BASIC

KNOWLEDGE
OF
CURRICULUM

DINA, M.Pd.
Jaslin Ikhsan, Ph.D.
What is curriculum?

Everything that happens in relation to the

educational program.

(Genn J, 1995)
Curriculum is:

Albert Oliver
Curriculum is an educational program with
four basic elements
1. The program of studies
2. The program of experiences
3. The program of services
4. The hidden curriculum
Curriculum is:

Robert Gagne
Curriculum encompasses
1. Subject matter (content)
2. Statement of ends (end objectives)
3. The sequencing of content
4. Preassessment of entry skills
Curriculum is:

Stenhouse L (1975)
A curriculum is an attempt to communicate
the essential principles and features of an
educational proposal in such a form that it is
open to critical scrutiny and capable of
effective translation into practice.
Curriculum is:

John Delnay (1959)

Curriculum is all planned learning for which the
school is responsible. Curriculum is all the
experiences learners have under the guidance of
the school.
Curriculum should answer:

What outcomes do we want?

What content is therefore needed?
How can that best be taught/learned?
How do we best assess that?
How do we evaluate our process?
So, what is curriculum?
Planned sequence of (1) what students
are to learn, (2) how students acquire that
learning, and (3) how students learning is
verified.
Curriculum Value Orientations
Types of value orientations:
Disciplinary Mastery mastering
knowledge and performance of the
subject matter.
Self Actualization - achievement of
one's full potential through individual
growth and self-management --
psychomotor aspect development
Social Reconstruction curriculum is
seen as a vehicle for creating a better
society affective aspect development
Four Basic Components of
Curriculum
Goals and Objectives: The benchmarks or
expectations for teaching and learning, often
made explicit in the form of a scope and
sequence of skills to be addressed;
Methods: The specific instructional methods for
the teacher, often described in a teachers
edition;
Materials/ Contents: The learning materials,
knowledge, topics, and information to be
learned.
Assessment/ Evaluation Approaches: The reasons
for and methods of measuring student progress
and/or learning processes.
Curriculum planning cycle

Needs assessment

Output Curricular cycle Design

Implementation

Peyton and Peyton, 1998

Curriculum resources
The resources that schools provide to
teachers can also have a significant affect
on curriculum. For example, if all students
are given laptops, teachers can make
significant changes in what they teach and
how they teach to take advantage of
these new technologies
Three Types of Curriculum
Formal curriculum
Informal curriculum
Hidden curriculum
Formal Curriculum
Curriculum that arranged nationally,
apply to every school in the same grade,
arranged by national team and adjusted
with society demand as an aim in
education.
Ideal curriculum that is realized trough
implementation of education in schools.
Informal Curriculum
Informal curriculum is the planned
programme of objectives, content,
learning experiences, resources and
assessment offered by a school.
The implementation depend on humane
and inhumane factors.
Hidden Curriculum
Hidden curriculum involves all the incidental
lessons that students learn at school. It is
sometimes called the unofficial curriculum
and includes the lessons about behaviour,
personal relationships, the use of power and
authority, competition, sources of motivation
and so on that students learn at school.
Example: leading skill ability, respect to others.
Basic in Developing
Curriculum
Philosophy foundation
Socio-culture foundation
Psychology foundation
Philosophical Foundation
Based upon fundamental beliefs that arise
from philosophy of education. Philosophy is
one of the major foundation areas in
curriculum. The design and goals of any
curriculum reflect the educational
philosophy. Consequently, curriculum
reform may occur through the adoption of
a different philosophy or model of teaching
by a school or educator.
Socio-Cultural Foundation
The curriculum have to suit with society
dynamics and science technology
development.
Education is a product of cultural heritage,
and preparation for life through rigorous
intellectual training of young minds to think
clearly, logically, and independently.
Education function in school:
Delivering cultural heritage to student
As a tool for transforming culture
Leading to individual development
Psychological Foundation
By providing a basis for understanding the
teaching/ learning process, educational
psychology deals with how people learn. By
implication, it emphasizes the need to
recognize diversity among learners.