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OVERVIEW
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
Standard Transformer Accessories
Buchholz Relay:
A transformer consists of two electrically isolated coils and operates on
In the event of fault in an oil filled transformer gas is generated,
Faraday's principal of mutual induction,.
due to which buchholz relay gives warning of developing fault.
Bushing:
Insulators and Bushings are built with the best quality Porcelain
shells manufactured by wet process.
Cooling:
ONAN .. Oil Natural Air Natural
ONAF .. Oil Natural Air Forced
OFWF .. Oil Forced Water Forced
ODWF .. Oil directed Water Forced.
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POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER
POTENTIAL
TRANSFORMER
The potential transformer is connected
in parallel with the circuit.
It is used to measure the voltages.
The primary windings of the potential
transformer are directly connected to
It insulate measurement the power circuit whose voltage is to be
,protection and control circuitry measured.
from the high voltages present on
the circuits being measured or The secondary terminals of the
controlled. potential transformer are connected to
the measuring instrument like the
voltmeter, wattmeter, etc.
CURRENT TRANSFORMER
TYPES OF PTs
It is used to measure the
The potential transformer is mainly classified into two currents.
types
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LIGHTNING ARRESTERS
PRINCPLE OF OPERATION
Functions
Under normal operation, the lightning
arrester is off the line i.e., it conducts r no
current to earth or the gap is non-
1.Open circuit during the normal conducting.
operation .
On the occurrence of over voltage, the air
insulation across the gap breaks down and
an arc is formed, providing a low resistance
2.Limit the transient voltage to a safe path for the surge to the ground.
level.
The length of the gap is so set that
normal line voltage is not enough to cause
an arc across the gap but a dangerously
3. Bring the system back to its normal high voltage will break down the air
operation mode. insulation and form an arc.
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Vacuum circuit breakers outer view Thus relay forms a vital part of a circuit
SF6 live tank circuit breakers breaker
RELAYS
TYPES OF CIRCUIT BREAKERS
Type Medium Range Operation
Relay
Low voltage Up to
1. Air break C.B. Air at atmospheric pressure Responds to vector difference between two
l000 V 1. Differential relay
or more similar electrical quantities.
2. Tank type oil circuit breaker Dielectric oil Up to 33 kV
Operates when the impedance between relay
36 kV, 1500 MVA 2. Impedance relay point and fault point is below a specified
3. Minimum oil circuit breaker Dielectric oil
132 kV, 3000 MVA value.
ISOLATOR ISOLATOR
Isolator switch is used to ensure that an electrical
circuit is completely de-energized for service or Isolator is a manually operated mechanical switch which separates a part of
maintenance. the electrical power.
Isolators are used to open a circuit under no load. Its main purpose is to
isolate one portion of the circuit from the other and is not intended to be
opened while current is flowing in the line.
Isolators are generally used on both ends of the breaker in order that repair
or replacement of circuit breaker can be done without and danger.
1. Bus side isolator the isolator is directly connected with main bus
2. Line side isolator the isolator is situated at line side of any feeder
3. Transfer bus side isolator the isolator is directly connected with transfer
bus.
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CLASSIFICATION OF SUBSTATIONS
The Basis of Nature of Duties CLASSIFICATION OF SUBSTATIONS
1. Step-up or Primary Substations(near generating stations) The Basis of Operating Voltage
2. Primary Grid Substations(at load centers where step down to primary 1. High Voltage Substations (11 KV - 66 KV)
distribution voltage) 2. Extra High Voltage Substations(132 kV- 400 KV)
3. Step-down or Distribution Substations(This substation feeds the
consumers ) 3. Ultra High Voltage(above 400 KV)
DISTRIBUTION SUBSTATION
LAYOUT POLE MOUNTED SUBSTATION
Pole mounted substation are erected for
mounting distribution transformers of
capacity up to 250 KVA. Such substations
are cheapest, simple and smallest of
substations. All the equipment is of
outdoor type and mounted on the
supporting structure of high tension
distribution line
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TRANSMISSON SUBSTAION
FOUNDATION MOUNTED LAYOUT
TRANSMISSON SUBSTAION
LAYOUT
CONTROL ROOM
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The control and relay panel accepts CT, PT aux 230 AC and 220V/10V DC
connections at respective designated terminal points.
220V/10V DC supply is used for control supply of all internal relays and timers and
also for energizing closing and tripping coils of the breakers.
230V AC station auxiliary supply is used for internal illumination lamp of the panel
and the space heater.
Protective HRC fuse are provided with in the panel for P.T secondary.