Subha

Introduction:
The short stor u ha is ritte Rabindranath Tagore Rabindranath
Tagore was born in Kolkata in Bengal. He belongs to a Bengali Brahmin family. He
was Bengali poet of India. In 1913 he won the Nobel Prize for literature
( Geeta jali ), the first Asian who won this prize. He was popularly known as
Gurudev.

Theme of the story:

The main theme of the story is the close affinity between man and nature.

Subha:
Subha is a near heart breaking tale of deaf and mute girl. Subha is born into
a comfortable family. She is the youngest of the three daughters.

Her mother tries to love her but she can barely force the emotion. Her
father loves Subha and accepts her. Her two sisters are married to proper persons
with proper dowry. For Subha, finding a husband is not so simple. Subha is able to
o u i ate usi g gushers u derstood o l ithi the fa il . u ha s full name
is Subhashini hi h ea s eetl peaki g ut u fortu atel she la ks
speech.

Family:
Banikantha, father of Subhashini lives in a small village called Chandipur
with his family. Banikantha has three daughters Sukeshini, Suhasini and for the
sake of uniformity her father named his youngest girl Subhashini.

Friends:
Her frie ds are t o o s ar ashi a d Pa guli . Subhashini loved and
cared the cows very much. Subha also had a comrade by name Pratap.
Pratap:
Pratap is lazy and ideal. He spent most of his time in fishing. Though Pratap
being lazy and ideal when Subha comes in front he would respect her. He has only
o e thought that he has to at h a fish. He ould all u ha ith a i k a e u .

Chandipur:
This is a name of village which is located a few miles away from Kolkata.
Subha was born in this village. There is a river flowing through this village.

Migrate to Kolkata:
Banikantha migrates to Kolkata to get his daughter married.

Marriage:
O e da u ha s other dressed her neatly, spoiling her natural beauty.
The the ride groo has arri ed he e a i ed her a d said ot so ad . The he
got married to Subha.

Human Nature:
After a few days of her marriage everyone came to know that Subha was
dumb so his husband married another girl who can speak, leaving Subha.

Conclusion:
The story ends with her silent heart there sounded as endless voiceless
weeping which only the searches of hearts could hear.

The bride groom discovered her lack of ability to speak and finally marrying
another another girl who could speak.
The Only American from Our Village

Introduction:
The lesso The O ly A eri a fro Our Village is ritte y Aru Joshi .
He is one of the Indo-English authors. All his novels are based on Alienation or
I ol e e t. He o the ahitya A ade y A ard for his o el The Last
La yri th i .

Theme of the Story

The main theme of the story is about

1. The relationship between father and son.

2. Youth having passion to go to the USA.
3. Cross Culturalism.

Dr.Khanna
Dr.Khanna was an outstanding physicist who left India 15 years ago and
settled in America.

Visit to India
Dr.Khanna left India 15 years ago and finally he decided to visit India with
his wife and his two sons for a four week trip.

Conference on Interplanetary Radiation

Dr.Khanna was invited to attend a conference on interplanetary radiation.
He was received by official of Council of Scientific Research. He addressed the
conference and he met Prime Minister, top most leaders and bureaucrats.
Relatives
Dr.Khanna never met any of his relatives but he got some gifts to his
relatives. Those gifts include Gillette razors, pop records and a mass of $1 neck
ties. But unfortunately pop records and ties are useless for them as they neither
had record players nor suits.

Mr. Kundanlal (Father of Dr.Khanna)

Mr. Kundanlal is the father of Dr.Khanna who faced all the problems in his
life but he worked hard so that his children can have a bright future. After his
retirement he settled in his village being very proud of his son and his
achievements. He used to tell everyone that his son is the only American from the
village.

Mr. Radhe Mohan Friend of Dr.Khanna s Father

Radhe Mohan was a close friend of Dr.Khanna s father. He orked as the
asthamp farosh (stamp vendor) of the town. When Dr.Khanna visited India he was
very happy to see him and he met Dr.Khanna and drags into past memories of
how Khanna has been truth less and ignorant towards his kind and loving father.

Cross-Culturalism
Although Dr.Khanna was of Indian origin, he migrated to America and went
through Cross-Culturalism. He has no concern about India and he is very much
interested in American culture.

Conclusion
In this lesson the author mainly focuses on the relationship between off
springs and parents. According to Indian culture ignoring parents is a heinous sin,
off springs are bound to take care of their aged parents as they have been looked
after during infancy, childhood and adolescence.
 Azim Premji an Entrepreneur
Introduction:
Azim Hashim Premji is an Indian business tycoon, investor and
philanthropist who is the chairman of Wipro limited. Azim Premji is known as the
Czar of the Indian IT industry.

Personal Life:
Azim Premji was born in Bombay, India in a Shia Muslim family with origins
fro Kut h i Gujarat. His father as a oted usi ess a a d as k o as
the Ri e Ki g of Bur a . Hes arried to Yas i . The ouple has t o hildre ,
Rishad and Tarit.

Education:
Azim Premji obtained a bachelor degree in Science in the branch of
Electrical Engineering in Stanford University; this is almost equal to a graduate
degree in engineering in India.

Career:
Azi Pre ji s career started in 1966 when he had to cut short his
education at ta ford U i ersity upo re ei i g the e s of his fathers de ise
a d a e a k to take harge of his fathers o pa y hi h had ee started i
1995. At that time Wipro is working out of a small town in Maharashtra dealt in
sunflower vanaspathi, a cooking oil brand, and 787, a laundry soap that was the
byproduct of cooking oil production.

Azim Premji Foundation:

Azim Premji Foundation was established in 2001 and is a major part of
philanthropic work done by Premji. It is a non-profit entity and its main aim is to
come up with contributions that can help in realizing a level of universal
education which in turn will lead to a society that has values like justice, humanity
and sustainity.

Through its work in the sensitive area of education in India the Azim Premji
Foundation is attending to come up with a group of concepts that can change the
very system in which the government maintains.

The main emphasis is to improve quality education and bringing the schools
at poor with the school in country. Most of the schools are in rural areas and that
is where the foundation has been focusing to a significant extent. It currently
functions in various states like AP, Karnataka, Puducherry, Uttarakand, Bihar,
Rajasthan, Chattisgarh, and Madhya Pradesh.

Azim Premji University:

The Azim Premji University was setup as per an act passed by the legislative
assembly of Karnataka. Its main aim is to conceive and execute programs that can
help in the development of the overall educational scenario as well as well-
trained workforce. It also attempts to provide substitute models for changing the
educational scenario. The university also puts money in educational research with
the end aim of widening the horizon of educational thoughts in India.

Participation in the Giving Pledge:

The Giving Pledge is a campaign that is the brainchild of Bill Gates and
Warren Buffet. Its primary aim is to provide encouragement to rich people to
come forward to commit a part of their riches to philanthropic activities. Azim
Premji is the first Indian who has signed up for the program. I fact he is the third
person from outside the United States; he is preceded by David Sainsbury and
Richard Branson, to have become a part of this initiative. As of April 2013, Premji
has become a part of the initiative. As of April 2013, Premji has donated at last
25% of his personal wealth to the said charity.
Awards and Recognition:
Azim Premji has received a lot of honor and respect being conferred with
many awards.

1. Manipal University awarded him an honorary doctorate during the year

2000.
2. In the year 2006 The National Institute of Industrial Engineering, Mumbai
conferred on him the luckshay business machinery.
3. In the year2009, Wesleyan University of Middletown awarded him an
honorary doctorate.
4. In the year 2005 the Indian Government bestowed upon him the title of
Pad a usha .
5. In the year 2011 Premji received the 2nd most prestigious civilian award
Pad a i usha fro the I dia Go er e t.

Conclusion:
Azim Premji is a living icon among Indian businessmen and he is a source of
inspiration to a number of budding talents. Azim Premji is a standing testimonial
to aspiring young achievers, leaving a clear message that vision and hard work are
the ways of getting one to the path of success.
The Year 2050 Reflection of the Future
Theodore J Gordon

Introduction
The lesson The Year 2050 Refle tion of the Future is written y
Theodore J Gordon. In this lesson the author mainly focuses on the 21st
century in various fields. He has also given the comparison between the year
1960 and the present.

World Population
The most optimistic of the world population by the year 2050 at above
10000 million when compared to the current population 4200 million with
increased longevity and improved health care are likely to have several
drawbacks.

Better Health Care

The large longevity of human life is due to availability of antibiotics or
modification of diet jogging and exercises improves health care extending
the human life span beyond 110 years.

Infrastructural Changes
The infrastructural changes improved distribution and reduced the
spoiling of the food and improved the productivity of the crops.

Genetic Engineering
New plant varieties obtained through genetic engineering which are
photosynthatically efficiently, uses less water and tend to be self fertilized.
Tropical Agriculture
Tropical agriculture will open billions of acres of land currently
unusable. This requires development of fundamentally new training
techniques that utilize the patterns of heat and rain to their advantage.

Natural Resources
By the year 2050 our conventional petroleum resources will have
substantially exhausted. The price of the petroleum products remains very
high and it will be impractical to burn it.

Electricity Generation
Now-a-days it is a challenging issue regarding electricity generation. All
the techniques we use today will mostly be of no use as the resources
required will be exhausted. So by the year 2050 we should be using
renewable sources like Solar and electricity through nuclear fusion.

Technology
Technology seems to come in waves in field of energy. There are 3
other waves of technology that will blossom to a large extent in the coming
years they are electronics, genetics and psychology.

Electronics are blossoming now and in a decade or two we can

imagine doing all the works electronically.

Artificial Intelligence
By the year 2050 the rapid progress in AI will be inevitable as us
humans are always lazy and want our machines to do all our intelligent tasks
as well. The machines started taking over the works of humans around the
start of the Industrial Revolution. Now there is a rush for development of
machines that will be able to perform any level of intellectual activities and
that are creative.

Medicine
In the medical field scientists will invent a process by which the human body
will be immune to many known diseases and be completely immune to
genetic diseases like anemia.

Psychology
By the year 2050 psychology plays a vital role. Today there is no clear
understanding about our mind. Knowing how our min stores our memories
and retrieved we can improve education rehabitalation personality
development and knowledge.

Space Technology
In the next century space may provide an alternative to war. Space
after all offers the potential advantage maybe obtained without killing as it
may permit nations to develop advanced technology without building
weapons. Space discoveries with respect to the cosmos the earth becomes
smaller as the result of growing population, the limitless boundaries of
space which begin to open to get into imagination.

Conclusion
The present generation will face significant challenges in the years
ahead. From our present perspective 70 years is a distinct time origin but
from the perspective of history. The challenges and opportunities for the
present generation are staggering in their potential.
The Little Black Boy
William Blake

Introduction
The poe The Little Bla k Bo as take fro o e of Willia
Blake`s fa ous poeti al orks, a olle tio of illustrated poe s alled The
o gs of E perie e a d The so gs of I o e e pu lished in 1783 and
1793 respe ti el . Willia Blake elo gs to the Ro a ti Age of Arts . He
worked as an engraver, illustrator and a Drawing Teacher.

Theme of the Poem

The main theme of the story is the attitude of the human beings, skin
complexion, the true love of the mother who consoles her deprived son and
finally Blake focuses on abolishment of slavery.

Summary of the Poem

The black skin complexion boy was born in the southern wild of Africa.
In this poem he bothers about his own identity. The little black boy explains
that though his son is black due to heat of the sun his soul is as white as an
English child. The boy takes the lesson taught by his mother on how to live
in this world created by god.

The god gives light and life to all and also gives comfort and joy to
everyone. His mother says that we are put on the earth to learn and accept
god`s love. Black skin is like a cloud that will be dissipated when his soul
meets god in heaven. God loves all humans equally.
 God brings up the colors of white which is often associated with good
things like angels and black color is often associated with bad things like
dark ess. The poe The Little Bla k Bo e ters o a spiritual a ake i g
through a divine love that transcends racial differences.

First stanza of the poem conveys the little black boy`s intense pain and
agony arising out of racial consciousness. The boy feels a sense of self
hatred and inferiority complex on account of his being black. The little black
boy feels that he is not favored by god because he is deprived of light, but
favors an English child who is white in color.

In the second stanza the poem offers his mother consoling the little
black boy. The mother tries to comfort his pain and agony. God treats all as
equal in heaven. She tells that god gives light to everyone on the earth. The
rays of the sun give equal joy to flowers, trees, animals and humans. God
sent humans on to earth to love one another. We should learn to give and
take love from one another. She tries to console her son by giving him a
feeling of pride and self-worth by telling him that black skin is better
adopted when compared to white skin.

Conclusion
In this poem Mr. Blake mainly focuses on the mental state of the little
black boy and the realization of racial differences.
Senor Payroll
William Burnett

Introduction
The author of the lesson senor payroll is William Burnett.

Theme of the Story

The main theme of the story is that it teaches the business owners to
handle their employees in a proper way which is to understand and to meet
their needs in the best ways possible.

Summary
Senor payroll is a story of certain company which has employed a
group of expert Mexican stokers. They continually ask for salaries in
advance and when an order to give advances only to genuine emergency
cases is released, the stokers faked so many emergencies claiming sick
wives, children and aunts. This forces the company to give another order
that limits the salary advances to those who wish to resign for the company.
A series of resignations and reassignments follows as the stokers quit and
reapplied for new jobs in the same company. Another order is released that
no stoker will be reassigned after quitting until 30 days are over. The stokers
continued to quit coming back to be rehired using some other names. The
Mexican workers offer excellent services but continuously disturbed their
employers by asking advance payments. In an effort to curb this nuisance
behavior the company gives numerous orders and everything fails to rectify
the situation. This shows that the social gap between the rich company
owners and junior staff where the owners never understand the lack of
experienced by low class workers as seen in this situation where the junior
staff such as clerks are sent to explain the rules to the subordinates. It
presents a situation which shows how hard it can be to resolve the conflicts
between workers and their employers. It also shows that how hard it can be
to hange peoples ha its and cultural issues as it was hard to eliminate the
nuisance behavior t he Mexican stokers even after threatening them that
they would lose their jobs.
White Washing the Fence
Mark Twain

Introduction
Samuel Langhorne Clemens was born on 30 November 1835. He was
popularly k o y his a e Mark T ai as a A eri a riter,
publisher, entrepreneur, and lecturer. Among his novels The Ad e tures of
To a d Hu k is o sidered as a A eri a lassi .

Tom Sawyer
An imaginative and mischievous boy named Tom Sawyer lives with his
Aunt Polly and his brother Sid in the town of St. Petersburg near the
Mississippi river. Though Tom is mischievous he is the most intelligent boy in
the group. After playing games on Friday and destroying his clothes in a fight
Tom is made to white-wash the fence as a punishment on Saturday.

Aunt Polly
After Tom`s mother died her sister Aunt Polly takes care of Tom and
his brother Sid. Aunt Polly wants to confront her nephew about some
missing jam. Tom however is able to outwit his Aunt and slips away. But
Aunt Polly loves Tom so much that she can`t be harsh on him.

One day Tom`s clothes are so soiled from the fight that Aunt Polly
punishes him by making him white-wash the fence in his free time on
Saturday. On Saturday morning Tom begins his tedious task of white-
washing, fully aware that all his friends are out there playing. One of his
friends was about to come by and saw that Tom is working on Saturday
 or i g. To prete ds that he is t doi g ork as he is e joyi g hi self.
Soon Ben, his friend, wants to try his hand and offers Tom his apple. As Ben
was painting others came along and asked to join in white-washing the
fence. Tom completes his task with his team Saturday evening itself. After
the fence is painted Aunt Polly allows him for playing.

Conclusion
Unity is strength when there is team work and collaboration
wonderful things can be achieved

Teamwork divides the task and multiplies the success.

Tea Together, Everyo e achieves ore