:d~ccccg,Dg,:fJCC:flC2aC2<1iC2
.J~ ::::J .) \..) :> .) .) .)
:::J&Jcmococccoee>cfJ::l
.) .) .)
e1ne:>e
;, ,J.;
&:cmc.oc ltue> .)
wccoe:>:l',e&;ro
.) 0 0
8&Jcbooe"&-:ro
.) .) 0
:cPfl~be:ccoc.oc lb.J
0 .)
11 C2ccroe>eco~Pe~fJroe 1n:::>ro :dfJ&be :ccoc.oc lEu:':> ~b0e:DeoPc.o ooo 'oo'
;, \ .) .)0 ;,,J.; 0 .) .) .)
" nCOe
:Jel: e>C1 w:o ,
i!. C\Jfl "
ccoecoro :cbqco cb,
1 ~re : 8ccot'l n
01W ooo 'oor
~ . .) .) 0 .) .)
n ~" _,_ r1r n1 o r 1
:Jlg:Je: ro~
":Je>: !':!CIC\Jel , 0:CDCO:::l~fJC.OIOO!::>CCeG 8CO
" I(Je>ffi: 2 r-
\, :cffi
.:> .:> ::> ~ J.., .:> .:>
:e ' e
c.oee>CflQ ,C2cdcow e:C & :ccowc!Eu:::. emil II : h:lk ~C! [8,4o:cbc.o
.:> .J ~ e ::> ~o e e _,.:;
ucccc
.)
I" '
c.oe:J ro C!.l~lCfJel ~CCO:flG!::>II 11 cr.wes:dfJ&be :ccoccc.!b:>
.) .) .) .)
ccee 1.,1nco
.) 0 .
-:-1 I>' ' 11 ff
C.OCB:::>ccc CO'' IG::lll 11 w "coescc:ccoc.oc 1ro
.:> .:> t.; .:J .)
1: .)cca:c.r.ll:lO
.) ;,
C.ree>lt..oc.oro
.:>o
11 b 1l,.o .>oe:l:c:2
e
r
o :
.) ~cc :4t2C26
11 .) ..) ..) 0
b bcr d ..)a.>Pt'lc
~mcoe>:C
:> e I:Ci'<'l:tn:::>b<ll (2hlct'l~Q IGl~e ubeJc 11 c.4c.5b.:lw Joh:bo~C.t'IC.f'lt'lll n2Jbr cfa.>Pt'lc
.J e ..J ~ .;, J .J .J \...} .J
e!Gtlc :dt'l :m:::>bC2f1lc.t'l~ Q l<lfe ~Ql,oc.coe@hi of (.; IOC.Ge:C!u IIC
a .:>:..:J .) .)O e
.J e.:> :.:J
obfJc II .)C.CO:'l a:>oh.fl .J :.:J ~ .) ~.) \..
sz s.LtJ:Od3:?::I M V,'J VWl:IOg: [6~6
..
26 BURMA LAW 'REPORTS.

( 0)O~jO ~f~l flol?~g9c"~;lolJ?: o!>:,lolJnt? 0011

(J) oe90 ~f~l .~lol?Be~98cx:1:1>lJ?r CO?IolJo3f=' J9ell
959] BURMA LAw REPORTS. 27
 ;,_
28 BURMA LAW REPORTS. [19.

SUPREME COURT.

ts.c. ANARKALI (APPLICANT)

1959
v.
March 19.
THE FINANCIAL COMMISSIONER (COMMERCE)
RANGOON, AND ONE (RESPONDENTS).*
'

Court Fees Act, s. I9H-Purpose of intimating Collector under-S.r9H (3)

(4)-Powers of Collector under-Time limit for making motion under .
s. (4)-S. I9H (8)-Rule making power llnder-Rules to facilitate enq;
and to provide for provisional orders which are "provisional " and "fin
so far as Collector is concerned-S. 19H (7)-0rder passed by Court und<
Really final-Rule 4 (i;)-Provisions regarding payment in- Outside s.
of-Financial Commissioner to act ~vitl1in ambit of Act-S. I9E-Step t
taken before proceeding under-Disability of Financial Commissione1
initiate action under.
The purpose of intimating the Collector under s. rgH of the Court 1
Act in regard to applications for Probate and Letters of Administration i
enable him to check the valuation placed upon the estate. Sub-s. (3) ena
the Collector to inspect the Court records, to take copies, to make enqu
11nd to insist upon the attendance of petitioner and witnesses for enquiry.
after such an enquiry, he thinks that the estate is undervalued he may call u
the petitioner to amend his valuation in Court. If the petitioner refuse
amend his valu\tion then the Collector may move the Court for an enq
under sub-s. (4). According to proviso to sub-s. (4) this motion by
Collector has to be made within six months of the date the inventory is file
Court.
Rules to be found on page 37 of the Burma Stamp Manual were fra
under sub-s. (8) of s. rSH and, on the whole, they are meant to facilitat
enquiry. The Rules provide for a provisional order contemplated to be pa
11fter a preliminary enquiry, but these orders are " provisional" and " fin
in so far asthe Collector is con~erned for the really final order has to be pa
by the Court under sub-s. (7) of s. r9H.
The rule making power under sub-s. (8) is only in respect of procedm
be followed in enquiries under sub-s. (3) ; attd thus the provisions in Rule 4
ngarding payment would be outside the scope of rule-making powers.
The Rules are at best directions to the Collector to ke.ep the Finar
Commis_;;ioner informed of the discovery of the undervaluatiori,of an ~tate
what the Financial Commissioner does. must be within the ri'ifibit of the C
Fees Act. If it is 'intended to take proceedin~nder s. I9E, the Court sh
under s~ I9 (4).
Application No. roS of 1958.
MYINT;THEIN, Chief Justice of the Union, U CHAN Hr
i.959] BURMA I~A'vV REPORTS. 29
u

Nakunja Rani Chowdlwra11i v. The Secretary of State, (r9r6) I.L.R. 43 Cal. S.C.
30, referred to. 1959
In the absence of an application by the petitioner for action under s. 19E the ANARKALI
'inancial Commissioner himself cannot initiate action under that section and tJ.
~e order of the Financial Commissioner following such action is one made THE LFINAN-
rithout jurisdiction. CIALCOM-
MISSIONER
(CoMMERCE)>
:yaw Khin for the 'applicant. RANGOON,
M'!D ONE.
fla Maung (Government Advocate) for the respondents.
~he judgment of the Court was delivered by the Chief
Justice of the Union

U MYINT THEIN, C.J.-In Civil Miscellaneous Applica-

ion No. 20 of 1952 of the District Court of Amherst,
)eota Singh as agent for Anarkali applied for Letters of
\.dministration in respect of the estates of her deceased
tUsband Balaram Singh. Certain assets and debts were
nentioned but for the purpose of the application before
ts we need mention only two of the assets-a s/r8th
hare in a mill at Chaungzon in Amherst District (this
hare being valued at Rs. 14,6oo) and a 2/5th share in
L barracks and site at Thaton (this share being valued

tt Rs. I,ooo). The total assets were shown as Rs. 28,2oo

tnd deducting debts to the extent of Rs. II,2oo, the estate
>f Balaram Singh was valued at Rs. J7,ooo n'ett.
The usual intimation regarding the presentation of the
>etition was sent to the.Collectors of Thaton and Amherst.
:he Collector, Thaton, was prompt. He found that the
hare in the barracks and site was undervalued to the
:xtent of K r ,ooo and having discovered that the grant
>f Letters had alr~ady been made on 17th July 1952
trtd Court fee of Rs. 580 paid in, he calied upon the
)etitioner to pay an extra sum of Rs. 30 on the amount
mdervalued and this sum was paid in on December 15,
'952. Actually the fee should have been calculated at
f per cent and K 40 w~uld have been the correct a~9~~t.
The Collector,. Amherst, asked the valuation m
espec~ of : the mill in Chaungzon to be made by
30 BURMA LAW (,_REPORTS. [195

S.C. various people and the matter dragged on for tw

1959
years. All this was unnecessary for the mill ha
ANARKALI
v. been sold, with the permission of the Court, earl
THEFINfu--
ciAL Cor..r~
in 1953 and the purchase price would have indicate
MISSIONER
(COMMERCE)
the correct value. On rst June 1954 the Townshi
RANGOON, Officer at Chaungzon recommended., that this purcha~
AND ONE.
price of 'K 65,000 be accepted as the correct value. H
reported however that the land on which the mill stoc
(it may be that the mill was dismantled and remove<
should be valued at K i,2 r 2 for one plot and K 882
for another, a total of K 2,30025. Now, even on tt
total valuation of mill and site, which would come 1
K 67,30025, the share of the deceased being only 5/1
it would be K r8,694. The Collector two years late
in a.:cepting the Township Officer's report, held that tr
value of the mill and site was K 70,923. It is not know
how this figure was arrived at. He also assumed that tr
entire mill belonged to Balaram Singh. An order callir
upon the petitioner to show cause why she should n<
amend her valuation was passed by the Collector on r r1
July 1956. It must be noted that the petitioner had file
her inventory on roth January 1953 and her accounts c
30th May 1953
The Collector's order did not reach the petitioner b1
since by then the Financial Commissioner, who had carr
to know about the matter, was insisting upon its early d:
posal, the Collector passed another order on 3rst Augu
1956 fixing the value of the estate at K 83,523. He call
upon the petitioner to pay an extra K 2,240. This ordc
reached the petitioner's agent, Deota Singh and he natural:
wrote in to enquire how the figure was arrived at ar
asked that he may be given an opportunity to sho
cause ,(vide his letter dated the r6th November ~956 :
the Collector's file). The Collector., instead of allowing tl
petitioner to show cause, sought the Financial Commi
sioner's orders. By a letter dated the r8th Febru,ary 19~
 BURMA LAW REPORTS. 31
~

'the Financial Commissioner pointed out that the fee S.C.

1959
i:fuargeable was 5 per cent on the value of the estate
ANARKALr
:which, according ,to the Collector's calculation, was over v.
FINAN~
K 50,000. He fixed the excess fee payable at K 3,1 ro. THE ciAL CoM-
On the roth August 1957 the Financial Commissioner, (COMMERCE)lVIISSIONER

by a letter directed~ Deota Singh to pay in this amount. RANGOON,

The latter protested. On the 3rd December r957 he was
AND ONE.

informed by letter that he should first pay in the sum

and later seek a refund under section 19A of the Court
Fees Act. Deota Singh continu~d his protests and finally
by an order dated the 25th July 1958, the Fin.ancial
Commissioner confirmed his previous orders for the levy
of an additional of K 3,1 ro.
This order is now sought to be quashed. Notice was
issued to the Financial Commissioner and though he has
:submitted no returns he has sent the records of the case.
Basically the order is wrong, for calculation should have
been made in respect of the deceased's share in the mill
.and not on the value of the mill itself. If the calculation
is made on the share, the total value of the estate is still
under K 5o,ooo and the Court fee leviable is 4 per cent.
It is urged that the Financial Commissioner had no
.authority to pass the order of the 25th July 1-958 and we
must examine the position.
Now, the purpose of intimating the Collector under
section 19H of the Court Fees Act in regard to applications
for Probate and Letters of Administration is to enable
him to check the valuation placed upon the estate.
Sub-section (3) enables the Collector to inspect the Court
records, to take copies, to niake enquiries. and to insist
upon the attendance of fhe petitioner and witnesses for
.an enquiry. If, after such an enquiry, he thinks that the
estate is undervalued he may call upon the petitioner to
amend his valuation in. Court. If the petitioner refuses
to amend hi~ valuation then the Collector may move the
Court for an enquiry under sub-section (4) and the finding
32 BURMA LAW,... REPORTS . [1959'
S.C. of the Court is final under sub-section (7). According to the
I959
proviso to sub-section (4) this motion by the Collector has
ANARKALI
tl. to be made VV'ithin six months of the date the inventory
THE FINAN-
CIAL COM- is filed in Court. Section 19-I (2) specifically provides that
MISSIONER
(COMMERCE)
the grant of Probate or Letters " shall not be delayed by'
RANGOON, reason of any motion made by the Collector under section
19H sub~s~ction (4)."
AND ONE.

The Collector, Amherst, reached his finding only on

the rrth July 1956. Th~ inventory had been filed as far
back as the roth January 1953 and therefore because of
the statutory time limit any motion for an enquiry by
Court was barred. Faced with this situation the Collector
resorted to the Rules framed under sub-section (8) of
section 19H. These Rules are to be found on page 37 of
the Burma Stamp Manual. There are only six rules and,.
on the whole, they are meant to facilitate an enquiry.
The Rules provide for a provisional order contem-
plated to be passed after a preliminary enquiry. Next,.
after the petitioner is called in, a final order is
contemplated. But these orders are " provisional " and
" final " in so far as the Collector is concerned for the
really final order has to be passed by the Court under
sub-section \7) of section 19H.
Rule . 4 (iv) reads-
" If the final order finds that the property has been under-
valued the Collector shall issue a notice to the applicant to
amend his valuation (if the grant has not been made) or to
pay to the Collector-th~ additional Court fee (if the grant has
been made) and, if the :x:equest is not complied with, the
~ollec!or shall move the Cou~ under section 19H (4) in due
time."

The first part of the rule is straightforward ~u~ the

distinction in procedure depending upon whether the grant
has been made or not made complicates the issue. The
time limit begins, according to the proviso to section
1959] BURMA I~AW REPORTS. 33

I9H (4) only from the time the inventory is filed. Further- S.C.
1959
more, the rule making power under sub-section (8) is
only in respect of procedure to be, followed in enquiries ..
ANAR!\AL!

THE FINAN-
under sub-section (3) ; and thus the provisions in Rule 4 (iv) CIAL Co,.I-
regarding payment would be outside the scope of rule- MlSSIOl'ER
(COMMERCE)
making powers. .. RAKGOON,
A."<D O~E.
Rule 4 (v) reads-
.. When an additional Court fee is paid to the Collector
under the above stated procedme he shall forward it, witp
the g1ant, to the Financial Commissioner for action under
section 19E and 29} {2)."
"Section 29] (2)" is obviously a misprint for " 19] (2) " .
Rule 5 reads-
" In the event of undervaluation coming to the notice of
the Collector after the expiry of six months allowed by the
proviso to section 19H (4) for moving the Court to hold an
enquiry or in any case the Collector is time barred by that
proviso from moving . the Court in accordance with Rule
4 (iv), the Collector shall inform the Financial Commissioner
and shall remind the petitioner that he may apply to the
authority under section 19E and shall warn the petitioner of
the penalties to which he may become liable under section
I9G."
Clearly the Rules attempt to meet a situation when,
for any 'reason, the Collector had failed to move the Court
within the time limit. The Rules are at best directions
to the Collector to keep the Financial Commissioner
informed of the discovery but what the Financial Com-
missioner does must be within the ambit of the Court
Fees Act.
The Financial Commissioner has purported to have
acted in this case under section I 9E but, as pointed out in
Nakunja Rani Chowdhurani v. The Secretary of State (r),
if it is intended to take proceedings under section r9E,
the Court should be mbved for an enquiry under section
19 (4}. No such step was taken presumably because of
"(z) (1916) I.L.R. 43 Cal. 230.
3
34 BURMA LAW.,REPORTS. [l959
S.C. the time bar and thus, there was no compliance with
1959
ANARKALI
statutory requirements. There is no application by the
'V. petitioner for action under section r9E ; .and in the absence
THE FINAN-
CIAL Co<vt- of such an application the Financial Commissioner himself
MISSIONER
(COMMERCE)
cannot initiate action under the section.
RANGOON, We are not unmindful of the provisions of section 19G
AND ONE.
which covers cases where due to a mistake, or because of
subsequent discovery of property belonging to an estate,
too low a Court fee had b,een paid initially. The petitioner
in such cases is given six months of such discovery within
which to make an application to the Financial Commis-
sioner. Failure to make an application renders the
petitioner liable to a penalty.
We are in the advantageous position of having all the
relevant records before us and we can see that even
initially, too low a Court fee had been levied. by the
District Court. The estate was valued at K 17,ooo. Under
Article r r of Schedule I of the Court Fees Act as amended
by Act 39 of I 946 for an estate coming within the
K ro,ooo-K 50,000 bracket, 4 per cent is leviable. The
correct amount should be K 68o. The Court has levied
only K 580 and there has been an under-payment of
K roo. c
Secondly, in the Collector's Office at Thaton the
petitioner was asked to pay K 30 on K r,ooo. The amount
should have been K 40. The difference is K ro.
Thirdly, we note that though the deceased's share in the
mill at Chaungzon was estimated to be worth Rs. r4,6oo.
at the time the petition was made, the petitioner actually
obtained K r8,o55. vide Accqunts filed in the District
Cpurt. One should be satisfied that the petitioner could .
not have anticipated at the time the petition was filed
that she would .get so much. But as she did get it~ Court
Fees. should be paid on the excess amount of K 3455. .
Fourthly, though the Accounts mention that the mill
without the site was sold, the records do not show whether
1959] BURMA LAW REPORTS.

the site without the mill would really be worth another 1959
K 2,300 as found by the Township Officer, Chaungzon.
ANARKALI
However, if the petitioner accepts th,is valuation then the v.
THE FlNAN-
~hare of the deceased, s/r8th of K 2,300, will be K 639 CIAL CoM-

Excess Court fee at 4 per cent seems payable on the (Cl\ussroNER)

OMMERCE
third and fourth hems. To this must be added the first RANcooN,
two items of K roo and K ro. ANo oNr:.

The applicant must be deemed to have discovered as

from the date of this order that too low a Court Fee
has been paid in respect of the estate of Balaram Singh
and it would be advisable for her to make an immediate
application under section 19G to the Financial Commis,
.s10ner.
The Financial Commissioner's order dated the 25th
July 1958 which purports to be one made under section
19E and which is mistakenly calculated on the value of
-.rhe entire mill at Chaungzon, is quashed as one made
without jurisdiction.
36 BURMA LAvV REPORTS. [1959

SUPREME COURT.
t s.c
1959 K. M. SULEMAN AND SIX OTHERS (APPLICANTS)
April6. v. .
E. K, MOIDEEN AND TWO OTHERS (RESPONDENTS). *

Urban Rent Cont1'ol Act, s. x6A-0rder made tmder,-Whm of 110 legal effect-
Sub-letting made in pursua{lce of-Not void-Transfer of .Property Act,
s. roB-Right of tmant to sub-let.
In respect of certain premises situated in an area to which s. x6A of the
Urban Rent Control Act had not been extended, the Controller of Rents,
upon application by a tenant, accorded permission to sub-let the premises.
While such an order can have no legal effect, sub-letting by the tenant is valid
under s. 108 of the Transfer of Property Act, in the absence of an agreement
with the landlord, to the contrary.

H. Subramanyam and Po Shin for the applicants.

Maung Maung for respondent No. r.
...
S. B. Leong for respondent No. 2.
The judgment of the Court was delivered by the Chief
Justice of..the Union

U M~1NT THEIN, C.J .-In Revenue Proceedings

No. IS/XIII-I of the Assistant Controller of Rents, Insein,
E. K. Moideen, lessee of a site for a Cinema, the property
of_ K. M. E. Mohamed Cassim, deceased, sought permission
to sub-let the same to Daw Kyin Myaing. An heir and
legal representative in the person of Samad Cassim, a son
of the deceased, appeared before the Assistant Controller
and accorded his approval to the sub-letting and an order
under section I6A of the Urbam Rent Control Act allowing "
the application and .directing the sub-lessee Daw K.y!n
Myaing _to pay rent direct to Samad Cassim wa~ passed.
on .9th January 1957.
C!vil .Misc. Application No. 70 of 1958. .
t Presmt: U MYINT 'IHEIN, Chief Justice of the Union, JusTICE U CHAN
HTOON and, JusTiCE U AUNG Tw. GYAW. .
1959] BURMA LAW REPORTS. 37
Another son and heir, K. M. Suleman, tried to have S.C.
l959
this order set aside in Review (in No. 38/XIII-r of 1957-58)
K.M.
l?ut the Assistant Controller of Rents invoked section 173 SULEMAN
AND SIX
of the Limitation Act and rejected the application. OTHERS
It seems that there are 12 heirs and legal repre~el)tatives v.
E. K.
of the deceased K. M. E. Mohamed Cassim, and ten of them MOIDEEN
AND
have applied to this Court to have these orders quashed. TWO OTHEllS.

Under section 1(3) of the Act, it is necessary for the

President to specify areas to which section r6A would
apply. The learned Assistant Attorney-General, who
appear? for one of the parties, has informed us that the
Insein area has not yet been specified for section r6A to
be applicable. Thus, an order purporting to be one
passed under this section by the Assistant Controller of
Rents, lnsein, can have no legal effect. This, however,
does not mean that the sub-letting, which in fact had
taken place, is void. Under section 108 of the Transfer
of Property Act, a tenant has the right to sub-let in the
.absence of an agreement with the landlord to the contrary.
It is urged by the applicants that there was such an agree-
ment, but we cannot probe into the question in these
proceedings and the matter must be left open fo a decision
'in the appropriate forum. But what must be considered
void is the order of the Assistant Controller of Rents
-directing Daw Kyin Myaing to pay rent to Samad Cassim.
The order of the Assistant Controller of Rents, Insein,
<lated the 9th January 1957 in his Revenue Proceedings
No. rs/Xlllwi of 1956~57 and the order in Review dated
the 2nd April 1958 in pis Revenue Proceedings No.
38/XIII-r of 1957-58 are quashed, with no orders as to
<:osts.
38 BURMA LAW REPORTS. [1959

SUPREME COURT.

ts.c.
I959
u BA HLA AND OTHERS (APPLICANTS)
April 6.
v.
' S.A.M.B. AND OTHERS {RESPONDENTS).*

State Agricultural lv!arketing Board Act (No. 57 of I95o)-Intention of thFr

legislature-Confennent of ~. special privilege rtpon the Bomd, whether
arbitrary discriminrztion-Act, rvhether retrospective.
The intep.tion underlying the State Agricultural Marketing Board Act is to
promote t)i:~~_cessing and the marketing of agricultural produce. With thiS'
in view the)l}fc)ard is empowered to advance loans bearing nominal interest.
The Act e:.;~li'res the Board to recover such loans as if they were arrears of
revenue, a p~ocedure which ensures a speedy recovery.
The conferment of this particular privilege upon the Board is not arbitrary-
discrimination under s. 13 of the Constitution. The grant of special privileges
to particular enterprises in the interest of general welfare and to achieve the
purpose underlying the Act, does not offends. 13.
Laclzma11das v. The State of Bombay, (1952) (S.C.) 235; Kadar Nath v. Th~>
State of West Bengal, (1953) (S.C.) 404; Cooley's Constitutional Law r eferred to.
Recourse by the Board to this mode of recovery would deny debtors the .
steps that they ~ay take under the Civil Procedure Code if instead a regular
suit had been instituted. But this is not a denial of substantive rights for the
Civil Procedure Code confers no such rights. It is a code of rules under which.
rights may be enforced by the Courts.
AruuachellartJ Chettyar v. Velliappa Chettyar, (1938), R.L.R. 176, referred
to.

Bd Kyin and Ba Swe for the applicants.

Ba Sein, Attorney~General and Myo Khin for the respon-
dents.
The judgment of the Court was delivered by the Chief
Justice of the Union

U MYINT THEIN, C.].- . These! are applications for writs:

of certiorari, ten in all, made by persons who had taken
loans from the State Agricultural Marketing Bard in
1953-54. In each case the loan was made by an agreement;:
*Civil Misc. "Applications Nos. xor, ro2, II1, I2I, II2, II3, II5, -n 6, ll7
and u8 of 1958.
t Preseut: U MYINT TaEJN, Chief Justice of the Union, JusTICE U CaaN
H TOON and JusTICE U AUNG THA GYAW.
1959] BURMA LAW REPORTS. 39
under which the borrower undertook to build a godown S.C.
1959
for the State Agri6:ultural Marketing Board to store paddy
u BA HLA
at least for the first three years at 'a fixed rental and to ANO OTT:lEf<S
'repay the loan in five, yearly instalments. The Board has s.A.MB. v.
sought to recover these loans by way of the special remedy AND OTHERS.
available to it under the State Agricultural Mark~ti~g Board
Act.
The Agricultural Projects Bqard was created by the
Agricultural Projects Order issued under the Essential
Supplies and Services Act, 1947, being Agriculture and
Rural Economy Department Notification No. 63 of the
19th October I945 This Order was superseded by the
State Agricultural Marketing Board Order, 1947, which
created the State Agricultural Marketing Board, issued by
'the same Department, being No. 340, dated the 14th
November 1947. The purpose of forming the new Board
was for " managing, controlling and promoting the pro-
cessing and marketing of agricultural produce.
In r 950 the State Agricultural ~arketing Board Act
(No. 57 of 1950) was passed by the Legislature, to come
into effect on notification by the President. The Act is
in Burmese and section 13 repeats section 3 1Jf the State
Agricultural Marketing Board Order with detailed additions
as to the powers of the Board. The portion, relevant for
the purpose of this case, reads-
" '\ <:: c c c C'\ Q 0 "r:::R c
:JtJ II GJ~.!ICli:T.l~UOOJOJ'P:~p::::D~I GfD')fDU:::D:~~p:cq
0
~~OJ
~~cr.;:: c c c cr.;:: c o o r,;: c ~ r::;::: c c cr.;:: c
1Jttl~tf:1~ Gbp~gQO)tjC:cr.?.cq Go:>~o:lJGJ'):[j~ ~:~u~O~JlUtJC:I
Q c '\rC c o c
0::JQS.9!;;}C:a\COJ:0JfD~GJ')CG:;o')CQfD
c c cc oc c Bc
C:OJ 0:J):::DGJ C
"
~ ~0 J a l 61 ~l C..:, o o

In March 1956, by Act No. 3 of 1956, sub-sections
(3} and (4) were added to the existing section 13. Under
sub-sec"tion .(3) the Board was specifically empowered to
make loans or advances- for the purpose of buying, storing
or processing <!-gricultural produce. The State Agricultural
Marketing Board, as a body corpora_te, had already exer-
cised these powers under the State Agricultural Marketing
40 BURMA LAW REPORTS. [1959

S.C.
1959
u BA HLA
AND OTHERS
v.
S.A.M.B.
AND OTHERS.

By a notification dated the 4th April 1956 th~' State

Agricultural Marketing Board Act '\\'as brought into force,
and soon after. since none o{the borroweh.had liquidated
their ,. debts. the State Agricultural Mat:]ceting Board
filed applications before the Dep~ty- , Commissioner,
1959] BURMA LAW REPORTS. 41
Myaungmya, for recovery of the loans as if they were s~c.
1959
.:arrears of land revenue, under the s~cond part of section
U BA Hu.
13(3). AND OTHERS
v.
U Ba Kyin, who appears for four of the cases before S.A.M.B.
us, has urged mainly that as the Act is silent in. regard to AND OTHERS.

transaction entered into prior to the coming into force

-of the Act, the new mode of recovery is inapplicable to
them. He contends that the State Agricultural Marketing
Board's sole remedy is by way of a mortgage suit under
Order 34 of the Civil Procedure Code which would give
the defendant the right to set-off costs, charges and
expenses legally recoverable by the defendant from the
plaintiff in respect of the mortgage. Any decree passed
would be a preliminary decree in the first instance and it
would give the defendant time to arrange his affairs. He
would even have a right of appeal. U Ba Kyin says that
these are vested rights and that therefore the Act cannot
be made retrospective in operation to impair these rights.
ln short, he says, a remedy given by an Act which came
into force in 1956 cannot be invoked in respect of con-
tracts made prior to 1956.
U Ba Swe, who appears in the other six applications,
elaborates on the same theme and raises two additional
points, the first being that the special remedy which
-enables the Board to seek recovery in the manner arrears
of revenue is recovered, is discriminatory legislation,
thereby offending section 13 of the Constitution. The
second point is that a loan made for the purpose of
building a storage godoV[n is not recoverable in this
:summary manner, the loan not being one made under
"the first part of section 13 (3) of the Act.
Thus three definite issues are raised before us. In
-regard to the first, tak"en up by both U Ba Kyin and
;U Ba Swe, that is, whether the new remedy is applicable
t-10 transactions entered into, prior to the Act coming into
tfrect, in our judgment it must be so. In Gordon v.
42 BURMA LA\A./ REPORTS. [1959
S.C. Lucas (r), the proposition was laid down by Lord Blackburn
X959
UBAHLA
that- .
AND OTHERS "it is perfectly settled that if the legislature intended to
v.
S.A.M.B. frame a new procedure, that instead of proceeding in this
AND OTHERS. form or that, you should proceed in another and a different
way ; clearly bygone transactions are to be used for and
enforced according to the new form of procedure. Altera-
tions in form of procedure are always retrospective, unless
there is some good reas(jn or other why they should not be:~

Examples of these good reasons must be such as a right of

suit: Mohamed Yaqui Khan v. Mohamed Shafi. (2); or a
right of appeal: Doraisami v. Vaithalinga (3). There
may even be a right to defend a pending suit but where
no such suit is pending, the right has not accrued. And.
where no suit has been filed it is inconceivable that there
should be a vested right of appeal arising out of a non-
existent decree.
What the mortgagors have been denied in the present
cases is merely the form of procedure in resisting recovery
under Order- 34 As pointed out by Dunkley, J. in
Arunachallam Chettyar v. Velliappa Chettyar (4}, the Code
of Civil Procedure is a Code of Rules whereby rights may
be enforced by the Courts; but the Code "itself confers no
substantive rights whatsoever. Further, it cannot be said-
that the mortgagors have been made to suffer in any way
by the change in remedy. The mode of recovering arrears:
of land revenue is provided by section 45 of the Land and
Revenue Act and such arrears of revenue are to be realized
as if it were an amount of a .decree for money passed
against a defaulter. Thus, the procedure that the Revenue
Officer must follow is the procedure in Order 2 r for
execupon of a decree for money. All monies repaid to
the plaintiff o~:(~the agreement ana the mortgage will be .
taken intp -a~c~nt. Similarly all monies recoverable from
.,
-----=--. ~.~+. ------------------------------~--
(i) (187~). A.C. s8z at 603. (3) A.I.R. (x9r8) Mad. 548.
(z) A: Lft (1948) Oudh 36. (4) (1938) R.L.R.' 176.
1959] BURMA LAW REPORTS. 43

the State Agricultural Marketing Board on these instru~ S.C.

1959
ments will also be taken into account. In regard to the
u BA HLA
time that would elapse between a preliminary mortgage AND OTHERS
v.
decree and a final decree, it is six months. The applicants S.A.M.B.
have not suffered really as the recovery procec;,di,pgs were AND OTHERS.
filed in 1956 and most of them are still pending. For
these- reasons we hold that the remedy provided in section
13 (3) is applicable to transactions entered into in 1953-54.
On the question of discrimination U Ba Swe's thesis is:
Why should a commercial concern, even if it is sponsored
by the State be given special privileges which are denied
to everybody else? Others have to go to Court whereas
the State Agricultural Marketing Board ascertains the
amount, often wrongly, and seeks to recover it, as if by
way of executing a decree. Government, U Ba Swe says,
when it competes with the citizen in commercial under-
takings should not be placed in a privileged position.
U Ba Swe's approach is an ideological one but neverthe~
less we have to examine if there is in fact discrimination
within the meaning of section 13 of the Constitution
which reads :
;;>

" All citizens, irrespective of birth, religion or sex or race

are equal before the law; that is to say, there shall not be
any arbitrary discrimination between one citizen or class of
citizens and another."
The State Agricultural Marketing Board is a juristic
person and we find no difficulty in accepting U Ba Swe's
contention that when a State embarks upon a commercial
venture, not as incident~l to its ordinary functions, it
should come within the ambit of section 13 . The authority
for this proposition is the decision on section 14 of the
Indian o Constitution (which is similar in intent with the
Burmese section 13) in ~Moti Lal.v. Uttar Pradesh Govern~
ment (r). We note. however that the word used in the
Jndi;'ln Constitution is " person " while in our Constitution
(1) A.I.R. (1951) All. 257
44 BURMA LAW REPORTS. [1959
S.C. it is " citizen ". A distinction might be drawn but we
1959
think that the principa! enunciated is correct.
u BA HLA
,.il.ND oTHERs The subject of Equality before the Law has received
s.A~I.B. judicial interpretation in many countries. Constitutional
AND oTHERs. enactmen,tsyary but certain general principles have found

universal acceptance; and one fundamental principle is

that equality before the Law does not mean that all laws
must be general in character and universal in application
and that the State has not the power of distinguishing and
classifying persons and things for the purposes of legisla-
tion. See Kadar Nath v. State of West Bengal (I).
The earlier case of Lachmandas v. State of Bombay (2)
suggests two tests for permissible classification: (i) that
the classification is founded on an intelligible differentia
which distinguishes persons or things that are grouped
together from others who are left out of the group, and (ii)
that the differentia must have a rational relation to the
object sought to be achieved by the Act.
The State Agricultural Marketing Board is, at the
present time, the only organization of its kind and is a
class .in itself. It is conceivable however that economic
needs may lead to the creation of similar organizations
to deal with the country's wealth in other fields. The
object of the Act undoubtedly is to enable the Board to
sell and export. The proceeds of such ~xport being the
main revenues of the Union it is necessary for the Board
to promote agricultural production, its processing and sale.
The task is a colossal o!le and in its endeavour to function
effectively the help of persons in "the trade is sought. The
help is mutual. The State Agricultural Marketing Board
having the funds, grants loans and advances in order to
facilitate the purchase, storage and milling of paddy. It
is expected that the loans would l5e returned during the
prescribed period. When there is a failure so to do, the

(1) (1953) (S.C.) 404. (z) (195z) (S.C.) Z35

1959] BURMA LAvV REPORTS. 45
Act provides the State Agricultural Marketing Board with S.C.
1959
a remedy which would ensure quick results.
u BA HLA
As between the State Agricult:ural Marketing Board AND OTHERS
v.
and the borrowers there can be no question of discrimi- S.A.M.B.
nation, since they are not similarly placed. The borrowers AND OTHERS.
are not injuriously affect_ed. The liability t0 pay what
has been borrowed remains. But if there were another
organization similar to the State Agricultural Marketing
Board to which the remedy prescribed by section 13(3)
is denied, then there may be discrimination.
As observed by Cooley in his Constitutional Law (r)
equal protection does not prohibit the granting of special
privileges to particular enterprises or employments in the
interests of general welfare, provided there is no discrimi-
nation within that class.
The conferment of a particular privilege on the State
Agricultural Marketing Board may be discriminatory in
the sense that the Board alone is competent to seek
recourse to a special remedy but to achieve the purpose
underlying the Act it is permissible and not inconsistent
with section 13 of the Constitution, which mentions
" arbitrary" discrimination. .~
In regard to the issue whether a loan granted for the
construction of a godown is recoverable as revenue, the
answer must depend upon the interpretation of section 13.
We have quoted it in full. Translated literally into English
the relevant portion~ would read :
" . . . the Board may take delivery, acquire or buy
agricultural produce either directly or through an agent, and
gl'ant loans or make adVances for buying or for storage or
for processing agricultural produce, or for constructing or
repairing rice mills . . .
~uch loans or advances together with interest (if any) and
costs (if any) shall be recovered as if these were arrears of
revenue."
(r) Pages z8r, 286.
46 BURMA LAvV REPORTS. [1959
S.C.
1959
U Ba Swe's submission is, the section does not cover the
u BA HLA case of a loan made for the construction of a godown by
AND OTHERs a borrower and whi,ch would become the borrower's
SA~"Yr.B. property. The special remedy given in the second part of
-AND OTHERs. the section, U Ba Swe contends, is applicable only to loans
made for ""buying, storing or processing agricultural
produce or for construction of mills and repairs of mills."
The test must essentially be, "what was the purpose
of the loan? " The answ.er is in the agreement itseif, the
recital of which says:
" Whereas the borrower has applied for a loan of K ..... .
for the construction of a paddy storage godown . . . ''
Clause 5 however is more specific and reads :
" That the borrower shall let/hire the said godown only to
the Board for three years viz. . . . ending with
December . . . The Board shall pay to the borrmvers an
annual godown rent at the rate of K 5 per hundred baskets
per year irrespective of whether or not the godown has been
used for the storage of paddy ;"
We have been informed at the Bar that a person may
b~y .paddy and store it himself before selling it to the
St~te Agricultural Marketing Board, and that the State
~ .
Agricultural Marketing Board itself also buys direct and
.
stores it. Judging by Clause 5 of the agreement, these
goqowns were constructed on loans advanced by the State
Agricultural Marketing Board for the exclusive storage
Df paddy purchased by the State Agricultural Marketing
Board for the first three years at least. For the purpose
of storage the State Agricultural Marketing Board itself-
may construct godowns under the powers given in section
13 (2) (e) of the Act. In that cas~ the expenditure incurred
would clearly come under " storage ". We cannot there-<
fore see why the construction of a godown by a third party
ior the storage of State Agricultural Marketing Board paddy
:at least for the first three years cannot come under the
category qf ~GC1;r::~9~ (for swrage) mentioned in section
:!3 (3) . .
~1959] BURMA LA-W REPORTS. 47

Like U Ba Swe, we feel that the phraseology of section S.C.

1959
13 is unfortunate. It might have been clearly said that
the construction and repairs of 11'1ills and godowns is ANDu BA HLA
OTHERS
v.
.authorized. But in putting forward our interpretation of S.A.M.B.
the section we are not importing words which are not in AND OTHERS.
the Act nor are we going against anything contained in
the Act. We quote with great respect the words of Fry.
L.J. in Curtis v. Stovin (r) where the learned Judge said:
" The language of the section is unfortunate but at the
same time I think it is not difficult to ascertain the intention
of the legislature. If the legislature has given a plain indica-
tion of this intention, it is our plain duty to give effect to
it, though of course if the words they have used do not admit
of such an interpretation, their intention must fail."
The intention of the legislature in enacting the State
Agricultural Marketing Board Act was to promote the
processing and marketing of agricultural produce. VVith
this in view, the State would advance monies bearing
nominal interest to agriculturists and those in the trade.
1t was also intended that there should be means of making
a quick recovery when these loans fall due. There is
nothing in the Act which would render our interpretation
inadmissible.
These being our views, the applications to quash the
proceedings before the Deputy Commissioner, Myaungmya,
must fail. We have. however, some observations to make.
The effect of our order is, the State Agricultural Marketing
Board can proceed under section I 3 (3) of the Act to
recover loans as if they were arrears of revenue. Recovery
'Of revenue is provided for in different Acts. For example,
the recovery of taxes under the Income-Tax Act [section
.46 (2)] is by way of recovery of land revenue. Under
the Excise Act [section 67 (r)] the method is the same;

and so in the Municipal Act (section 242) and .in the

Rangoon Municipal Act (section 194). The Revenue
.Recovery Act applies only to sums recoverable as
(I) {1889) z Q.B.D. SIJ.
48 BURMA LAW REPORTS. [1959
S.C. land revenue. We have not been able to find any Act
l959
u BA HLA where the method of collecting revenue is different. The
AND OTHERS absence of the word :' land " before the word '' revenue ~
v.
S.A.M.B. in section 13 (3) may be a drafting lapse but the result is,.
AND OTHERS.
if there are other methods of collecting revenue, the State
Agricultural Marketing Board eems to have the choice
and has chosen to have the loans recovered as if they were
arrears of land revenue. We have mentioned the method.
prescribed in section 4.5 of the Land and Revenue Act.
This section will have to be read with the Land and
Revenue Rules published in the Land and Revenue Manual
and also with the notifications on page 105 of the Manual.
The Rules as they stand require a Thugyi to opell!
proceedings before a Township Officer, but a Deputy
Commissioner is competent to entertain a recovery appli-
cation under se~tion 45, vide Notification No. 72 of the
9th November 1908. A revenue officer by name or by
office can be notified by the President to seek recovery.
We presume that the Revenue Officer of the State Agri-'
cultural Mar~eting Board has been notified. We note that
the proceedings have been travelling between the Deputy
Commissioper and his subordinate administrative officers.
This is unnecessary for the Deputy Commissioner can deal
with. the applications from beginning to end.
The State Agricultural Marketing Board has a very.
effective remedy under section 13 of the Act but in exer-
cising it the Board must comply with the provisions of
the Land and Revenue Manual. Where credit is to be given
to a borrower indisputably, such as three years godown
rent or actual repayment tow~rds the loan, these should
be excluded from the amount claimed. A statement
showing how the amount is calculated would make the
task of the Deputy Commis~ioner much easiecr. The
borrowers have a justifiable complaint when they say that
the entire amount of the loan plus interest is sought to
be recovered without any credit being given to them.
 BURMA LAW REPORTS. 49
In C.M. No. IOI/58 relating to U Ba Hla-Myaungmya S.C.
I959
DORP No. 30 RE of 56!57-the properties attached are ten
u BA HLA
in all and it appears that items 2, 8 and IO belong to U Ba &"D OTHERS
Thaung, Daw .Pwa Yin and U Lu Gale respectively. SA.M.B. v.
Attachment of these prop~rties was wrong since only the AND OTH'E:, '5~
property of the " defaulter" can be proceeded~against in
revenue recovery proceedings. If it is desired to proceed
against these people in their capacity as guarantors, they
will have to be brought on the record and opportunity
given to them to contest if they should desire to do so.
The Deputy Commissioner will have to consider how
much has been paid in by U Ba Hla and how much
he is to be credited with, in the way of godown
rent. Such sums as may be agreed to as adjustable by
both parties will also have to be taken into account. The
proceedings against U Ba Hla will have to be continued
in the light of these remarks which are applicable to all
the cases.
C.M. I02/58-U Ba Hla and Daw Nyunt Nyunt Soe.
The borrower is Daw Nyunt Nyunt Soe and the guarantor
is U Ba Hla. The .procedure adopted is correct and the
proceedings will continue.
C.M. I ;r r/58-U Maung Maung Sein, rViyaungmya
DORP No. 2I RE of 56!57. U Maung Maung Sein sub-
mitted to the Deputy Commissioner that he has to receive
godown rents. No notice was taken and without the sum
being adjusted, an auction sale took placed on qth
September I 958. The sale order must be set aside and
the Deputy Commissioner should ascertain the exact
amount recoverable and p~oreed on this basis.
C.M. I2I/58-U Khe Yan-.Myaungmya DORP No. 47
RE of 56!57. The proceedings. will continue.
C.M~ I 12/58-U Boon Swan- Myaungmya DORP
No. 34 RE of, 56!57. Judging:by the list of properties.
it is possible that the second item belongs to a guarantor.
An auction sale: was held on 9th September 1958. The

4
50 BURMA LAW REPORTS. [1959
S.C. sale order must be set aside and the proceedings should
continue.
~v~~ CM. II3/58-U Mutabhai-Myaungmya DORP No. 22
s.A~M.B. RE of 56/57. An auction sale took :r;>lace on 8th September
AND oTlffiRS. 1958. The Sale Order must be set aside and proceedings

should continue.
< "
C.M. II5/s8-U Ba Maling-Myaungmya DORP
No. r8 RE of 56!57; C.M. u6/s8-U Ba Shin-Myaung-
mya DORP No. 25 RE of 56/57; C.M. 117/58-U Maung
Thwin-Myaungmya DORP No. 28 RE of 56/57; and
C.M. I I8/ 58-U Than Maung-Myaungmya DORP
No. 27 RE of s6/57 These proceedings should take their
course.
Our formal orders are-
In Civil Miscellaneous Applications Nos. I II, II2
and II3, the orders of the De_guty Commission.er, Myaung-
mya, in respect of the auction sales are quashed. Civil
Miscellaneous Applications Nos. I IS, I I6, r 17, I r8 and
r2 I are dismissd. Civil Miscellaneous Applications Nos.
ror and I02 are dismissed as withdrawn as the applicants
by their petition dated the 3rd April I959 have sought
such with~awal.
The parties are to bear their own costs.
.1:959] BURMA LAW REPORTS . 51

SUPREME COURT.
' (APPLICANTS)
THE BANK OF CHETTINAD LTD. ts.c.
1959
v. :June z6.
DAW HMI AND TWO OTHERS {RESPONDEN'PS}. *
Vrban Rent Control .4.ct, s. zz-In rf!ference from order fixing standard rent
question of tenancy cannot be gone into-Proper procedure to be follo%~ed in
case of disputed tenancy.
Where in a reference from the order of the Assistant Controller of Rents
fixing the standard rent of a house, the Subdivisional Judge went into the
question of tenancy, which was denied by respondent No. I, who claimed
.ownership of the house in question.
Held : That the Subdivisional Judge erred in going into the question of
tenancy which is a matter for a Civil Court to decide.
Daw Ngwe Titt v. The Controller of Re11ts, (1951) B.L.R (S.C.) 85, followed .
.Held further : That as no Court can accept a plaint for recovery of rent
without a certificate fixing the standard ;ent (sees. 16 of the Urban Rent Control
Act), the pt:oper procedure would be to fix a standard rent without prejudice
to the claim of title or denial of tenancy on the part of the 1st respondent.

K. R. Venkatram and C. H. Chan for the applicants.

No appearance for the respondents.

U MYINT THEIN, C.J .-The applicants, th~ Bank of

:Chettinad, sought to have standard rent fixed in respect of
a house occupied by the respondent Daw Hmi in Pwinbyu.
The applicants produced a deed of sale dated 3rd December
:'!934 by one K<~tisha to the Bank, a deed dated 6th June
'!940 leasing the premises at Rs. I5 a month to the respon-
:dent Daw Hmi and her husband, and a tenancy proposal
.
form dated 25th April 1947 offering Rs. 20 a month.. The
last document is in English and is alleged to bear the thumb
.
'impression of the respondent.
The respo:p.dent resisted the application by the mere
allegation .that she had !5urchased the property from an
Civil Misc. Application No. 6s of 1959. .
:t Present :U MYINT TlmiN, Chief Justice of the Union, U Cw.N' HTOON
J. aridU Bo Gn, J. '
52 BURMA LAW REPORTS. (1959
S.C.
1959
agent of the Chettinad Bank " some r 2 years ago ". The
THE BANK
Assistant Rent Controller thought this allegation was of
OF no substance and he therefore fixed the standard rent at
CturrTINAD
LTD. K 20 a month. On reference to the Subdivisional Judge,
v. the question whether a tenancy exists was gone into, and
DAWHJ\U
AND TWO the learned Judge held that he was not satisfied that the
OTBEilS.
thumb impression on the tenancy proposal form dated
the 25th April 1947 was proved to be that of the respon-
dent. Holding that no tenancy exists, the Subdivisional
judge set aside the order of the Assistant Rent Controller.
The applicants have come to us by way of wiit pro-
ceedings and it is urged that the Subdivisional Judge had
erred in going into the question of title. On the authority
of Daw Ngwe Tin v. The Controller of Rents (r) this
contention must be upheld. Whether or not the respon-
dent, who was admittedly a tenant before the war, had
ceased to be a tenant, is a matter for a civil Court to
decide.
silice ho 'touFt (dm acd~pt a plaint for recovery of
rent without a certificate fixing the standard rent (see
section r6 of the Urban Rent Control Act), tile order of
the SubdiVisional judge would debar. the applicants from
filing such a suit. In the circumstances prevailing in this
case the proper procedure would be to fix a standard rent
withou(_prejudice to the daim 'of title or denia:f of tenancy
on the'part of -the respondent. In the event of a suit for
recovery of rent being launched, that would be the proper
occasion for the respondent ro 'aver and 'prove that she
had:'!'
ceased to be a tena~ ' ---
~ .
The order of the _Mistail.t Controller of Rents,
Pwinbyu, fixing the standard. r.eiit and issuing a certificate
was correct and must be upheld. We theref6re quash
the order of the Subdivisional judge, Pwinbyu, dated the
24th january I959

(t) (1951) B.L.R. (S.C.) 85.

 BURMA LAW REPORTS. 53
SUPREME COURT.
C. K. CHIN (APPELLANT) ts.c.
1959
v.
June z6,
HAJEE EBRAHIM MOHAMED SEEDAT (RESPONDENT).*
.~

(;ivil Procedure Code, 0. 4o-Receiver-Subject at all times to cont1ol of

appointing Court-Control can be invoked by party prejudiced by conduct
of-Relief may be. sought by application in receivership proceeditzgs-Rcceiver
has 110 vested i11terest in property-Exercises powers e:<pressly f!ranted subject
to control of Court-Power of Court to interfere-When Court should not
interfere.
The action of a Receiver is at the behest and on behalf of the Court and that
:he is, at all times, subject to the control of the Court which possesses thelPower
.to make all necessary orders f9r the control of Receivers appointed by it. Such
, control of the Court can therefore be invoked by a person who is prejudiced
py the conduct of a ~eceiver anfi r~lief may be sought by way of an application
in the same proceedings in which the Receiver was appointed.
Searle v. Choat, (x884) L.R. 25 Ch.D. 723, referred to.
The Receiver appointed und~r Orger 40 of the Code of Civil I;'rocedur~
has no vested interest in the property over which he is appointed Roceiver.
He is an officer of the Court on whom the Court exercises real control. For
e.xample, Order 40, Rule 4 (c) enables the Court to deal with the assessment of
loss due to wilful default or gross negligence of a Receiver without the necessity
'Of a separate suit. As an officer of Court who has no interest in the property.
he can exercise o~ly such po~ers as have been expressly granted by the Court
and does so subject to the control of the Court. Consequently, when he on
ll~ltaJf of n~e.~03J.~,t ~I?~fr~ j~~.o .~~ con~~a~t of ~-?}e pr ~~ccts a .~~~~ l <?f property
over which he has been appomted Recetver, the Court may, where necessary
interfere with such. contract of sale in a summary manner. Such power may
be exercised even where he has been authorized to sell the P{.Operty without
further orders of the Court. But w here the sale ha,s been completed pursuant
to such authority, so that the interest of a third party in the property supervenes,
normally the Court should leaYe the person aggrieved by the action of the
Receiver to seek red~ess in a separate suit. .
:;.. .
Surendro Keslmb Roy v. Doorgasoondery Dosee, l.L.R. (1898) 25 Cal. 253 ;
Krista Chandra Glzose v. Krista Sakha Ghose, I.L.R. (1908) 36 Cal. 52;
1Jq.j1Jgsa_m,i P,illay v. $af!q.pa.tl}i J?illai, ~;I.~. :Cx9~5) 1\:lad. 3 x8, referred to.

E Maung for the appellant.

Kyaw Myin~ for the respondent.
. i

U l\1YINT THEIJ:-1, C.J.-

. The .f.<;l,(:ts
are not in dispute.
The Re~~~yer. pe~_deqte ii.te .~f t~e ~~:t(! ?f f?. .. 'f._ .s,ema
~nder or.4~F~ of ~p.e .CPl;lit, ~~d .~u~op:~p.. tw~ properties.
. * Civil Appeal No. 5 of 1957. Appeal against the order of the High Court
;Passed in Civil Appeal Np. 64 of .1955, dated the zznd August 1955
lf t Preunt: U MYU:lT THEIN, ChiefJusticeoftlie Union, U CHA."l HTOON, J.
fiP.d U Bo GY,i , J.
54 BURMA LAW REPORTS. [r959

s.c.
I959
When the auction began the plaintiff enquired .
if the
- outside bidders C. K. Chin (the appellant before us) and
c. K.v.CHIN one Albert were Burmese nahona . Is. Th'IS question .
E=M was
justifiable because under the Transfer of Property (Restric-
~~~n tion) Act a foreign national needs permission to buy
landed property. It happened that these gentlemen had
their citizenship papers in their pockets and the auction
proceeded, and though the plaintiff went up to K 4o,ooo
the ultimate bid was that of C. K. Chin for K 8o,soo.
This was accepted. Next the Receiver proceeded to-
auction plot No. 27 which is admittedly more valuable
fhan plot No. 29. C. K. Chin~s initial bid was K ro,ooo
which was countered by the plaintiff with K r s.ooo.
This time C. K. Chin enquired if the plaintiff was a:
Burmese national. The plaintiff, supported by his
advocate, assured the Receiver that he was, but unlike
C. K. Chin and Albert, the plaintiff had not carried his
papers in his pocket. The Receiver therefore refused his
. bid, and the valuable property went for K w,soo.
It cannot -be- diSputed that the procedure adopted by
the Receiver, even if it was the outcome of the plaintiff's
own tactic", was unfair to the plaintiff and unfair to. the
heirs to the estate in that the assets of the estate would
be considerably reduced by this sale at almost a nominaf
price. As was to be. expected, the plaintiff took the
matter to the Judge and asked that the sale ih respect of
plot 27 be set aside, under Order 21, Rule 90 of the Civil
Procedure Code" The application could not be one
under this provision sine~ - i~ ;was -~not a sale in execution
of <t decree. However, despit~ the protest of C. K. Chin,
the )ea,rned. Dis~c~ and ."~pns _Jqdge held that The
posjtion called. for interfer~ce and ordered a fresa sal~.
C. K, Chin fook the matter on appeal and ~e prelimi:.
nary poip:t taken was that, .since the order of the Judge
.could riot ,possibly be under Order 21, Rule 90, no appeal
lay. That was a substantial point but the Appellate
1959] BURMA LAW REPORTS. 55
Court, rightly in our judgment, held that what the Judge s.c.
. 1959
had exercised was the mherent powers of the Court under -
. 151 of t h e c1v11 proced ure c ode. Th e submissions
sec t Ion c. K.v. CHm
of learned Counsel then turned on the question whether E~~:M
the Judge could have interfered in the summary manner ~~~~
that he had adopted or whether the plaintiff should be
made to institute a regular suit against the Receiver. 'he
Appellate Court, relying upon some authorities whio we
shall discuss later, drew a distinction between an agree~
ment to sell and a completed sale. The position prevail-
ing in the present case being merely the acceptance of
the bid at the auction and the acceptance of a percentage
of the, sale price as an immediate deposit, the Appellate
Court held that the stage had not been reached for the
plaintiff to file a separate suit ; and that therefore the
Court was competent to interfere. The appeal therefore
was dismissed.
We have granted special leave to appeal in this case
and the arguments before us have centred on the question
whether the plaintiff~respondent should have been asked
to file a separate suit. Dr. E Maung for the appellant
submits that there are special provisions in Order 2r, for
example, where a sale (which may be by a Receiver)
needs the confirmation of the CoQ.rt ; or in the case of a
sale by the Receiver in Insolvency proceedings where the
sale may be sen aside by application to the Judge under
section 68 of the Burma Insolvency Ac~. But here, the
Receiver was appol'nted un<ier Order 4<> and was ordered
by the Court to auction the properties, a process which
he duly c~ried. out. Wh1l~ it is true that no sale deed
has yet been executed, Dr. E Maung emphasises that an
agreem!nt to buy on the part of the purchaser and an
agreement to sell on 'lhe part of the Receiver (duly
authorised to sell by the Court) had been -effected resulting
in a completed contract for sale, and thus a party
aggrieved by the sale should file a separate suit. - -
56 BURMA LAW REPORTS. [1959
S.C. We consider it indisputable that the action of a
l959
Receiver is at the behest and on behalf of the Court and
c. K. CHIN
'V. that he is, at all times, subject to the control of the Court
HAJEE
E:sRAHIM which possesses the powe:r to make all necessary orders
MOHAMED
SEEOAT.
for the control of Receivers appointed by it.. Such control
of the Court can therefore be invoked by a person who
is prejudiced by the conduct of a Receiver and relief may
be sought by way of an application in the same pro-
ceedings in which the Receiver was appointed. See
Searle v. Choat (r). This would seem to be the normal
course of action rather than to resort to a separate suit.
The proposition has found acceptance in the Indian
Courts but Woodroffe ]., with' whom the law relating
to Receivers will always be associated, drew a distinction
between executed and executory contracts entered fnto
by Receivers. In Surendro Keshub Roy v. Doorgasoon-
dery Dosee (2) the Receiver had accepted the offer of a
lease of property, had even given possession but would
not execute a .lease deed because the position had
changed, the plaintiff having lost the suit. Mr.
Woodroffe, as he then was, appeared as counsel for the
defendant and in supporting the stand taken by the
Receiver, stressed that the lessee's remedy sliould have
been by way of a separate suit for specific performance,
mQre sq because the lessee was not a party. to . .the suit
and because -the main '$:Uit had. ended in favo.ur- of the
owner.,defenqant,.. Trevely<m, .J. fl.qwever tlid not think it
m~de the slightest di1ft:tf~I}c~ :w;he~her a third party had
made. the applica~iop.. He. point;-# out th~t the <:ontract
was completed and implemented by delivery of possession
before the original suit was dismissed. He therefore
held that: "
" A. Court has complete powoc to enforce summarily a
contraC':t. made by it when managing or administering an
estate whatever the contract may be."
(r) (r884) L.R. 25 Ch.D. 723. (z) I.L.R. (1898) 25 Cal. 253
.~
 BURMA LAW REPORTS. 57
S.C.
execution of the lease was ordered. 1959
Kr1sta Chandra Ghose v. Kiista Sakha Ghose (I) C. K. CHIN
to a third party was sought to be set aside. Mr. v.
HAJEE
,.,.,...,~ ...,..,.tto then had been elevated to the Calcutta High EBRAHIM
MOHAMEP
The Advocate- SEEDAT.

who appeared for the lessee stressed~ upon the

nction between rights in personam and rights in rem
apparently pointed out that in Surendro Keslmb Roy's
(2), no conveyance had been executed even though
wossession had been given. This submission found favour
Mrith Woodroffe, J. who said :

" This is not a case in which the matter rests on an

agreement which has not been carried out, and in which the
Court may interfere to prevent its Receiver giving effect to
the proposed agreement. This is a case in 'vvhich the matter
has passed out of the state of agreement, and has resulted
in a conveyance of the property to the lessee. As long as
the lease stands, the property must be taken to be in the
lessee and I do not think that I can, on this application, set
aside the lease."

In direct he applicant to proceed by way of a suit,

Woodroi pointed out that in Surendro Keshub Roy's
case (2), :ourt was asked to control the action of<the
Receiver that in the case before him, the stage had
~een rea where, unless the lease was set aside, the
interest ' hat of the lessee and not that of the Court.
We note that in Kiistg. Chandra Chose's case (1) the
Court order gave the Receiver liberty " from time to
:time, without further order of the Court, to lease the said'
~ .
;estate, for a term not exceeding six years, on such terms
~ to . such Receive~: may se~in reason,able ". Even so,
- ~ here such.'full. _authorit)r had bee~ give~, Woodroffe, J.

(1) I.L.R. (1908) 36 Cal. 52. (2) I.L.R. (1898) 25 Cal. 253.
58 BURMA LAW REPORTS. [1959
S.C.
1959
was of the view that had the matter rested on an agree-
c. K. CHIN ment which had not been carried out, the Court might
v. prevent the Receiver giving effect to the agreement.
HAJEE
E13RAHIM In Ratnasami Pillay v. Sabapathi Pillai (r), in which
MOHAMED
SEED AT. apparently no such full authority had been given to the
Receiver, 'the Court held that the Receiver being an officer
of the Court who could only exercise such powers as had
been expressly granted to him by the Court, a sale of
property by him under the direction of the Court would
not be binding on the Court or the property unless
accepted by the Court.
From the authorities canvassed before us the following
principles emerge. The Receiver appointed under Order
40 of the Code of Civil Procedure has no vested interest
in the property over which he is appointed Receiver. He
is an officer of the Court on whom the Court exercises
real control. For example, Order 40, Rule 4 (c) enables
the Court to deal with the assessment of loss due to wilful
default or gross negligence of a Receiver without the
necessity of a separate suit. As an officer of the Court
who has no interest in the property, he can exercise only
such powe:rrs as have been expressly granted by the Court
and does so subject to the control of the Court. Con-
sequently, when he on behalf of the Court enters into a
COD;tract of sale or effects a sale of property over which
he has been appointed Receiver, the Court may, where
necessary, interfere with such contract or s.ale in a
summary manner. Such power may be exercised even
where he has been authorised to s~U the property without
further orders of the Court.' But where the sale has
been completed pursuant to such authority, so that the
interest or' a third party in the property superveifes, nor-
.mally the Court should leaye theperson aggrieved by the
action of the Receiver to seek _redress in a separate suit.

(1) A.I.R. (1925) Mad.318.

1959] BURMA LAW REPORTS. 59

In view of the principles enunciated above, the learned S.C.

1959
District Judge rightly decided on the facts prevailing that
c. K. CHIN'
summary relief should be granted ~nd ordered a re-sale. v.
HAJEE
The appeal is therefore dismissed with costs~ advocate's E-aP.AHIM
fee in this Court K 170 (Kyats One hundred and seventy MoaiMEnSEEDltT.
only).
60 BURMA LAW REPORTS.

SUPREME COURT.

ts.c.
1959
u NYI LA~( {.~fPELLANT)

May .u.
v.
THE UNION OF BURMA AND ONE (RESPONDENTS).*

Criminal Procedure Code, s. s6tA-Inherent powers of High Court under-

When not proper to exercise.
It would not be proper for the High Court to interfere in exercise of its
inherent powers under s. s6lA of the Criminal Procedure Code by quashing
"the proceedings at the stage of framing a charge, except
(i) where the prosecution allegations, even if accepted as true, do not
establish any offence against the accused, or
(ii) where there is no evidence at all again~t the accused to support the
allegations which, if established, would constitute the offence.

Aung Min (2) for the appellant.

Hla Maung (Government Advocate) for the respondent
No. r.
Ba Swe for the respondent No. 2.
The judgment of the Court was delivered by

U CHAN HToON, J.-This is an appeal by special leave

under section 6 of the Union Judiciary Act. The appellant
and the 2nd respondent were partners in a partnersh~p
business for the supply of road metal to the Public
Highways Department of the Government i.n connection
with the construction of a section of road in Magwe
district. The appellant prosecl?ted the 2nd respondent on
.the ground that the latter committed criminal breach of
*Criminal Appeal No~ 7 of x9s8.
A ppe,ll against the order of the High Cou\?t, Rangoon, in Criminal Revision
No. l09 (B) of i957. (Reported in U Kan Tlrav. The Union ofBurmafU Nyi Lay,
(1957 B.L,R.) 336. .
t Present : U MYINT ~. Chief Justice. of the Union, JusTICE U CHhN
HTOON and JuSTICE U AuNG THA GYAW.
 BURMA LAW REPORTS. 61
of trust by dishonestly disposing of the money which he S.C.
l959
received from the Public Highways Department, in viola-
tion of the legal contract, which stipulated that all the U~.:N\r
-. .:_1.1~
Lw
monies received for the road metal supply were to be Tl'IEU:-.iox
OF 'BUR.;;,!A
handed over to the appellant. ;U.iri oi'.~:
The legal contract referred to above was contained
in the written agreement of partnership (Exhibit Ka in the
trial proceedings) the relevant portion of which reads as
follows:
("("(" 'co("
r C' C'
0
( ) GfJffi~U~<j3:[J.)~ffi CXf.?J9::Dn G~Qp:cq
C C't;";.;\ G Q o C
C'
OtDOitD'):G::D')
c
G(})J"Jffi"OJ'): 0')1;Pf'? COCt:J9J e:~GCOKO~j <:qmlft9Q~II
. ( ) (" c. C' (" ' 0 0 C' c-
9 Gmpm~uc-r:qc Gmpm~m'):(,)p~ mil(:9~ m9illmJ mu
c.;\ c- o c- o oc- o a o o c- c '
qc:91 ffiJ::DS:G~~ <X(COo,? 9';)qc: e:~GCOWJ~ 0')9C:1'?())CJt G;J(J.
c- r,'i c a , c- c- , a, ( ) , o"
~c:oo'): .t:l:~c ot;;::D')G;l6ll<:f::D')~C G;JOJmut G;J~G ? ~c ~;:,:
t. c-. : t>"C , c- . C
::on;;~:m9c: ~~~'=~~ u
The 4th Adclitional (Spedal Power) 'M:agi"str'ate of
Mag'we, after hearing the c6inplairiant-app~ll~nt and his
wih1esses, framed a charge under sectidn 4d6 )tli~ 'Penl1 of
C~e .against the 2nd respondent. The 2nd respondent
filed an application to the High Court in revision against
the said orde~ framing the charge. The High Court~
eketdsiil:g the inherent powers ve:5ted. in it JuHder :s~2tioh
561A .of the Criminal Procedure Code, quashed the
criminal proceed~n:gs holding that "the charge for
criminal breach of trust as against the applicant is.
clearly unsustainable .and it would be clear abuse of the
process of the Court to continue with his trial."
So far as the enunciation of the principles of law
applicable to a case of th~s nature is concerned, it should
be said that the High Court took a correct view when it
said:
" It is only when .it is established that a partner who
has been entrusted with the partnership assets or ~th any
dominion over prop~rty 'converts to his own use such
specific property or assets, in breach of specific terms of
62 BURMA LAW REPORTS. [I959
S.C. the trust imposed upon him can he be prosecuted for crimi-
1959
nal breach of trust. In the absence of any special agreement
UNYILAY
v. concerning as to h9w he should dispose oL otherwise deal
'THE UNION
.OF BURMA
with specific partnership property entrusted to him~ he can-
AND ONl!. not be said to have received or dealt with the said property
in a fl.duciary capacity and be prosecuted for criminal
breach of trust."

However, when it comes to the application of the

principle of law to the facts of the case, we doubt if the
High Court has correctly assessed the implications and
the meaning of the terms contained in clauses (3) and (4)
of the partnership agreement as set out above. We
therefore feel that it was not proper for the High Court
to have interfered in exercise of its inherent powers as
provided under section 56rA of the Criminal Procedure
;;Code, since no proceedings at the stage of the framing of a
charge should, in our view, be quashed except (i) where the
prosecution allegations, even if accepted as .:true, do not
establish any offence against the accused, or (ii) where
there is no evidence at all against the accused to support
the allegations.. which, if established, would constitute the
Offence. In the present case, therefore, the proceedings
should continue, giving the accused an opportunity to
produce his defence so that all the facts relevant to the
.case could be placed before the trial Court.
We therefore set aside the order of the High Court in
Criminal Revision No. I09 (B) of I95l and direct that the
proceedings before the 4th Additional .(Special Power)
M~gistrate of Magwe in CrimiiWl Regular Trial No, 3 of
Z9 5'1.:.~;oqti;n ue.
1:959] BURMA LAW REPORTS. 63
64 BURMA LAW REPORTS. [1959
 s
nsa~~~:c.Jft2 q;J~'f):~~ .{:5'c.J~~Cb~so:~gp =~~~
ocoorocotocoro 0w~es ~:c.a>!2Cli:::Jtt~co to:cPf)coPees t:Jl~~ru~
..:> .:> ..:> 11 .:> 1 1r ..:> ..:> ..:> 1 : ..:> " ~Ji
rcccc:r:;'Jcc :chco~mceMCll Wf)&; IITJ lrwes ::JCO <il
.
..) ..) ..) 0 ..)
~ ~
r .t.)cccccorooroo::Jhlcc:::-ofl:
..) 0 ..) ..) ~ J .!:1
l cb . ~ 'J
C":lh) .r1 L
L ":'1 1 <TL 11: 1 .,;ljj
flgO G~oc~es :l:l~sm~: CO (])SJCCXlelSC~ 1~\?e O~l.IC ~c.ro~Cic:.'~~.~~~~
rr ~ccoe:~~ccgPe~cc ~~ccJ ro~
'"'! " TI ~}!J~ 1 1r II 1 ' '.,.~.- \
:c.(]):c<l>:::Jccccoo~~oo Wl:lfl l:l :c.wes:wes:ccoeswcoo~es ccc~ewcco~,
..) ..) ..) 0 0 0 0 ..) .... ..) . . ~-,:
) 1 "V 1 . ' il 1 0 i . .
wwPecewco ti!:>BCO:Cbc.o w:cPB:~:cbco ::Jfb.:>ce::::hl:cesPcoccme:~ 1:ccot01
0 ..) 0 ..) ::> 0 ..) 0 ..)~ . . . - - , . -~~... ;
~ccsoco~Loe:~lo~ :~B~es ccc~~~ ~snce!fro ~c)el:SJ:~:~~~1
:CC!roccce>:c~B coPe:k 5 6esce.~o2:cbco toCCflb]; ~r~ecce:~wcc C2cc]
..) .) 0 1 ::> ~ Q , Q . .) 1r 0;) .,o tl'- ~- .. _.,.,.?.:<-:-~0 r.
:ccoeswcro~es cowPecewco ~flco:cbco ::Jco:WflBfficcc~ce<l> fb:2Proo~ o~
.:> .. 0 .:> . p ..) ::> 0, ,J l'>' 0 " ~ .) ..) ,J .
ocb~cc.u-c.c:c;&a.,l!;ffi~m IC~CCcceohll~e> :)hlcc~cc:2Proes ecb~eJI.r(lJ
' 0 " J 0 ~..J., ,J ~ ..) ..) ..) '::>
11 ~occcccfl<l>hlocesloro\ .
..) .) .,::;~;:, L.; '
ecnsw
..)
ccc~:r:;-Jd,e:~es
{t.j
oeo:cPBwPeecce:~wcc
,J ,J o ,J
C2flewcoo~
,J o.)
l:owPe~cooo
O,J O.J
'
n~bBeJOefl
:5 e .:>
CC!cccoPe<l>fcoPeesto
.:> .:> .:> .J o
::Jfto~~hl:ces4flccc
.J o .:>~ .J
11 CCfloe:~b:w:C<l>
.J ;:,
:ooc&:!ro ::::>!:Jtocccce\,h:.ccefl:cee><JI<lffi r:hlmo::Jt.occccckle'J :::JC~e>m
.J ..:> _, o .J " " .J e'JJ ,)::Jo .J ~ .J ::::::1 o
~ce~a:Cltoc.o~Loes
.:lO.:l 3
co~dfl:r:;"Jflcb
e::J ce 1:ob Ct.X2cc~ccccwtoc~roe~b~
.:>o.J OJ .JO.:l
i.uflro
oe
ccce>~~rwomc rfl:OCe>Wtc ~cc:cro:JceC.OOflflCOC(])(Jihlg oees I ecce bfleJ ::Jefl
.J ;:, .J .J oo .J ;:,~ .:l .:l e .,
1 ...., II: 1 [[ J[ ':'] 11 II: ':"]
::Jo:~coescccc:ccowciOJ::J: S'::me>~ccco l~cc:ccowcJOJ::J :ccCO:J ,.ro
.J .JO ..:> .J e o :5 .J .:> .J o
IICCflo~bcohl:l:e
:> ..)~o
:ca::CCll
.J
wccccoo:lPwes
Q.) .) o
8cQ~
.) ~
:oc Q~es&:!ccccfl
..) :-::::1 .) .) :CC'roofto:oo:
.) ..) .) lrwes roofl omlrwes 0 .) .)
oro 0Cc
.)
t=:shc::Jo2
.)
ecce :c rflwPewb:>cc::JWCCOO:CCCOClle'JCOCC II CCCCCDeJ:crowc fEoe~~
0 ..)
ecce)WCC r,J ,J .) ,J 0 ..) 0 ..) ..) .)
:ocr:;-J~ooB:lPwes~eo
;:,::::::1;:, ,J
o flGhG::JoC
..)
eccewcc
,J
ICCcc:cPflwPewro
,J ..) ..)
cce:~wccb:>
,J 0
~kl:c.w:w w(C2) cro~w cc 10 flGOG~oc eccewcc w:r:;"J~d5e [jc@o ~~
e1 oo ,J L ., ,J ~ o ::>
II COO~ &:coowcftoe:~ecb~ccoea:<JI:4>ce w:cPflwPewroccewccoo II @cc~wfewro
~ .) ~ ;:, .J .J .J o .J .J .J 0 ..:> OJ .)
::>::~k~*Q
.)0 .,:,J ccewcc
,J
(o@ccchl~:Jmol:oes:::Jb
.) ~ .) ..)0 ,J
1:ces (c klro)
~0 ..)0..)
18e> :QBcbc:e
4a::~cc ..J., e.:J
bocco~@hl
:) ~ :J
r OWWCCDebd OC e!@oo gkl(.hJ~ ::Jcr:;'Je~ftu:flG~ W:Q4>ocbc:e CuAfl
O'g .J.J e .:l o e'J ~ .:l ::::::1 .J .J o ~.J o oo
:)
9
occ I:CeG (cc hleo) OJ~ deco:::J& :Jrowcroebd rC CCOO~e'J :Fi]crowro
, ~ ~o eo .J .J .J .J e .J eJ J
;~es CCOWIG~
.:> ~ L ~:::Jto:~eec 6fle8M rcode>:kl8Pw:BG~ ~flC~0~flmce :kl 1ee &:do
,J ,J e ,J ,J e'J.J ,J 0 ::::::1 ,J 0 ,J eJ..J., 0 ,J
?GElc :~ees
.J
~flfl
Yoo
I:Ces e6fl~:Jefl
;:,
i:'c~::>CDC.0:4>c.o::JCC;qC~i:'c
.J .J ;:, ~
ewceseWCOflfl
.J.J .J oo ;:,
JCCcC ;
9 sr11oamr .MV1 vw~oa: [6S6~11
66 BURMA LAW REPORTS. [19:59

('
~c
J

(' Q (' (' (' 0 C: '"i (' c c

roc 1 01 roc: ro GC\Jl
)l
?ma:n: :::o84mm
IL t;.
como
L
IGW?CClm:::D:::o
iii J:.:.
u

. 0
1959] BURMA LAW REPORTS. 67
68 BURMA: LAW REPORTS. [1959
:!959] BURMA LAW REPORTS. 69
70 BURMA LA'vV REPORTS. [1959
BURMA LAW REPORTS. 71

u@CG
.;>
~ n 1 , L ~ ,. ::::1 n~ ~ 1<' rj- , n
:!1 S'OO~eiCDC.Oflfl
CDCO~~C.Ofl~ lwCC:CI~CCfla:l II CC<(Cc;'QCOCDIOO'>O
) .;> 0 00 0 .;> 0 ::i 0 00 s . ~ .;> ~ 0 '.;) .;)
X,c.o~ro:d'!ro cntf~o r~cccc0Q~f>lbceeo' (o@cccohlcplb Oc.qoc.cc~
::> .;) :I 00 .;) .}~.:> . .. .;) .;) ~.;) .;> ::::~.
n "1. r _'J , ~1 r1 ["_~m1'- ":"J ~ 1 ce1 ..-"!
?1w3ce ~'ls~cx;soro~cn0~~ ~lgs-c:xn~ 5~. rscccp~C$:.~ro cu0gg sccc
;o~re w~~(sub o;;~lod.o ~~~e t)Cllc)so~ c :treQ:>~c.r~ C.c ~ or r or
~ r r- 11 i!.. 1 1 )n: :::JV lc .t
:x. c.oe~e:mowe 18IO~o:.; wco::>CIC.O~ IO~Qcc.o~ ~,~~ccoo~:S'COQ weco~
.J .:> . ot.t. .:lo.:> ...L.:> .:> .;, .:>
:&cn~~o

cn~1&ldx-ncoro ~~~d:J<1b
oo .;) o'J .:>o.:> ~ o
o'J.,- :i .;)~c~::~oo 11c.?cc0hi
.;l
c?ebwl;oc.ce~
.;)~ .,) .,) .;)
16 '::l ~. i!..l re 1 rt -> 1 If rr , 11 1 ~ 1
:.ocowce
:>
so :cc0moecn0s-o
j 00 .)
:::>1cocomee
0.,)
1oe
0 .)
o
0
::::> come
0 \
0
wco

ro:oees
.. ~ ~
<:el 1 1 11 J. . ,. 1:111 ":"]
~s-c
15 m0 s-o :croc.orocoGGJ wcc.o~:oe :c;c,co 1eesccc~oe0<:ero 11 ecce
:::> 00 0 0 .;) t. 0 \0 0 .;)
31hlcceb~~:::>comCbco
~~_, o ,.., :>m:~e:Cbc.o
.,) cc.o~'lm~w~b
.,) o .;) .;)
o'.b .., .;loib:Jroc.otoo~ 5hlccocl-
.;>~ .;)
11 1 1 ~- n ":"J ":"J '"l ] 1"
~fl ::JC.O ~(X)
" I()~a:l 1C.OCCOOOS'el c::JCICDeiflfl la;CC C0CCC.[.\;0:C OC
.:l ...L o ..>o ..> ..> oo .:> e e ..> o
lire~
~e5bi>oroJ.CI6c~
::> .:l .;JO.:>
:..:le ..> .:>
~bcob::>.:l::)~ fF-tucoccneJco:2co
o .:J e
IG:cw:tu
'5 ~wPe:>b0:ob
o o .., .:> e .:>
oc~~
)~ o
rr re~ec.o~
\.:l
:cceo:~80:Cbc.o
.:> .:J...J\
~b<:bmc&:wC'o
.:> .:J
ICO~fl
.:>
:cccowPe::Jb<D
. ..,_ .:> .., e
~ccGJ~:c&wC'o
.:> .:>
ll:xrw~
.:>
0hl::::Pees
..>~ ..>
:crococctu:2.
e
:~:<bc.o 11 CCccCb~cccfe
.:l ..>...J
wPeob0 ~cc IO>~COCD~ too:!cc<Dhl oll:occccnccc@o:2 c.k.c.oe<boe
: .:l e .:> ...L ..> ..> :..:1 ..> .:>~ .:> e e .:l
wmc~ .:>::>mw~::::>cPw~
..) 0 .;l
1o~::>cco~ cckcob~
...L .;l .,)
cM~ro~ccc.o~Pe
.;)0 .;l ..)
::&
.;l
ub
C.O~ro/;ro
.:>
10~~
..>
uCtJc M~k5m~
::>
~0 CO~~dXI.C'0W
oo J o'J .:>O.;J
II CCcc:C.OOCDCff:o~
.:> .:>
11 1 ".1. 1 re 1 1 ".1. TI -.r 1 i!.b __ 1 r
:::>c ~:>ccoecn Ws-eron~S"c
5m0 S"O COS"ea;ccccm:.c co cc:o c.<> S'1L
lXO<n:::>>s>
.:> ] J o ..)0 ::> oo .:>o .:J J \ o e .:> _, .:l
~0hl:cP<'l&q::JOO~~wCb~c.co !l;J!Jf:es tucocctu:2 :N:Cbco r<:2ccro:ob
'5_,~ ~.:lO .., 'r:..:le o o .:l o ..,
V <> 1 ":"] <:r 1 1lJ 1L 1 r r.' 1
:::>C.O(J)CDem 11 :::Jc ~<D ccf!boa;co cc:('l:JC~ s-ocoro::>l$' :::1cococo
.:> o .:> .:J .:l ..> ' o e .:l .., ..> _, .:l
:e~
, 1 , n ,. 1 1 J. ~~ r , i! J. ::J
:oeeJ<DGJ wcocoe coco :CiflCC :JOOS'~CJ..Jw~cco a.no:mco r ~..~,;cc
.:> o .:> .:l -'O J
.., e<'lro o ..,
:c.Pecol8b:::Jb
0 ..)
wk5m~~o
.;l 00
11 :::>cq~crhlccc::::>l;l:crowcfco~ ~61mo~oesto
.;) ~ .)~ .:J:::I .;l ..) l;; .;l '
Lr , 1 In J. ,. , 1Ilj_ 11_ __ !._ r n 11 , 1'
bro :J fl8o cc:"e:mco ccr.rooieC.<> s-ocow:::>'S' :ce;:;:CiflCC :::>ros-eJ
.) 0 .) 0...J6 .) .,) .) ..)0
J
GJ;JJ~::;o ~~ r . 1 1
o ea;wcoccw:.-.1!
;::J
CC<Din 11r cb
J:l:l: co :::>eo r "
" U::JL coee;:;ee.s 11 :::Jc]e:r
.:> ..> 6 o e ..> .., ..> ..) .:l
v 1 ~ L 1 n L 71 rn "
c.ccwcoros-
.:J
16:o~
..> ..,
oc~
e
CJ..JCJ..J1e:::>oo
o _, _, 6
cccceccele
_, '.:J
1 r: re 1 , :::>eo
ws-cocr.0s-oro
ooo ..,
uf Lo
1 r v r1 M 1 1~ 1 1 r v n ~c.Sm'iHo
. 00
():J C.OfleBfla:l I<D' S'e O~llC II :::;c ]ec.oc.oeeCOCbeJCOOO:::>' Sr ' COCCOWC.I(\)el C.CCe>
.;l .) .;l .) 0 .;l .;l .;) :::>1->mC\Jtc
.)0.)
:crowcll:o~ ~~c5m~~o c.o:q~e.>l5el;ccco ~coccccco:2 wcoG~ ,'&l~eo46
.:> .:l oo e:J o :::> e e o Ot, r ..>
11 cccc0hlcceboes&> I:Ce ?'!:
" .;l .;)~.;) .) \ 0
co~~o e2cc:CC0~ 1bro ue esb tu~e.c:ob w:&f):cbco :>bm~ o~co&,occcecc CLo ocD3m~
00 .;l .) \ .;) 0 . .;l .,)0.;) .;)
<T 1
~ ":"J .,_, oo 1 11 'i r g.l.b <T 1 vGtlc
C>~(J) o:a;<DO> em<D S"O c.occcocc:cG'S' 10:: >G ~ ~~oroco cc
.;l .;l
so16oesro .) \ .;l \ 00 0 .;l ..) .;l ..) \ 0
656r] 'S'i"HOJtc~ M"V1 Y,W)lfiH ZL,
I959] BURMA LAW REPORTS. 73

egm:>g ( Gcqj xJSco:>g~)

('

~c
(' ('

<ir"' '::Jj 'l''->11

ol J ( Gcqj :>oSco:>~

0 c '1 C'
C\XDOIGOOJ C
l

74 BURMA LAW REPORTS. [!959
BURMA LAW REPORTS.
76 BURM~ LAW JREP,ORTS. [1959
 u2cccobM~ro olPe:~~o:cbc.oc.c.o~oo;. ~~~::o>l5::o>'Co :~d::C!
. ;J ...:> ..:>o :> - ~.> ., ..)o ..> .:> o ~o o
c.c.o~ool,~&:>~re:2
., .)Q ;I ., 0
:~~:Cbc.oc.c.o~oo~
O,J., .) .)0 .)~ 0
.)0 1:4cc~t:l:tl
n61 .)c.ohro c.OXoc.fco::o>~ro:cc~ecC'l~Cbc.o
.) "
u.:>ct!a::col;occ:e~l
.:> o ~ .:> 9
ocofu .:>cro~cccm2u
e
?M~5'l:esocc~-t ~gb . . I 0
.,
CIJC.OIC.O 1v
!C. p,fleeGSeeGcniOOS' f 1n
,C.CC::> CC 10~0061 ICOeGOl: '!!J '"l
r ~ G::'>ClCCOt.G ~rr ~
,. ,
~>"Ill::> eO

;, o .> ..> Lee .:J o .Jo,:, :> ~ :> o .J \.J ..> ,
CIJO~Ild:
.) .>0
ecoleeGCOCCtollt.GCllJ.:J:oero
''-' .) 0 .)0 .>.!J.)
c.cc~kc.eo
:J 0
II @flCl::'>b~ccO~ :@roto~cck@edt
.) :J .> 0 :> 0 .)
:to~2e 'coe:LbCll ~cocb~i:l:;,roc.cc~'cd.o@~'>
0 .) 0 0 \ .)
1bros:;,oClooro:b:;,o~:r:;Je:C'lb:LS
.)
.) ,;)~ e::J .)~
n0O?ooloC'lMc~oa
.) 0 ,:)
c. ~:ol:lc.ohcoccl:n@(,b(l)J.:Jorco
.)~.) .) .) .J:J.J
ro4o:b:;,o~:~e:~'>b:lbcbokhl1a
.) .)~ &.::1 ..> .)0 :,j(,'j
n2ebGJ.:J:c.hl
.) .)~ ~ (...
oo .)oPco cf c./;e:4erool6roc.oc.cc~
.) .) -
, ~ I L lt ,
I ~>G II
, ,.CCCIJCO ':CCCCO'!t!CO
:"! ., , bt.GG::'>O2 C.CCIS!:Oe cb crOCO
v 10::'>0.
v ::'>100
.)
C.OC'r l.)C.OCC ~~>IC.O
0 0 \. 0 .> ::> :JO 0 .> .)O .) ...L, .)
bGr;:JC.cc:c.hl
.) ::1 ,'J
:.J oC orco 0c c.lle:4ero
.:>
~ccb:o:;,oohwb
.) .)
c roc.c.ccoooG
J .)
I~ 6ci}c
11 @flb:O:~GG~bo~~d:1
't 1 " r 1 :> .> .> .>~oo"i
0
roe:4ero
.,
~cc~:o:;,cnwc.o
.) .,
lc.ocooa?ccoccco4eec
.) .) .) .)
c.ccro
0
(no~ ~u:~wss:lssv):obc.G
.) ;
M:k 4coe:eb:l br.:>CDIOG41ill rwe:4eroc.cc~b:o~ co~~cob c roC.CCCOCOCll le vcllc .j
' o .> .) L ::> .J L. ee ::J o .J .) 3 .l
ulcco~c.oec.occ
.:J .:JO.:J .J
IG'M:~~o~cb
~00 S .:JO
cr 1bro c .lcore:o~ !.:)'
.)\j :>-
VC l'lsb
.)
tol6roce~
.,;) ~
h->2cc6:~~:@4~cc:4~f'l::o
.:~ .) .) .) .) o
hlcoJ.:J:k
~: o~J, ~
e5o oto2ccCllQ~@e
.) .) ~ .)
e:4eroc.cceb:oe co;erob
.J .)
c OOC.C.CC.OCI..l(l)
.) 0
I~ llctlc .)oFro:c.co:~ w(ro)llc esb
0 .) ~
u2cceco~c.occ
.;) \.l .)
!Go[l:korw
~,;)~ 0 . )
~r ~:c.hl
;,} :.J oC orw
,.) 0c tloe:S.eesccc$c.ro
0 .)
::>to~~ IG:o:;,:chl oC orw 0c o!h:JCDco IOCJCIJC.Pooe or !OIO::'>af~cce4~ CJ..)~(l)hl:2c.o
.)0 ~ :..3 .) .) .) .) .;)l, .) .) \..) .)::,j 0
~be:c.cowc.Fro~
.) 11G:c.ro:w
'::r 0
'co(ro)llc
0
eobo~o2coro
.:a J
:beoQ:r:;Je:flb:LSd:d:ehl'la
.)~ ~ .) ~0 ':j{:/j
I@cc:oe~o:b:;,or:;J:r:;Je:C'lb:l b cbokhl'!mwccoeooro I'!m 1 II corecoJ.:J:l:e
:J .J .l .l
.:> .)~ e.:] .;J t. .)0 ~(:, J.l
l'lme:ll.r011
O~J .> ~ :I
u:beo~:to
.:>0 0
r o D b 1" , cb.,..., , , L o n b ,
e:LOCll
ICllCOccC'
0
l :cee=
.) - .:J
ll!:l:Oe
.)
cccco'S':co
.)0
"t.eco1e:o
.)
n ICllOOcce
.)0 0
co :ce .) .) 0 j .)
c'&:2:!;:;,
o .)ol6h:>:c.w:tu
o o IW
o (ro) vc flsh
.) o~o2wro
.) :beo~:~e:f>b:LS
.) cbokhl'.fl
.,o .)~ ~ ~o~J
* (:cPB~b~Kco~c6~)
c ro "lmBcn~:ro r4o:b~o~:~ e:Bb:rbwcco~wco
L, <>1 . ;) L, ;) ;) ~ e:J ;) L, ;) .J
r
ncob r c (\)~!, ~~
.) .) J
iC~c + ( :cPB~bccowci6e>)
;) l.
r ro :4cc:2e;)0
nlreccoecob:nchoo
.:;,.:;, j
.Lt.. sl1!0d-3:'tl MY1 YW1:ID1l (656I
78 BURMA LAW REPORTS. (1959
I959] BURMA LA'0/ REPORTS. 19
80 BURMA 'LAW REPORTS.

SUJ,JREi\;1~ COURT.
ts.c.
195.9 U KHIN MAUNG (APPLICANT)
Aug. ZI. v.
U THAUNG PE (alias) MAUNG PA AND THREE OTHERS
(RESPONDENTS).*

Urban Rent Control Act, s. xx-Ejectment of tenant-Not at w!1im of landlord-

Suit for-Incompetent tuithout Controller's permit-TVhenpermit to issue-
Grounds.
It is not at the whim of a landlord that a tenant can be ejected and no suit
by a landlord for ejectment against a tenant can be launched without a permit
from the Controller of Rents. In issuing such a permit the Controller must
be satisfied that reasonable grounds exist. These grounds are mentioned in
s. I I of the Urban Rent Control Act.

Mon San Hlaing for the applicant.

Ba Thaw for the respondent No. I.

Hla Maung (Government Advocate) for the respondent

No.4
Judgment was delivered by

U MYiltT THEIN, C.J.-It is not at the whim of a

landlord that a tenant can be ejected and in point of fact
no suit by a landlord for ejectment against a tenant can
be launched without a permit from the Controller of
Rents. In issuing such a permit the Controller must be
<>atisfied that reasonable grounds . exist. These grounds
,e enumerated in section I 1 of the Urban Rent Control
Act, and for the purpose of the proceedings before us the
relevant section is section I I (6) (f), which reads:
~(f) the building or a part thereof. . is reasonably
and bona fide required by the owner for occupation by himself
exclusively for residential purposes. . "
Civil Misc. Application No. 48 of I959
t Present : U MYINT THElN, Chief Justice of the Union, U Bo GYI and
u AUNG THA GYAW, JJ.
 :B1JRMA LA,,;:-REPORTs~
A permit to sue for ejectment was sought by the
:owners and the Controller held that. the requirement was
}both reasonable and bona fide. The permit was granted.
CHis order was confirmed by the revisional authority.
o!.,
~~'~i +~
U THA~~G
.. It is app~arent, however, that the question whether PE (alicis)
MAUNG PA
the requirement was for the owners' occupati9n exclu~ AND THREB

~sively for residential purposes, was not consi<;lered. OTHERS.

Paragraph 5 of the petition reads :

" That the petitioners require the said premises reasonably
and bona flde for residential and business purposes for the
2nd petitioner."

In amplification of this statement the 2nd petitioner said

in his oral examination that he wanted the premises to
~ffia~~-
In the face of these averments it is plain that the
requirement is not exclusively for residential purposes.
The orders of both the Controller and the Subdivisional
Judge are therefore quashed with costs ; Advocate's fees
K 51. The Assistant Controller of Rents (2), Moulmein,
is directed to withdraw the permit to sue granted under
date 21st July 1958 in his Rent Control Case No. r8 of
I957

6
 BURMA LAW REPORTS. [I959

r~Q~ ul 9 (~cqpoSa:rJ~Oi(~J':8)
('
~c
J
BURMA LAW REPORTS.

O)~:;o~ J
oq (m) ro9
84 BURMA LAW REPORTS. [1959

ol ?
BURhl& LAW REPORTS. 85
86 BURMA LAW REPORTS.
. -. . ' . - :fq>'. .

439. (5) Where under this G_ode an appeal lies and no

appeal is brought; no. pro.ceedings by way of revision shall
be entertained at the instance of the party who could h ave
_appealed.
'!959] BURMA LAW REPORTS.

115. [S. 622] The High Court may call for the record
of any case which has been decided by any
Revision.
Court subordinate to such High Court and
m which no appeal lies thereto,
88 BURMA LAW REPORTS. [1959
I959] BURMA LAW REPORTS. 89'

0 c
oxnoxnr
L l>
90 BURMA LAW REPORTS. [I959
il9S9] BlJRMA LAW REPORTS. .91
92 BURMA LAW REPORTS. [ 1 959

SUPREME COURT.
t S;C. SYED EBRAHIM (APPLICANT)
1959
v.
SePt. II.
THE CONTROLLER OF IMMIGRATION, BURMA
(RESPONDENT).*
Immigration (Emergency Provisions) Act, s. 7 (I)-Deportation of persott born:
in Burma-President's power under.
'Where the applicant was convicted for overstaying the permit effective-
for three years after his re-entry into Burma in I 949 itlis within the discretion
and competence of the President to order his deportation under section 7 ( 1) of"
the Immigration (Emergency Provisions) Act, even though the applicant may
have been born in Burma.
Karam Singh v. The Controller of Immigration, (1951) B.L.R. (S.C.) 25,..
distinguished and explained.

P. N. Ghosh for the applicant.

Hla Maung (Government Advocate) for the respondent.
The judgment of the Court was delivered by the Chief
Justice of the Union.

U MYINT THEIN, C.J.-The applicant, admittedly ct

foreign national, has been asked by the Controller of Immi-
gration to0 leave Burma by a certain date. He claims to
have been born in Burma and his learned Counsel has:
invoked our order in Karam Sin9h v. The Controller of
Immigration ( ~)in which we had observed:
" . . . the Immigration Act . . . would not bring
within its scope the case of people like Karam Singh who were
born in Burma before the enactment of the Act."
This passage taken by itself might be construed 1n..
favour of aliens

born in Burma,
' c.
but we had, further on in
'
the same order, elaborated on the passage thus :
. . . in regard to entrants after-the enactment of the-
Ac~ they would be entering ~urrp.a under a permit ~hlch may,.
* Civil Misc. Case No. 96 of 1959
t Present : U MYINT THEIN, Chief Justice of the Union and U C~AN:'
HToON and U Bo GYI, JJ.
(1) I95Z B.L~R- (S.C.) 25 at 29.
 BURMA LAW REPORTS..

for example, limit their stay to one year, or it may be for an RC~
indefinite stay. Such permits may be withdrawn or its condi- I9s9
---..:.._.

tions amended." SYED

EBRAHIM
tl.
Karam Singh was born in Burma and had not left Burma
CoNIRbiiiEiic
at any time so that the question of a permit to enter OF IM:MlcR,.\..:
TION,
Burma was not invcijved. But in the case of the applicant, BUR..l'l'lA.
even assuming that he was born in Burma, he re-entered
Burma on 19th December 1949 and his stay in Burma was
on a permit effective for three months. This was extended
from time to time and remained effective up tQ 28th June
1952. On the Controller's refusal to extend the permit
any further the applicant moved the Ministry concerned
without success. It is not ascertainable if the applicant
was informed. The papers were mislaid in the Controller's
Office and when traced in 1958, the noting on the case had
<l4appeared. However, the applicant was prosecuted then
for overstaying and convicted and fined.
We have pointed out in Karam Singh's case that mere
birth in Burma does not by itself confer Burmese nationa-
lity and that it is within the competence of a sovereign state
to terminate the stay in Burma of even a friendly alien.
In view of the conviction sustained by the .a pplicant
it is within the discretion and the competence of the
President to order his deportation under section 7 (r) of
the Immigration (Emergency Provisions) Act. No order of
deportation has been issued by the President but we pre-
sume that the Controller's direction to the applicant to
leave Burma is a preliminary step.
There are no grounds for interference and the applica-
tion is dismissed. The ordr staying action, dated the r6th
June 1958, is Withdrawn.
94 BURMA LAW REPORTS.

SUPREME COURT.

t S.C. u THA DIN (APPLICANT)

1959
v.
Oct. 30.
THE SECRETARY. MINISTRY OF CO-OPERATIVE &
COMMODITY DISTRIBUTION (RESPONDENT).*
Govemment Servant-Acquittal by Court-Reinstatement-Governmetzt or
India Act, 1919-S. 96B-Concept of holding office at pleasure-Sub-
s. (z)-Powers of Secretary of State to make rules under Rule ss-
Opportunityto Government servant to defend lzimse(f-Concept of employment
during pleasure co1tsidered fundamental-Government of India Act, 1935-
S. 240-Concept re-iterated in-Provision in Rule 55 embodied in-Burma
Act S. 97-Similar to S. 240, India, Act S. xz8-Provision contained in-
Enables rull!s made under repealed Act to remain in force-Government
of India Act, 1935-S. 276-Concept of employment during pleasure-
Preserved in Indian Constitution-S. 310-Civil Servants in India-
Position unchanged by independence-Civil Servants in Burma-After
independence-As between master and servatzt-Aggrieved Civil Servaizt-
Remedy of-Minister's Orders- Orders of Government-No appeal,
administratively from-Government of Burma Act, 1935-Not "existing
law " - Burmese Constitution-Not re-enactment of 1935 Act, S. 222-
" Existing Laws"-To be considered along with S. zz6-Rules and Bye-
Laws passed under 1935 Act-Not "existing laws" though still observed.
Govemment is not bound to reinstate a civil servant after his acquittal by
a Court.
Every pers~n who held office in the civil service of the Crown in India
did so at His Majesty's pleasure. This was embodied in s . 96B of the
Govemment of India Act, 1919. Sub-s. (2) empowered the Secretary
of State to make rules to regulate the classification of civil services in India,
the methods of recruitment, the conditions of service, pay and allowances,
discipline and conduct. Such rules were framed, among them being Rule
55 of the Civil Services (Classification, Control and Appeal) Rules which
provided for the grant of a reasonab,le opportunity to the employee to defend
himself. But the concept of employment during pleasure was .considered
fundamental and even where it was established that the rules framed under
s. 968 had not been observed, the Privy Council confirmed the dismissal of a
suit against the Secretary of State'for Inaia.
Rangachariv. The Secretary of State for India, 64 I.A. 41 at 54; Venkata
Rao v. The Secretary of State for India, 64 I.A. 55 at 63, 64 and 65 {'Secretary
of State v . .J. C. Maurice, (1937) R.L.R. 35, ;;eferred to.

Civil Misc.. Application No. roof 1959

t Present: U MYINT THEIN, Chief Justice of the Union, U THAUNG
SElN, and U Bi. NYTJNT, JJ.
- ~959] BURMA LAW REPORTS. 95,
;:) ~-/-:);..

\Vhen the 1919 Act was superseded by the Government of India Act, 1935, s.c.
s. 240 of the later Act reiterated th., concept of employment during I9~?
pleasure. What had been provided by Rule 55 mentioned above that a u Ta,CDZ?:I
reasonable opportunity of showing cause should be given, was embodied in
s. 240 itsetf.
High Commissioner for India mtd Paki.,tan v. I. lvi. Lall, 75 LA. 225,
referred to.
Provsion similar to those in s. 240 of the Indian Act were embodied CoMMODITY
in s. 97 of the Government of Burma Act, 1935 At the same time to D1STRIBTJ-
meet any eventuality, s. 128 embodied the provision that notwithstanding TlON.
the repeal of the 1919 Act, until the enactment of new provisions, rules
relating to civil servants in force immediately before the commencement of
the-1935 Act were to continue in force and to be deemed to have been made
under the appropriate provisions of the 1935 Act. . The Government of India
Act, 1935 had a similar provision in s. 276.
In the Indian Constitution, the concept of em12loyment during pleasure
is expressly preserved by s. 310. S. 3II guarantees a ~ble
opportunity of showing ~;ause, while s. 313 ensures the continuance
in force of all provisions relating to the public services. Thus the position
of the civil servant in India has undergone no change in regard to his
constitutional right to be afforded an opportunity of showing cause against
punishment. Klzem Chand v. The Republic of India, A.I.R (1958) S.C.
300, referred to.
But the Burmese Constitution contains no provisions similar to those of
India's and the relationship between the Government of Burma and its civil
servants is that of master and servant.
If administrative remedies are denied to a civil servant or if they should
prove inefficacious, he should seek redress by way of a suit against Government.
Resort to the writ jurisdiction of the Court is not an appropriate or satisfactory
measure.
A~ order passed by the Minister himself must be construed as one exercised
by the Union Government collectively, and as such, under the Discipline
and Appeal Rules there can be no appeal, administratively against the orde.!i~
But the fact that there is no provision for appeal does not preclude Gover1,1_menf
from reviewing the position.
The definition of the term "Existing Law " in s. 222 of the Burmese
Constitution must be considered along with s. 226.
The British Legislatur e, by the Burma Independence Act, 1948 repealed
in its entirety the Government of Burma Act, 1935, as from the day the Burmese
Constitution came into force and having been thus repealed b y a competent
leg islature the Act could not contirflle as " existing law " and rules framed
thereunder died with the Act itself. <

Funda~ental Rules, Discipline and Leave Rules, and even "G" Circular
15 are still observed. There have even been amendments and reJ-~jis ..._in
respect of st>me of.these rules. N~ new set of rules and regulations perta4{fug
to the G:ivil Services have yet been framed, but as the bulk of Government
_employees were made to continue in service under s. 229 and ~lso because
;.G overnment itself t reats these rules and regulations to be of full -~ffe~t , eye11
 BURMA LAW REPORTS. [1959
S.C. if these rules and regulations have no statutory force, they must be taken
r959 as the conditions of service of government employees retained under
U THA DIN s.229 of the Constitution or recruited after Burma's change in status.
v.
THE
Sl::CRETARY,
U Paina for the applicant.
MINISTRY OF .
Co-oPEM- Hla Mauna (Government Advocate) for the respondent.
TIVE &
COMMODITY
DISTRIBU- U MYINT THEIN, C.J.-The applicant U Tha Din was
TION.
removed from the service of the Government and he has
moved this Court in the exercise of its writ jurisdiction
(r) to quash the order of remoyal, (2) to restrain Govern-
ment from conducting a further departmental enquiry, and
(3) to call upon Government to pay him the salary due to
him as from the ~ate of his suspension from service.
Government has filed no returns but the relevant files
were forwarded to the Court. The learned Government
Advocate has informed us that he has received no special
instructions, so that we do not know what Government's
official policy is, towards civil servants in regard to their
conditions of servl.ce, their retention and their removal.
The facts which prevailed in this case are not in dispute.
One U Khin Maung Lat, ,since deceased, a member of the
senior bratJ,ch of the Civil Service and who at the relevant
time was the Commissioner of Civil Supplies, was prose-
cuted in 1949 along with the applicant U Tha Din who was.
:'his Secretary. A Tribunal of three with a Judge of the
High Court as President, discharged them. The matter was
taken up on revision and a further enquiry was ordered.
A second Tribunal of three, with another judge of the
High Court as President, acquitted them in Case No. 2 of
19.$'0 on the 2rst November r~so. This acquittal was up-
held by the Appellate Court in Criminal Appeal No. 240
of 1951 by an order dated the roth September I95l There
was also a complaint which was :Qled simultaneously, under
se~tion.4 (r) (d) (2) of the Suppression of Bribery and Cor-
ruption Act on the same facts. A formal acquittal in this
~ase was entered. by the Tribpnal. .
1959] BURMA LAW REPORTS.

It appears that sugar was purchased from the factory

at Zeyawaddy from 1946. rn regard to the 1948-49 pro-
duce, the Sugar Control Board decided to buy the entire
output and terms were discussed between U Khin Maung
Lat and the Resident Director of the Sugar Factory, and an
understanding was arrived at under which the sugar was
to be bought ex-mill. The sugar was to be stocked in the DISTRIBU-
TION.
godown of the factory from where the Civil Supplies would
remove it for distribution. Before a formal agreement
could be entered into, three sums of monies were paid-
Rs. ro,22,o1o on the 28th December 1948,
Rs. 10,07,177/8 as. on the rsth January 1949, and
Rs. ro,oo,ooo on the 22nd february 1949.
The. third payment was made at a time when the locality
was being overrun by insurgents, and whoever was
responsible for the prosecution must have thought that
there would be a total loss but in point of fact, after the
insurgents had been cleared, the sugar was recovered intact
without any loss to the C~yjl Supplies.
'
The case for the prosecutioJ;J. and for the defence are
summarised on page 2 of the acquittal order aJJ.d it reads:
"The case for the prosecution is that U Khin Maung Lat
made the three payments without verifyng whether sugar
for which payments were claimed had been produced at the
Factory and before any final agreement had been reached
and executed between the Factory and the Civil Supplies
Department, that the second payment was made on the 15th
January 1959 in violation of the financial band imposed by
the Ministry of Finance and Revenue on fresh purchases in-
volving expenditure in ex,.cess of Rs. so,ooo in each. case~ and
that the third payment was made .on the 22nd February 1949
in s;ite of the fact that on or about th~ 27th Janua:JiX.. ~Qf19
Zeyawaddy had fallen to the insurgents. The case llgainst
U Toha Din is tliat by hrs noting Ex o-1, that the Civil S~ppJj.es
Department was committed to pay the third sun:i "()f'Rs.
Ten lakhs for the .cost of the purchase of sugar- from the
Faqory, he by false pretences deceived ilie i:MixriStrv of
98 BURMA LAW REPORTS. [1959

S.C. Finance and Revenue and obtained the consent of the Ministry
1959
for the payment of the money. It is common ground that
u THA DJN the said payments were made by U Khin Maung Lat to the
v.
THE
Factory as alleged and also that U Tha Din made the noting
SECRETARY, Ex o-r. U Khin Maung Lat contends, however, that under
MINISTRY OF
CO-OPERA~
the Civil Supplies Management and Control Order, 1947, he
TIVE & had full power to purchase and pay for the sugar and that
COMMODITY
DISTRIBU-
he made the payments in question after he had entered into
TION. a contract with Mr. Chhagangee, the Resident Director of the
Factory regarding the purchase of the output of the Factory
for the year 1948-49. U Tha Din stands by this defence and
claims, besides, that in making the noting he did merely carry
out the orders of U Khin Maung Lat who was his superior
officer."

The three charges framed against U Khin Maung Lat

were that he had committed criminal breach of trust in
his capacity as a public servant in respect of the three
sums mentioned earlier in this judgment, offences punish-
able under section 409 of the Penal Code. In the alter~
native, he was charged with the offence of cheating in
respect of the third sum of ten lakhs paid on the 22nd
February 1949. the allegation being that he had dishonestly
induced the Ministry of Finance and Revenue to pay out
this sum to the Sugar Factory.

The charge against U Tha Din was that he had abetted

U Khin Maung Lat in the commission of the offence of
criminal breach of trust in respect of the ten lakhs (Sec.
409/109 of the Penal Code). In the alternative he was
charged with abetment of cheating committed by U Khin
Maung Latin respect of the ~arne ten I;khs {Sec. 42ojws}
of the Penal Code).
] he Tribunal went meticulously into the evid.ence, oral
ancf' documentary, and in acquitting the accused,. it was
said of U k~in Maung Lat:
. "For all these reasons we are of opinion that U Khin Maung
Latin m~king these payments had no dishonest or fraudulent
intention" (page rs of the judgment)..
1959] BURMA LAW REPORTS.

In respect of U Tha Din, it was said: 959

"We hold therefore that U Tha Din in making the noting u Ti' ]).L.;;f
Ex o-r was not actuated by improper motive ... " (page r6). v.
THE
In respect of both it was said: S.E9miffiX>C
5
" In all the circumstances narrated and for the reasons given 1\ic'I:n-;<. !~~?~
o-o,..,"'-
above we are of opinion that U Khin Maung Lat and U Tha Tivii &
Din acted in good faith in connection with the purchase of c~~~~~::
sugar" (page r6). TioN.

In the face of this acquittal U Khin Maung Lat and

U Tha Din should perhaps have been reinstated ani._ the
entire matter forgotten b~ tfie Government was not satis-
fied with the findi_gg, and on the suggestion of the Bureau
of Special Investigation which had sent UE the cases (vide
tne1r letter of the r rth December 1952) dfpartmental
enquiry was decided upon. By a memorandum dated the
7th March 1952 U Tha Din was charged departmentally
by the Secretary in the Ministry of Co-operative and Com-
modity Distribution as follows : -
" (r) that you conspired with the Commissioner of Civil
Supplies to make an unauthorised payment or you
abetted the unauthorised payment of Rs. I r,ro,I76
8 annas to the Zeyawaddy Sugar Factory on the
15th january 1949 and that the unauthorised pay-
ment of the above sum was made despite the me!T'o-
randum from the Ministry of Finance and RevenJe
restraining the purchase or payment on a large scal.e
exceeding Rs. 5o,ooo in each case.
(2) that you made a false representation to the Ministry of
Finance and Revenue that the Civil Supplies was
committed to pay a sum of Rs. ro lakhs to the Zeya-
waddy Sugar Factory with a view to obtaining the
concurrence ofthat Ministry to the payment to the
Zeyawaddy Sugar Factory of above-mentioned sum,
fraudulently."

U ~ha I?in was callM upon to show cause by.the nth

March 1952 (vide letter dated 7th March 1952) against
disrmssal or lesser punishment. U Tha Din's request for
time till the r8th was rejected but he was told to file his
100 BURMA LAW REPORTS. [1959

s.c. explanation by the 13th. This was done. This unseemly

haste came to nought since orders removi~-._hiln- were
1959
u THADIN -
v. passed only six and a half years later, and that onlLE_e~use
SEc~~nY alba Din had kept on requesting for orders. During this
MrNrsTnY o~ period his counsel was permittea to interview the Minister
Co-oPERA-
TIVE & once, and that was on the 9th June 1954. Early in 1955
DrsTRIBu- u Th a D'm was ask ed, at th e d'1rect10n
'COMMODITY . o f t h e M'mister,
. 1'f he
TION. would submit his resignation. U Tha Din asked for per-
mission to retire instead, on a promoted basis, since his
juniors had been promoted during the period of his suspen-
sion. The Minister finally passed orders on the 12th June
1956 removing U Tha Din from service. The reasons were
that U Tha Din's conduct was found to be not above sus-
picion and that in any case he had not given the due care
and attention that is expected of an officer of his position
and thus unfit to be retained in service. U Tha Din's
memorial against this order was treated as an aQpeal_ and
~d. A memorial to the President was withheld.
The papers before us do not reveal whether a depart-
mental enquiry was launched against U Khin Maung Lat
who, however, provided the solution by dying. Govern-
ment issued '!. notification dated the 23rd January 1953
formally releasing him from suspension as from the 19th
September 1948 and terminated his seryices as from the
31st August 1952 which was the date of his death. This
was later amended by putting him on leave for a period
immediately prior to his death.
"{he argument that the learried counsel for U Tha Din
has submitted is that in the face of an honourable acquittal,
unaer the Discipline and Appeal Rules and " G" Circular
No: r5 of 1940 issued by the Home Departmem,u Tha Dill
sfio~ have been. reinstated. While he adm~that an
acquit_tal by a criminal court d<S'es not preclude a depart-
mental enquiry which might come to pass if the acquittal
were on a technicality, he stressed the fact that the acquit-
tal was an honourable one . The charges that he was called.
i1959] BURMA LAW REPORTS. 101

upon to answer in the departmental enquiry were those S.C.

1959
which the Court had gone into and had found unsustain-
able. The Minister could say nothing on the first charge u THA v. DIN
which must be deemed to have been abandoned. But in s ECi\ET:ARY, THE
respect of the second charge which was for fraud, the find- MrNrsTRY oF
was one of neg 11gence.
mg Co-oPERA'-
TIYE &
Co;-,uviODITY
It was urged also that there was really no enquiry. DlSTRIBU-
TlON.
U Tha Din was not examined orally to surmlemell.t....his
written statement which he was forced to submit in haste.
Learned counsel describes the departmental proceedin~ as
a farce, as no attempt was made to comply with the
provisions- of the Discipline- and -Appeal Rules ~ G "
Circular No. 15 of 1940. -fhef1i1clirig of negligence, it was
also stressed, has no relation to fraud which was the subject
of the second charge, and that in any case, the applicant
was never called upon to answer a charge of negligence.
A host of Indian authorities was cited. There is no
authority to support the suggestion that the administra-
tion is bound to reinstate a civil servant after his honour-
able acquittal by a Court. It may well be that no such
case has ever arisen, the administration generally being
ready to accept _the decision of a judicial tribunal. Some
of the authorities cited relate to whether the constitutional
guarantee afforded to Indian Government employees had
or had not been observed. Some authorities relate to the
question, '!hat amounts to a reasonable opportunity of
s~1owing cause against punishment.
We have to consider whether the position of the
Burmese civil servant differs from that of his Indian
counterpart, and. in doing so we must go back to the
Gove~nt Q.[J_p.dia Act of 1919. which was applicable to
Burma tmtil 1937 since Burma until then remained parfbf
In~a. The concept that every person holding office in the
c_ivil service of the Crown in India did so at His Majesty's
pleasure, W!S _embodied in section 2,6B of the 1212...-1-Ct .
.Under sub-section {2) tlie Secretary of State for India
102 BURMA LAW REPORTS. [1959

S.C. was empowered to make rules to regulate the classification

1959
u THA.DIN
of civil services in India, the methods of their recruitment,
v. the conditions of service, pay and allowances, discipline
THE
Sl!CRliTARY, and conduct. Such rules were frameq, among them being
MINISTRY OF
CO-OPERA
Rule 55 of the Ciyjl Services (Classification, Control and
TIVE & Appeal) Rules which provided for the grant of a reasonable
COMMODITY
DISTRIBU opportunity to the employee to defend himself. How-
TION.
ever, despite these rules, Courts were reltlctant to interfere
with Government's action against its employees. The
concept of employment during pleasure was considered
fundamental and thus in Rangachari v. The Secretary of
State for India (r), even where it was established that the
rules framed under section 96B had not been observed,
ifueir Lordships of the Privy Council confirmed the dismissal
of a suit against the Secretary of State for India. It was
said:
" It was urged that unless the rights of the appellant could
be enforced by action the provisions of section 96B and of
the rules to which force was thereby given would be nugatory
and useless. Their Lordships cannot take this view. They
cannot doubt that the. charter and the pledge contained in the
statute and in the consequential rules are generally observed
and fulfUled, and though in this instance, for reasons which
are comprehensible but as now appears are insufficient, this
has so far unfortunately not proved to be the case, there is
yet both time and opportunity for the appropriate action to
be taken by the executive now that the important questions
of principle are disposed of."

Jn Venkata Rao v. The Secretary of State for India (2)

w};lich was heard together with Rangachari' s case, their
Lorclships made their views even clearer :
.!'.~~.'.ection 96B in express terms ~~at office.,is held
.
d~g. pleasure. Tfiere is therefoje no need for" the implica-
. non ot tliis"'term and no room for its. exclusion. Tne argu-
ment <for a limited and special kind of employment during
1959] BURMA LAW REPORTS. 103
pleasure but with an added contractual term that the rules
are to be observed is at once too artificial and too far-reaching
to commend itself for acceptance. The rules are manifold in
number and most minute in particularity, and are all capable
of change. Co~nsel for the appellant nevertheless contended
with logical consistency that on the appellant's contention an
action would lie for any breach of any of these rules, as for
example of the rules as to leave and pensions and very many
other matters. ll),COnvenience is not a final consideration in
a matter of construction, but it is at least worthy of con-
sideration, and it can hardly be doubted that the suggested
procedure of control by the Courts over Government in the
most detailed work of managing its services would cause not
merely inconvenience but confusion. There is another con-
sideration which seems to their Lordships of utmost weight.
SeCtion 96B and the rules make careful provision for redress
org_J.~y:~i1.~~~]i;i.adriiii15sJ~iive Rrocesii~CIJiiS !o-beo~~eii~Ci
that sub-section (S) in conclusion re-affirms th(~~:Pi~mi..i!ll.tho
ritx oftile- Secreiary of sciite..in Cciundf over the civil service .
.:..~-- - - --- - - ... . , , ' . ~- - - 4 ~ ,~ - -. - - . - - _, . ._. , . , . , _ .. _ __ ' ~-"""
-- - -...

These considerations have irresistibly Jed their Lordships to

the conclusion that no such right of action as is contended for
by the appellant exists. It is said that this is to treat the
words " subject to these rules " as superfluous and ineffective.
Their Lordships cannot accept this view and have already
referred to this matter in their judgment in Rangachari's case.
~.9 regard the terms of the section as containin~ a statutory
and solemn assurance that the tenure of office though at
pleasure, wJ.!_l not be subject to capricious or arbitrary action,
l5litWTii be regulated by r\!k. T~ovision for appeal in the
rules are made ursuant to the rind le so laid down. It is
o vious, therefore, that supreme care should be taken that this
assurance should be carried out in the letter and in the spirit,
and the very fact that government in the end is the supreme
determining body makes it the more important both that the
rules should be strictly adhered to and that the rights of appeal
should be real rights involving consideration by another autho-
rity prepared to admit error, if error there be, and to make
proper redress, if wrong has been done. Their LordshiP&;C<1-
not ~n~ do not doubt tiJ.at these considerations are aPi will
be for ever borne in mind by the governments concerned. and
the .fact that there happen tp have adsen for their Lordships'
consideration two cases where there . has been a serious and
104 BURMA LAW REPORTS. [!959

s.c complete failure to adhere to important and indeed funda-

1959 mental rules, does not alter this opinion. In these individual
u THA DIN cases mistakes of a serious kind have been made and wrongs
v. have been done which call for redress. But while thus holding
THE
SECRETARY, on the clear facts of this case, as they now appear from the
MINISTRY OF evidence, as they similarly held in Rangaclwri's case, @_eir
CO-OPERA-
TIVE & Lordships are unable as a matter of law to hold that redress
COMMODITY
DISTRIBU-
1s obtainable from t~ourts by action. Tg_give redi~s is
TION. ~li\hr~onsibilit~ and their Lordships . can only _n:gg___wiH
De e p easure, of th('! executive governmep.t."

In the wake of these two judgments, Roberts, C.J. in

the Rangoon High Court case of Secretary of State v. ]. C.
Maurice (r) said:
" In my opinion the whole tenor of the section (96B) goes:
to show that the rules are departmental rules which direct
the Secretary of State to deal with cases in such manner as
may seem to him to be right but preclude a public servant
who feels himself aggrieved at the manner and conduct of
any inquiry from taking any step in any Court to question
the right to dismiss at pleasure which still subsists in the
prerogative of the Crown."

When the I9I9 Act was superseded by the Government

of InCiia"~-;-;r.93.5~-seCtion 246 of the later -A:ct-teitefated
' .the concept of em:eloy~ent during pleasure. -~:-~~-t -~~at
had been provided by rule 55 mentioned above that a
reasorraore-opporflfriitf of shoWing cause shoulcrbegiven~
was rriili.Q:i!j'~~-Ltn_S.e"ctlon 24o itself. And "thus it may be
sai'cf that the positl~n..of the civil servant improved. Jn
v.
High Commissioners for India and Pakistan I. M. Lall (2).
a civil servant who had been cUsmissed without opportunity
being given of showing cause, -was awarded a decree de-
claring him to be still a member of the Civil Service. Their
Lordships noted that the scope of sub-section (3) of<'section
240 \1\l'as not merely that of ruleCJ55 which, in thoir judg-
ment, remained unaffected as an administrative rule.

(I)" (1937) R.L.R. 35 (2) 75 I.A. 225.

 BURMA LAW REPORTS. 105

~~ll-~~---~e_ased to be part of India by virtue of the sz~t

1959
Government of India Act, r 935. and the Government of -~

u ai.H.-\ :61~
Burma Act, 1935. Provisions similar to those in section
24o-6ftlie-India Act''vvere embodied in section 97 of the
Burma Act, thereby_ preserving the right of His Britannic
Ma.j"esty' td termfnate the services of a civil servant and
also affording --him a constitutional guarantee for an
TION.
6ppoftuJfity to show cause. At the same time, to meet
a"ny-eventuality, section r 28 einbodied the provision that
notwithstanding the repeal of the 1919 Act, until the en-
a'cfmentof new provisions, rules relat!ng to civil servants
ili~forcedtrnmediately before the commencement of the
r3'5 Act were to continue in force and to be deemed to
have been 'made under the appropriate pn;>visions"ofthe
r935 ACt. The Government of In~~~-__AS!!. _,.!93S. h~9- a
similar provisiOi"C in"'section 2 76, ..
When India emerged as a sovereign indeper:t<,lent
Republic, .. urider her own Constitution, the concept _of
ernployfuen_t du~iilg the President's pleasure (or that of the
Ra]prainukh or the Governor in the case of employe.es of
tlle'Constitue nt States) was expressly preserved by s~~_!_ion
3 ro:-- Sedloil. ~:3 rr guarantees a reasonable opp~rtun~_t_Y of
's~.?~~~-~~e-.use: -vy_!l~le section 313 ensu_r.~s the contJJ:?..~~~ce
in ..force of qll provisions relating to the public seryices.
~Jms the position of the civil servant in India has ur:t~er
g:>ne no~~~~I)g~ _in re~ard to his constitutionalright,JQ be
,afforoea an opportunity of showing cause aga,i,nst pgp.ish-
ment. Loll's case (1) remains good law. See Khem Chand
v:The Republic of India (2) ..
But the Burmese Constitution co~~ains_ -~QJ2~6~
'!'o
shnnar: 'ilio~~ of India's so. -~hat. the- concept9.LE!ill.Ioy-
ment during pleasure, so carefully preserved by Inqi;:~., is
t!?~ ~~r.~_~ppli~able in Bur~a. --~or "15 there -~ny' ~oriftitu-
.tiorial gu~~an.'te~_!Q__~@Qp;l____!!t~..J~.~!me_e civil servant a

(1) 75 l.A. 225 (2) A.I.R. (1958) S.C. 300.

106 BURMA LAW REPORTS. [1959
S.C. reasonable opportunity of showing cause against pupish-
l959 .. _-,.w--............A""'"--....
-<-~ -- <

ment.
u THA DlN
v. Learned counsel for the applicant, however, has urged
THE
SECRETARY, that despite the repeal of the Government of Burma Act
MINISTRY OF
Co-oPERA-
by the Burma Independence Act of 1948 (which paved
TIVE & the way for Burma to adopt her own Constitution of a
COMMODITY
DISTRIBU- sovereign independent Republic), the rules relating to the
Il'lON.
Civil Services framed under the appropriate sections of the
1935 Act remain in full force as Existing Law which is
defined in section 222 of the Burmese Constitution thus:
" ' Existing Law ' means any law, Ordinance, Order, bye-law,
rule or regulation passed or made before the commencement
of this Constitution by any legislature, authority or person
in any territories included within the Union of Burma being
a legislature, authority or person having power to make such
law, Ordinance, Order, bye-law, rule or regulation."

It is contended therefore that the rules relating to civil

servants such as the Discipline and Appeal Rules, 1941 and
"'G., Circular No. 15 of 1940 (which admittedly are in-
voked by Government even to this day) are existing law.
This definition, however, must be considered along with
:section 226"which reads:
" Subject to this Constitution and to the extent to which
they are inconsistent therewith, the existing laws shall con-
tinue to be in force until the same or any of them shall have
been repealed or amended by a competent legislature or other
competent authority."

The ~.~i~hJegislature, by. the J3urma Indepeng~p.ce_.~ct,

194lrfepealed in its entirety !he Government of Burma
)tct:r5?5'5;as fro~ ~he qay_the Burmese Constit~tion came
mt()'r()rce, i.e., the 4th jap'4ary 1948, apd havi~~g been
thus"i\!t~pealed by a competent legi.slature-ther~35-Act
to
ceasecrt:oeXist.''What -hacCcea~ect eXist the-ttffiethe at
BurmeseC:onstitut1~'ca:me"Tnt;orce, 'C(;lii<Tn-ot:-C:0ii!i!iue
.asl"i''eXisilnflaw: - ~ ---- ---- - ---- -
-~
 BURMA LA\V REPORTS. 107 .~.

The question then arises, what happens to the rules S.C.

1959
[framed under the provisions of the 1935 Act which in its u THA DIN
~ntirety had been repealed ? The answer must be sought V.
THE
in section 24 of the General Clauses Act which reads: SECRETARY,
MrNrsrny Ot>
'When any enactment is repealed and re-enacted by an CO-OPERA
enactment, with or without modification, then unless it is TIVE &
COMMODITY
expressly provided, any appointment, notification, order, DrSTRIBU
TION.
scheme, rule, form or bye-law made or issued under the
repealed enactment shall, as far as it is not inconsistent with
the provisions re-enacted, continue h1 force, and be deemed
to have been made or issued under the provisions so re
enacted, unless and until it is superseded by any appointment,
notification, order, scheme, rule, form or bye-law made or
issued under the prov1sions so re-enacted."

This section is obviously meant to q)Ver ordinary legis-

lation and it might apply, for example, to the rules framed
under the Government of India Act, 1919, pending the pro-
mulgation of new rules under the appropriate sections of
the 1935 Act. With abundance of caution, section r 28 of
the Government of Burma Act made it certain that such
rules would continue in force. But the Government of
Burma... . Act,.. 1935 was enacted for ic)ve~ning
. . . . . . ..
British lt~gisla6ire while tbe Buqnese "Constitu~i()I.l was
Burma by the

adopfea by"the Burmese themselves through thei.r G.9J).s.~itu

e,n:t_A.ss~mbly. While it is true that the constitutional ties
~With Britain were severed in the friendliest way and the
fBurmese Constitution did replace the Governor of Burma
~Act, 1935, the language of sectiqn 24j,~5~ch_ th~t it ca~not
~-possibly cope with the complete change .in tl;le __st~1vs of
t'1s.col.n1tiy; ~~d we feel that it wo~l_d be_gmi!iillKJhe

,
law to breaking_point if we were to .lwld thatth~J1\innese
;onstitution fs a_ re-enactment of the 1935 Act. Re-~uact-
. . . .- --
------- -. ------~ --~- -
;,ifi.ent beig the ~~~~~~i?_~pi_eq~dent for ..ml~-~- ?JJ.Q . l?x~:!aws
'

~ftamed under a previous Act to C:O.~~ig.}!~_inJQIS_e, ~~J.QH.ows

e:-~:;e;~!~~~e-~ob~e-:~:ct::;~e:~-~~~;~fu~~\~~~~
108 BURMA LAW REPORTS. [1959

s.c. entirety, all rules framed under the various sections of the
I959
Act--died with the Act itself.
u THA DIN .
v. This finding of ours, though alarming it may be to civil
SEc~:nY, servants, is not as drastic as it may appear at first sight. At
~~~;;:A~F the time of the changeover what were called the superior
TrVE & services were abolished. The services of the members of
COMMODITY "d
DrsTRmu- such services were terminated and they were pa1 compen
TroN. sation and pension. Those who were not members but
were holding posts in . these services were paid no com-
pensation but were pensioned off. Of these, some sought
re-employment and were taken back into their old posts,
but on new and reduced scales of salary. In respect of
the bulk of government employees, section 2~9 of the
Constitution provided thus :
" All persons who were in the service of the Government
of Burma immediately before coming into operation of this
Constitution shall continue in service until the Union Govern-
ment provide otherwise."

In respect of such employees and those re-employed,

Government in actual practice has applied to them the
various rul~s and regulations relating to the serv;ices, which
were in force before the emergence of Burma as an
independent country. Up to the present day, the various
~-----~- --- ....... .. .
fundam_en_t<!Lmle~._J).iscipline
.....
"""~- .... .
_and Leave .Rule$~.a11d even
. -~ ~ - - - - - -

" <G " qr.c.:glar ,No,_:r:s.ru-e .observed. There hay~ _e_ven been
an:l;ii'dments and repeals in respect of '~ome of these rules.
:But'-~~- ~ew set of rul~s and regulations pe:r:tal.n!ni:io the
t:rvn sen.ice~hRV.:~ .x~t be_ell frar.ned, a11<;l_ l~__t!_J.e.. ~:mlk of
___.,..,..... ' ' '

gover~~<:12:E,.smu~Ioyees were made to cq:gtinll~)JL 9.-ex.vice

under section 229 and also bec.:?u~~ Goyernm.e.nt_i~<:Jf p-e.ats
t.~1ll'S:a::~4 ~r{iggl~d~ns to be _o f fuli__effect, evert i.f.t!J.ese
rule~~~n,!! _r<:gy.J.~P:gns have no s~tutory f~:m;:eL-they__must
oe"taken as th.&_ ~c;:Q~gitions of' service_ _of._go_yey,!)._l):lent
.:;P.!~x~~~~<!.,~~~!:~~~q~- i~9 ~i~h~- Constitution
O! recruited after Burm_~~-~ ~~IJ.g<:: in status.
1959] BURMA LAW REPORTS. 109

The prerogative hitherto exercised by the Cro\\n in S.C.

1959
regard to dismissal at pleasure having found no place in
u THA DIN
the Burmese Constitution, and there being no constitutional v.
or statutory guarantee affording a Burmese civil servant a SE<;~nv,
reasonable chance of showing cause against punishment, !VcirNrsi'nvoF
0-0Pl.!RA-
the relationship between the Government of Burma and TIVE &
. . CIVl
1ts . '} servants
. .
~~ no
h'1gh er and no }ower t h an t h at of COMMODITY
DrsTmBu-
the ordinary relationship between master and servant. If TroN.

a civil servant should feel that he had been dismissed,

r~inoved or. "puni~hed vvithout cause, or is otherwise
aggrieved, his obvious remedy (if administrative remedies
are denied to him or if they prove inefficacious) must be
by way of a suit against Government. A.I.~S:~~r~e to the
writ jurisdiction of this Court is not a.n, appropriat~. or
s~tisfactory meas~re.
w_e have been told that U Tha Din has already filed
such a suit. That he has to have recourse to such a
measure, to say,the ieast, is deplorable but we think that
it was unavoidable since the order in his case was passed
by the Minister himself, an action which must be construed
as' one exercised by the Union Government CQlle~tively,
a!_Iq ~s-such, tu?-~<_;r __~h~ J?iscipline an!l Appeal Rules there
~~~~ -~~-U..~..-::1?.1?~~_1.~ ~~~i_nistrativ~ly _against the order. But
the fact that there is no provision for appeal, does not
preclude Government even at this stage from reviewing the
position which prevails in this case and to give redress or
at least satisfaction to an e'mployee as any benevolent
master wquld. Th~..position of the civil serY.anLis.not.on
a leve~ even with that of worker~}rt a fa_qqry, for.,e~q._rnple,
~~o pav~ the .righ t"fo -~-esort- to cqlle9.t!Y~"!?.~r.gillg!!_lg. ~uch
action by way of col_l~_ctjve_bm-_gainigg_ .Qy_d.Y.iL~eryants
wopld ~~~d to an' accusation of di~loyaltY- .<md_of_ewba;rras-
sYng the~Gover~men:~~: a~d: this is an ad.ded.xeas..on.:YY.h.y., the
utmost e<lr~ s~guld Q~ taken that th..._co~_gj_ti9.ns-Q.!l!eir
serviCe are. observed and adhe_red to. We endorse, with
r~speC:t; -the--~bsei=v~ti~n of their Lordships of the Privy
110 BURMA LAW REPORTS. [1959
S.C.
1959
Council that to give redress is the responsibility, and we
u THA DIN
likewise trust will be the pleasure, of the executive
v. Government.
'THE
SECRETARY, The application for directions in the exercise of our
MINISTRY OF
Co-oPERA-
writ jurisdiction is dismissed with no order as to costs.
TIVE &
CO!'.rMODITY
DISTRIBU-
TION.
1959] BURMA LAW REPORTS. '111

J
112 BURMA LAW REPORTS. (1959
 .BURMA LAW REPORTS. 113'

8
114 BURMA LAW REPORTS. [I959
1959] BURMA LAW REPORTS. 115

oe:Je
uf;;ro? (oS)
9~000? ( <:6)
C'
~c
J
' C' C'
.mD2c:or'
OJCI!)?GC\:&8
C\r' -, J w
c c C'
rr.> ~~GCT.l'J O'f
9
3=~r'~ 01 Jll
116 BURMA LAW REPORTS. [I95S
I959] BURMA LAW REPORTS.

If
e:8f ol .~
a8 J

c8rtul OJCID?~roj
L ~:~: Ul ?II
118 BURMA LAW REPORTS. [1959

-"iC
J "

"
:T.1rn:>'JGO')'J

~6:; ul rfl
1959] BURMA LAW REPORTS.
 ucc dwPeca> J
r:cf<'~;tooba>n:bk<'~~Q
.) &.: :J
10~e IC~c
"'~ ..')
(c)
II Ole>~ePw oto
~- ~0
1 1 1 L _1 -:1 '!!'_ 1 ~ 1r L1 ~ n 11 b
m:oco~fl a...mooco~fl rcc:ccw:roJC.rocc:ccflm l::m,ccooro~<l! ro:cr~cc e
~ 0 0 oo 0 ~ 0 0 00 .) 0 .) L. .) .)....J .)
n: ,. r1 lb~ . a Q ,, Q
:CCOWCICDeJoCOIC"l:OIO::)ffi O~~Cll: OCOflW CCC::):OCCOCO :croo~ OCOGQ. ,
.:> o L. .:>1... .:> .:>o e .:> .:> .:> .:> .:> ~-~
f n@cccuto~cdp~'kro
.:> .:> o .:> .:> .:>o
ccoe>~few:oe:~cooces
.) .)
lwmes~bnro:o~roc!-hl
.) .) .) .)
toble:~!l'hl:oPero 1:cro:croo
,:_j 0 :.1 .:>:::l .)
s~s-
.)c!-bl"rv,..,cc 1olfu:hlcnn
.) e~b wc~cucrroe>
0 .)
~~:~tormoroe>ro .)~M-Cll:a
:::.-o L. .;>I.,
IG01hltc
.)O e ':5'.:>~0
Jl (c) :h.I:::H''lCC.O:;)cC~CC IIOeJcd.o~~).Q:oblcuo
o.:J .) .) 0
.);~G~CCOCOOCCO~
.) .) .) .) :.1 .) :::.1.:>
cuccoe;~:l;IIJ3 rohlcc<llhlcccccucbe>Pw :owmcrncro fl:)tooo
.)
w0 .)wcbe>oo
.) .) ~ .) ~ .) ~.) .) .) ::;- 0 .) 0
crnces cbotecocc rc~cccc:flccnb cr!ro4hl to:dfl~bmrbes ccce>:oe>coto
.)0.) .) .) .)0 .) .) .:>:.1 0 .) L.
,. f_ ,, ~ 2n r "" n: ,. r l 2
:ca:;co:o:J r:cwe o~crocucrroe> fi:)CO~ o~s-0:
o .)
o:.:> ICDOOl
.:> .:> .:> :;- o e
a 6 ro:oroe>ro . L. .:> L. .:> .:>o e
11 @ccro::):crooocoo ~c flch
.) .) .) 0
be.c .:;J .)
8e>o2comto r4bcuP61mo ~hl:och'Je>~:cbco4~ccc toc.cPecu[g~cree> 1bro
.) 0 .) .) .) .)~.) ::::1 .) 0.) .) .)
~b fl80
.)
8e>o2curo
.)
ccoe>~ero
.) .) .) :.1 0
~fQe> 11 .)ccccccoe;~[; ccc~bcuPocno
.) .) . .)
~hl;fle.G
.) ~.) 0
ccoe>~fec0
.:> .:>
:oe:~cCDJces 11 Pee>o~;q~:oblcuPomn
.:>o:.1 .,:::b .:>
~hl~flro ccoe>4fec0l
.:>~.:>o .:> .;>
red~w
..L
:,hlcc0hl~fle.G cbocd~olPeo'ffi cccc~fles ccce>co~Pe :h'J:o~cco:::~c~cc
.)~ .)~.)O .)0 .) .) .) .)O .) e.:J .) .)
uCCcc<llhl@flb:ne:~ ~ecce wee :ces:ccco
.) .)~.) .) .)
.)~l:lococc
s .) tbccowcib:le>
.) bm rfGGhl@cc:cco;q~oe
':).) ~.) :.1.:>
CBesoees
0
cucco:::~oo~
.) .) 0 0 .)
1 .., 1 , ~<l> '- }r , n , ~ v. , ~ ,,
woeore::>o:cc<l!o l::JW c ~coce:~o oo1renee:cc:0o 11 oe>o~ A:o m
0.) .)0 .:>0.) .)
2e :::~es ,.) .:> .) \. .)O .)
~bee rbes ll6 ~chro r~cc.obahlbl~ :hl~b8bC:eoh c~IJ~arhl:oPew r:@ro
.) 0 .:>::.:!~ eJo .) .)0 .)0 :.1 .)~.) .)
ecce>& uCCAo:;,bceto i:occcctotbe;~ee rbe.c ~6 ~E>D8::)occuw
..) 0 .) :J
ccoe:~~ecr;
.) .)
~f
.).) .)
Q~ @hlcfl*blc.ocese> (oble;~!]r.:J:oPero ~ch'JeJfu 11 PeeJ;qfl :o~ll=.lococc~a:cc
~ .) :.1 .:>:.1.:> 0 :.1 .)::.:! .) .) ::::1 0 :.1 ,:::J~.) .) IIC L(') ~~=5'~
mro4w4~fl ccccwPe:ccoro~:6~ tt:::>co :@rotofAa:cm~cmcco ~cbee GCDe>GCJUCC"""
t.. .:> .:> .:> .:> ':> o .:> .:> o .:> e o r '
11 '" 1~ 1 1 v 1 r <:> 1r 1
" o'll
CCWl::locree> ooro cC:cbi'm:l::le>W 111~reco s:ccc:recucflo::> cflccew cb::>ce
.:> .:> .:> L. .:> :;, o e .:> ' .:>O
c 10" *~:a
~ '- ,, 1 ~ ,, '- 1 ..-:1 ~ 1 ~ L. .:>o e
wee IICC:fl05eremcoccccecml::le<W
.) .) .) '
r:::>coe.ccccc:ccoo
.)0 .)
roe>
..L
cc:ocor:
0 .)
: > cc
.) rr (~ro
1 I r ..-, ..-:1
:ccow:nl::l:::r
0
COflC!Jro
.) .)
:ccroc.ct:J
.)
"cb" W ilcc:ree~00lC!JCOro ~::r~o:..JL ro ~cr;cc:cc:cro
0 .) .) '5 .) .) .)
:Pwer~~e)
~hJ;of}
:h)(o~coro : hlcc~b:::~cu:be>c ard:oble> cl:d:ecucc
o , , e~" .) o :.1 .) o ,
to , :cco:~cc 4hl IG
, o , ~ ':5'
ecce ~"3..,
GCDeGCll.lCC
1" 1 ~ c: 1 1 r 1 2 1 1 '::!
::>cree~flCCO::)S'ero w e>ar:olees rc :::>oC<l!::>COoco~:::>m 10:::rreonccccfl r
.:> .:> .:> o .:> .) .:> .:> .:> .:> .:>o e o .:> o .:> " O'll
II Pe ~::>~te~ to!!iflo:tD "
:cro
0 .JOO o
u46Purocc
arblcr;k:l~e.c r c~wPerowdro5hl rOJe>tocccc!!i :dflm~ccucceofl w: h'J~e>~e> " s"
.:>~ :::J .:> ' .:> ~..L .:> o .:> 3 e"'::j
0
~c@o Jri!l:croo4bPucocc
.) s .)
rccc:::rcuccc::J
.) .) co:cf~:ocMe>es
0 .) ~
rnhl IO::JC.CCOW
L. :.1..L .)
eJC!Jc
656!] s.L~Odffif M. V1 VW'dfl9: ozr
 BURMA LAW REPORTS. 121

C" OC" C" Go C"

~'Jmcmc :::nmro~oxn
l
c c r
~c
j
<t>mm::o-:Jro.
oo 'lo5u
122 BURMA LAW REPORTS. [1959

C' OC' ('

~?CDCD;[C:Y.l\OJ
~0 C
ro~OJm
C'
:::.c
J
C' Q(" C'
~?(DCCJ:l_COJCUJ

f ~EU)) :Y.~ro6
\ ~ L
~:mn:o:>(ol$?

ul Jll

. 'Merit increments' should be only those increments

on the basic pay andjor annual increments received on account
of merits and increments received in the course of adjustments
from one scale of pay to another should not be included . . . . "
BURMA LAW REPORTS. 123

c- oc c
~-xn.,~"1c:~xn
co~roro

:..8.
J
C" oc C'
g-:>mcrocoxa').
L .

(r3~oo) tr.~cqc5
::O~'J;:x>GO
n
OJ jll
124 BURMA LAW REPORTS. [1959

c oc C'
G:J()')CO?Co::>C!J?
l
ao ~
C\)(,10')()')
~
.l\C
J
c:- oc c
(,I')()')C01CO)C!J?

( dj~m) :DC\:(8
::l)(,):J:::Dil<ri

ol jll
.1959] BURMA LAW REPORTS .

c c "' co 0 c 'I C" c c

GC\J I")OX:Cr:l:::Dfn0')0:>1 2:GQI")Ct9: C\JO)()IG;;o")CQO)::D::D II
lJ ll c. t.l l L i:il ~
126 BURMA LAW REPORTS. [!959
BURMA LAW REPORTS.

GOO~ II
128 BURMA LAW REPORTS. (1959
 BURMA LAW REPORTS.

C'
g~t[)
C' ( C')
8dffi G
tD IGOJ!XCD
C'
~c
J

9
130 BURMA LAW REPORTS.

O~:Je

~~~ 8';l~(.b)i
GC't.ll~ro "
.\\6
J
1959] BURMA LAW REPORTS. 131

"'~~ rDdJ (oS) J

Gn:>J:;r.lC~
C'
s.c
J
132 BURMA LAW REPORTS. (1959

~2~ mo3 (.) J

~mrmc-3
c:
;;.c
J

(' c: 0 0 0 c: 0 (' 0 00 0 '

ffiQ::D:D Q IJ ~::D:D I (;)Qq::lc:ll ID9ffiOJ (:.l(Jffiffiu' QGI])Qbl:D II
..IL ~ tJ c.:, -l l Ol . j G
1959] BURMA LAW REPORTS. 133

<:>~0)') Sdcb (&)I JS1 OG9mrS ol ? .L ,,,,,,,

.t__::_-:~~-(:.
("
!i\C
J
lf)o-So-;;5:;&
(' '1
<:>Q)CCD 0; I
J ..;

Groprhcn:m)9~ mryoS (;:,) fDO?, ch 11

(" 0 0 (" (' 'l
(" ("
GGJC~t ~ffi()IGQ)"JC~fD::D~ II

(' .
GCDJ ')(J)OJ"J:Q9 ~fD~CD
(" 0
llfDID:QGQG.S
l -I 'JIT
BgLJ
:
C'OC'~
~:roGG"JC CD(})UJ
(" ,. ('
l

GQ)"JC~j(D:::O~ II
134 BURMA LAW REPORTS. [1959

<,>~o:l".)~nS(0)
,gJ OG')tJ;lj' ol
<:
r <:
;_tr; ~ooccg

u1 jU
1959] BURMA LAW REPORTS. 135
136 BURMA LAW REPORTS. [I959
 '""] . r t'o I ,. n I[ if 2 '
J:ccco:::>
..J :J
cc-.,coe>flo:co
0
:crow
.
cucme>ro cc:::Jm
:J 0 '..) .
UJeeJ\:}fl
.0
lfl:.) a.:ClJ:cmro:
c
wcroe>ro cc:x.ccc
;) ;;>
::::eo:dfl~wlffi
.) ':5 J:cculb:cPcom
':5' .) .) ;;>:)f::::>c~:xoro:cwcc0-
;;> :::1 ;;> .)
1 I I 1 1
;::JIOei:O S'i:X) '""":1~ r ':""J~
CC()C'CO flCC: 1 , v 1 ':""J I
CflS' CUOe>:C O::l>i' ::; :ccS'CCCelCflCCflCO'"
~ ::>L. .) 0 0 .) .) ;;> , 0 :JO .) .)
11 n: r n 11 1> ':"":1 <> 1
:::>~:CiflCCO:::>co:cc:'JloS'cu 1 1r " , '=' 1 0n
cc:cmcucJCOeJ
J .) 0.) .) .)
11tr:1
ccccroe.~.:Jcoe> cocc:CCS'!::I0 :c1 B
.) 0 0 .) .)
~ h]QeJ ICCCOCofl
11 OeJ II eWCCCeJ~Q OCC:M eco1 e !:Jii)J:@~;,,::d:o: e
:C:xbl
\ :1~ \ .) .:> L. L. .) :::1.) .) \.) L. .) .:J .:> ....
" 11 Q , r I'
f>SC::CC:O~COC.We>eG I~ r cb e> ,.
<::lCC\Jl3W CC 1~ S'WS'I:l 'IO IC
1 '- :c. e:rca>o ~cb ::::>CC::JCO ffiCf}
J .) OJ o 0 .:> ::> ::> .:> J J .
:cPf>:cee>mcc :C~Iue>
.) L.
J~:::>~:be>hccue>
.:> CJ.)
od~e>co(ro)
.:> .)
:Jodocw
L.
JCCcc:cPBtc
J
:cmcuc.Fcoe>
J
J:Jito~
.) 0
be.c:;:cPflcb::Ji31:::>cQe>es
. J:::J ,J :::1
~cc:Jro
,J .)
JOe> ,J:::>tmcPfl~W
Jw
11 cccc0GXflcohl:b:::. td:Da.~Cllf :::>o~Gl:ccc:oobco
.) ..)~..) ..) ~ " 0 ..:;..~.) 0 .::; .) .)
I ~r::> rr ':""] ~ 1r r;r ':"J I? "~r::> ':""J
~ea; W I
cb~COCOCICOeJ !CCCOfl CO 'Cofl0~flffi :cc:CDCC.COe>:;:-, W II CC:C'CCOel
.J 0 \ ' ,J .J .)0 0 .) .) ;:) ,J .J
neco~Pe:cc:cccr;~flw ccc~hl:C2coeco~fles cu:c.Pfl:::>hc.cnJces cborecucc
~\;;> 0 e .)0 .):1 ,J ,JO .)0 ,JO ,J
rr , r 0 1f .... 1 0
l::l
. CC00 1CCCIJiflOW COOCO C.fl:CiflCUIOffi
n 01)) a:Jflffi I:CCC\JCCCe>eco :re:ree>
.) .) 0 \ ,J .) .J .J .J .J \.J 0
o "' i nr ~ Q':""J 'J 11 r ., ~ r 1 n -:--l~ 11
o~Cll~Ji'flcr> 1oG>b/;cccc::::>ccoco mcf> flW 0~ w:cJfl:cc:G>oS'cu
.> e .J .> " J....JJ ::l ~ -.Jo .J o J .>
00 : ~ :::>o
uC2ccco~')QC2cocr; w~~cc
.) ~.) 0 .JO
l~:h,l::JflCCOe>CUC.WeJCS
::>if::J.J.J .J
Jibcuromo
':5'.) ~ 0.)0
I~:W::::>fl CCOeJC.~CC I:J~C\J
W\1-flcr; ::;-e::J.:..) ,J
1':"] r1 _;:,
.i'" ::;~:,:ec.oocc
L cu: ~~s-occo!:><:;ecr; '::1. 1 '""":1 r
: IOL.J o .) .J
~ occ:cccccoso fJ .) .) .J .J
cu.,."lccro
0 .JO 0
11 cccccoecofl
.J ,J
i'e~flw
.)0
4boes:o:::~ 2co4hl
.) ,J ,J
ec:dfltc:c.mcoc.ltDe>
.)~ 0 .)
~:c.Pfl:cc~b
0 .,)
1 :hl'CJco~rom
(,j 0
r 9 1 1 1 9 r n I(
0 CIJ r 000 I :J~ (IJg:JIOeJ(Jl(l) C:eJ008 C.CCeJCOflle : ~ :::fl CC:OeJCOCCIJeJcr> IOIC\J.
.:> o .:.L .> .> e ~ J .J .J
:Fllceto
!;>J
toC2cc~ccco0Pe
.) ,J .)
oos0hlw
,J ,J ~
ccctce.c:;0hlw
0 .J~
ccc~4ro:llrw
.,)
~f)S~ro:liPcu
.J
.n r I( ~ .., 9 1 1r 1 n 0
18b-lcc:c.b:::>ro :::liC\JC.CCGl a; cc:CC::JCC:::JW : ~~ IOfJ CCCIJS'fleG(JIGlffi CU:Cifl
.>:J .> .J .J .J .J .J e -.L c, \ .J .J o
:C2~o
.J
ecce~~ flo Cllfl JIGbcflCOW l~:cff)cd):::>co~Co cccc:dt'l&;:cc:owc.~co~
.) .) ':) .JO ::; o.:. .) ~ .)
,, ~ L I"' ' '""J ;s ,. I" 1j 1
CCCeJCC II ;:JCW eJCJ,'lCO~fl :CCDWCIJC.<Xl~ffi CIJCCCC l ~CIJG::JCffieJ S~CCCO
.:> 0 .) 0 ,J 0 .) .) .) J .)
':"]~ r ':""]~ 1 " 1 ~~ ~
Lg ;. 1 ~ n , 1'
CCOCC: flCC:h CflSfl CU:;:JeJ:C :::l:::J~:h CCCll :::JIO!::I:!'l co:CG~CC : O II :::>C. ]eeo
o .:> .J .J o ~~- .Joe .J o ,JL., o e.J o .:>
1 t 1 1 ] ,,. 1l '' -:--lC> ' ' r n 11
S'-:DCC.S'}S'
.J .,)
:JC.
,J
eJfl:::JC.Q
;:)
e>:o0
0
:CiflCCieD
n 11 n cbeJ ;'):)CO
.J CJJ
:cc:CDOS'W
.J .,)
IC.fl:CiflCC
KmcuciEDe
J
JCU:W::Jfl
e':j .) .)
ccoeccl6cc 1cb:::>oe&xs
.) ()
m:W::JflCCCecc:UScc
e'::J .) ..) :,!;)]cc
.).....J <)
II~ e'
]lJ.l oMeoe>fl (..u~Aa;tc u ccccco:;,coi:Dco~Pe S\>fles M:lCDe>::>cree>:oe oPcu ooo'CG
~
c:;swsJb --~CJ ' 0 ;:)0 0 ,J .J 0 .J ;:)0 .) .) ;:)
I IV
~ o <:.c.o!)~er..c - , 1 o ~ g 1 I' 11 rr ,., ':""J 1 o ~o
~:::JIOfJGi(Jl:JeJOOSW,1 ~<..L
C:OC 10fle8 ~C. flCC:C<XlWCJC\JeJ i ll;l.cc ::e:ACC ::.U!Cifl:cC00
.;~-f~b-ec.&,r.c .Jl.. ,>,.L .) .) .)
O.J CJ -' .) .)0 0 .J
.),::;ltD:hlm:bew
e1 1::::>Sbes
,J
(r)
,
c flso
.)
C!:!o2coes
.J
:b3owhEV :?w:::>o
.J :=~ e::J ~ ,J
t:::Jbbec
,J
.. !": ""
c...:--=..c.:-~ c~~c.ecu
. ( L~) (o) flSh <:;e>o2wes :::JCQ::Jmco::;.o Jcu:EOl:'Jfl c.coewccu:3cr;
.J .J
G'::JMc ~ ~ .:> .) e::::J.) .) .:>
: ~:;-~~--~s ~~
c :::cw eJC.CC!:>Cllt;)
] II CC:CCC05
':""] " ::)C. g eJ0l{)) CCC~C. f) gCQ~W:Cu r '
:; .) .J Q
'C0 C::::>m
.:> .}
b"0::JCOeJ
~..,:-, r 1 . , 17 j , '"J cb..) s ~ I '9',......--...
~=.-~Ec if r!~i 5 ccc~:cco:::e:Jcb~~::J'S'<;> ICCCOmfl : c.;J 1oe> cAco~:;:) Ji e a:;c.cc~cct.o;
.--' 0 ,J ,J \ .) .) L. 0 ,J v ;:) ~
LSI sJ..l!Odtl'd M V1 VWllflH [656!
138 BURMA LAW REPORTS. [1959
1959] BURMA LAW REPORTS.

e:mQ:Jfol (3 ( Gcqj'J~Cx:n::)j(Yp:)
:J..t
J 0
140 BURMA LAW REPORTS. (1959

0 c 'I
CDmUI
L

(o)
BURMA LA'vV REPORTS.
142 BURMA LAW. REPORTS. [1959

oeje
e:moo~ ol ($
r:
.l>C
e:e")()~ .ol 'l !I
1959] BURMA LAW REPORTS.
144 BURMA LAW REPORTS. [!959

Q C' 1 c:
2:moo<: u, i3
c-
;;.c
J

2 :c>')I"J
9 ()1 ~ II
BURMA LAW REPORTS.
146 BURMA LAW REPORTS. [I955f
1959] BURMA LAW REPORTS.
148 BURMA LAW REPORTS. [1959

P .L. -Prospecting License.

. M.L.-Mining Lease.
C.A.-Certifieate of Approval.
BURMA LAW REPORTS.
150 BURMA LAW REPORTS. [1959

M.C.R. Mineral Concession Rules.

C.A.-Certificate of Approval.
M .L.-Mining Lease.
1959] BURMA LAW REPORTS.

M.L.-Mining Lease.
C.A.-Certificate of Approval.
152 BURMA LAW REPORTS. [!959
>l959] BURMA LAW REPORTS.

P.L.-Prospecting License.
M.I.;.-Mining Lease.
" Those offences which are common between public servants and other
:members of the community, we leave the general provisions of the Code.
If a public servant embezzles money, we leave him to the ordinary law of
-criminal breach of trust. If he falsely pretends to have disbursed money to
"'the public;. and by this deceptio1'1 induces the government to allow it in its
accounts, we leave him to the ordinary law of cheating we
'think it desirable that the property of the state, in general, be protected by
-exactly the same laws which are considered as sufficient for the protection of
1the property of the subject".
 II :5~ ~:f~B ~:f~~
1 ~ 1' 1 .,. 1 ..-, G 1 11 ..-, ..-:1 r
'(CC()flW:::COCC 1!0~ !C0tCCCDe.8 COtCCGOOOCCCC ccCC~Oe.t:l
-.> .) 0 .) \. 0 .) .;JO .:l .:l .:>
n ....., , 1 ,, ~ n
coem 1:::> ccroero :x.ro~coeco :~ww II:)COCCcc :c.Jem (ro)
..) ' :!1 .) .:JO .:l .:> QO ::l 0 .:>
ll 6 '- "' 11 ?
II :o
.)
m :o:JCccB
.:> .;l
COCOcr>:JOCOCC
.:> L. .;l 00
1!0.:> b.;lCCC~COCOf!Bflfl
4:Cccfl:t',fl
0
~~cocbco~co
0
coble.s:lfl-nro:h,l~;e
.:> :_j e,~ :::J :c(U~o4co:ecro
.:> .) 0
,:~".lJ:w:tcroro ~4~m k:lem li:lflfl Olhlro:flC04o"&@hl (o)
~ :_j \. 0 :::J :::; 00 .:> ::.3 .) .:> .:> :_j
11 :ok:li!ob r:ok:lecoro <n~coblw :obccceJ
.:>:::1 .:>:::1 .:> \~ .;l .;l
? 11 '- 1 Q
cocoro:1ococc
..)
r:oocCCelCOCOffiflfl
L.
t01e0 c.c:oee:c.croc.cce
.) .;l .:> 00 .:> \ 0
~cocoro
..) .) 0
1Clle0hlc.c~fl
.:> ::3\. 0
cbco~co:c.~:c0:tcro
0
~:cc~o
0 .:>
~co:tcro
.:> 0
(e)
11 :::J(;lfucc.c!:'JCC ~6ecoro J~ok:lecoro Cllecoblcr; WC.CC.CDC.CCCD (co)
.:>:::1 .;l .;l .:>:::1 .:> \J 0 .;l
11 cccc<ni:=J :otocr>Joc.ucw!:l c~
.:> .:>::.3 .:> 0 L. .)
:c.Pfl~Cllhl (Ca._,1(13 :)reoco :ccro~~cCCllccro ~coo~cb
.;):_j 0 \ .:> .:>:_j .)
s [11 cccdhl:oe:ccco4(i) .:> .) .) .:> .;l 0 .)
1r n ....., ~" 1 11 11
C.CCel::O fl\;''Wlrileolcow ,_oro ( c ) b eGo, 11 ecce oeo~cem coccoe:o
" .;l .:> L. .) " .:> .:> .) .)0 .)
, ':""] , ~ , , , 1o-
-cocccece:occoe
.) 0 .)
tc-cccecoro
.) .)
wcccroc.ccro
0 .)
JCUJOece:occoeJ
L. \.0 .)
cocoecc
.;l 0
JCOIO
L.
~o 1 1 1 " cb r 1 11
e<::>
"6 occeecoro :ccOIO\;'co:c.cen to1rr.COre0: co o~eGo ccceeeco rom r~..> I;)C
\. O .:> .) .:> .:l o .:> o \ .:J .:J o ;:;
_f, C ;:)5.1C flGhth,]COCC~
.) e.:J.) ben Cfl .)Elh II .)CCceeco~COCC
\.) .) to:em .;l :_j
.) .)~o"ttcchl r:CCCD
.)
cmc.Peool1ro
<0 .) \
b:~rom~cchl ,bro r es hJ ucccc:cmhl,rile:och,leCllhl@cc
0 .) .) :_j .) .) ~ J.. .) :::J .,)::3.)
oroto
..) 0
46oeo1lJ
.) .) :_j
:cPBco .,)
Pe:~c.5hl
.) .;l
:J c.cc ecocbemM 0 00 .)
ICO~ro .)4b<n[;J:cco
.,) ~
:de:ok:l
_, :::]
~CCllc.uto cooen J :ok:l :oeocceecoro:~co 16m (c) flGh Ecb:4c5hl ccC!..IfB
.:l 0 0 .:J:::J .J .) O .) .) .) :_j 0 \ ~
~ o 1 121 1 <>n
U o::;cc~:\;'CO O C08el0 2COW : bg elC> :ceo 1rfl:C. C>COCDCOO CXJ
,) 0 \. ,) .) .) .) 0 0
ffi .,)OOOC00ts'
.) .) 0
II CCCCeCOf,COCC tOCc~CO
~ \. .;l .;l ,) ~
.mlfl:o~o' ~,)
,) .) &cchl:2ro~;de:h1~o
,) :J .) 0 ccc e0hloo~ro6:~m
.:J ::3 .> \ 0
:::>ceB~c Pecce'G~h
.) ':) 00
cu4AX I OIL::lCChJcf>Mllcce~orocoro
.> e L. ::> .) :J .:> ~ ~ ~
ccce/:C
.J o
ucccc:ccohl
.:>
l 'l~::::>ro:o~
~ J.. .) .:>
:JCDW
.)
~X :JOC.CO::Jffi flStJ fuob:ccoG ~cere e cr :BCO*O 'i:'c@hl II CCCC~IO
~ .,) .> .> .:> o . :> .,) o cc .:> .:> .,) :J" .) ol..
1
,, I
cb~ :~cc 1 11 ~ ~ ..-,
om:K ::J(!) A0 1W1omo:o :cos-co colroJoe:cm0 :ceo 1 cccc
..:>.) ] .:> .) L. .:l .J .) .:> .) L \ .J .:l
:2:o ~flm~o' &@hl 1 'G::::>ro~ :::>mfum c fl:cPflcorom coPem ccce~Jo ::>Co 11 b:lte<::cco:;,
e .:J .J .:> :...J ':)..J .:> ., :J o l, ~ I) 0 .:.
0
ookll~Cl
il ::.DJ~ro u [cc:::c0i:=J ~creiiial)lccc eocceeoc.me:flco*o ~cchl .;lO .J ~
.,) .,) .,) ::.3 . :> :J .) .,) ~ .) .) :J cofuccecce bcco:;,@hl
.:. ..) ~
d'!o c0c ~f o0c AGO r:hloi:=J:cPfl:lrflllimccce:::>Hro:liPco ccccod flteco*o r
o _, _, ;;J.,):::J B" ,)0.) , .,) o>::
..)
1' ~~ r ':'1 r 1 ':"] 1 ~ 0 Q .:\ r
cccco JCflCXJffi 1:.11:\C fl c s:~c fl80 ncccce::::>ccccco cceco: fl 1rflffi ~ocucc r Lo
' ;:) J .) ,J0 '\ .) .) .)
co:-> r
o~~C 1 o'
ni fl :f')CXJ~O ecce "'
' ~ oco ':'1
1:.1 :wem :
cbJ cucoroce ':"J
"' 1 ' 11 ecce cocc~ ~iccdwo:2
.)C .:> e
..:> .:> .:> .:> .) .:> .:> e .:> .:J o .)
'' 1 , n 11 1. 1r-:-J 1r 1
C.0:-0~ tCiflG::JO 2:COW CCflOO!1n Jfl:e CCC::l oG2lc
0 ~
] ::em I~oC>.) .....,
,)
!COW .)O"COWflCCCDflC\J
0 .) .)0 0
656!] s~"tlOdH"d M V1 VW"dOH +SI
BURMA LAW REPORTS.
156 BURMA LAW REPORTS. [!959
 BURMA LAW REPORTS.

*Eyidence Act.
t 1866 L.R.Q.B.~. 521.
158 BURMA LAW REPORTS. [1959

- I927 A.C. 487.

t A.I.R. (1935) Ran. 453
t A.I.R. 1938 Madras 130.
P.L.-Prospecting License.
 159

I.L.R. 4-9 Cal ~ 573

t I.L.R. 37 Cal. : 467.
P .L.-Prospecting License.
160 BURMA LAW REPORTS. [!959

P.L.-Prospecting License.
1959] BURMA LAW REPORTS. 161

M.L.-Mining Lease.

11
162 BURMA LAW REPORTS. [I959'
~959] BURMA LAW REPORTS.
o C' r,:c- C' C' r,: C' C' C' C' ~ c o
[ q(OC tJillG<Dffi?\? oml9Jm t:lc~cc:p~ C\:)GCD?mG:::o:> GJGG?C~ <X(@?
" (' 0
;;:cp2:~96l2 11
c 0 (' (' c-r,: r:::c-
<DmG<DmpGm?c ~~s Dt ~~c:ro2:!:t'lill96l2:! u G~G.p:;,Jlut:::J :m1
(' r,:c- (' J ('~

~B:GmJ~B~:::D~ mo~m?~ (P.L.) G0:9t m8t, :;,J't~:::D~'P (M.C.R.)

' (' (' c. c~ c (' (' [ (' ('
1..~2:2UG8 {.(36l :)13
0 ('
C"!:f ~f~fSJ GO::::D20!Gcqj')(DC:O?::::D2:!11 (.(86l :)~ *
;mq ( C.A.) 6l~roi 6lGU:~tGu 11 ~~G ::J:J? t mro2: ~~~ut ooO~ GoT~
t{n')g:).)~~ G<?t9:::D~ II~
~ (' co ... (' (' r,: (' (' (' ('

euGO (.(86l
('
g)lGCDpmcxn:~;um~f e:~G6l?Cm

?O;~cm )t CJ.f
0 0
~:m?:CDJml
c
GQJOc:pqcr
0 (' 0
cqqo6l m~'pi o.pe::l:m :::DSGCDJ?
Gi.:l~ S
('~
nd~fGO)?
('
mm
('

0 OC' r;::;::: C' C' C' r;;:c- C' C' C' C C'
:::u:qGU!~CGt:j?C: COCC:OC~?:~p:t}IO:::D~ OOGCDJ?ml ~mmqmGO::x>29
oc c- o c r,:c c- o c c
o:J'P:1J:6lp:m G6l:qc~q6l~lll <;C:OOtJC-ji2:!:2UG8~0)2(:f? 0Jm20GSrr.l9
C' g C' r;::c~ C' C' c- o g C' c c- c
o.pm:9:::D2:::D:>t:Jn9JI mm2oGs1s ;>2:20G8o;]_ oro? my.ro;: ~f.mJc
'1 (' C' ~0 C' C' 0 C'. ('
Gtol~r m:neuGnqc u ~GO)? m:;,Jm mrom6lp:D:(:x>? romQ96l2Cll
(' c
Gcqj? :nco?::::oc::;u
c c
'ft::;:eoGS<r? ;::,@91.:$ ~~illqc Gi.:J~S OJ~fGO):l mmeoGS c.rs6l
ccr,:c c c c C'C()
ISO :)
c- G c r,::c c o c c c o c Q
s;J~ o.p65:G:::D? f2:20G3t}ill:::D211 cqt.(86l0JCD2:!:l .pe;:eoGm~p:rq o;;ro:
'1 c- c 10 \ o c r;;: c c o C'
Ulml m:neoGnqc UI~:::D~q(OC t}illGill96l2Cll ~:::0211
C' C' C' C' C' C' (' c co
[ mc:rome0G8~S r2:20G86lJ?:<t:J ~O)CDUG9:(,)9Qcmoc ro2~G::O?
c c r;;:c ~ ' C' c C'. r::;. C'
eoG800QJffi mcomGp:t!jill9JI ~ille:!:~UQJlOtt 8dGt:lQ 20G8 {.(86l j j j qcC'
c- c; . c " C'o " r;;:c; c- ~ ' or;;:c . c
:::om~mco'J::::o~ com~ro<>p:eoGs GJ?:tJID:::D211 [liO?q[t:J<D::n~ oo
Gropmr qse:;
C' c
JJ (i ( ;: ,) 8?91 ~mcomtl:
c C'f,~
m'Jm?ro2G-f:::Dt::;fl
C' C' o
~mqm
c

P.L.-Prospecting License.
M.C.R.-Mineral Concession Rules.
C.A.~Certificate of Approval.
Rule r6.-'-" No prospecting lic~nse or mining lease shall be granted
except to a person holding a certificate of approval from the Financial Commis
sioner . . . .. . ~'
t Rule u3.-" When both an application or applications for a prospecting
license and an application or applications for a mining lease are presented in
respect of the same area, the applicant or applicants for a mining lease not
being in possession of a prospecting license in respect of that area, the prior
right to the concession, whether license or lease shall, subject to any oder which
the President may pass in any particular case, be deemed to lie with the applicant
who, " being the holder of a valid certificate of approval and after compliance
w ith the procedure prescribed by the rules, shall have been the first to file his
application wj,th.the Collecto<.
Provided . . . "
t Sec, 38A.- " . . the government -- 'may dispose
of such right and powers to any person in such manner as. it mayde~m,fit-." .
164 BURMA LAW REPORTS. [1959

C;A.-Certificate . of. Approval.

P L.-Pr<;>spec~ing License.
1 959] BURMA LAW REPORTS.

C.A.-Cenificate of Approval.
.P.L.-,Piospecting. License.
Section 52 Penal Code Section 2 (25) G~ne~ qau5es Act.
166 BURMA LAW REPORTS. [1959
1959] BURMA LAW REPORTS. l6'

A roasonable and prudent man, acting in good faith.

t l889 23 Q.B.D.l63.
t " Such being the plain language of the Act, it is, in my opinon, the
imperative duty of the Court to give effe~t to it, and to leave it to the legislature
to alter the law if itthinks it might be altererl."
168 BURMA LAW REPORTS. [1959

C' c: c
ooGPg'2ooGoo-:>GJl u
eg~G<.9 ul rz ( Gd~~m'p~(:,)pg)
C"
.l;.C
J
BURMA LAW REPORTS.
170 BURMA ~A W REPORTS. [1955
BURMA LAW REPORTS. 171
172 BURMA LAW REPORTS. [1959-
I959] BURMA LAW REPORTS.

*"(b) In case of vacancy in the Office of Trustees, they shall -a dvertise it

within one month from the date of occurrence in two Burmese Daily Newspapers
for 15 days successively, fixing a date for submission cif nomination papers. "
174 BURMA LAW REPORTS. [1959

*Cp. the following extract from Halsbury's Laws of England, 2nd Edition
Vol. 31 page 529, para. 692 : -
"Upon the principle that the ordinary sense of enacting words is
primarily to be adhered to, provisions which appear on the face of the~
to be imperative cannot without strong reason be held to be directory. "
tCp. the.; ollowing extract from Craies on Statute Law, sth Edition, p. 24o : -
"the difference being, as explained in woodward v. Sarsons (r..875, L.R.
10 C.P. 733,746) that an absolute enactment must be obeyed or fulfilled
eJ;:actly, but it is sufficient if a directory enactment be obeyed or fufilled
substantially; i.e., that the act permitted by an absolute epactment is
lawWI only if .done in accordance with the conditions annexed to the
statutory, permission [Cf. Lord. Atkinson Smith v~ Cammell Laird, (1940)
A.C. 242 at p. zs8.]
 BURMA LAW REPORTS.

:cp. the following extract from Craies on Statute Law, Fifth Edition pp.
to 243 : -
" This was plainly stated by Lord Campbell in Liverpool Borough
Bank v. Turner (x86r, 30 L.J. ch. 379, 380) with regard to enactments
expressed in merely affirmative language. 'No universal rule,' said
he, ' can be laid down as to whether mandatory enactments shall be
considered directory only or obligatory with an implied nullification for
disobedience. It is the duty of Courts of justice to try to get at the real
intention.of the Legislature by carefully attending to the whole scope of
the statute to be construed.' In Howard v. Bodington (r877), 2 P.D. 203,
21 I (Lord Penzance, after citing this dictum of Lord Campbell, added as
follows : i believe, as far as any rule is concerned, you cannot safely go
further than that in each case you must look to the subject-matter, consider
the importance of the provision and the relation of that provision to the
general .object intended to be secured by the Act, and upon a review of the
case in that aspect decide whether the enactment is what is called imperative
or only direqtory . . . .I have been very carefully through all the principal
cases, but upon reading them all the conclusion at which I am constrained
to arrive is this, that you cannot glean a great deal that is very decisive from
a perusal of these cases. They are on all sorts of subjects. It is very
difficult to group them together, and the tendency of my mind, after
reading them, is to come to the conclusion which was expressed by Lord
Campbell in the case of Liverpool Bank v. Turner."
tCp. the following extract from Halsbury's Laws of England. Second
Edition, Vol. 31 p. 530, para 692
"Generally in public statutes, enacting words where the thing to be
done is for the public benefit or in advancement of public justice [A. G. v.
_Lock (1744), 3 'Atk. 164, per Lord Hardwicke, L.C., at p. t66 ; 42
Digest 717 1367 ; R.v. Tithe Commissioners (1849), 14 Q.B. 459, per
Cole-Ridge, J., at p. 474; 42 Digest 71i, xzgo] must be t~g to have
u. compulsory force. "
176 BURMA LAW REPORTS. [1959
12
178 BURMA LAW REPORTS.
 BURMA LAW REPRWS~

SUPREME COURT.

BABU RAM DASS (APPELLANT)

v.
~y~A~~NG~:NAND FOUR OTHERS } (RESPONDENTS).* Nov: i~s{

Transfer of Propen" A8, s. S>A-When inv,ked-Object of-Suit/or possession

based on title-Prior offer-No rule of Procedure insisting.
S. 53" of the Transfer of Property Act may be invoked where possession
had been given on a document purporting to be one of mortgage but which is
invalid for want of registration. This section gives protection and can be
used as ashield should the transferor attempt to takeadvantageofthefactthat
the transfer was invalid. for want of registration. The section provides that
" a right expressly provided by the terms of the contract" can be enforced.
Where the right expressly provided was that the appellant was to get back
his property on payment of a certain sum, it matters little whether an offer to
pay this sum was made or not prior to the institution of a suit for recovery
of possession based upon title. It would be the duty of the Court to define
on what terms the appellant is to get back the property. There is no rule of
procedure which insists that there must be such a prior offer.

Ba Than (I) for the appellant.

Ba Shun for the respondents Nos. I to 4
Tun Aung (2} for the respondent No. 5
Judgment delivered by the Chief Justice of the Union
fl

U MYINT THEIN, C.J .-The position which prevailed in

this case became confused with the attempts at manoeuvre
indulged in by the parties. Ram Daoss filed a suit for
recovery of possession of a house site in Shwebo. The
defendant U Maung Gyi countered with a suit for specific
performance of a contract for sale in respect of tl).e sarpe,
alleging that he had paid two sums of Rs. 3,000 and
Rs. r2,ooo to Ram Dass at the time Burma was Ping ' ' . f ~'

Civil 4ppeal~ Nos. z and 6 of 1957 from the judgments and d~ ~f

the High Court in Civil xst Appeals Nos. 64 and 42 of I953
t Present : U M YINT THEIN, Chief J.ustice of the U n1~n, U <;fHAt".HTOON
and U Bo GYr, JJ. .
180 BURMA LAW REPORTS. [1959
S.C. evacuated, on the understanding that the property was to
1959
be his if Ram Dass should fail to pay back the money with-
BABu RAM
DAss in one year after the termination of the war. U Maung
u MAuNG Gyi's suit was first heard and the decision was against him,
GYI AND
FOUR OTHERS
the suit being dismissed. This decision was confirmed by
KYrN BYAN the High Court on appeal.
HrN. Ram Dass's case then came to be heard but only after
four amendments of the plaint. These were necessitated
by changes in the situation. In 1942 .Ram Dass's house
was standing on the site. This was destroyed by bombing
and in 1942 U Maung Gyi made use of the materials
available and re-erected a building. 'Then a disastrous
fire swept Shwebo in 1951. U Maung Gyi again put up
a modest structure which he let to Kyin Byan Hin who,
despite the protests of Ram Dass, converted it into a sub-
stantial structure. Kyin Byan Hin had to be added as a
defendant at a late stage. The battle as to the nature of
the transaction was fought all over again despite the deci-
sion in U Maung Gyi's case. The trial Court found that
what the parties had intended was to effect a mortgage
with possession for Rs. 3,ooo, redeemable by payment of
Rs .. 4,000 but that no registration could be effected as at
that time Government had ceased to function in Shwebo.
A decree for possession against all the defendants i.e. U
Maung Gyi, his wife and two daughters and the tenant
Kyin Byan Hin, was passed with the direction that Ram
Dass should first pa)' to U Maung Gyi the sum of Rs. 4,ooo
which Ra.rii Dass had promised to pay for the sum of
Rs. 3,000 he had taken in 1942. Ram Dass promptly
deposited Rs. 4,ooo in Court.
Next, Kyin Byan Hin alone appealed with Ram D2ss
as the sole respondent in Civil First Appeal No. 42 of 1953
of the High Couri:. . His main ground was that being a
~enant he was protected by the Urban Rent Control Act
arid that he could not be dislodged.
 1959] BURMA LA'N REPORTS.

Ostensibly all the defendants appealed in Civil

Appeal No. 64 of 1953 of the High Court but we note
it was only U Maung Gyi who signed the power
attorney. Fortunately the two appeals were heard
together, and the Appellate Court upset t~e judgment and
decree of the District Court and in allowing the appeals
said-
" In Ko U Mar and one v. Ma Saw Myaing (r), it was held
that section 53A of the Transfer of Property Act applies to
usufructuary mortgages when the mortgagee in part perfor
mance of the contract has taken possession of the immovable
property ; and that in a case like thi's the mortgagor is not
entitled to sue for possession without first repaying the mon(!y
taken on loan from the mortgagee and getting from him a
refusal to deliver the land on such payment. Ko U Mar's
case is apposite to the present case ; and as it is clear in this
case that the plaintiff-respondent made his offer only at a
late stage of the proceedi'ngs in the lower Court we must
hold that the suit was initially bad."

After the decision in U Maung Gyi's case against Ram

Dass, it must be taken to have been established that there ! ~ .

was no agreement to sell but that U Maung Gyi .Q~~

obtained possession of the house and site as security fqr
a loan repayable with Rs. 4,ooo.
While we accept the principle enunciated in Ko U
Mar's case that section 53A may be invoked where posses-
sion had been given on a document purporting to ~~. qn~
of mortgage but which is invalid for want of registr~P"~A
we . are unable to subscribe to the' further observation
~ . . :..: : . . . ~ ~-:-:tf-:F

appearing in the judgment that a suit for recqXYfYr.JA<?f

possession based upon title must be preceded Q.x, .~p,:,:1!~
. ' ~- t f.
;:-. "'' . - 'l~.'i;.{.'" "

to pay batk what had been received; i f;'; K:r-, ,f.

Section 53A is meant to give protectipn ~:11\d_.@J\"be
used
.
as a shield s~ould
.
the tiansfero:r;. .. . . .atteigpt,
. .u 1 ~ '
to. ~ke
~ .;

. .
(x) (1950) B.L.R. (H.C.) 8o:
182 BURMA LAW REPORTS. [1959

s.c. advantage of the fact that the transfer was invalid for
1959
want of registration. Even so, the section provides that
BABU RAM
DAss "a right expressly provided by the terms of the contract"
u M~uNG can be enforced.
GYr ,o,No
FOUR OTHERS
In this case the right expressly provided was that Ram
KYIN BYAN Dass was to get back his property on payment of Rs. 4,ooo
HxN. and, it seems to us, it matters little whether an offer to
pay this sum was made or not prior to the institution of
a suit for recovery of possession based upon title. It
would be the duty of the Court dispensing justice to define
on what terms Ram Dass is to get back the property.
There is no rule of procedure which insists that there must
be such a prior offer.
Actually Ram Dass had, in his notice dated the sth
February 1949 sent through his lawyer, admitted the fact
that the house had got into the possession of U Maung Gyi
by way of security for a loan. U Maung Gyi's stand being
that the property had already become his, he would not
have accepted anything less thanK rs,ooo. Furthermore,
the fact that Ram Dass had, by his last amended plaint,
offered to pay what he had taken as a loan, shows his
readiness to make good to U Maung Gyi the advantage that
he had received under the contract. We can see no reason
which would support the observation of the Appellate
Court that the suit was initially bad.
In regard to the case of Kyin Byan Hin, his learned
counsel inform us that he has certain rights under the
Urban Rent. Control Act but that we need not give a
decision on the merits of Kyin Byan Hin's case since he
had come to a satisfactory arrangement with Ram Dass.
This being the position, it only remains for us to set aside
the appellate judgments and decrees passed in Civil First
Appeals Nos. 42 and 64 of the High Court, and we do so,
restoring the judgment and decree passed by the District
. Court of Shwebo in Civil Regular Suit No. 2 of 1949, with
 BURMA LA\V REPORTS.
,.
tosts throughout. In so far as Kyin Byan Hin is concerned
PiS9
~e costs of the plaintiff-appellant which Kyin Byan Hin ~:=.-:::.;

!nust bear are fixed at-(I) K I?O Advocate's fees in the

pistrict Court; (2) K 170 Advocate's fees. in Civil First
~A..ppeal No. 42 of 1953 of the High Court; and (3) costs
FOUR OTI:i'ERS
'k nd Advocate's fees K 170 in Civil Appeal No. 6 of 1957 HYIN BYAN
bf this Court. HIN.
184 BURM~ LAW REPORTS. [19.59

SUPREME COURT.
ts.c. HAJEE E. M. ABDUL RAHMAN (APPLTCA:"T)
1959
Dec. 4
v.
THE UNION OF BURMA (RESPONDENT).*
Union :Judiciary Act, s. 6-Special Leave to apPeal under-Order refusing to
quash JVIagistrate's proceedings-Not final order.
It is within the discretion of the High Court to decline to quash the
proceedings before a Magistrate and such an order is not a final order in respect
of which special leave to appeal can be given under s. 6 of the Union Judiciary
Act.

Kyaw Myint and K. R. Venkatram for the applicant.

No one for the respondent.
Judgment delivered by the Chief Justice of the Union
U MYINT THEIN, C].-These are two applications for
the grant of special leave to appeal against the orders of
the High Court refusing to quash certain criminal pro
ceedings pending in the Court of the rst Additional
Magistrate, Rangoon.
On 7th May 1959 K. A. Gany lodged a complaint against
Hajee E. M. Abdul Rahman and Hajee K. P. Oomer Row-
t~er. The complaint was sent to the rst Additional
Magistrate, Rangoon, for disposal. Gany was examined
the next day and the allegation was that r2 persons, includ-
ing the complainant and the 2nd accused Oomer Rowther
had bought a piece of land in the name of the rst accused
Hajee E. M. Abdul Rahman and that the latter now
claims the land as his. Oomer Rowther was accused of
aiding and abetting. The Magistrate issued warrants of
arrest under section 406, Penal Code, against Rahman and
under sections 4o6ho9 against Rowther. On the rrth
*Criminal Misc. Applications Nos. z84 and 285 of 1959 for special leave
to appeal under s. 6 of the Union Judiciary Act against the judgment of the
High Court; dated the 28th October 1959 in Criminal Revision No. 190 (B)
of 1959
t Present :'U MYINT THEIN, ChiefJustice of the Union, U CHAN HTOON and
UBoGYI,JJ.
 1959] BURMA LAW REPORTS.

May the two accused surrendered in Court and were

enlarged on bail. Next, Rowther himself filed a complaint
against Rahman on the same facts. This was on the 25th
May. Represented as he was by counsel, he should have
informed the Western Subdivisional Magistrate to whom
the complaint was sent, that he was a co-accused with the
accused in another Court in respect of the same allegations.
He was examined the same day and a warrant under
section 409, Penal Code, was issued against Rahman. At
Rahman's request for the two complaints to be heard by
the same Magistrate, the case before the Western Sub-
divisional Magistrate was sent to the 1st Additional
Magistrate. The position, to say the least, is peculiar in
that Oomer Rowther appears in one case as a co-accused
and in another as the complainant against the other
accused.
It is usual for a civil suit to be field to establish title
because of a prosecution being launched in respect of
property, but the reverse procedure was adopted in these
cases. Both the complaints in their examination before
the Magistrates made mention of the civil suit but despite
this, the issue of process was automatic. On the state-
ments of the complainants themselves these were cases
where it would have been proper to seek the assistance of
the police under section 202 (I) of the Criminal Procedure
Code, before issue of process.
The accused sought to have the proceedings against
him quashed in the High Court. The learned Judge
seemed to have thought that the application was pre-
mature and declined to interfere. While it is possible
that in: his position we might be prevailed upon to quash
.
the proceedings, the fact that he did not do so was within
his decretion. We are reluctant therefore to interfere,
more so because the order is not a final order in respect
of which special leav:~ to appeal can be given under
section 6 of the Union Judiciary Act.
186 BURMA LAW REPORTS. [I959
S.C. The applications are dismissed.
l959
HAJEE E. M. The Magistrate enquiring into these complaints should
ABDUL consider, on the request of the accused, whether the pro-
RAllMA.c"J
v. ceedings should be kept pending till the final disposal of
THE UNION
OF BURMA. the civil suit in the High Court. When the complaints are
finally enquired into, serious consideration should be given
to the fact that the complaints are in respect of immov-
able property and which, according to the complainants, is
not in the possession of the accused. If the complaint
is in respect of the title deed, the fact that it is in the name
of the accused is to be taken into account. Finally, the
Magistrate should consider if on the allegations the offence
can possibly be one of breach of trust. Under section
253 (2) of the Criminal Procedure Code it is within a
Magistrate's competence .to discharge an accused at any
stage if the charge is found to be groundless.
/1959] BURMA LAW REPORTS.
SUPREME COURT.
HASAN ALI (APPLICANT)
v.
.SECRETARY, MINISTRY OF IMMIGRATION AND NA-
TIONAL REGISTRATION AND ONE (RESPONDENTS).*

MEHER ALI (APPLICANT)

v.
SECRETARY, MINISTRY OF IMMIGRATION AND NA-
TIONAL REGISTRATION AND ONE (RESPONDENTS).*
Burma Immigration (Emergency Provisions) Act, s. 7 (2)-Powers of deportation-
Controller of Immigration ttot invested 2vith-S. 7 (I)-Who may order
convictedforeigner-Detention petzding orders-Purpose ofprov;.ion, s. 7 (2)-
Abtzormal procedure--No prosecution under-Deportation after adjudgment
by competellt authority undet sub-s. (3)-Adjudgment ttJhen resorted to
and when tmdesirable- Object of initiating proceedi11gs under-Powers of
competent lluthority- Practice-- " Pending orders of deportation"-
Cottstructi07z to be put on. ss. 7 (I), (z) and (4)-Dettmtion under- Who may
order-Sub-s. (I)-Restriction of authority in-Qualified-Sub-s. (2)-
Restriction of authority in-Unqffected-Detention duritzg pendency of
proceedings-To order-Delegation of authority by President-No provision
for-Rule z-Scope-Limited detention-Detention pending proceedings
under orders of officer mentiotzed i11-Unauthorised-Arrest under s. to-
Normal procedure after-Fundamental rights of a person proceeded against
under s. 7 (z) or s. IJ (t)-Wlzetlzer person an illegal immigrant of recent
origitz-Who must be satisfied-Statutory citizen-Who is.
Under s. 7 (I) a foreigner who has been convicted under the Immigration
laws may be ordered deportation by the President or by someone empowered
by him. Pending such orders of deportation, the man may be detained "in
such manner as the President I)'lay direct." The reason is, a magistrate convicts
a foreigner but some other authority orders his deportation and some time may
elapse before the actual order is issued.
Instead of prosecuting a foreigner his case may be dealt with by a competent
authority who has to decide under s. 7 (2) if the foreignerthad in fact contravened
the provisions.of the Act or the Rules. If the adjudgment, is in the affirmative,
the competent authority may order the foreigner's deportation. " Pending
orders of deportation such foreigner may be detained in such manne~: as the
President may direct. "
Adjudgment in this manne~: is meant to be confined to cases where there is
no room for ~ntroversy and where a prosecution would be a waste of tune ~d
labour, such as. when a foreigne~: has remained on in llurm,a ;under an
expired stay permit, or where a stowaway is caught in Burma waters~
Criminal Misc. Application Nos. ISS and xs6 of I959
t Presetzt: U MYINT THEm, Chief Justice of the Union, U CHAN HTOON
and U Bo GYI, JJ. .
188 BURMA LAW REPORTS. (1959
S.C. In proceedings under s. 7 (2) the adjudgment is generally incorporated in
T959
the order of deportation itself and there will therefore be no time interval be-
tween the finding and the order. Thus the phrase "pending orders of
'V. deportation" appearing in sub-s. (2) must be construed to mean that during
SECRETARY,
the pendency of the proceedings before the competent authority, a foreigne~
MtNtSTRY OF
IMMIGRA-
may be detaind.
TION AND Sub-s. (4) deals only with those against whom orders of deportation
NATIONAL have already been passed. They may be detained " by such authority and in
REGISTR~
such manner as the President may direct", since some time must elapse for
TION AND
ONE. arrangements to be made for the actual removal of the foreigner.
Under sub-s. (t) and (2) the President alone is empowered to order deten-
MllflllR ALI tion. Though sub-s. (4) empowers the President to name an authority to
v.
SECRETARY,
exercise the power of ordering detention, such named authority can exercise the
MINISTRY OF power only in respect of persons who had been actually ordered deportation.
IMMIGRA- Rule 2 (1) of the Burma Immigration (Detention) Rules 1951 is valid only to
TION AND that extent.
NATIONAL
REGISTRA- Thenormal procedure 11.fter the arrest of a person under s. 10 is to prosecute
TION AND him under s. 13 (1) and in that event, ss. I3A and 13B place upon him the onus
ONE. of proving that he is a legitimate resident or that he is not a foreigner. Because
of this special rule of evidence, a reasonable opportunity must be given to
him to discharge the burden. Similar opportunity must be afforded where
proceedings against him are under s. 7 (2). Denial of such an opportunity
would be a violation of his fundamental rights.
It is the President or the competent authority and not the Immigration
authorities who must be satisfied that a person is an illegal immigrant of recent
origin. The Controller of Immigration is not vested with power of deportation.
A person descended from ancestors who for two generations have made
Burma their permanent home, and whose parents and himself were born in
Burma, is a statutory citizen.

K.yaw Myint and Win Pe for the applicants.

Ba Sein (Attorney-General) and Hla Maung (Government
Advocate) for the respondents.
Judgment delivered by

U MYINT THEIN, C.] .-These are two applications for

drrections in the nature of a writ of Habeas Corpus.
According to the affidavits filed, some two hundred persons
of Pakistani origin were rounded up in raids in the Akyah
District and detained. Learned Counsel for the flpplicants
has informed us that these two applications are in the
nature of test cases and that similar applications of others
in custody are kept pending while a decision in the present
case is awaited.
 BURMA LAW REPORTS.

'f: The learned Attorney-General, who appears for the

'!respondents, has submitted for our inspection the procccd-
::ings of the Immigration Officer, Akyab, in respect of the
i_applicant Hasan Ali. According to the diary entries Hasan
(Ali was arrested on the 19th June I959 On the 22nd
June the Deputy Commissioner, Akyab, w.1s Jp~roz:chd
"!or orders to deport him. Judging by the entry under
'd ate 26th June, the Deputy Commissioner demurred.
The Ministry of Immigration then stepped in, and under MEH~~ Au
the orders of the Ministry, Hasan Ali and others were SEcRETARY,
MINISTRY OF
sent to Rangoon by steamer for ultimate despatch to IMMIGRA-
"
Gawduthoung in Pyapon District. On arrival at Rangoon TION AND
NATIONAL

they were lodged in the Rangoon Central Jail under a REGISTnA-

noN AND
detention order by an Immigration Officer, presumably, oNE.

of Rangoon. The Superintendent of the Rangoon Central

Jail, who is the 2nd respondent, has supplied us with a
copy of the detention order, the relevant portion of which
reads-
" Whereas Hasan Ali, son of Abbas Ali has been subject
to an order of deportation under section 7 (2) of the Burma
Immigration (Emergency Provisions) Act by the Controller
of Immigration Burma,
And whereas it is expedient to detain the said Hasan Ali
into your custody pending removal out of Burma,
This is to authorise you to receive into your custody and
produce him before the qth August 1959 ".

The recitals in this detention are now admitted to be

incorrect. In the first place the Controller of Immigration
is not an authority appointed by the President to exercise
the powers of deportation under section 7 (2) of the Act.
Secondly, the applicants are not yet subjected to orders
of deportation under section 7 (2) as recited in the order.
On these considerations alone the detention orders m,ust
be quasheCL. .
However, the question involved goes much deeper.
Section 7, under which detention is authorised, has so
190 BURM~ LAW REPORTS. (1959

S.C. often been amended piecemeal that the position is con-

1959
fusing and it is necessary to determine, at what stage and
HAsAN ALI
v. in what circumstances and at whose behest, a foreigner
SECRETARY,
MINISTRY OF
can be detained under the Immigration laws.
IMMIGRA- Section 7 as it stands today reads-
TION AND
NATIONAL
REGISTRA- "7- (1) The President of the Union or any such authority
TION AND
ONE,
as may be appointed by him under this sub-section, may
order any foreigner who has been convicte::l under any
MEHER ALl section of this Act or the rules made thereunder to be
v.
SECRETARY, deported from the Union of Burma and pending orders of
MINISTRY OF deportation he may be detained in such manner as the
IMMIGRA-
TION AND President of the Union may direct and whilst so detained
NaTIONAL shall be deemed to be in legal custody.
REGISTRA-
TION AND (2) The President of the Union or any such authority as
ONE.
may be appointed by him under this sub-section, may, in lieu
of prosecution, order any foreigner who contravenes any of
the provisions of this Act or the rules framed thereunder, to
be deported from the Union of Burma and pending orders
of deportation such foreigner may be detained in such
manner as the President of the Union may direct and whilst
so detained shall be deemed to be in legal custody.
(3) The President of the Union or the authority competent
to order deportation under sub-section (2) shall have power
to adjudge if any foreigner has in fact contravened any of
the provisions of the Act or the rules made thereunder.
(4) Any foreigner ordered to be deported under sub-
section (I) or sub-section (2) may be detained by such
authority and in such manner as the President of the Union
may direct pending the completion of arrangements for his
removal out of the Union of Burma and whilst so detained
shall be deemed to be in legal custody.
(S) Any foreigner who has been detained under sub-
section (I) or sub-section (2) or sub-section, (4) may be
admitted t~ b~if by such authority and upon such terms as
may be . prescribed by the President of the Union.
(6} The carrier who is responsible for the illegal entry of
any foreigner against whom any order of deportation is sub-
sequently issued under sub-section (r) or sub-section (2) shall
remove such foreigner _from the Union of Burma."
 BURMA LAW REPORTS.

Under sub-section (r) a foreigner who has been , u''

victed under the Immigration laws may be ordered
tation by the President or by some one appointed by him
to order such deportation pending such orders of deporta- l\
tion, the man may be detained " in such manner as the
President may direct". The purpose of this provision is
clear. A Magistrate may convict a foreigner but the TloNA.'\o
ONE.
order for his deportation must emanate from some other
authority, and some time may elapse before the actual MEH: Au
order of deportation is issued, and therefore it may be MSEcRETARY,
1 JNISl'RY OF
necessary to detain the foreigner to ensure that he does IMMIGRA-
T10N AND
not diSappear. NATIONAL

Sub-section (2) provides an abnormal procedure, under .;;~;rs:_~~

which a foreigner is not prosecuted but is sent before a oNE.

competent authority who has to decide if the foreigner

had in fact contravened the provisions of the Act or the
Rules. If the adjudgment, the exercise of which is vested
in the competent authority, under sub-section (3), is in the
affirmative, in lieu of a prosecution the foreigner's depor-
tation can be ordered. " Pending orders of deportation
such foreigner may be detained in such manner as the
President may direct."
Sub-section (4) deals only with those against whom
orders of deportation have already been passed. They
may be detained " by such authority and in such manner
as the President may direct ". The purpose of this sub-
section js also clear, because some time must elapse for
arrangements to be made for the actual removal of the
foreigner, such as securing his passage or obtaining the
consent of the country to which he is to be sent.
It was urged by learned Counsel for the applicants
that under sub-section (r), it is only after a convictipn .t:ll<J.t
a foreigner can be detained and that it is only aft(:_r an
aq.judglll!!nt that he can be similarly detained ung~er sub-
section (2). The position, learned Couns~l subiP,its. is
made clearer by the Burma Immigration .(Detention} Rules,
192 BURMA LAW REPORTS. [1959
S.C. 1951, under which detention is contemplated only in
I959
respect of those liable to be deported (see Rule 2). A
HASAN ALl
,_ foreigner, it was submitted, may be liable to a prosecution,
~~~~:;:::~~- but mere prosecution does not render him liable to depor-
IMMIGRA- tation. It is only when he is convicted or is adjudged
TION AND
NATIONAL under sub-section (2) of having contravened the Immigra-
REGISTRA-
TION AND tion laws that he becomes liable to deportation. A
ONE. foreigner may be arrested on suspicion under section :ro
MEH~ ALI and his subsequent detention, if he is detained at alL will
SEcRETARY, be under the Criminal Procedure Code and not under the
MINISTRY OF I . . 1aws. The suggestion
IMMIGRA- mm1granon . t heref ore IS,
. a deten-
,TN~ro~r:~ tion under sub-section (2) before adjudgment is not
REGISTRA- authorised by law.
TION hND
oNE. We have given very careful consideration to this
suggestion but we find ourselves unable to accept it. The
phraseology of sub-section (2) is by no means clear but the
fact remains that under this sub-section, proceedings are
initiated solely with a view to secure orders of deportation.
The competent authority who deals with the case can
award no punishment but in lieu of a prosecution, he may
order deportation, provided of course, the adjudgment is
that the foreigner in fact had contravened either the Act
or the Rules. In actual practice the adjudgment would
have to be incorporated in the order of deportation itself
and there will therefore be no time interval between the
adjudgment and the orders of deportation. Thus the
phrase " pending orders of deportation " appearing in
sub-section (2) must be construed to mean that during
the pendency of the proceedings before the competent
authority; a foreigner may be detained.
We must now examine the Burma Immigration
(Detention) Rules, 1951. When they were originally
passed, Rule 2 read-
"2. (r) Any foreigner who is liable to be deponed under
section 7 (r) of the Burma Immigration .(Emergency Provi-
sions)' Act, 1947,.........may be detained in Police Station,
 BURMA LAW REPORTS.

Police Lock-up, Police Outpost, Sub-Jail, Jail or Jail Annexe S~c;

by an order in writing of any Deputy Commissioner or of x.S!J~
any Resident or of any Immigration official not below the .... }
rank of Inspector of immigration, pending the receipt of SE~~Y
orders of the President or of such authority as may be MtN'isiR.ii;::,c[I>
appointed by him in that behalf for the deportation of the ~~: 1ilit
foreigner, or for the removal of such foreigner out of the NA'l'IONAL
Union of Burma in compliance with the order of deportation. ~;~s~~-
(2) Such order of detention of such foreigner under ONE. <

section 7 of the said Act may be issued from time to time MtmER ALI
for any period not exceeding fifteen days at a time." v.
SECRETARY,
These rules are purported to have been made under MINISTRY OF
IMMIGRA-
section r6 (2) (g) of the Act. TION AND
NATIONAL
When sub-section (2) was added to section 7 by Act REGISTRA-
TION AND
39 of 1957, by Notification No. 6 of the Immigration ONE.
Branch, Ministry of Immigration and National Registration,
dated the 5th February 1958, the words " Sub-section (r)
or (2) of section 7" and "Assistant Immigration Officer"
were substituted for the words "Section 7 (r)" and
"' Inspector of Immigration " respectively.
It will be noticed that the detention, both under sub-
section (r) and (2) of section 7 is to be " in such manner
as the President of the Union may direct ", while under
sub-section (4) the detention is to be "by such authority
and in such manner as the President of the Union may
direct ". The difference in meaning is, in sub-sections (r)
and (2) the President alone is empowered to order deten-
tion, while in sub-section (4) he may name an authority
to exercise the power. However, the restriction of autho-
. rity to the President alone in sub-section (r) is qualified.py
sub-sedion (4) under which the President may nam~:.;W~
authority under whose orders a person agains~ :, "Yh.Pm.
,deportation orders have been passed, may be; . 4~~efl..
But_the restriction under sub-section (2) remain.s ~..gt#ected
,by sub-section (4), and thus there is no PJJQmsi~W- mnder
[;v~ch .the President may name any. authoti,t,y.to order
~tletentiqn duririg the pendency of the proceedings, tha~ is

!13
194 BURMA LAW REPORTS. [!959
S.C. to say, before orders of deportation are passed under
I959
sub-section (2).
HASAN ALI
v. Whatever the wording of Rule 2 may be, its scope is
1\~~~~:::~~F limited to detention under sub-section (4) only, and any
IMMIGM- other provision contained in the rule, which is outside
TION AND
NATIONAL the scope of sub-section (4) is ultra vires of the Act. Thus,
ReGISTRA- .
-rroN AND the detention of the app 11cants under section 7 (2) pending
oNE. the proceedings before a competent authority under the
MEHER ALr orders of an officer mentioned in Rule 2 is not authorised
v.
SECRETARY, by laW.
MtNISTRY
IMMIGRA-
OF The app1'1cants presumably were arrested under sectwn .
-r~~~~~~~L ro. The normal procedure after such arrest is to prosecute
REorsTRA- them under section 13 (r) and in that event, in view of
TION AND
oNF.. sections I3A and 13B, the onus of proving that they are
legitimate residents or that they are not foreigners, is on
them. And since this onus is placed upon them as a
special rule of evidence, a reasonable opportunity must be
given to them to discharge the burden. Their detention
in Rangoon, when their normal residence is Akyab, might
be tantamount to a denial of such an opportunity. The
opportunity must be afforded whether the proceedings
against them are by way of a prosecution under section
13 (r) or by way of adjudgment under section 7 (2).
On the question of adjudgment we desire to observe
that this procedure is meant to be confined to cases where
there is no room for controversy and where a prosecution
would be a waste of time and labour, such as when a
foreigner has remained on in Burma under an expired
stay permit, or where a stowaway is caught in Burma
waters. But where the question of a man's nationality
is involved, and where as in Hasan Ali's case, he is even
in possession of a National Registration Certifi@ate (being
N~R.C.-AH No. 024299), recourse to section 7 (2) and (3)
would be undesirable.
We note that the rst respondent in his returns, has
stated that the applicants are_ Pakistanis in appearance;
 1959] BURMA LAW REPORTS.

that they have no knowledge of the Burmese or the <~

Arakanese languages; and that they are unable to answer -
questions relating to events which had occurred in Arakan HA~X
during the past decade. From these, he stated, the Immi- ~~~~!
gration authorities were satisfied that the applicants are I~
TION
illegal immigrants of recent origin. It must be borne in NAT
mind that it is the President or the competent authority REG Twr
I

01
who must be satisfied. Further, in applying the tests
which the rst respondent has mentioned, section 4 (2) of MEH<
~
the Union Citizenship Act must not be lost sight of. A SEeR!
person descended from ancestors who for two generations MINIS
IMM
have made Burma their permanent home, and whose N~~~
parents and himself were born in Burma, is a statutory REel
TlOr
cmzen. Today in various parts of Burma there are people o1

who, because of their origin and isolated way of life, are

totally unlike the Burmese in appearance and who are
unable to speak the language or speak of events which
had occurred outside the limits of their habitation. They
are nevertheless statutory citizens under the Union
Citizenship Ad. The applicants claim that they belong
to that category. They may be right and therefore the
opportunity of proving that they are, should be givin to
them. To deny them this opportunity would be a viola-
tion of their fundamental rights.
The detention of Hasan Ali, son of Abbas Ali, and
Meher Ali, son of Nazir Hussein, under section 7 (2) of the
Burma Immigration Act under the orders of an Immigra-
tion Officer is unwarranted in law and therefore the orders
under which they are detained in the Rangoon Central
Jai!" are quashed. They will be released forthwith.
196 BURMA LAW REPORTS. (1959

SUPREME COURT.

t s.c KYIN SIN (alias) MAUNG SHWE MYA (APPLICANT)

1959
v.
Nov. 6.~
THE FINANCE MINISTER AND T\VO OTHERS
(RESPONDENTS).*

Search (Special Powe1s) Act, r947-Search wanant under-Purpose-llleRa[

search-Guilt of person not affected by-Sea Customs Act, s. r67A-Burden
of proof-Special rule of evidence-Writ proceedings-What the Cowt
will not say in.
A search warrant issued under the Search (Special Powers) Act, 1947 is
meant for the search of a place used for any purpose prejudicial to
the maintenance of public safety or order, or of the supplies or services
essential to the life of the community. Such a warrant would be appropriate
if the search was for smuggled arms, but is not meant to be used in connection
with a search for smuggled watches.
The illegality of the search however does not affect the question whether
the person whose place was searched has committed an offence if the property
which cannot be legally possessed, is actually found in the course of the search.
Maung SanlWyinv. The Emperor, 7 Ran. 771 ;AungKimSein v. The King,
(1941) B.L.R. 552, referred to.
Under the Gambling Act it is a presumption of guilt that arises but under
s. r67A of th Sea Customs Act, it is a special rule of evidence under which the
burden of proof is placed upon a person to show that he had not contravened
prevailing regulations in respect of goods the importation or exportation of
which is prohibited or restricted.
On the materials before him the Finance Minister was satisfied that the
burden of proof placed by s. r6jA on the applicant had not been discharged.
It is not for the Court to question this finding in writ proceedings.

Choung Po for the applicant.

Hla Maung (Government Advocate} for the respondents.
Judgment delivered by the Chief Justice of the Union

U MYINT THEIN, CJ .-A Customs party raided the shop.

of the applicant and seized 2,743 watches of different
makes, 50 sets of Pilot pens and pencils, 6o Parker pens
and K I ,55,200 in cash. The search was ma& under a
. search warrant issued by the Commissioner of Police,
Civil Misc. Application No. I7 of 1959
t Present: U MYINT 11-mrN, Chief Justice of the Union, U CHAN HrooN
and U Bo GYI, JJ.
.... ,/ ..I.J .J DUK!VlA LA VV KC!'UKTS .

Rangoon, under the Search (Special Powers) Act. r~~?\1r/;,

This type of warrant is meant for the search of a place d:i~ij;);c
for any purpose prejudicial to the maintenance of publid ';
safety or order, or of the supplies or services essential t:d
the life of the community. The Sea Customs Act, by
section 172 enables a Customs Collector to obtain a search
warrant from a Magistrate, and it is not understandable
why the Special Act was invoked at all.
The Commissioner of Customs opened proceedings and
invoking section r67A of the Sea Customs Act required
the applicant to show that the articles seized were legiti-
mately imported. After a hearing, he returned the money,
the 50 sets of pens and pencils, 38 Parker pens and 715
watches. On appeal to the Financial Commissioner, with
the exception of 8 I 3 watches, the rest were returned. In
connection with those kept back, the Financial Commis-
sioner said that it could well be that they were legally
imported but that he would have to insist upon proof by
production of relevant documents. The applicant's case
was that he had bought them from U Toe Hlaing Co.
He could produce the sale vouchers but it was U Toe
Hlaing Co. which could not produce the invoices and
other relevant papers.
On the matter being taken before the Finance Minister,
he considered two points. Firstly he held, and we agree
with 'him, that a wrong and inapplicable provision had
been invoked to obtain a search warrant. Secondly, he
held that the applicant had bought the watches from the
importers, U Toe Hlaing & Co., bona flde and that it was
U Toe Hlaing & Co. that had mislaid the documents. He
directed the return of the 813 watches. This order was
passed on the 25th October 1958 and soon after the Finance
Minister demitted office. His successor re-opened. the
proceedings, a course of action permissible under section
191 of the Sea Customs Act. The applicant was given a
198 BURMALAW REPORTS. [1959
S.C. hearing and the orders of the previous Minister were set
1959
aside, and thus the 8r3 watches were not returned to the
KYIN SIN
(alias) applicant. The reasons given by the new Minister were
lVIAUNG
SHWE MYA that the applicant was unable to show that the watches
v. were legally imported.
THE
FINANCE
MINISTER
We are now asked to quash this order in the exercise
AND TWO of our writ jurisdiction, on two grounds, these being (r)
OTHERS.
that the search was illegal and the warrant defective and
that therefore the special rule of evidence contained in
section r67A is inapplicable, and (2) that the applicant was
an innocent purchaser and that he should not be made to
suffer for the inability of U Toe Hlaing & Co. to produce
the relevant documents.
In regard to the first contention, it is necessary to
examine Rule r67A which reads-
" If in any prosecution or in any proceedings in respect
of any goods, the importation or exportation of which has
been prohibited or restricted under section 19, any question
shall arise whether such goods have not been imported or
whether no attempt has been made to export such goods,
contrary to such prohibition or re:;triction, then in such the
burden of proof thereof shall be on the accused or on the
person agarnst whom the proceedings are opened."

The submission made by learned counsel for the

applicant is that the search warrant being bad in law, the
search should not have taken place. The further submis-
sion is, the normal procedure in law being the prosecu-
tion's task to prove its case, because of the defect in the
search proceedings, the presumption of unauthorised
importation contained in section r67A could not arise.
We are unable. to accept this view. No doubt, learned
counsel has drawn an analogy from the provisions of the
Gambling Act. For a presumption under section 7 of the
Gambling Act to arise that a house, enclosure, rot>m, place,
vessel or vehicle is used as a common gaming house, such
 a place must be entered by a raiding party in strict com
pliance with the provisions contained in section 6 of the
Act. Furthermore, instruments of gaming must be found
therein.
Under the Gambling Act it is a presumption that arises
but under section 167A of the Sea Customs Act, it is a
special rule of evidence under which the burden of proof
is placed upon an accused or a person against whom
proceedings are opened.
The law on the effect of illegal searches may be taken
as settled. An illegal search might be resisted or those
who had participated in the searches may be rendered liable
for damages for trespass, but the illegality of the search
does not affect the question whether the person whose
place was searched has committed an offence if property
which cannot be legally possessed, is actually found in the
course of the search. See Maung San Myin v. The Emperor
(1) and Aung Kim Sein v. The King (2).
When it is said that the premises of the applicant were
illegally searched, the true position was, the Customs party
had entered the premises armed with the kind of warrant
which was not meant to be used in connection with a
search for smuggled watches. The warrant would have
been appropriate if the search was for smuggled arms.
But the fact remains that in the course of the search on the
premises, articles which could only be imported into
Burma under certain conditions laid down by the Customs
authorities, were found. The applicant does not dispute
that they were in fact found. The Customs authorities,
having reason to think that these had not come into Burma
legitimately , are entitled to ask of the applicant to say
how he had got them ; and in the proceedings, the appli-
cant's task is to satisfy the authorities that they ha<l,!,JPt
0

(x) 7 Ran. 771. (z) (194l) B.L.R. 552.

200 BURMALAW REPORTS. (1959

S.C. been brought in contrary to the restrictions placed in

1959
respect of importation of such articles.
KYIN SrN
(alias) Two authorities were cited, these being Moideen v.
MAUNG
SHWE MYA
Eng Thaung & Co. (r) and Hoshide v. Emperor (2). Both
v. relate to the question of the propdety of issuing search
THE
FINANCE warrants but the effect of an illegal search and seizure was
MINISTER
AND TWO not in issue. The two cases mentioned earlier in this
OTHERS.
order, deal with the effect of such search and seizure.
In regard to the second point raised by the applicant,
a bona fide purchase of a single watch from a dealer
would not be questioned. But this case involves 8 r 3
watches, all purchased from U Toe Hlaing & Co. who had
the licence to import, and who it is said, had imported
them according to the instructions of the applicant. As
the Finance Minister has pointed out in his order which
is being assailed, if these watches had been imported
legitimately U Toe Hlaing & Co. should have no difficulty
in producing the relevant documents. The fact of the
matter is, on the mater'lals before him, the Finance Minister
was not satisfied that the burden of proof placed by section
r67A on the applicant had been discharged, and it is not
for us, in writ proceedings, to say that the Finance Mi,nister
should have been satisfied on the sale vouchers that were
produced in the proceedings.
The appl'ication is dismissed with Advocate's fees
K as.

(x) 9 L.B.R. 45 (2) I.L.R. (1940) Cal. (x) 231.

':}J959J tiUKMA LAW Kt.t'\.:J.Kl;::,.

SUPREME COURT.

THE BAR COUNCIL HIGH COURT, RANGOON $',G

I<j$_9
(APPLICANT)
Nov.i.
v.
DAW TIN TIN AYE (RESPONDENT).*

Advocates Admission Rules-Rules 4 and 6 (z)-Ad~ocates-Admission and

enrolment-Simultaneous-Pleaders Admission Rules-Rule 6-Pleaders-
Admission by H~qh Cattrt-Rule lo-Enrolment by District Co!lrt-No
form or procedure prescribed jOJ'-Wlitten application for-Essent~'al
Rcfusal when ord&red-Subject to orders of High Court- vVhat constitutes
sufficient compliance with 1equilement 1egarding enrolrn.~nt.
Although Rule 4 of the Advocates Admission Rules mentions "an application
for admission" and Rule 6 (z) mentions both admission and enrolment.
Admission and enrolment are simultaneous in respect of AdYocates.
With regard to Pleaders, the High Court grants admission, and the Di!;trict
Court enrols the new member under Rule 10 of the Pleaders Admission Rul~s.
On an application, enrolment is the general rule. Under Rule lO such
enrolment shall be allowed unless the Judge is aware of circumstances which
would call for refusal. An order of refusal is subject to the final orders of the
High Court. Enrolment in a District Court is essential, but no form nor
procedure is prescribed for such enrolment.
The respondent was admitted as a Pleader of the Higher Grade by th e
High Court and practised as such after she was formally presented with the
Certificate by the District Judge.
Held ; That the formal presentation of the ?leadership certificate tq'".tQ:~
respondent by the District Judge, followed by her practice before him, ;;J~'s'
sufficient complicance with the requiremen ts regarding enrolment and that
she must be deemed to have been enrolled as a Pleader of the Higher Grade
as' from the date of presentation.

E Maung for the applicant.

Nil for the respondent.
Judgment delivered by the Chief Justice of the Union.

U MYINT THEIN, C.J .-Daw Tin Tin Aye, a law gradtJ<J.!:

of the Rangoon University, sought admission as a Ple~d!fr' .~:,)~\Y:..<=~.ifi}l(~~
). ."~~'~' :~?;::,, :
Civil Misc. Application No. 148 of l959 ., , ~:'~i~; ;:
t Presetzt : U MYINT THElN, Chief Justice of the Union, U CH.-uj .H rOON
:and U Bo GYI, JJ.
202 BURMA LAW REPORTS. [1959
S.C. of the Higher Grade on 4th June 1957. Under Rule 6 of
i959
the Pleaders Admission Rules the application may be sent
THE BAa
Cour-;cn.. , direct to the Registrar of the High Court or through the
HIGH COURT,
RANGOON District Judge. Daw Tin Tin Aye had her application
v.
DAW TIN sent through the District Judge, Mandalay. She was duly
TIN AYE.
admitted as a Pleader and her certificate typed upon Stamp-
ed paper, which she had furnished,was sent to her through
the District Judge late in November 1957 and the District
Judge in turn presented it to her in a brief ceremony.
It must be noted that in regard to admission of Advo-
cates, although Rule 4 of the Advocates Admission Rules
mentions " an application for admission ", Rule 6 (2)
mentions both admission and enrolment. In point of fact,
in respect of Advocates, admission and enrolment are
simultaneous. The certificate itself is presented in a
formal ceremony before the First Bench of the High Court
.and it is usual for the senior Judge to give his blessings on
the occasion to the new member of the Bar. With regard
to Pleaders, the position is different. It is the High
Court that grants admission but it is the District Court
which enrols the new member under Rule ro of the
:Pleaders Admission Rules. The origin of the procedure
1
fs obscure but the practice is, after enrolment in his
Court the District Judge, under Rules rr and 12, has to
inform the Registrar of the High Court, the Commissioner
Of the Division and the District Magistrate of the district
in which the District Court is situated. As to the enrol-
ment itself, no form or procedure is prescribed but it is
usual for District Judges to insist upon a written applica-
tion. The reason for this rule of enrolment may well be
that the High Court wishes to keep track of the many
pleaders in the country who are allowed to practise on pay-
ment of annual fees, unlike Advocates who pa:,r in their
fees once and for all.
,L./.J./j

It must be added that on an application,

the general rule. Rule ro of the Pleaders
says that such enrolment shall be allowed unless the
is aware of circumstances which would call for refusaL
:An order of refusal is subject to the final orders of the
High Court, in case the applicant feels aggrieved.
It is common ground that Daw Tin Tin Aye did not
make a written application for enrolment but it is borne
out by the records that on the 28th November 1957, after
she was presented with the certificate, she applied for the
renewal of her certificate for the year 1958 and that it was
so renewed on the 29th November 1957. The fact that
this certificate was renewed on the 29th November 1957
is contained in a report submitted by the District Judge,
Mandalay, to the Registrar of the High Court. Daw Tin
Tin Aye's name appeared under Serial No. 12 and the date
of renewal is given as 29th November 1957. It is to be
noted that under Rule 18, applications for renewal in
respect of the succeeding year had to be made before the
rst October of the preceding year. Daw Tin Tin Aye
received her certificate late in November and an immediate
renewal application was therefore imperative.
A year passed and in October 1958 she applied for
renewal in respect of the year 1959 and this was again
renewed. It appears, however, that the Office of the
District Judge, Mandalay, realised about that time that
.<fespite the renewal of Daw Tin Tin Aye's license for
two successive years, the fact of her enrolment had not
been reported under Rules r I and 12. Undoubtedly
with a view to cover their own negligence in the matter,
the Office therefore prevailed upon her to make a writt~:rl
.application, dated the 24th November 1958. The District
Judge then noted her enrolment as from that date.
This was an extraordinary step .. Daw Tin Tin f.,y;y,pad
'. .. "
~ :

practised in the District Court since Nove~b~:r.- jQ-?Z(~d

204 BURMA:' LAW REPORTS. [1959!

S.C. the Judge.who was well aware of the circumstances, if he

l959
was rectifying a formal defect, should have explained the
THE BAR
COUNCIL,
position and should have dated her enrolment as from
HrcH CouRT, November I957- As we have observed earlier, no form
RANGOON
v. nor procedure is prescribed for enrolment in the District
DAw TIN
TIN AYE, Court, and in our judgment, the formal presentation of
the certificate to Daw Tin Tin Aye by the District Judge.
Mandalay, followed by her practice before him, was
sufficient compliance with the requirement regarding en-
rolment. \Ve hold therefore that Daw Tin Tin Aye must
be deemed to have been enrolled as a Pleader of the Higher
Grade late in November 1957. and since it will be neces-
sary for future reference, we fix the date as the 26th
November I957-
The matter before us has arisen in connection with
Daw Tin Tin Aye's application for admission as an Ad-
vocate, she being qualified to become one after a year's
practice as a Pleader of the Higher Grade. On the incor-
rect and misleading certificate issued by the District Judge
that she was enrolled only on the 28th November 1958,
the Bar Council took the understandable objection that she
could not have put in a year's practice at the time her
application was made, which was the 6th January I959
Upon a reference to a Bench of the High Court, the objec-
tion was overruled on the ground that her failure to enrol
herself would m~rely render her liable to a fine and that,
in any case, she had put in her year's practice. We agree,
however, with Dr. E Maung who appears for the Bar
Council before us, that enrolment in a District Court is
essential and that to say it is not, would be nullifying the
provisions requiring enrolment. .
Being now informed of the true .situation which pre-
vailed in .Daw Tin Tin Aye's matter, Dr. E Maung is satis-
fied thatit should be taken that she was enroll~d on the
26th.November 1957 and that she had therefore practised
1959] BURMA LAW REPORTS.

for more than a year as a Pleader of the High Grade at the s;c.
ol9S9
"time she made her application for admission as an ~
TnE.Br.
Advocate. Cout-;C::n
The Bar Council's application is therefore dismissed ~~a~~~
.and a certificate of admission as an Advocate will issue to DAwv. Tr
Daw Tin Tin Aye. TrN AY
206 BURMA LAW REPORTS. [1959

SUPREME COURT.

ts.c.. THE BURMESE REVIEW LTD. AND TWO OTHERS

I9S9 (APPELLANTS)
Nov. 13. v.
DAW THAN TIN (RESPONDENT).*

Companies Act, s. rose-" the members in pmportion to the existing shares hela
by each member" in-Meam-S. 30 (r)-" deemed" in -Means-
Registration-Effect of-" lltlember "-" Shmelzolder "-Same meaning-
Subscriber who has not been allotted shares or 1egistered in register-Posi-
tion of-Not different-Failwe to enter in regista-Mere procedural laches
-Effect of-On subscriber-On non-subscribe;-$. rose-" Capital" in
-JYfeans-lntention of-Mandatory.
Where it is contended that the words " the members in proportion to
the existing shares held by each member" in s. rose of the Companies Act
mean not any subscribers of the memorandum of association who on registration
of the memorandum become members of the company but only those
subscribers who after becoming members are registered as such in the register
of members with their respective shares shown against their names.
Held that: The expression in question in s. I05e is to be read in
conjunction with the provisions of sub-s. (r) of s. 30 of the Companies Act.
The word " deemed " in s. 30 (r) of the Companies Act imports that
although in actual fact no agreement has been made by the subscribers in the
nature of things because a company, the other party, cannot come into existence
before registration, nevertheless the law holds that the subscribers have agreed
to become members of the company. There is thus no room for the doctrine-
of offer and acceptance to come into play ; even before registration the
subscribers have in law contracted to become members of the company. On
registration the subscribers together with such other persons as may from tim.e
to time become members of the company constitute, under s. 23 of the
a
Companies Act, body corporate capable of exercising all the functions of an
incorporated company and subject to liability to contribute to the assets of
the company in the event of its being wound up. It is difficult to conceive
of such members as other than full members, or shareholders with rights,
unders. roscoftheCompanies Act. In point of fact, the Act has nowhere
defined a "shareholder " and the legislature only d efines and recognizes
"member" of a company. A subscriber to the memorandum who und er ss.
30 and 23 becomes a member with full rights and liabilities of membership,
must be regarded as havin~ rights under s. rose of the Act.
In re London, Hamburgh and Continental Exchange Bank, (r886-7) 2 Ch~
Appeals 427 ; In re London and Provincial Consolidated Coal Co!kpany, (r887}
5 Ch. Div. p. 525 at 532 ; In re South Blacl~pool Hotel Company, (r867) 41
Equi~ Cases 238, referred to.
Civil Appeal No. 4 of I9S7-
t Present: U CH./\N HTOON and U Bo GYI, JJ. (S.C.) and U BA NWN'r, ].
(H.C.).
1959] BURMA LAW REPORTS.

The term " member " as known to law and the terrn " shareholder " as used
in business have the same meaning. Subscribers to the memorandum who on
incorporation become members of the company must therefore come within
the ambit of s. Iose as being members holding existing shares.
The legislature enacts that the original subscribers are deemed to have
taken the shares set opposite their names.
'INhere it is also contended that a subscriber to the memorandum who has
not been allotted shares or registered in the register of members becomes
under s. 30 ( r) of the Companies Act a member of the company only for the
purpose of making him a contributory in case of winding up.
Held : That such an interpretation would seem to unduly limit the operation
of s. 30 (x) of the Act, particularly when it is read, as it should be, with s. 2.3 of
the Act. There is no warrant for importing into the wording of s. 30 (x) words
such as " only for the purpose of making them contributories in the event of
the winding up of the company " after the words "members of the'company ".
" It is a strong thing to read into an Act of Parliament words which are
not there, and, in the absence of clear necessity, it is a wrong thing to do."
(Maxwell on Interpretation of Statutes, 9th Edition, p. 14).
Failure to enter a subscriber as member in a register of members in
compliance with s . 30, sub-s. (1) of the Companies Act, which failure in view
of the terms of the section is merely a procedural laches, cannot divest the
subscriber of the status of member which he has acquired under the substantive
portion of that sub-section read with s. 2.3 of the Act. Besides, when sub-s. (1)
and sub-s. (2) of s. 30 are read side by side, it is plain that whereas in the
case of those other than subscribers registration in the register of members is a
condition precedent to their becoming members, there is no such condition to
be complied with before subscribers can become members under sub-s. (r). On
registration subscribers automatically become members of the company with
the rights and subject to the liabilities mentioned in s. 23.
As regards the question whether the word " capital" in s. xosc mean~
share capital or subscribed capital, when the word is read with reference to its
context and when s. rose is compared with s. so of the Companies Act, there
seems n o room for any reasonable doubt that the word cannot mean share
capitaL For oi,e thing, s. xosc provides for a case where the directors decide
to increase the capital of the company. The Companies Act nowhere autho-
rizesthe directors to increase the share capital and consequently the word
"capital" in, , s. ros e cannot possibly mean share capital. Again, under
s. so of the Act which specifically provides for the alteration of share capital
it is only the company in general meeting that can, if it comes within the
terms of the section, increase its capital by the issue of n ew shares. S. :i:osc
aad s; so cover entirely different fields and if the word," capital" in s. x~sc
be interpreted as meaing share capital there would be a repugnancy betWeen
the provisions of the two sections in that whereas under s. so it is only 'the
~mpany in general meeting that can increase the share capital, s. ros4~ 'b e
invoked by ti'le directors themselves to increase the share capital. . '
~ Such a construction would offend against a cardinal rul~ of inieiP~tfon
,that'' Every clause of a statute should be construed with reference to the context
;and the other clauses of the Act, so as, so far as possible, to make a consistent
teru.ctment of the whole statute... " (Maxwell on Interpretation of Statutes,
~\b. Edition, p. 23).
208 BURMA LAW REPORTS. [1959
S.C. Nanalal Zaver and another v. The Bombay Life Assurance Co., Ltd. and
l959 others, A.I.R. (1950) (S.C.) 172, referred to.
THE S. rose of the Companies Act is <tpparently intended to ensure, as far as
BURMESE
"REviEW LTD.
possible, a fair distribution of shares among the members of a company within
AND the limits of their means and to enable them, if they so choose, to keep out
"TWO OTHERS. undesirable outsiders. It must therefore be considered mandatory, and the
v. allotment of shares to contrary to its provisions must be held vitiated by the
.DAW THAN
breach.
TIN.

Ba Han for the appellants.

Kyaw Myint for the respondent.

Judgment delivered by

U Bo GYr, J.-Appellants' learried counsel has argued

this appeal on the two questions of law arising from the
facts of the case in so far as they are not in dispute. These
facts are that on the rst day of May r946 U Tin Tut, since
deceased, his wife Daw Than Tin and their eldest daughter
Ma Khin Nyunt Yin subscribed their names to a memo-
randum of association with the view of forming a private
limited company under the name and style of Burmese
Review, Ltd. The authorised capital of the proposed com-
pany was Rs. 2o,ooo divided into 200 ordinary shares of
Rs. roo each with power to increase or decrease it. Of
the 2oo shares, U Tin Tut, Daw Than Tin and Ma Khin
Nyunt Yin agreed to take 40 shares, 40 shares and 20
shares respectively. The memorandum of association was-
registered in the office of the Registrar of Joint Stock Com-
panies on the 4th May r946. Articles of association were
not registered :with the result that under section r8 of the
Companies Act members of the company ~ould be
gove:ned by the regulations in Table A in the First Schedule
to tlie Act. Nor were the subscribers entered as members
in a register of members pursuant to section 30, sub-
section (r) of the Companies Act. In fact, no such register
 1959] BURMA LAW REPORTS.

was maintained at all times relevant to the case.

the passing away of U Tin Tut who was the life and.
of the undertaking, the company ran into difficul
Differences then arose between Daw Than Tin on the one
side and Ma Khin Nyunt Yin and her husband U Kyi
on the other. On the 3rd August 1951, Ma Khin Nyunt
Yin who was at the time the Sole Director and Managing
Director of the company, allotted to her husband the
remaining 100 shares of the authorised capital in consider.
ation, it is said, of considerable sums of money \vhich he
had advanced to the company to enable it to tide over its
difficulties. It is common ground that Ma Khin Nyunt
Yin took this step without giving an'y intimation to her
mother, and this naturally exacerbated the feelings, already
high, between mother and daughter, U Kyi siding with
the latter. Efforts of their friends and well-wishers to
~ompose their differences having proved fruitless, Daw
Than Tin instituted the suit which has given rise to this
appeal, seeking a .declaration that she was entitled to the
transfer to her na:t:ne of the 40 shares standing in U Tin
Tut's name and that the allotment of the roo shares to
JJ Kyi was invalid being contrary to the provisions of
~ection 105C .of the Companies Act and that consequently
~e was not a member of the c;:ompany, and also seeking
consequential reliefs. The learned Judge of the Originai
Side of the High Court decreed the suit in toto, and on
appeal by the defendants the judgment and decree wt;n~
~onfirmed except as to the declaration that Daw Than Tm
was entitled to the transfer to her name of the 40 sh<it~
- .,: ._,:.;
!'1~. ;-i_

~~anding in U Tin Tut's name a~d the consequential oi.-4~

regarding rectification . of .the :register of membeiS;kf(li~
learned Jl1dges holding that Daw Than Tin's suit ~;fnaf
. .-, ....
~

, regard was premature as she had failed to make a f()pnal

fapplication 'for the transfer. The defendants'havebrought
~'the present appeal.

14
210 BURMA LAW REPORTS. [1959

s.c.
1959
The determination of the appeal turns upon the true
construction of section rose of the Companies Act, which
THE
BunMES!l runs :
REVJ!lW LTD.
AND " Where the directors decide to increase the capital of the
TWO OTHERS
v. company by the issue of further shares, such shares shall be
DAW THAN
TxN.
offered to the members in proportion to the existing shares
held by each member {irrespective of class), and such offer
shall be made by notice specifying the number of shares to
which the member is entitled, and limiting a time within
whicJ.! the offer, if not accepted, will be deemed to be de-
clined; and after the expiration of such time, or on receipt
of an tntimation from the member to whom such notice is
given that he declines to accept the shares offered, the direc-
tors may dispose of the same in such manner as they think
most beneficial to the company."

Dr. Ba Han, learned counsel for the appellants, h;:J.s

contended that the word " capital " in section 105C means
share capital and that the words " the members in propor-
tion to the existing shares held by each member " in the
section mean not any subscribers of the memorandum of
association who on registration of the memorandum be-
come members of the company but only those subscribers
who after becoming members are registered as such in the
register of members with their respective shares shown
against their names. The second contention may con-
veniently be considered first.
In the present case, since the material parties have
subscribed the memorandum of association, the expression
" the members in proportion to the existing shares held
by each member" in section 105C is to be read in conjunc-
tion with the provisions of sub-section (r) of section 30
of the . Companies' Act, which in defining '' cmember "
.provides:
"(I) The. subscribers of the memorandum of a company
shall be deemed to h~l.Ve agreed to become members of the
 1959] BURMA LA\V REPORTS.

company, and on its registr<\tion shall be entered ;:;

in the register of members."

Dr. Ba Han contends that the meaning and effect of

sub-section is that although the subscribers of the memo-
randum become members of the company on its incorpora-
tion, yet they do not become members holding shares, in
other words, shareholders within the meaning of section
IOSC. According to the learned counsel, the subscription
of the memorandum is but an offer on the part of the
subscribers and this offer is accepted and the contract
concluded only when they are entered in the register of
members with the shares which have been allotted to
them recorded in the register. This argument runs coun-
ter to the provision of law that the subscribers of the
memorandum of a company shall be deemed to have agreed
to become members of the company. The word
" deemed " imports that although in actual fact no agree-
ment has been made by the subscribers in the nature of
things because the company, the other party, cannot come
into existence before registration, nevertheless the law
holds that the subscribers have agreed to become members
of the company. There is thus no room for the doctrine
of offer and acceptance to come into play; even before
registration the subscribers have in law contracted to
become members of the company. On registration the
subscribers together with such other persons as may from
time to time become members of the company constitute,
under section 23 of the Companies Act, a body corporate
capable of exercising all the functions of an incorpowSt;d
company and subject to liability to contribute to the.e~~~
of the company in the event of its being wound up. It
.is difficu!t to conceive of such members as other th~.l} full
members, or as the learned counsel puts it, s4areliqlders
With rights under. section rose of the Companies "Act. In
212 BURMA LAW REPORTS. [1959
S.C.
1959
point of fact, the Act has nowhere defined a " share-
THl~
holder " and the legislature only defines and recognises
BURMESE "member" of a company. A subscriber to the memo-
REVIEW LTD.
AND randum who under sections 30 and 23 becomes a member
TWO OTHERS
v. with full rights and liabilities of membership must be
DAW THAN
TIN.
regarded as having rights under section ro5C of the Act.
The reasons are not far to seek.
Appellants' learned counsel does not quarrel with the
effect of the decisions beginning with In re London,
Hamburgh and Continental Exchange Bank (r) (known as
Evans' case) which lay down the principle that subscribers
to the memorandum of association become on registration
members of the company and are liable as contributories
in the event of the company being wourid up, although
no allotment of shares has been made to them nor their
names registered, unless in the meanwhile the shares sub-
scribed for by them have been duly transferred to others.
In Evans' case, Lord G:airns observed::
~It is p1ain that the original subscribers are, by the Act
of Parliament, deemed to have taken the shares set opposi'te
their names, which: could not then be parted with except jn
a proper manner and by proper authority."

The Act of Parliament referred to was section 23 of the

English Act of r862 which was substa,ntially the same as
section 30 of the Companies Act. In re London and Pro-
vincial Consolidated Coal Company (2) made mention of
"the usual rule that signing the memorandum constitutes
a man a shareholder .,. Again, in In re South Blackpool
Hotel Company (3Y '(known as Migotti's case), another
decision on section 23 of the English Act of r862, Lord
Romilly, the Master of the Rolls, observed-
. "It is solely a question of the construction of the statute,-
what is the .true meaning" of the 23rd section .? and by it r
(~) '(rS66~7) z .Ch. Appe~s 4~7 (~) (r877) 5, Ch. Div. p. s2s at p. 532.
U .L:.- :~: . . fJ(3J){:f867J-4'EqUity:'Qases-.23S _ .. . _:_ . . .
!i'1959]
:
~-~t::
BURMA LAW REPORTS.

am of opinion that upon signing the memorandum of

tion for five shares, Mr. Migotti became a shareholder in
company for five shares . . . "
{uhe reason underlying these decisions clearly covers more
;than the proposition contended for by Dr. Ba Han that
;subscribers who are not registered are contributories and
'nothing more.
It seems clear from the above that the term" member"
as known to law and the term " shareholder " as used in
business have the same meaning. Subscribers to the
memorandum who on incorporation become members of
the company must therefore come within the ambit of
section rose as being members holding existing shares.
The reason why the law is so stringent on subscribers
of the memorandum of association appears to be that there
may possibly be cases where men of standing but no
character subscribe a memorandum of association to pro~
mote a shady company and when convenient back out of
the venture leaving in- the lurch those of the public who
on the faith of the representation in the memorandum
have become members of the company. The legislature
therefore enacts that the original subscribers are deemed
to have taken the shares set opposite their names, one
~bject of the enactment, according to Lord Romilly, being
~ that the public might not be misled as to the names and
character of the persons who had founded the company
and had agreed to become shareholders" (Eva.ns' case
s.upra).
Furthermore, Dr. Ba Han's argument that a subscr~b~r
to the memorandum .
who has not been allotted shares~ or..., ~iJ: _ ,. ~

:registered in the register of members becomes l.J.\14er

~ection 30 (r) of the Companies Act a membe.~; oL*~
{:ompany only for th~ purpose of maki~g him.a._~o~91-bu~
tory in case of winding-up would seem tp u~q.uly )imi~
c~he operation of sec~ion .;go (r) of the . A.J:t~Pe~~icularly
214 BURMA LAIN REPORTS. [1959
S.C. when it is reacl, as it should be, with section 23 of the
1959
Act. There is no warrant for importing into the v1ording
THE
BURMESE of section 30 (r) words such as "only for the purpose of
REVIEW LTD.
AND making them contributories in the event of the winding-up
TWO OTHERS
v. of the company " after the words " members of the com-
DAW THAN pany". "It is a strong thing to read into an Act of
TlN.
Parliament words which are not there, and, in the absence
of clear necessity, it is a wrong thing to do." (Maxwell
on Interpretation of Statutes, 9th Edition, p. 14).
The principles of law discussed above seem sufficient
to make it clear that failure to enter a subscriber as
member in a register of members in compliance with
section 30, sub-section (r) of the Companies Act, which
failure in view of the terms of the section is merely a
procedural laches, cannot divest the subscriber of the
status of member which he has acquired under the substan-
tive portion of that sub-section read with section 23 of the
Act. Besides, when sub-section (r) and sub-section (2) of
section 30 are read side by side, it is plain that whereas
in the case of those other than subscribers registration in
the register of members is a condition precedent to their
becoming members, there is no such condition to be com-
plied with before subscribers can become members under
sub-section (r). On registration subscribers automatically
become members of the company with the rights and
subject to the liabilities mentioned in section 23.
We 'hold therefore that Daw Than Tin at all material
times is, and has been, a member of the Burma Review
Ltd. within the meaning of section 105C of the Companie~
Act.
As regards the second question which is whether the
word "capital " 'in section rose means share capital or
subscribed capital, when the word is read with reference
to its context and when section rose is compared with
section so of the -companies ~ct, there seems no room
 BURMA LA\V REPORTS.

;ior any reasonable doubt that the word cannot mean

share capital. For one thing, section 105C provides for
t:a case where the directors decide to increase the capital
:of the company. The Companies Act nowhere authorizes
-the directors to increase the share capital and consequently Two v.
:the word " capital " in section rose cannot possibly mean DA';.1JH.\x
,share capital. Again, under section so of the Act which
,specifically provides for the alteration of share capital
it is only the company in general meeting that can, if it
comes within the terms of the section, increase its capital
by the issue of new shares. Section rose and section so
cover entirely different fields and if the word " capital ''
in section rose be interpreted as meaning share capital
there would be a repugnancy between the provisions of
the two sections in that whereas under section 50 it is
only the company in general meeting that can increase the
share capital, section rose can be invoked by the directors
themselves to increase the share capital. Such a construc-
tion would offend against a cardinal rule of interpretation
that " Every clause of a statute should be construed_ with
reference to the context and the other clauses of the Act,
so as, so far as possible, to make a consistent enactment
of the whole statute (Maxwell on Interpreta-
tion of Statues, 9th Edition, p. 23). Now, this question
has been specifically considered by the Supreme Court of
India in Nanalal Zaver and another v. The Bombay Life
Assurance Co. Ltd. and others (r) in which it is held that
section 105C is intended to cover a case where the directors
decide to increase the capital by issuing further shares
within the authorized limit, the reason being that it is
only within this limit that the dir~ctors can, unless pre-
cluded by the regulations from so doing, decide to issue
further shares. It must accordingly be held that Ma Khin
Nyunt Yin's allotment GJf roo further shares to U Kyi
(r) A.I.R. (1950) S.C. 172.
216 .BURMA LAW REPORTS. [1959
S.C. without notice to Daw Than Tin giving'her the first option
1959
TliE
to purchase them in proportion .to the 'sliares held by her,
BURMESE b:::>ines' Within the mischief of sectiori' rosC of the Com>:-
REvmwLTo.
AND panies Act. This section is apparently intended to ensure,
T\Vo OTHERS
v. as far as possible, a fair distribution of shares among the
DAW THAN
TIN.
members of a company within the limits of their means
and to enable them, if they so choose, to keep out undesi~
able outsiders. It must therefore be considered manda-
tory, and the allotment of shares to U Kyi contrary .to its
provisions must be held vitiated by the breach.
The appeal is accordingly dismissed with costs, Advo-
cate's fee in this Court K 340.00.
1959] B!.JRMA LAW REPORTS.

c
'q
2g2g5'=> ol :J ~8mm'=>p~ t

15
218 BURMA LAW REPORTS. [1959
: ~f;
1959] BURMA LAW REPORTS.
220 BURMA LAW REPORTS. [195~

Q 0
e=9:19mo:::o
('
.llC

e:eg?~ o1 JII
 INDEX

AcTs:

BuRMA INcoME-TAx AcT.

BURMA STAMP MANUAL-PCRPOSE OF RULES FRAMED
BURMA INDEPENDENCE AcT, 1948.

CtVIL PROCEDURE CODE.

COMPANIES AcT
CONSTITUTION OF BURMA.
------INDIA.
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNION OF BURMA.
CoURT FFES AcT.
CRIMINAL PROCEDURE CooF..

GA:-.fBLING AcT ...

GOVERNMF.NT OF BL'Rl'.JA ACT, 1935
Govl!n.'IMENT OF INDIA AcT, 1919.
1935
IMMIGRATION (EMilGF.NCY PROVISIONS) AcT, s. 7 (2)
IMMIGRATION (EMERGENCY PROVISIONS) ACT.

MINERAL CONCESSION RULF.S.

SEA CusTOI\IS AcT

SEARCH (SPF.CIAl. POWERS) ACT, 1947
STATE AGRICULTURAL MARI{ETING BoARD AcT.

TRANSFER OF PROPERTY ACT.

UNION JuDICIARY AcT

URBAN Rlli"lT CoNTROL AcT.

AcENT-!VlEANING o~t-UNDER s. 43-BtoRMA I NCOME-TAX AcT

- - - - UNWILLING AGENT-ORDER AGAINST...;...APPEALABLE ' .-
UNDER BURMA INCOME TAX ACT ., . ... ~,~;,_~.

AD!11ISSTON RULES-Rules 4 and 6 (2)-Advorq' -~

9
Ao\'OCATES
Admission and enrolment-Simultaneous-Pleaders A
Ru!es..!.Rule 6-Pleaders--.4.dmission by High Court-,Ru
Enrolment by District Court-No form or procedut;.e!'i>.. '.
for- Written application for-Essential-Refusal when . .. ,
Subject to orders of High Com't-What cons_tit1:1(~s . ii.o/Jt
compliance with requireme11t regarding enrolment.-Althou 'h:,i ule-4
of the Advocates Admission Rules mentions "an np~l~~tion for
:XVI GENERAL INDEX

PAGE
admission" and Rule 6 (z) mentions both admission anci
enrolment. Admission and enrolment are simultaneous in resnect
of Advocates. \Vith regard to Pleaders, the High Court gr;nts
admission, and the District Court enrol.> the new member under
Rule IO of_ the Pleaders Admission Rules. On an application,
enrolment JS the general rule. Under Rule IO such enrolment
shall be allowed unless the Judge is aware of circumstances
which would call for refusal. An order of refusal is subject to
the final orders of the High Court. Enrolment in a District
Court is essential, but no form nor procedure is prescrihed for
such enrolment. The respondent was admitted as a Pleader of
the Higher Grade by the High Court and practised as such after
she was formally presented with the certificate by the District
Judge. Field: That the formal presentation of the Plcadership
certificate to the respondent by the District Judge, followed bv
her practice before him, was sufficient co:nplicance with the
requirements regarding enrolment and that she must be deemed to
have been enrolled as a Pleader of the Higher Grade as from the
date of presentation.
THE BAR CoUNCIL, HIGH CouRT, RANGOON 11 . D.nv TrN TIN AYE zot
:BUR.i11:A llllMIGR.niON (EMERGENCY PROVISIONS} ACT, ~. 7 (2)-
Powers of d~portation-Controller of Imm~gration <lOt invested
with-s . 7(1)-Who may order convicted forel);ner-Detention
pending orders-Purpose of provision, s.7 (z.)-Abnormal procedure
-No pro;ecutiou under-Deportation after adjudgment by rompetent
autlzo;ity under sub-s. ( 3 )-A djudgmenl when resorted to and tclum.
undesirable-Object of initiating proceedings under-Powers of com-
petent authority-Practice- " Pending orders of deportation"-
Construction to be put 011 ss. 7(!), {2) ~md (+)-Deterrtionuuder-
TV!to may order-Sub-s. (I)-Restriction of authorit::~ in-Qualified,
-sub-s. (z.)-Restriction of authority in-Una.ffected-Detentiim
dmi11g pendency of prcc_edings--To order-Delegation of art-
t1ority by President-No pro;:ision fo;-Ru!e 2-Scope-Limited
.detention-Detention pending proceedings under orders of :J_fjicer
mentioned in-Unauthorised-llrrest tlllder s. Io-.:..Normal
procedure after-Fundamental riglzts of a person proceeded against
under s. 7 (2} or s. r3 (I)-Whether person au illegal imm::r;rant of
recent origin-VV!w must be sati~fied-Statutory citizen-"Fflho is.
Under s. 7 (I) a foreigner who has been convicted under the
Immigration laws may be ordered deport~tion by the
President or by someone empowered by him. Pending such
-orders of deportation, the man may be detained '' in such manner
as the President may direct". The r eason is, a magistrate
convicts a foreigner but some other authority orders his
deportation and some timemayelapsebeforethe actual order is
issued. Instead of prosecutinga foreigner his !=aSe may be dealt
with bya competent authority who has to decide under s. 7 (2)
if the foreigner had in fact contravened the provisions of the Act
<>r the Rules. If th~ adjudgment, is .in the affirmative, the com-
petent authority may order the foreigner's deportation
Pending orders of deportation such foreigner may be detained
in such .manner as..the President may direct". Adjudgment in
this manner is meant to be confined to cases where there is n o
TOOm for controversy and wh ere a prosec~tion would be a waste
-of time and labour, .such as when a foreigner has remained on in.
Burma under an expired stay permit, or where a stowaway is'
-caught in Bunna waters. In p roceedings under s. 7 (2) the
adjudgment is generally incorporated in the order of deportation
itself and there will therefore be not time interval between the
.finding and the order. Thus the phrase " p!!nding orders of
<ieportation" appearing in sub-s. (2) must be construed to mean
 GENERAL INDEX

that during the pendency of the proceedings before the competant

authority, a foreigner may be detained. Sub-s. (4) deals only
with those against whom orders of deportation have already been
passed. They may be detained "by such authority and in such
manner as the President may direct," since some time must
elapse for arrangements to be made for the actual removal of the
foreigner. Under sub-s. (r) and (2) the President alone is
-empowered to order detention. Though sub-s. (4) empowers the
President to name an authority to exercise the power of ordering
detention, such named authority can exercise the power only in
respect of persons who had been actually ordered deportation.
Rule 2 (1) of the Burma Immigration {Detention) Rules, 1951 is
valid only to that extent. The normal procedure after the arrest
of a person under s. ro is to prosecute him under s. IJ {r) and in
that event, ss. lJA and r3B place upon him the onus of proving that
he is a legitimate resident or that he is not a foreigner. Because
of this special rule of evidence, a reasonable opportunity must be
given to him to discharge the burden. Similar opportunity must
be afforded where proceedings against him are under s. 7 {2).
Deniaf of such an opportunity would be a violation of his funda-
mental rights. It is the President or the competent authority
and not the Immigration authorities who must be satisfied that
:a person is an 'illegal immigrant of recent origin. The Controller
of Immigration is not vested with power of deportation. A
person descended from ancestors who for two generations have
made Burma their permanent home, and whose parents and
himself were born in Burma, is a statutory citizen.

HASAN ALI v. I . SECRETARY, MINISTRY OF IMMIGRATION & NATIONAL

REGISTRATION AND ONE 187
4
' CAPITAL "-l\1EA.NING OF-JN S .lO$C, COMPANIES AcT-CANNOT
ME....N SHARE CAPITAL 206
.CITIZEN-STATUTORY CITIZEN 187
CIVIL PROCEDURE CoDE-DOES NOT CONFEER SUBSTANTIVE RIGHTS-'
DENIAl. OF RIGHTS TO DEBTORS TO TAl<E STEPS AVAILAULE
UNDER THE CrVIL PROCEDURE CODE FOR REcOVERY OF DEBTS-
NoT DENIAL OF SUBSTANTIVE RIGHTS-STATE AGRICULT URAL
M.'\RKETING BoAIW AcT, 1950 38
Unu.o\N RENT CoNTROL AcT.

CIVIL PROCEDURE CODE, 0.4o-Receiver-Subject at all times to control

of appointing Court-Control cmz be invoked by party prejudiced by
conduct of-Relief may be sought by application in receivership
proceedings-Receiver has no t!ested interest it1 property-Exercises
pcmers expressly granted subject to control of Court-Pou:er of Court
to interfere-When Court should tzot interfere. The action of a
Rieciver is at the behest and on behalf of the Court and that he is,
at all times, subject to the control of the Court which possesses
the power to make a11 necessary orders for the control of Receivers
.appointed by it. Such control of the Court can therefore be
invoked by a person who is prejudiced by the cond~ct of a
Receiver and relief may be sought by way of an application in the
same proceedings in which theReceiver was appointed. Semkv~-,
.Choat, (r884) L.R. 25 Ch. D. 723, referred to. The Receiver
.appointed under Order 40 of the Code of Civil Procedure has no
vested interest in the property over which he is appointed
Receiver. He is an .officer of the Court on whom the Court
exercises real control. For example, Orqer 40, Rule 4 (c) ena,bles
to
!the Court to deal with the assessment of loss due wilful "d efault

2
XVlll GENERAL INDEX

PACE

or gross negligence of a Receiver without the necessity of a

separate suit. As an officer of Court who has no interest in the
property, he can exercise only such powers as have been expressly
granted by the Court and does so subject to the control of the
Court. Consequently, when he on behalf of the Court enters
into a contract of sale or effects a sale of property over which he
has been appointed Receiver, the Court may, where necessary,
interfere with such contract of sale in a summary manner. Such
power may be exercised even where he has been authorised to sell
the properly without further order of the Court. But where the
sale has been completed pursuant to such authority, so that the
interest of a third party in the property supervenes, normally the
Court should leave the person aggrieved by the action of the
Receiver to seek redress in a separate suit. Surendro Keshub
Roy v. Doorgasoondery Dosee, I.L.R. (r898) 25 Cal. 253; Krista
Chandra Ghose v. Krista Sakha Ghw:, I.L.R. (r9o8) 36 Cal. 52;
Ratnasami Pillay v. Sabaparhi Pillai, A.I.R. {r925) Mad. 3r8,
referred to ..
C.K. CHI:-i ~~- HAJEE EBRAHIM MOHAMED SEED:\T 53
CIVIL SERVAN T-CONCEPT OF EMPLOiMENT DURING PLEASURE-
PROVISIONS OF GovERNI\iENT o P INmA .!I.e'!', 19 x 9 -RmTERATED
ny s. 2+0, GoVERNMENT oF INDIA AcT, 1935 94
CrvrL SERVANTS rN BuRMA-GovERNM~NT OF BuRMA AcT, 1935, s.
97-SIMrLAR TO PROVISIONS OF s. 240
GOVERNMF.NT OF INDIA AcT, 1935-
CONCEPT OF EMPLOYMENT Dt.'RING
l'LEA!:Un!l 94
- - - - -- -------:NON-EXISTENCE OF PROVISIONS IN
BURMESE CONSTITUTION SIMILAR TO
THAT OF INOlA RELATIONS1HP BETWEEN
CIVIL SERYAJ'ITS A')l!'l GovERNMENT
THAT OF MASTER AND SERVANT 94
- - - - - - -- ----WHETHER THEY CONTINUED SERVICE UNDER
S. 229 OF THE CONSTITUTION OF BURMA
OR \VHETHER NF.W RECRUITS-PREVIOUS
RVLES .-I.ND REGULATIONS TREATED BY
GOVERNMENT TO BE OF FULL EFFECT-
THEREFORE MUST liE DEEMED TO BE
THEIR CONDITIONS OF SERVICE 94
-- -.....,--WHERE ADMINISTRATIVE REMEDIES .o\RE
DENIED OR PROVES INEFFICACIOUS-SHOULD SF.EK REDRESS lJY
WAY OF SUl'r AGAINST GOVERNMENT. RESORT TO \VRIT
JuRISDICTION OJ: SUPREME COURT-NEITHER A SATISFACTORY OR
APPROPRI.-1-TE MASUR ... . .. . ... ... 94
CtviL SERVANT IN INDIA THEIR CoNsTITUTIONAL RIGHTS HAVE
uND~RGONE NO CHA..>:rGE-CoNSTlTCTION OF INDIA.-s. 310,
3II,. 3I ~. 94
CIVIL SERVANTS-REINSTA.TEMF.!'IT OF-GOVERNMENT NOT .BOUND
TO RE-INSTATE A CIVIL SERVANT AFTER HIS ACQUITTAL BY COURT.
--.SERVICF-" (CLAssrFICATWN , CoNTROL. AND APPEAL) RuLES-BY
SECREI'ARY OF ~TATE FOR INDIA UNDER GOVERNMF.NT OF INDl:A
Acr, 1919,s. 96B 94
-SERVICES. RuLES AND REGULATIONS-" G" CIRCULAR, ETC.-
STILL A;omrrulD To BY GoVERNMEl\iT OF BUJ~MA-TmREFORE
To Bil .TAKE!-! AS CoNDITIONS OF SERVICE OF Pm:srnT GovERN-
MEN'i' ~ERVA"l'TS .. 94
 GENERAL INDEX XIX

PAGE
COLLECTOR-DIRECT!O;\"S TO C0LLECTOR-UNDER THE Bl'R:\!A STA:\!P
Mru'IUAL 28

COMPANIES AcT, s. 23 206

--,s. 30 (I)-TO REREAD TOGETHER WiTH s. I05C-l\I!EANING OF
THE 'VORO "DEEMED" INs. 30 (r) 206

--,s. 30 (r)-To HE READ TOG.I'THE:l WITH 3. 23 Ol' THE AcT 206

--,s. so-To HE COMPARED WITH S. IOSC IN CONSTRUING THE
MEANING Ol' THF. WORD " CAPITAL " 206

CoMPA!'I!ES Ac-r, s. rose-" the members in proportion to the Pxisting

shares held by each member" i~t-JI.!eans s. 30 (r)-" deemed"
in-Means-Registration-Effect of-" ~Wemebr "-" Share-
holder"-Same meaning. Subsr.riber who has not been allotted
shares or registered in register-Position of-Not different-
Failure to enter in register-111ere procedural Inches-Effect of-
On subscriber--On non-subscriber, l;. rose-" Capital" in-
11-teans-Intention of-Mandatory. '\'here it is contended that
the words " the members in proportion to the existing shares
held by each member " in s. rose of the Compnnies Act mean
not any subscribers of the memorandum of a5sociation v,ho on
registration of the memorandum become members ofthe company
but only those subscribers who after becoming members are
registered as such in the register of members with their respective
shares shown against their names. Held: That the expression
in question in s . rose is to be read in conjunction with the
l>rovisionsof sub-s. (r) ofs. 3ooftheCompanies Act. The word
"deemed" in s. 30 (z) of the Companies Act Imports that
although in actual fact no agreement has been made by the
subscribers in the nature of things because a company, the
other party, cannot come into existence before registration,
nevertheless the law holds that the subscribers have agreed to
become members ofthe company. There is thus no roon\ for the
doctrine of offer and acceptance to come into play; even before
registration the subscribers have in law contracted to become
members of the company. On registration the subscribers
together with such other persons as may from time to time become
members of th company constitute, under s. 23 of the Companies
Act, a body corporate capable of exerCising all the functions of an
incorporated company and subject to 1iability to contribute to the
assets of the company in the event of its being wound up. It is
difficult to conceive of such members as other than full members,
or shareholders with rights under s. 105c of the Companies Act.
In point of fact, the Act has no where defined a "shareholder
and the legislature only defines and recognises "member" of a
company. A subscriber to the memorandum who under-ss. 30
and 23 becomes a member with full rights and liabilities of
membership must be regarded as having rights under s. rose
of the Act. In re Londoll, Hamburgh and Continental Exchange
Banll, (r886-7) ~ Ch. Appeals 427; In re.l.ondon and Provincial
Consolidated Coal Company, (r887) S Ch. Div. pp. 525 and 532;
In re South Blac!.-pool Ilotel Company, ( l867) 4 Equity Cases 238;
referred to. The tem1" member" as known to law and the term
"sh3iehoider ". as used in business have the same meyning.
Subscribers to the memorandum who on incorporation- h.ecome
members of the company must therefore come within the anll~it of
s. rosc as being members holding existing s"\larcs. The legislature
enacts that t1le original subscribers are deemed to have fitken the
shares set opposite their names. Where it is also contended
that a subscriber to the memorandum who has not been allotted
XX GENERAL INDEX

PAGB
shares or registered in the register of members becomes under s. 30
(1) of the Companies Act a member of the company only for the
purpose of making him a contributory in case of winding up.
Held: That such an interpretation would seem to unduly limit
the operation of s. 30 (r) of the Act, particularly when it is read,
as it should be, with s. 23 of the Act. There is no warrant for
importing into the wording of s. 30 (r) words such as "only for
the purpose of making them contributories in the event of the
winding up of the company " after the words " members of the
company". It is a strong thing to read into an Act of Parliament
words >vhich are not there, and, in the absence of clear necessity,
it is a wrong thing to do. (Maxwell on Interpretation of
Statutes, 9th Edition, p. 14-) Failure to enter a subscriber as
member in a register of members in compliance with s. 30, sub-s.
(I) of the Companies Act, wh1ch failure in view oftheterms of the
section is merely a procedural/aches, cannot divest the subscriber
of the status of memher which he has acquired under the
substantive portion of that sub,section read with s. ;z3 of the Ac t.
Besides, when sub-s. (r) and sub-s. (2) of s. 30 are read side bv
side, it is plain that whereas in the case of those other than
subscribers registration in the register of members is a condition
precedent to their becoming members, there is no such condition
to be complied with before subscribers can become m embers
under sub-s. (r). On regi~tration subscribers automatically be-
come members of the company with the rights and subject to the
liabilities m entioned in s. 2:1 As regards the question whether
the word " capital" in s. rose means share capital or subscrib.ed
capital, when the word is read with reference to its context and
when s. rose is compared with s. so of the Companies Act, there.
seems no room for any reasonable doubt that the word cannot
mean share capital. For one thing, s. rose provides for a case
where the directors decide to increase the capital of the company.
The Companies Act nowhere authorizes the directors to increase
the share capital and consequently the word" cap ital" in s. rose
cannot possibly mean share capital. Again, under s. so of the
Act which specifically provides for the alteration of share capital
it is only the company in general meeting that can, if it comes
within the terms of the section, igcrease its capital by the issue of
new shares. S . rose and s. so cover entirely different fields and
if the word " cap1tal '' in s. rose be interpreted as meaning share
capital there would be a repugnancy betweeen the provisions of
the two sections in that whereas under s. s o it is only the company
in general meeting that can increase the share capital, s . zosc can
be invoked by the directors themselves to increase the share capi-.
taL Such a construction ~vould offend against a cardinal rule of
interpretation that" Every clause of a statute should be construed
with reference to the context and the other clauses of the Act, so as,
so far as possible, to make a consist~nt enactment of the whole
statute " (Maxwell on Interpretation of Statutes, 9th Edition
p. 23). Nanala Zar1er and another v. The Bombay Life Assurance
Co., Ltd., and other;, A.I.R. (1950) {S.C.) 172, referred to.
S. rose o f the Companies Act is apparently intended to ensure, as
far ~s; possible, a fair distribution of shares among the members
of a company within the limits of their means and to enable them,
if they so choose, to keep out undesirable outsiders. It mus!;
therefore be considered mandatory, and the al!otment of shares t o .
contrary to its provisions must be held ~itiated by the breach,
1. THE BUR."vlESE R.EvJ:m-. LTD. & Two OTHERs v. DAw THJ'.N T IN ... 206
COMPANY REGISTERED OUTSIDE BURMA-WHERE NO PRINCII"'AL
OFFICER REsiDES IN BURMA-AsSESSMENT OF INCOME-TAX ib.
 GENERAL INDEX

CONSTITUTION OF BU.RMA-" EXISTING LAW "-ss. 22Z A:-ID 2:.~6-

GoVF..RNMENT OF BuR)<!.\ AcT, 1935,
NOT " EXISTING LAW "-AS IT '\AS
REPEALED Y Bt.!RMA INDEPE'i:DENCE. AcT
t948 94
S. 229-PROVISIONS FOR CONTINUANCE OF
CIVI,L SERVANTS. EMPLOYED ~EFO.RE INDEPENDENCE 94

CONSTITUTION oF BuRMA-NON-ExiSTENCE oF Paovrsw:-;s RnL\TING

TO CIVIL SERVANTS SIMILAR TO THAT OF INDIA 94

CoNSTITUTION OF INDIA-CoNCEPT OF EMPI.OYMENT numNG

PLEASU.RE EXPRESSLY PRESERVED BY s. 3 ro, S. 3 I I .~NOs. 313-NO
CHANGE IN INDIA REGA:RDING CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS OF
CIVIL SERVANT 94

CONT.ROLLER OF IMM!C.RATION-NOT VESTED WITH THE POWER OF

DEPORTATION-BURM.~ IMMIGRATION (EMF.RGENCY PROVlSIONS)
AcT, s. 7 (2i r87
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNION 0/' BURI\TA, S. IJ-\VHETHER, STATE
AGRICUI.TURAL MARKETING BOARD AcT-Ultra vires s. I;l 38
CouRT FEES AcT, s. r gH.,-Purpose ofintimating Collator under-S. rgH
(3) and (4)-Pmoers of Collector under-Time limit for maMng
motion under sub-s. (4)-S. rgH (8)-Rule making power under-
Rules to f'lcilitate enquiry and to provide for provisional orders
ruhich are "provisional" ana "final" so far as Collector is con-
cerned-S. rgH (7)-0rder passed ;y Comt under-Really
final_:_ Rule 4 (iv)-ProT'isicms regarding payment in-Outside scope
of-Financial Commissioner to act r~ithin ambit of Act~S. I9E-
Step. tp be tahen. . f?efore proc,eeding under-Disability of Financial
Commissioner to initiate action under. The purpose of intimating
the Collector under s. 19H of the Court Fees Act in "regard. to
npplic~.tions for Probate and Letters of Administrat-ion is to
enabl~ him to check the valu~tion placed upon the estate. Sub.
s. (3) enables the Collector to inspect the Court records, to take
copies, to make enquiries and to insist upon the attendance of
petitioner and witnesses for enquiry. If, after such an enquiry,
he thinks that the e~tate is und~rvalued he may call upon the
peti~ioner to amt;nd his valuation in Court. If the petitioner
refuses to amenn his valuation then the Collector may move the
Court for an enquiry under $Ub-s. (4). According to proviso
to sub-s. (4) this motion by the Collector has to be made within
six months of the date the inventory is field in Court. Rules to
be found on page 37 of the Burma Stamp Manual were framed
under sub-s. (8) of s. 18H and, on the whole, they are
meant to facilitate an enquiry. The Rules provide for a provi-
sional order CQntemplated to be. passed after a preliminary
enquiry, but these orders are "provisional" and "final" in so
far as the Collector is concerned for the really final orderhas.to
be passed by the Court under sub-s. (7) of s. 19H. The rule
making power under sub-s. (8) is only in respect of procedure
to be followed in enquiries under sub-s. (3); and thus the
provisions in Rule 4 (iv) regarding payment- would beoutside.the.
scope of rule-making poweJ;"s. The R~les are at best directions
to the .C ollector to keep the Financial Commissioner informed
of the discovery of the undervaluation of an estate but what the
Financial Commissioner does must be within the 2mbit of the
Court Fees Act. If it is intended to ta.ke pro"ceedings under
s. 19E, the Court should be moved for enquiry under s. 19 (4).
NakunJa Rani ClzowdTrurani v. The Secretary of Sta(~, (rgr6)
XXll GENERAL INDEX

PAGE

I. L.R. 43 Cal. 230, referred to. In the absence of an application

by tlie petitioner for action under s. 19E the Financial Conmlis-
sioner himself cannot initiate action under that section and the
order of the Financial Commissioner fol!owing such action is
one made without jurisdiction.
A.NARKALI v. THE FINANCIAL COMMISSIONER {COMMERCE)
RANGOON, AND ONE 28
CRIMrN.~l.. PROCEOTJRE ConF., s. s6rA-brherent polCeN r;f High Court
under-f.Vhen not proper to exercise. It would not be proper for
the High Court to interfere in exercise of its inherent powers
under s. stir A of the Crimmal Procedure Code by quashing the
proceedings at the stage of framing a charge, except
{i) where the prosecution allegations, even if accepted as true,
do not establish any offence against the accuesd, or
(ii) where there i~ no evidence at all against the accused to
support the allegations, which, if established, would
constitut.e the offence.
U NYr LAY v. THE UNION oF BURMA .'\ND ONE 6o
DEPORTATION-l\1EANING OF, PHRASE PENDING ORDERS OF
DEPORTATION"-s. 7 (2), BURMA IMMIGR.niON (EMERGENCY
PROVISIONS) ACT r87
DEPORTATION-DISCRETION OF THE PRES!DENT TO ORDER DEPORTA-
TION-s. 7 (r) IMMIGR.'I.TION (EMERGENCY PROVISIONS) AcT 94
EXTR.A-ThRRTTORTALlT\' -s. r8 (JD)-BVRMA INCOME-TAX Acr ib.
Ir-;coM!l-TAx AcT-s. z {r2). (b)-"PRrNCIPAL OFFICER "-WHo CAN
DR TREATED AS SUCH ib
--------s, 4--EXPLA.."'ATION TO ib.
s. 4A{c)-DFINITlO~ OF CoMPANY AS
" RESil)J?NT " ib.
- - - - - - - - - - s . r8(JD)-}I.PPEAI.S AGAINST ORDERS UNDER T HE
SECTION-TO DE READ WITH s. JO AND S. 2 (2)
OFTHF. ACT ib.
-------s. r8{7) ib.
---------s. Jo-l.YlUST BE CONSIDERED IN CONSIDERING
WHETHER AN AP!'EAL LIES AGAINST UNDER AN
ORDER UNDF.R s. t8 (3D) ib.
S. 42 (J)- LlMITATlON PLACED ON TAXAIJLE
DIVIDEND IN . CASES . OF BusiNESS NOT FULLY
cAJiRIED ouT m BuRMA ib.
------s. 43-" ACE.."<T "-1\-IF.ANING OF .. . ib.
--------s.A DIRECT
58 (2)-~ 1 HF.N
INCOME-TAX OFFICER CAN MAKE
ASSF.SSMNT . ib.
s. 6r,_WHO CAN REPRF.SENT THE AsSESSEE, ib.
INCOME-TAX AccRUED rN BURMA-LEGISLATt!RE CAN MAKE PnovxsiON s
FOR ITS COLLECTION ... ib.
INCOME-TA..'<-
Revenue Laws-:-Private InternationalLaw-Ruleof-
Burmalncome-Tax Act-S. rS (JD)-Tinge .of extra-territoriality
-lncome a::.crued in Burma-Dividendr paid out of-Levy
of tax Olt-Valdity-Direction made under-To be compli~d
with by company registered in Burma or zuhich has a principal
 GENERAL INDEX

officer i11 Burma regardless of T~here payment of din"de11d too}.

place-,l4eam of enforcint:: such direction-In nhat case not complied
~vith- Letter written by 1ncomc-Ta:-c Officer to company conveying his
view-Amounts to orders-S. 43-Agent-Notice and opportunitv
to be gi1Jen to-Umeilling agent-Order against-Appeal-S. 2 ( 1 i)
(b)-Principal Officer-Person to be treated as-nuly after urvice
of notice-Purpo.~~ of notice-What amounts to 1vaiver of notice-
Term "connected" in-Meaning of-S. 6x-J:VIw only ctm n!-
present assessee-S. 4A (c)-Residence of company-Reltnancy
of-S. 42 h)-Limitation placed by -S.Jo-To determine v.hether
appeal lie$ (Obiter). It is the rule of Privat-e International Law
that the revenue laws of one countrv will not be enforced bv the
Courts of another country. Governor-General v. Rale~t;lt
Investment Co., A. LR. ( 1944) (F.C.) 5 I at 6o, referred to. 1t may
be accepted as n general principle that, " states can legislate
eft"ectively only for their own territories". Croft v. Dunphy,
(1933) A.C. 156 at 162; Forbes v. Attomey-General of Nlanitoba,
(193'7) A.C. 26o at 272, referred to. S. x8 (3D) of the Burma
Income-Tax Act as it stands has a tinge of extra-territoriality.
" A Legislature which passes a law having extra-territorial
operation may find that what has been enacted cannot be
directly enforc~d, but the Act is not invalid on that account and
the Courts of the country must enforce the law with the
machinery available to them."
British Columbia Railway Co. Ltd. v. The King, (1946) A.C. 527 at 542,
referred to . The Income-tax Act attempts to be self-contained
and the task of collecting super-tax from shareholders, resident
and n on-res ident ali!;e, is p laced upon the corr.pany. It is
irrefutable that income accrued in Burma can be t axed and it is
within the competence of the legislature to m ake provisions for
its collection. T~.e direction under section 18 (3D) would
have to be complied with by a company registered in Burma or a
company which has a principal officer in Burma, irrespective
of the consideration as to where the payment of dividend took
place; and such a direction m ay ~ enforced by declaring the
company an assessee in default under s. 18 (7). Since
levy of tax on dividends paid out of income accrued in Burma is
valid, the Income Tax Officer is therefore under a duty to attempt
collecting what is due and his order directing the company to
deposit what should have been deducted as super-tax, cannot
besnid to be in excesso fhis powers. It is only when the direction
is not complied with that the Income-Tax Officer will have to
seck recourse to machinery provided by s. s8 (2) which enables
the Income-Tax Officer to make a direct assessement on the
shareholder himself. In the case of a company registered
outside Bunna and where no principal officer de facto under
s. 2 (12) (a) or de jure under s. 2 (12) (b) resides in Burma, the
direction under s. xS ( 3D) might not be complied with on the
ground that laws enacted by a country primarily apply t o residents
in the country and its nationals abroad. The term "agent"
is comprehensively explained ins. 43 An agent, if h e is tope
treated as s uch, has not only to be given specific notice, but also
has to be given an opportunity of showu1g that. he is not liabJC:,
to be,j;O treated. An order against an unwilling agent Is 'appeal:!
able. G'olwldns Clmnilal v. Income-Tax Commissioner; A~I.R ?
(1952) Nag. 152, referred to. S. 2 (12) (h) _says that any ,person
"connected with the company may he treated by the Income-
Tax Officer as the Principal Officer but this can only be done
after service of notice. If" connected '' were to be taken in its
loose meaning, a h.wyer, a mere shareholder or even someone
xxiv GENERAL INDEX

PAGE

who provides an address for a company might be pounced upon

and saddled with the liabilities of a Principal Officer. The
connection must be real and ~ul:>stantial. The very requirement
of a notice is to enable the person named to replldiate his liability
as in the case of an Aqent under s. -'!3 But conc!uct on his
part, such as submitting returns voluntrily on behalf of non-
resident principal may amount to waiver of notice. Jadavii
Narshidasv. Cummis,ionel"o{Jncome-Ta:..,A.I.R.(x9S7) Bom. 23,
referred to. It is not everybody who can represent thea$sessee,
for s. 6r limits authori~ed repre~entatives to relatives, lawyers.,
accountants and Income-Tax practitioner~. S. 4A (c) of the
Burma Income- Tax Act defines a company as " re~idcnt" if
its i:tcome arising in Burn1a excee-:ls its income arising outside
Burma, but the comp;my's residence is pertinent only for
assessing the company 1tself. The case of shareholder's dividend
is governed by the Explanation to s. 4 which limits th~ taxable
dividend to the extent which has been paid out of profits subjected
to Income-tax m Burma. Even in the case of a business of which
all the operations are not carried out in Burma, a similarlin'litation
is placed by s. 4<1 (J). Ohiter.-A superficial reacting- of s. 30
might give rise to the impression that no provision exists for
appeals against orders made under s. rS (3D). It seems that
in deciding whether an appeallies s. 30 would have to be read, for
example, with s. 2 (2) which defines an assessee as a person by
whom income-tax or any sum of money is payable under the
Act.

THAllAWLFIK TIN DRPDGING LTD. fl. INCOME-TAX OFFICER,

COMP.-\NrES CIRCLE, RANGCION

F OREIGNER-DEPORTATION OF- BURMA IMMlGR.-\TlON (EMERGENCY

PnonsiONS) AcT r87
FOREIGNER-ADJUDGMFNT OF-S. 7 (2), BURMA IMMIGRATION
(EMERGENCY PROVISIONS) AcT-MEANT TO BE CONF,NED TO CASES
WHERE 'THERE IS NO ROOM FOR CONTROVERSY AND WHERE A
PROSECUTION WOULD BE A WASTE OF TIME AND LABOUR 187
GAMBLING Acr-P:RESUMPTrON OF Gt;rLT- DIFFEREN"f FROM
PROVISON S OF s. r67A, SEA CUSTOMS ACT WHICH F-"'ACTS A
SPECIAL RULE OF EVIDENCE 196
GovERNMENT oF BuRMA AcT, 1935- NoT "El!:rSTING LAw" uNDFR
CONSTITUTION OF BURMA s. 22 AND
226-REPEALED BY BURMA INDEPF.N
DENCE AcT, 1948-Rur.ES FRAMED
U'"IDER THe ACT DEED WITH THE AcT
ITSeLF 94
- - - - - - - - - - -- - s. 128-GovERNMEJ'H oF I:-IDrA Acr,
S. 276-PROVISIONS FOR CONTINUANCE
OF PROVISIO!'IS RELATING TO CIVIL
SERVANTSBEFORF: 1935 94
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA AcT, I9X9-S.g6B-PEaSONS IN CIVIL SFRVICE
HoLDING 0FF!CE AT Pt.EASURF: oF Hrs IVI...JESTY 94
GoVER!"'IMENT oF INDIA AcT, 1935, s. 276- PROVISIONS FOR CaN-
TINU.ANCE OF PROVISIONS RELATING TO CIVIL SERVANTS BEF.ORE
1935-GOVERNMENT OF BURMA ACT, 1935-S. u8 :. . 94
GoVERN~fENT SERVANT:-Acquitta/ by Court-Re-in.statement-GOfJern-
ment of India Act, 1919-S-96B-Concept of holding office at
pleasure-Sub-s. (2)-Pou:er of Secretary of State to make
ruler under Rule ss-Opportunity to Government servant to defend
 GENERAL INDEX

himsef-Concept of emp/oymmt during plea.mre considered

fundamental-Government of India Act, 193s-S.z4o-Concept
re-interated in-Provision in Rule 55 embodied in- Burma ActS.
97-Similar to S.Z.fO, India ActS. 128-Provisiou contained in-
Enables rules made under repealed Act to remain in force-Govern-
ment of India Act, 1935-S. a76-Concept of employment during
plea!we--Preserved in Indian Constitutiotl-S. 3 ro-Ci11il
Sertants in TIUfia-Posilion un.:hanged by itldependence. Civil
Servmzt in Bwma-After independence-As beltveen master and
sen.ant-Aggrieved Civil Servant-Remedy of-111inister's
Orders-Orders of Govemment-No appeal, administratively
from-Govermnent of Burma Act, 1935-Not "existing law"-
Burmese Con.<titution-Not re-enactment of 1935 Act, S.2z-;.-
" Existing laws "-To be considered along with S.226-Rules and
Bye-laws pw;sed rmder 1935 Act-Not "existiug laws" though
still observed. Governmment is not bound to reinstate a civil
servant after his acquittal by a Court. Every person who
held office in the civil service of the Crown in India did so
at His Majesty's pleasure. This was embodied ir1 s. 96a.
of the Government of India Act, I9I'J. Sub-s. (zl
empowered the Seeretary of State to make rules to regulate the
classification of civil services in India, the methods of
recruitinent, the conditions of services in India, the methods of
recruitment, the consitions of service, pay and ailowances,
discipline and conduct. Such rules framed, among them being
rule 55 of the Civil Services (Classification, Control and Appeal)-
Rules which provided for the grant of reasonable opportunity
to thG employee to defend himself. But the concept of
employment during pleasure was considered fundamental and
even where it wa~ estahlished that the rules framed under
s. 96D had not been observed, the Privy Councif
confirmed the dismissal of a s uit against th~ Secretary 0f
State for India. Rangachari v. The Secretary of State/or India,
64 LA. 41 at 54; Verzkata Rao v. The Secretary of State for
India, 64 LA, 56 at 63, 64 and 65; Secretary of State v. J.C.
Maurice, (1937) (R.I.R.)3s, referred to. \\hen the 1919 Act wa<r
superseded by the Government of India Act, 1935, s. i4o-
of the !ate1 Act r eiterated the concept of employment during
pleasure. What had been provided by Rule S.i mentioned abov e
that a (easonable opportunity of showing cause should be
given, was embodied in s. 240 itself: High Commissioner
for India and Pakistan v. I.M. Lall, 75 I.A. 225, referred to.
Provisions similar to those in s. 240 of the Indian Act were
embodied in s. 97 of the Gov emment of Burma Act, 1935.
At the same time to meet any eventuality, s. 128 embodied
the provision that notwithstanding the repeal of the 1919 Act,
until the enactment of new provisions, rules relating to civil
servants in force immediately before the commencement of
the 1935 Act were to continue in force and.to be deemed to
have been made under the appropriate pro1isions of the I 935
Act. The Government of India Act, 1935 had a similar pro
vision in s. a76. In the Indian Constitution, the concept
of employment during pleasure is expressly preserved by
s. 310. S. JII guarantees a reas onable opportunity of
showing cause, while s. 313 ensures the continuance in
foJ't:e of all provisions relating to the public services. Thus t.'lte
position o f the civil servant in India has undergone no change in
re.e;ard to his constitutional right to be afforded an opportu.pity
of showing .;ause against punishment. Khem Chand v. 71te
Republic of India, (A. I.R.)(I 9 58) A.S. C. j oo, referred to. But the
Burmese Constitution contains no provisions similar to those
.xxvi GENERAL INDEX

PAGE

of India's and the relationship between the Government of

Burma and its civil servnts is that of master and servant. If
administrative remedies are denied to a civil servant or if they
should prove inefficacious, he should seek redress by way of a
suit against Government. Resort to the writ jurisdiction of tht!
Court is not an appropriate or satisfactory measure. An order
passed by the i'Yiinistcr himself must be construed as one
exercis;!d by the Union Government collectively and as such,
under the Discipline and Appeal Rules there can be no appeal,
administratively against the order. But the fact that tho:re is
no provision for appeal does not preclude Governml'nt from
reviewing the position. The definition of the term "Existing
Law " in s. 222 of the Burmese Constitution must be
-considered along with s. 226. The British Legislatun,
by the Burma Independence Act, 1948 repealed in its t.ntirety
the Government of Burma Act, 1935, as from the day the
Burmest> Constitution came into force and having been thus
repealed by a competent legi~lature the Act could not continue
as "existing- law" and rules framed thereunder died with the
Act itself. Fundamental Rules, Discipline and Leave Rules,
and even" G" Circular rs are still observed. There have even
been amendments and repeals in respect of some of these
rules. No new S'!t of rules and regulations pertaining to the
Civil Services have yet been framed, but as the bulk of Govern-
ment employees were made to continue in service under
s. 229 and also because Government itself treats these
niles and regulations to bt> of full effect, even if these rules and
regulations have no statutory force, they must be taken as the
conditions of service of government employees retained under
s. 229 of the Constitution or r ecruited after Burma's change
of statu's.
U Th11 DIN v. THE S!lCRETARY, :MINISTRY oF" Co-oPE!lATIVE
& COMMOOITY DISTRIBUTION . 94
HIGH CoURT-.:.INHERE.'\T PoWERS OF-S. s6rA, CRIMINIALPROCEDURE
CODE.-WHEN TO BE EXERCISED 6o
JMMIGRATION (EMF.RGENCY PROVISIONS) AcT, s. 7 (z)-Deportatitnl ?j
person born in Burma-President's power under. Where the
applicant was convicted tor overstaying the permit effective for
three years after his re-entry into Burma in 1949 it is within the
discretion and competence of th e President to order his.deporta-
tion under s. 7 (t) of the Immigration (Emergency Provisions)
Act, even though thl' applicant may'have been born in Burma.
Kanirn Singh v. Tire Controller of Immigration, (195 r) B.L.R.
(S.C.) 25, distinguished and explained.
SYED EBRAHIM v. ThE Co:-ITROLLER oF IMMIGRATION, Bu~MA 92

IMMIGRATION (EMERGEN"CYPROVISIONS) AcT, ss. IO, 13 (r), I3A and I3B 187
INTERPRETATION OF 8TATUTES-RTROSPECTlVITY OF-STATE AGRI-
CULTUHAL MARKETING BOARD ACT, 1950 38
lNHF.RINT PoWERS OF HrGH COURT-S. s6rA, CRIMI~AL PROCEVURE
CODE-V"\'HE."< TO BE EXERCISED 60
LETTERS OF ADMINISTRATION-APPLiCATION FOR-INTIMATION TO~
CoLLE~ToR UNDER s. I9H, COURT FEE.~ AcT z.S
Mr~ISTER-0RDER pASSED BY MINISTER AGAINST -CIviL SERVANT TO
BE CoNSTRUED .~s ONe EXERCISED llY UNroN GoVERNJI.IENT
COLLECTIVELY-NO !\PPF.AL-BUT CA."f BY REVIEWED BY THE
GOVERNMENT 94
 GENERAL INDEX ~V#1f
.f:~::;~? )~.:;3~
F..;cs,
"l'.1EMBER" AND "SHAREHOLDI:.R "-THE TERM "l\[E:IIBER" AS
KNOWN TO L,\\V AND THF TERM " SHAREHOLDER" AS USED IN
BUSINESS Ii.\VE THE S,\ME MEANING 206

lVIEMORANDf!M oF CoMPANY-SnAsr.RIBE To-wuo llFCOMF~ A

MEMBER WITH FULI. RIGHTS AND LIABILITIES OF MFMBERSHIP
MUST BE Rll()Al\DED AS HAVING RIGHTS UNDER S. 105C OF THE
Co~rP!.NIES Acy

P ART PERFORMANCE-S. 53A-TRANSFER OF PROPERTY ACT-CAN BF.

USED AS A SHIF.LD-SECTION .-\!.SO PROVIDES THAT "A RIGHT
EXPRESSLY PROVIDED BY THF. TERMS OF THI:: CO~TRACT" C:\N BE
ENFORCED 179
PLE!t.DERS ADMISSION RULFS-RU!.FS 6 A"'P ro 201

PRESIDENT OF UNION-POWJ!R TO DETAIN FOREIGNER-POWER TO

NAME THE AUTHORITY TO EXERCISE THE POWER OF I}ETENTION-
BURMA IMMIGRATiON (EMERGENCY PROVISIONS) AcT, s. 7
PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAw-V:lHETHER HIE RF.'<E.'IUE LAWS OF
ONE COUNTRY WILL BE F.NFORCED BY THE LAWS OF ANOTHER
COUNTRY ib.
PROI!ATF.-AF'PLICATION FOR-INTIMATION TO COLLECTOR UNDER
s. 19H, CO\JRT FEES AcT 28
QuASHING oF PROCEEDINGS-ORDER oF HlGH CouRT DECLt;-.;mG TO
QUASH PROCEEDINGS-NOT A FINAL ORDEn-UNION jUDICIARY
AcT, s. 6
RECEIVER-OFFICER OF THE COURT-SCB}CCT TO THE CONTROL OF
THE CouRT 53
RECEIVER-SUBJECT AT ALL TIMF.S TO CONTHOL OF APPOINTING
COURT-SUCH CONTROL CAN Bl! INVOI<F.D BY ANY PERSON
PREJUDICED BY THE CONDUCT OF THE REcEIVER 53
RECEIVER-0Rmm 40, CIVIL PROC'EDURE Coon- No VE!.TED INTEREST
IN PROPERTY OVER WHICH HE IS APPOI='ITED RECEIVER 53
REVENUE LAws-WHETHER THE REvn.-.uE LAws oF ONE Cou.smv
WILL BE F.NFORCED BY &'<OTHER CouNTRY u~Dl!R PRI\7.\TE I NTER-
NATIONAL LAW ib.
RECOVERY OF POSSF.SSION-SU!T FOR-CmmiTION OF GETTING RACK
PROPERTY ON PAYMENT OF MONEY FOR REDEMPTION OF PROPERTY
GIVEN AS.SECURITY 179

'SEA CUSTOMS AcT, I67A-ENACTS .-\. SPECIAL RULE OF IWIDE..~CE

s.
DIFFERENT FROM THE PROVISIONS OF THE G.'t.MBLING ACT WHICH
GIVES RISE TO A PRESUMPTION OF GUILT 196

SEARCH (SPECIAL PoWERS) AcT, 1947-Search u>arrant under-

Purpose-Illegal search-Guilt of person not affected by Sfa
Customs Act, s. r6?'t.-Burden of proof-Special rule of evidence
- Writ proceedings-What the Court will not say in. A search
warrant issued under the Search (Special Powers) Act, 1947, is
meant for the search of a place used for any purpose prt>judic;jal tq
the mainte-nance of public safety or order, or of the supplies ~r
services essential to the life of the community. Such a warran,t
wou!a be appropriate i~ the searcJ; was [or smuggled arm,s, 'Q~t .,i s
not me-ant to be used m connection w1th a search for .smuggled
watches. The illegality of the search howev<>r does not affect the
question whether the person who~e place w:tS searched has
-committed an offence if the property which cannot be legally
po~sessed, is actually found in the coru:se of the search.
xxviii GENERAL INDEX

PACE:

Maung San Myin v. The Emperor, 7 Ran. 771; Aung Kim Sein v.
The King, (1941) B.L.R. 552 referred to under the Gambling Act
it is a presumption of guilt that arises but under s. r67A of the
Sea Customs Act, it is a special rule of evidence under which the
burd~n of proof is placed upon a person to show that he had not
contravened prevailing regulations in respect of goods the
importation or exportation of which is prohibited or restricted.
On the materials before him the Finance Minister was satisfied
that the burden of proof placed by s. r67A on the applicant had
not been discharged. It is not for the Court to question this
finding in writ proceedings.
I<YIN SIN (alias) MAUNG SHWE MYA v. 'I1HE FxN.~NCF.
.MINISTER AND TWO OTHERS 196
"SHA!mHOLDF.R "-DF.FINITION OF-NOT CONTAINED IN THE
CoMPANIES AcT-LEGI!\LATURE ONLY DE!'INF.~ AND RECOGNIZES
"MEMllER" Oi< A COMPANY 206

SPECIAL LEAVE TO APl'EAL-S. 6. UNroN JuDICIARY AcT-Oamm

DECLININO TO QUASH PROCEEDING~ IS NOT A FINAL ORDER r84
STATUTES-lNTERPRETATION OF-U'IDESIRADILITY OF R EADING INTO
AN AcT WORDS WHICH ARE NOT THERE .. 206

STATE AGRICULTURAL M.~RKF.TING BoARD AcT (No. 57 of rgso)-

Intention of tire legislature-Gorifermmt of a special privilege upon
the Board, whether arbitrary discrimination-Act, whether retros-
pective. The intention underlying the State Ag ricultural
Marketing Board Act is to promote the processing and the
marketing of agricultural produce. With this in view the Board
is empowered to advance loans bearin_g- nominal interest.
The Act enables the Board to recover such loans as if they were
arrears of revenue, a procedure which ens ures a speedy recov~ry.
The confermen.t of this particular privilege upon the .Board is
not arbitrary discrimination under s. IJ of the Constitution.
Tfi.e gran~ of speCial privileges to particular enterprises in the
interest of general welfare and to achieve the purpose underlyinrr
the .Act, does not offend s. rJ. Lachmandas v. The State of
Bombay, (t952) (S.C.) 235; Kadar Natlz v. Tlze State of West
Beugal, (1953) (S.C.) 404; Cooley's Constitutional Law referred
to. Recourse by the Board to this mode of recovery would deny
debtors the steps that they may take under the Civil Procedure
Code if instead a regular suit has been instituted. But this is not
a denial of substantive rights, for the Civil Procedure Code
confers no such rights. It is a code of rules under which
rights may be en.forced by the Courts. Arrmadzallam Chettyar
v. Vel/iappa Clzettyar, (1938} R.L.R. 176, referred to.
U BA HLA AND OTHERS v. S.A.M.B. AND OTHERS 38
SuPER-TAX~CoLUCTION OF-UNDER BuRMA INco:.m-TAx AcT ib.
SUBSCRIBER-WHEN CAN. BE DIVESTED OF THE STATUS OF MEMBER-
COMPANIES ACT, S~2J., s. 30(1) AND (2) ... 206

SUBscrUBER-oN REGISTRATION AuToMATICALLY BECOMES A MEMBtR

OF THE CoMPANY WITH. THE RIGHTS AND SUBJECT TO THE
LIABILITIES MENTIONED IN s.2J, COMPA."'IES AcT 206

SUPREME. CoURT-WRIT ]URIS DICTION-5HOULD NOT BE RESORTED

To Crvn'. SERVANTs SEARCHING REDRESS AGAINST GovER.."lMENT 94
 GENERAL INDEX xxii
PAGE
'TENANCY-QUESTION OF-CANNOT BE GONE INTO IN A REFERENCE
FROM THE ORDER OF THE ASSISTANT CONTROLLER OF RENTS 51
'TRANSFER OF PROPERTY AcT, S. Io8-SUJJ-LETT!NG BY TENANT
VALID, IN THE ABSENCE OF CONTRACT TO THE CONTRARY

TRANSFER OF PROPERTY ACT, s. 53A-When invoked-Object of-Suit

for possession based on title-Prior offer-No rule of procedure
itzsisting. S. 53A ofthe Transfer of Property Act may be invoked
where possession had been given on a document purporting to be
one of mortgage but which in invalid for want of registration.
This section gives protection and can be used as a shield should
the transferor attempt to take advantage of the fact that the
transfer was invalid for want of registration. The section
provides that " a right expressly provided by the terms of the
contract " can be enforced. Where the right expressly provided
was that the appellant was to get back his property on payment
of a certain sum it matters little whether an offer to pay this sum
was made or not prior to the institution of suit for recover)'
of possession based upon title. It would be the dutyofthe Court
to define on what terms the appellant is to get back the property.
There is no rule of procedure which insists that there must be
such a prior offer.
U MAUNG GYI AND FOUR OTHERS 179
BABU RAM DASS v.
KYIN BYAN HIN

UNION JuniCIAIW AcT, s. 6-Special Leave to appeal under-Order

refusing to quash Magistrate's proceedings-Not final order.
It is within the discretion of the High Court to decline to quash
the proceedings before a Magistrate and such an order is not a
final order in respect of which special leave to appeal can be
given under s. 6 of the Union Judicia<y Act.
HAJEE E.M. ABDUL RAHMAN v. THE UNION OF BURMA

URBAN RENT CONTROL AcT, s. I6A-0rder made under-When of no

legal effect-Sub-letting made in pursuance of-Not void-Trans-
fer of Property Act, s. Io8-Right of tenatzt to sub-let. In respect
of certain premises situated in an area to which s. r6A of the Urban
Rent Control Act had not been extended, the Controller of Rents,
upon application by a tenant, accorded permission to sub-let
the premises. While such an order can have no legal effect, sub-
letting by the tenant is valid under s. 108 of the Transfer of
Property Act, in the absence of an agreement with the landlord,
to the contrary.
K.M. SULEMAN AND SIX OTHERS v. E.K. MOIDEEN AND TWO
OTHERS 36
URBAN RENT CONTROL ACT-S. 1 I (d)-Only tests under- S. 2 2 -
In applicatiotzunder-Doctrine of res judicata cannot be invoked-
S. 23-Enables Judge to follow procedure laid down for trial of
regular suits only. In an application under s. I I (d) of the
Urban Rent Control Act the only tests are (I) whether the O':Vner
intends to build and (:z) whether he has the means to build. S.
23 of the Urban Rent Control Act enables the Judge to follow the
proce'Ciure laid down for trial of regular suits, but not to convert
the reference into a regular suit.
UTUNPEv.UMAUNGTINANDFOUROTHERS ... x6
URBAN RENT CoNTROL AcT, s. x6-NECESSITY oF STANDARD RENT
CERTIFICATE- PROCEDURE TO ~E FOLLOWED IN CERTAIN CA~Es. ... SI
XXX GENERAL INDEX

PAGE

URBAN RENT 22-In reference fiwn mder fixing

CO::-!TROL AcT, s.
standard rent question of tenancy cannot be gone into-Proper
procedure to be followed in case of disputed tenancy. 'Where in a
reference from the order of the Assistant Controller of Rents
fixing the standard rent of a house, the Sub divisional Judge went
into the question oftenancy, which was denied by respondent No.
I, who claimed ownership of the house in question. Held:
That the Subdivisional Judge erred in going into the question of
tenancy which is a matter for a Civil Court to decide.
Daw Ngwe Tin v. The Controller of Rents, (1951) B.L.R. (S.C.)
Ss, followed. Held further: That as no Court can accept a
plaint for recovery of rent without a certificate fixing the
standard rent (see s. r6 of the Urban Rent Control Act), the
proper procedure would be to fix a standard rent without
prejudice to the claim of title or denial of tenancy on the part of
the rst respondent.
BANK OF CHETTINAD LTD. v. DAW HMI AND TWO OTHERS ... 5r
URBAN RENT CoNTROL AcT, s. I r-Ejectment of tenant-Not at whim
of landlord-Suit for-Incompetent without Controller's permit-
When permit toissue-Grmmds. It is not at the whim of a landlord
that a tenant can be ejected and no suit by a landlord for ejectment
against a tenant can be launched without a permit from the Con-
troller of Rents. In issuing such a permit the Controller must
be satisfied that reasonable grounds exist. These grounds are
mentioned ins. II of the Urban Rent Control Act.
U KHIN MAUNG v. U THAUNG Pe (alias)MAUNG PA AND
THREE OTHERS 8o-

WRIT JuRISDICTION oF SUPREME CoURT-RESoRT TO n BY CrvrL

SERVANTS NEITHER AN APPROPniATE OR SA TlSFACTORY MEASURE 94-

WRIT PROCEEDINGS-NOT PROPER FOR SUPREME COURT TO INTERFERE

WHERE ON THE MATERIALS BEFORE HIM THE FINANCE MINISTER
IS SATISFIED THAT THE BURDEN OF PROOF PLACED BY S. r67A ON
THE APPLICANT HAD NOT BEEN DISCHARGED 196

f~ C' C'OG7 ( OC' 0 C C' C' , ) C

C:J~O:J()tj?:G'): CXJ::n~:GO?<:;G~?_CJ)~v ::T.lmeuG31J
(J.)'tJ:~'jdG 9:2uG3 II

C' c .. 0
'Pe-ommJc.cq:o:;_eeuG3 11
. .
 GENERAL INDEX

cr,::::_,g
~C'::>JCDe:J : II
c: c
~C':>:DCPJC, o:r:eUGS II
C' <:' OC" C hC" ('
::JJ'MlH :.JJro;;qcG::JJ? ~!~crdG9~GU;t::JC:f>e::eUGS 11

9:f'e:: CUGS II
"
::JJ;<I)?l::lJCO?:G c
00 c. ("
Of' 26 ms?t~~ <t:nm 2uG:JII
o o c r:c c
~()OJ~m<O?:~ OJ? :I::)<OG'lt~n:>CUG:JII

:J:l~:9~:JeU:O? c~~o:roS8:) ~CJ5CuG!l ( O~jj '(1~) II

:xxxn GENERAL INDEX
 GENERAL INDEX XXXlll

'2 ?

3
XXXIV GENERAL INDEX

J9

oo
GENERAL INDEX
:XXXV! GENERAL INDEX
GENERAL INDEX
xxxviii GENERAL INDEX
GENERAL INDEX

oj

OJ
xl GENERAL INDEX
 ().} .... .;:.. cLO
lflt'lmeuo
O~J .:.~ L
.~o:b~or,J:Q
.Jo
e:('lb,Lbwc.oo;wro
.:J:=:i 8.j .:J :J .:J
~f
r:J
r 10 :~cc :e2
l, .:JO

ll~t'l
o~ocewcc
1
o~
r
u t'lGO , ~
<>C.rococo:co 1 n 1~
:C.Ifleeos:ee.smlnO>s:t'l 111~1
c.ccecc ,,
.)0.) :J ..J .J 0 .::1 .> l., 00 .J., 0
Jobofl:1Pwro1>f s:~ coo2we.c ltil;t'l:oQe::Jc:eohl wol:tt'leo ~Wiee.cmcc
.JO:J .) :J .) ':) o .;)~\..) .:> ~ .;> .:>0 Lf .J
h.>e~O>hl;oero cccokc.l'm HCCt'lo6bslilol;:l :@rowCc!cch:Cdflo'S:to
0 .:>0 .):J .J .J 0 .J .) .) o :J 0 .::a JO 0
l~ttt'l
.)
we:LbCll ~cucb:;,Q~ec
0 ..) ~
Ccc::lli::W@C'l
0 \ .)
lbeccooccuec ..)
:b~otui:I:J
.:J=.J t':::J
e:t'lb:Lbu
..)
uC2d:ut'l1>i:c::lr:C
0 .:J 0 .,)
c.~:oflccf,cccc
.:J :J.) .J.
hl@flb<J>hloPw
.) .>:l.J
s:~l wso
:J .:)
:boo!:ul:EiJle: t'lb:Lbcbokhl~ u@t'lb<J>hl:c.hl oo oPw cf die:~eec
.J~O-J .> .)0 :.J0J ,.):J ~ .:) .)
1

OIC'
..:>
It OC'OCO IC.CCeeCOt'lCOCC
:J

"\:J
r
~~
~- ' 1 1
<:>!COCCCUCO
0 0 \. 0
.J
I~<>0>
..)
g~ CCCC::Jlg!CO
.J .J 0 0
1 bWG~OC'l CCC
:~lbecb
.) .)0
cr :JCoJ..;loooe:ob
.) .)
IICCt'lOO<J>hlccc:cl~l o(.; oPw 0c c.~:4ee.c
.) .J:I :.3 .) .)
Z:Cccb:oe
...)
cuhwb .)
c roc.cccowO>
l ..)
1e vctlcu uctlt'lb .)
:c:eoa<J> ..)
~bo~~CC 0tue:~ee.c
..> .)000 .)
caccb:o::JffiCUCO
..) .;l
ICOtnl'l@ccocccn4~e.c
.) .,) .) :J
C.CCW
0

( uo11 lu:~ws!klssv) :obc.O>oe:cdcoe:flb:Lb .:J \. 0 .:J .)

~mJoO>sWI
~.) t,; 0 0 ~
1We:4ee.c
0 .)
ccc:;,b:oocu;owb ..)
c roceccocuCll 1 ,:,
1e vctlcu uC2cco&co~cocc .:J .:JO:J .J
rGb'o
'Soo
pr l cb "f L I' ~ -:\ 1 It .., ., ~ J r J. <
:s:~oe l. ~:>eB c cu e:o c:> oc ~co IOICOioc:emcoccccro:sro
.) .)0 .) ;) :> ;J .) lj ..} .;,

:@~.)
a:!cc:Hl:o
..) ~ o
~:hlcohl:teAbo
Ol:l ~ hl@ccCllhlFflccfl
o .J- ..) ':j .J
e:~eeoc.cceb:oo
.)
cu
~ecub .J.
c Cl:lC.CCCOCU<J>
J .;)
I~ fJC~c orro:C.CU:Cu
.) 0
'cu(ro)tJc
0
Mhll u@cce
.) .:J '\
co~cocc !Go~l:rooPw ~r ~:chi ol: oPcu 0c h;e:~eec c.ccec.rooroS.o
.) " 'S':J ::J 0,) :.J ~ ..) 0 .:J .)0
11b:o::J
~
:chi~
oG .)oPcu Gc .)olr:oroco 1::ocuc.Pcuo .) .)
of :o1oo<J>~ ,J l; ;}
e2cce<l-~
.., \.)
cu&Cllhl:cco&be:c.cocuc
_;,::J e .J
fr:oo 1 ib:c.cu:w
':> o o
w (ro) flc l'lGOGBf:dwro
~ .J
:b
ohl:Gl
.J:::::::J o::J
e :~b:Lbcbokh1:.6
.) .) 0 ~Q~j
1ctlcc:::::do:6eohl:hl
:J .:; .) :J:::::I O,:j
e:~b:LbcbobhlW!
.> J O ~ o~J
CUC.COO WC\JI o~flme: rou IIWICCO ~ ' :cell 11 : boo>g;ccwe:L:J~II
, ,, r (J)WCC:fl O'OJ
.;, .)0 o o o .)
..>
6:ceeal3>
.J
.1"
11 !<>'O'oe
, c],Tl
L
, , r n ~
.>
cccc:J~:cooescu l e :o
.> .
o , _, L
U O>Wccfl~:>CO
:a: 7 ::! I'
C.(J):<.: : -~e
.:;, .l .J o ..} .:Jo o .> ..> o ..) .J e
o~roto:cw:h!
.,} 0 0
hl (ro) vc C'lobser:Clcuc:c
0 ~ .)
:bonQ:hle:~G:Lb
.) ::::::J Q.j .,)
cb::::kf111m
~0 :..:JO'J

c~c f' l,In toocce'l

..)
of
~
C"'I(') ..)F.coboo I0(l; I(0)CLJW C.CO~fl
..) .)

uctlccwl:o ~ 0 ~
''o: o o cocoa:;~ " lbco J:c:e : c:eeo:<J>ccros: -:I 1, cur-a:
1 or :Jtro:
11: ~w!omoco,.F.ec
o 1 1 u:.
0 .l :J .J :J .J .J o .) (;) :> .) o .JO ;)

.:J .)

:::::l'l~o.beohl:hle : e.b:Lb oc.hleb::> 1Pee&~ 4coe:c.0>:20>fculwcoco
.J ~ 6:::J .:J ;) ~ 0 .) \ .) 0 0 0
w
d:u:hl &!cckcccc~fl @cc~cu
:.::J.) o ..l o .J- o.:J
Pem!ghl
.)
~b::Ji:n~oC2ro~hl
~ .:J . ::a o .l ..) :.J :J::Jb~eF.echl
:J ..>0 0
u @cccoCD;~~ l @cccoeiJ;,\-~ ohe.c:hlcr; hJ:~e <'IW0iij\!Oee.G f'!cboCoSe
.) .:> .1 ..) ~ .) ..lO 0~J 0 .) .,1 0 ..>::J .J .) .JO
:oc.hle:;-eli::2eocuc.c:eoes cbob:botot'l~ ~:~et'lcr; Ghl: :::ero Jctlcc~co
..:> :J 0 o ..,} .JO .) .J oo :J .)0 .:> ::J .l .l .)
b:;,o c.co~l'l & :ccowdroecb:c.0>:2Cl .) .:J ..)
> 0tuwroccahlcr;~ro
.,) .;,::I iCCcc:::::flb
.) .:J .)
:~e
ohl:
.)~ ~ .J
~e:fl6: 1
'-'
S u ucoP ~
ecohl:eeu
:J :J
uCC!ccroecohl:b::
.) .) :1 eoctlcceco&~'O
II .) \.)- .)

w:4eflec(l>hl::::eec
0 ..) .;) 0 .) ::J .)
l@ccflcn6ou
.,) ..) c.coi;~ w :.):flso:bn~:hl .) ..) ~ o.:J e:e;b:Lb .j

:)eocb:c.cowdmesb~o;bero
.) J J
16a: cu-cu s:~
.J
c ~chc~r.2we.c
.J .J
:boWl:EOI
.J~e:::J
e :fl 6 r 1 1 ~ m curo:::cofl
;L:)ro:Jce r 1 0 ll>l : oc. ~ e : ~
cb : c.ccl:l~ e:c.co lcuw '>0
eec:CC:0o
.) JO
1
o
::JC.CD~ t'leG::JOf!l"> ::J'tCLJC.CD~
r
:J
r IICCCl(l;C.CO~:~l'lce!O .J
o
~ \
r,!.
0
O~ ! ~ f!Fl oco:<;;eal
~
..J
1
.) .J 0 :JOOO .) .J :J .) ..> e 00 .J .)

~ ~
~l <r l I l r ( ) ' 11 L
(J) ! ::l eE I~C\:lCOC\)fl!JJC\) cu : ~e FGEJ ::JOC'OOCOC'l C G:::l'lre CCtle !C.OO
.) ..) :s: 0 .) ..) 0 .) f'b ..) 0 ,) ...)

: c.~wr~c0

x::raNr '1V):I3N 3~
xlii GENERAL INDEX
GENERAL INDEX
xliv GENERAL INDEX

c
CO"J(;)Jrnt"J
oo c c- oo o c c .. cl c-
0-ji~(.l:)S")f ~:7)2UGS ~:JY Oj Of~ll)S'J'fYJ'J:m ~mpmJq~:~~~{DJqcq:
2UGD O?!
GENERAL INDEX
xlvi GENERAL INDEX
GENERAL INDEX

~. ~~

:D~eo~s '' ~~aS SJ8f~ " ~o:>icp.?J~~~~- : :

.'>>; ~ ..,
r.>~c .... .
benwc.w!lft
.)
a::3een
-,'1 l_; 0
tncrlcc<ll~lc ..c:c
.) . .>::1 .
:c.PBwPe:c.r.J~~ ofc.c~t'l;:)cr.J~a:; ccc~c.fto~ s~::)CW~ w :c.Pt'l;C.W<ll
~ ~.) ~ \ 0 .) ~ .;)0 .J , 0

c.cc~<ll~W~wc.en
.;1~ 0
:JQ:c.ccoblwPfl
~::J .)~.)
wPe:c.fO!Il-aJ
.) ~.) . .)o4~t~cc
..)0
w~wc.es:
0

~cc
.)

:oQwP~cno :,R;t~a:;c.co~~rec.<ll 1e~~cc Jttcco~wPocno

Ol>'
.)0
c.c:coQi!-t'lcc
'!3(')
..J::J.> .J .)~.JO ..J .J ~ .J .,JO~ .) .>:J.JO
c.coe>sfec.<ll:o~cwccc 1:o;<'lc:G cb::itd!iolPeoh; ;P.cc c.co,4Fec0:o~c.wc.a:.
:> .:J 0 .JO .:>O .) .J .)0 .J .J

etc .... :::>QG>QwPe:o~:ch

.>~b:J~ .:> '
I'
:coCC:)COCC
.)
,....,
ecce:::>
.) .)
rem" ,
m ( .
~u:>Ul;)J:>UJ JIJ;)Ul

) o~c.cc~:o~:co 0 ~
Q ,

woocc:oPeesccben
.) 0 .J .J
crlcc:oQ:od:o
..) .,:::J 0
to:clf,!l,c.<l>C\)
0
:2~w
0
c.:dt"l:llco
::>- .,)
" ll, <> !> .,
<'leG w:.,ewooo.;>CIIJIO n v
Wle:ocn:cft r :coccoo::cc
I' ., I "'
~t~ccccoe>slecG
"
1eo~cc.
0 0 L. ..) .) .J .)0 .) .,;) '""""

sec u?ccg
!1-bwPocno ccco~;ftCGCCO~Mk<ll:O~CWCCC o~;Qft:oQwPocno OQ
.J ..) .J ,J~JO .) .J .JO~ .J::J.J .) .) :.J
;!.f\ccc coo~!ecG eoJ,;cc ill;t.Aa: cbok'<liolPed:.G ;~a: c.co:;,sFec<ll e~~ec
.JO .J -,~. ~.J W: 0 .)0 .JO ..J .J .)0 .l .;I ...t,:

el .... .... .... ~<'lob~rocc;wcnPecolPe FBo~:lPM~o2

0 .:J .:JO.J .J .) .) .J ~
:cbco;!tJccccf\
.J .)
ro:lr<'lCCIIJCCC:ob
o ~ .>
ICCIIJC.eG lCJcco~shlcooo
.:J .Jo.J:.l:>
c.co~4feca.
.:> ;,
ICO~CS.
.;...:

cl r10 .)4o:oeoro
.)
~
lk5:r.J4o:cftccr.Coes
o.:J.) .)
,
6:<!CCCCO,OO~C.A
1 ~11 ':']O'l:WC0fi(I):C00
. (J>OC.cx:l~CC r 1 ( a;>) :W;C.ft:CCC
'
o .:> .>o .J .) .:J J ., e e o .:J o

II re~ljft obhcoc;c; a.J

0 .:J .JO .> ~

c:nP
.)
ecolre
.)
~o~:lPf)G~o2:cbco
.) l)'
Rccccft
.) .)
w
0
:lPflC.CIDC.<:.G
l)
c.cc~ecU: Iffi ~ceo~
0 '\ ~ 0.)
:~117. ucccc:cl1oro c.~crlccokwccft o~c.wc.es laccoHhlcol::o !l-ea;;
~ .J .) ..) .) O .) .) .) .>O.J ~.> .) Q

cco~srec~
.) .) .L
te~/i;ccwcco~:MZl
..) .~
lbcc Gr () Gin::eo2e!;l~~~:2
. :::J
.) S'..) r{\;)l'J~~-&
., J
n b~CCOeCC v COf\' ' Cf\WIC n lS'1 C ')c: '":l
.> L o
;o :IOOJ 1aJICJf); r CCCClC.OOOOCCO I;c.CC
o .:J .J .J .:J .) .:> o
n ~- _1_ ~" 1 1r , , ~ r ;~ ch "' ,...., ,coco:::e ' ,~
:Cifl:.,:wco "co ~00 I:'floeor.re:o <'loco;.,; co ccccccfl
;::)

oj .,., ,
0 .) .JO O .)
'1:1
I CCC'C~ Aescccc:Jc:ccoco cu:c :ccooc.cwcecoco l;1 Acos~o a.:a:1orees
,
:)
"
.)
1
.)
2 ,.JO
.) ...>0 .) .) ,J 0 0 .J Q .) ;; ..) .) t; 0
II .:>CCCC.:>:.1 <l>R:,b t.. .:>
oreco .)oib:>oow~Pea; ., .JO
2a.fucno
.) ..J
w~cc uCCc;c<l>R::JQec.ro
' .) ,)~ .)::h.
.)W~OC.re.::lo/:u;J;l
.) .) :J . oowwree.c} .) .)2ea;:lj.::l I CCCOtnfl~ \ .) OCoCOCWWd~
.l ,j
.CCCCC(I)(J>II)
...1 ., J I' ,
01:'00 "'
WlllCCG~e I eflcCC '<l> OCCO~C'C '."'1 C.t'llO
r " e\ :t'.)l61l,.10 r oreCO

n ,
.J .,} .lO \ .)
1;
W;Cif\ CClCCOCOC. ICOO 0C0()e:ecn li CCCC<ll CCftOOl1lWei: O~WtC lS'CO
I( ,
.J
,..., ,...,
.J
n
.J
r n 1 "'
.J

.) .) .) .) ..) j .) .) .:J
c~o21l] ~
o~roc.cc~lG
.) ~ .)
o~e~ooo~:'l .) 0
wc:b,oo
,) .)
IG:c.cx:l Pe:Jba;
'$' {,.;
wwco .:J
Aro
0 0
:to0o
(ro)
.J
:m:c.A:c.cc
o
&:ccowcf .J
ro~ :ces:2:2co e e
oeo:or.wc.b
.l .:> a .J
~.::o4Pea;;
~- .l 8
lacccroCI&Jolbh 1~c.0n2t'lcc a.Q:oPem a.:~eseS<ll e fi<:.CC O.occx:l~(2Q
.J .:> ::/.:> .J O ~ .J 0 .J :.f .J \. ..) ..) .l :,j
10'1~~l:os6
.> .J
1/!tx~R.) :1
l ;)CC(~eB &6e:co:;wcf6e . . .)
uttccGhl@Aoo:JP
.) .:>::J .> ..)
a.:cc
.l
oiEcc cch:P-6'1 ..)
5~ceco :ccr::cl:2co
l.. :J 6 6
&:cf!la: C2cc:1:Sf.a:
._J ,) l., vO
1ecbflwP
\ .)
e;J;J
:.J
oee.c
..)
~coohc.ooca:
~ .J o
cbokcocc
.l O .) .
c.Mboo:il'cues
.J ..> "
of
:J
c; ()Gh..>
G:' )CJ2wes J

( :oQcol:oo~)
,J.::J,) .J c0n2 . .Jt~cr:b:aec 0 0
1ef~
.)
CC:?.lcu uwPecohl:ku .) .J :.1
H~<'l
0
ob~cocc~w
..) .)0.J .J
cnP
.)
ocolPe
,)
~~ofr:lrllG:'lnchbco
,., l:)'
lacccrlfl
.) .J
w:lP<'
0 ~
l cwc.cc:oS .)

c.fwr<'
.)
lc<ll

X 3 GNI '1Y1I::IN 30 ~!!AfX

 GENERAL INDEX

J'i

4
GENERAL INDEX

J7