Lec:3

27th Feb., 2017

Internal Combustion Engines

ME 4143
Dr. Saif ur Rahman
Department of Mechanical Engineering

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Chapter 1 and 2 Plus Information
About 2-Stroke Engine

2
IC ENGINE CLASSIFICATION

3
 Power Cycle Review
The first law of thermodynamics
requires the net work developed by a
system undergoing a power cycle to
equal the net energy added by heat
transfer to the system:

Wcycle = Qin Qout

The thermal efficiency of a power

cycle is
W cy cle

Q in

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 Power Cycle Review
The second law of thermodynamics requires the thermal
efficiency to be less than 100%.
Thermal efficiency tends to increase as the average
temperature at which energy is added by heat transfer
increases and/or the average temperature at which energy is
rejected by heat transfer decreases.
Improved thermodynamic performance of power cycles, as
measured by increased thermal efficiency, for example, also
accompanies the reduction of irreversibilities and losses.
The extent of improved power cycle performance is limited,
however, by constraints imposed by thermodynamics and
economics.

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 Interpretations for
Work and Heat Transfer
Ideal cycles formed from internally
reversible processes are used to further
understanding of reciprocating internal
combustion engines and gas turbine power
systems.
Closed systems involving expansion and
compression work are used to model
reciprocating engines. For these applications,
the following area interpretations apply for
internally reversible processes:
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 Area Interpretations for
Work and Heat Transfer
W Q

m int
rev
pdv Tds
m int
rev

p T

v s

Observe that these expressions give work

and heat transfer per unit of mass contained
within the closed system.
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 Simulating Reciprocating
Internal Combustion Engines
Detailed study of performance of reciprocating
internal combustion engines requires consideration
of complexities including:
Combustion processes occurring within the cylinder.
The effects of irreversibilities related to combustion,
heat transfer, and friction.
Heat transfer between the gases in the cylinder and
the cylinder walls.
The work required to charge the cylinder and
exhaust the products of combustion.
Accurate analyses of reciprocating internal
combustion engines normally requires computer
simulation. 8
 Air-Standard Analysis of Reciprocating Internal
Combustion Engines
To conduct elementary analyses of reciprocating internal
combustion engines, simplifications are required. Although
highly idealized, an air-standard analysis can provide insights
and qualitative information about actual performance.
An air-standard analysis has the following elements:
A fixed amount of air modeled as an ideal gas is the
working fluid. Ideal gas relations are reviewed
The combustion process is replaced by heat transfer from
an external source
There are no intake and exhaust processes. The cycle is
completed by a constant-volume heat transfer process while
the piston is at bottom dead center.
In a cold air-standard analysis, the specific heats are
assumed constant at their ambient temperature values.
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 Air-Standard Analysis of Reciprocating Internal
Combustion Engines (Cont.)
For reciprocating internal combustion engines, three cycles
that adhere to air-standard cycle idealizations;
Otto,
Diesel, and
Dual cycles.
These cycles differ only in the way the heat addition
process that replaces combustion in the actual cycle is
modeled:
Otto cycle: Heat addition at constant volume.
Diesel cycle: Heat addition at constant pressure.
Dual cycle: Heat addition at constant volume followed
by heat addition at constant pressure.

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 Air-Standard Otto Cycle
The Otto cycle consists of four internally reversible
processes in series:
Process 1-2: isentropic compression.
Process 2-3: constant-volume heat addition to the air
from an external source.
Process 3-4: isentropic expansion.
Process 4-1: constant-volume heat transfer from the
air.
The Otto cycle
compression ratio is:
V1 V4
r
V2 V3
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 Air-Standard Otto Cycle (Cont.)
Ignoring kinetic and potential energy effects,
closed system energy balances for the four
processes of the Otto cycle reduce to give

W12 W34
u2 u1 , u3 u 4
m m (Eq. 9.2)
Q23 Q41
u3 u 2 , u4 u1
m m

The thermal efficiency is the ratio of the net

work to the heat added:
(Eq. 9.3)
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 Air-Standard Otto Cycle (Cont.)
Since the air-standard Otto cycle is composed of
internally reversible processes, areas on the T-s and
p-v diagrams can be interpreted as heat and work,
respectively:
On the T-s diagram, heat transfer per unit of
mass is Tds. Thus,
Area 2-3-a-b-2 represents
heat added per unit of mass.
Area 1-4-a-b-1 is the heat
rejected per unit of mass.
The enclosed area is the net
heat added, which equals the
net work output. 13
 Air-Standard Otto Cycle (Cont.)
On the p-v diagram, work per unit of mass is
pdv. Thus,
Area 1-2-a-b-1 represents
work input per unit of mass
during the compression
process.
Area 3-4-b-a-3 is the work
done per unit of mass in the
expansion process.
The enclosed area is the net
work output, which equals the
net heat added.
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 Air-Standard Otto Cycle (Cont.)
The compression ratio, r = V2/V1, is an important
operating parameter for reciprocating internal combustion
engines as brought out by the following discussion
centering on the T-s diagram:
An increase in the compression ratio
changes the cycle from 1-2-3-4-1 to
1-2-3-4-1.
Since the average temperature of heat
addition is greater in cycle 1-2-3-4-1,
and both cycles have the same heat
rejection process, cycle 1-2-3-4-1 has
the greater thermal efficiency.
Accordingly, the Otto cycle thermal
efficiency increases as the
compression ratio increases. 15
 Air-Standard Diesel Cycle
The Diesel cycle consists of four internally
reversible processes in series:
Process 1-2: isentropic compression.
Process 2-3: constant-pressure heat addition to the
air from an external source.
Process 3-4: isentropic expansion.
Process 4-1: constant-volume heat transfer from
the air.
The Diesel cycle
has a two-step
power stroke:
process 2-3 followed
by process 3-4.
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 Air-Standard Diesel Cycle (Cont.)
V1
The Diesel cycle compression ratio is: r
V2

V3
The Diesel cycle cut-off ratio is: rc
The ratio of volume at the cutoff (3) V2
to the clearance volume (2)

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 Air-Standard Diesel Cycle (Cont.)
Process 2-3 is heat addition at constant pressure.
Accordingly, the process involves both heat and work.
The work is given by

Using this for the closed system energy balance for

process 2-3 and solving for Q23/m gives

Note: Enthalpy appears only for notational convenience and

does not signal use of control volume concepts.
The thermal efficiency is the ratio of the net work to the
heat added:

Like the Otto cycle, thermal efficiency increases with

increasing compression ratio. 18
 Air-Standard Diesel Cycle (Cont.)
Similarly as in Otto cycle; areas on the T-s and p-v
diagrams of the Diesel cycle can be interpreted as
heat and work, respectively:
On the T-s diagram, heat transfer per unit of
mass is Tds. Thus,
Area 2-3-a-b-2 represents
heat added per unit of mass.
Area 1-4-a-b-1 is the heat
rejected per unit of mass.
The enclosed area is the net
heat added, which equals the
net work output.
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 Air-Standard Diesel Cycle (Cont.)
On the p-v diagram, work per unit of mass is
pdv. Thus,
Area 1-2-a-b-1 represents work
input per unit of mass during the
compression process.
Area 2-3-4-b-a-2 is the work
done per unit of mass in the
two-step power stroke: process
2-3 followed by process 3-4.
The enclosed area is the net
work output, which equals the
net heat added.
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 Air-Standard Dual Cycle
By considering heat transfer to the air
undergoing the power cycle as occurring in two
steps:
Constant volume followed by
Constant pressure,
The air-standard Dual cycle aims to mimic the
pressure-volume variation of actual internal
combustion engines more closely than achievable
with the Otto and Diesel cycles.

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 Air-Standard Dual Cycle (Cont.)
The air-standard Dual cycle consists of five internally
reversible processes in series:
Process 1-2: isentropic compression.
Process 2-3: constant-volume heat addition to the air
from and external source.
Process 3-4: constant-pressure heat addition to the air
from an external source.
Process 4-5: isentropic expansion.
Process 5-1: constant-volume heat transfer from the air.
As in the Diesel
cycle, the Dual cycle
also has a two-step
power stroke:
process 3-4 followed
by process 4-5.
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 Air-Standard Dual Cycle (Cont.)
Using closed system energy balances for each of
the processes, the following expression for thermal
efficiency for the air-standard Dual Cycle can be
developed:

(Eq. 9.14)

Note: As for the Diesel cycle, enthalpy appears only for

notational convenience and does not signal use of control
volume concepts.

Like the Otto and Diesel cycles, thermal efficiency

increases with increasing compression ratio.
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 Air-Standard Dual Cycle (Cont.)
The specific internal energies and temperatures
at each principal state are determined using
methods similar to those used for the Otto and
Diesel Cycles.
Areas on the T-s and p-v diagrams of the Dual
cycle can be interpreted as heat and work,
respectively, as in the cases of the Otto and Diesel
cycles.

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Actual Reciprocating Internal Combustion Engines

As implied by the discussion of the Otto, Diesel,

and Dual cycles, it is advantageous for actual
reciprocating internal combustion engines to have
high compression ratios.
However, since the temperature of the fuel-air
mixture being compressed in spark-ignition
engines also increases with compression ratio,
the possibility of autoignition or knock limits
the compression ratio of such engines to the
range 9.5-11.5, when fueled with unleaded
gasoline.
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 Actual Reciprocating Internal Combustion
Engines (Cont.)
Since only air is compressed in the cylinder,
compression-ignition engines do not experience
engine knock due to premature autoignition of fuel.
Accordingly, such engines can
operate at higher compression ratios than spark-
ignition engines.
use less refined fuels having higher ignition
temperatures than the volatile fuels required by spark-
ignition engines.

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