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:
mg/(m h Pa)
W / (m C)
Properties of
lightweight concrete
2.1 Introduction
300 to a maximum of 2000 kg/m3, with corresponding cube strengths from approximately
1 to over 60 MPa and thermal conductivities of 0.2 to 1.0 W/mK. These values can be
compared with those for normal weight concrete of approximately 21002500 kg/m3, 15
to greater than 100 MPa and 1.61.9 W/mK. The principal techniques used for producing
Omitting the finer fraction of normal weight aggregate to create air-filled voids using
Including bubbles of gas in a cement paste or mortar matrix to form a cellular structure
Replacing, either wholly or partially, natural aggegates in a concrete mix with aggregates
The properties of lightweight concrete can be exploited in a number of ways from its
use as a primarily structural material to its incorporation into structures for the enhancement
of thermal insulation. This chapter is concerned mainly with lightweight aggregate concretes
and, in particular, those made with lightweight aggregates within a Portland cementbased
2.2.1 Production
The mix consists of cement, water and course aggregate with fines (sand) omitted. After
prior moistening with water the aggregates are mixed with the cement and mix water.
This results in each particle of coarse aggregate being coated with a layer (up to about
1.3 mm) of cement paste which bonds it to adjacent particles in point-to-pint contact to
leave interstit ial voids (Figure 2.2).
The voids are interconnected to produce a porous open-textured concrete with reduced
density, strength and shrinkage. Density depends mainly on the type and grading of the
aggregate. The lowest densities are achieved with single-sized coarse aggregate. Maximum
aggregate size can range from 7 to 75 mm1 but is usually from 10 to 20 mm. The
aggregate should contain no more than 10 per cent of undersized material, no particle less
than 5 mm, no flaky or elongated particles and be clean to allow good cohesion with the
cement paste. The aggregate should be gravel or hard and crushed aggregate without
sharp edges which increase the likelihood of local crushing under load. Lightweight
aggregate can be used to further decrease concrete density. For normal weight aggregates,
aggregate/cement ratios from 6 to 10 produce densities of between 1200 and 1900 kg/m3
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