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SCHLUMBERGER
Treatment Design Objective
Place an optimum fracture to maximize incremental
production.
The keys to successful fracture stimulation:
Fracture containment
Adequate propped fracture length
Adequate fracture conductivity
2
Data Collection
Uncontrollable Controllable parameters:
parameters: 1. Csg, tbg & wellhead
1. K configuration
2. 2. D.H. equipment
3. min 3. Perf diameter &
4. BHST & Pr Number & Phasing
5. Type of reservoir fluid 4. Fracture treatment
3
Designing for the optimum fracture
TSO Treatments
5
Well Testing
Determination of well producing potential
diagnostic plot
Dimensionless pressure
100
10
type curves 1
0.1
0.001
0.0001
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1E+006 1E+007 1E+008 1E+009
Dimensionless time
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Geomechanics Modeling for Hydraulic
Fracturing
1.0
DataFRAC
Fracture Design
Fault
PR E UCS F
1.0
PR E UCS F
h Regional
Pp V H
Trend
MEM Update
MainFRAC
Sonic Fracture Mapping
Stress Definition
Force
Area
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Overburden & Horizontal Stress
Overburden Stress:
Stress parallel to the wellbore axis due to the overburden load.
Overburden stress gradient (1.0 - 1.1) psi/ft.
Horizontal Stress:
Perpendicular to the overburden stress at right angles to each other.
Primarily result of overburden stress, reservoir pressure and tectonic
forces
Minimum horizontal stress (smin) gradient (0.3 - 0.9) psi/ft
Maximum horizontal stress (smax) gradient (1.0 - 1.5) smin
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In-Situ Stress
In-Situ Stress is the single most important factor
controlling hydraulic fracturing. It affects the
following Frac Parameters:
Orientation
Height
Treating pressure
Proppant crushing and embedment
Width profiles
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Lithology-based Stress Determination
Total Stress = Lithostatic Stress + Tectonic Stress
Lithostatic Stress:
Depends on the rock Poissons ratio and reservoir pore pressure
Stress increases with increasing pore pressure and Poissons ratio
Tectonic Stress:
Can be a significant component (depends on local geologic activity)
Could increase or decrease stresses
Strongly depends on rock Youngs modulus
11
Lithostatic Stress Determination
lit = ( ob p ) + p
1
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Hydraulic Fracture Orientation
overburden stress
maximum horizontal
stress
minimum horizontal
stress
assumes overburden
stress is principal
stress
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Strain
When a body is subject to a stress field, the body will
deform.
change in length
Strain =
original length
dL
Strain= dL
L
L
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Youngs Modulus
Stiffer
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Determination of In Situ-Stress
Pump-in/flowback test
Logging techniques
Specialized core test
Microfracturing
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Logging Technique
Use sonic data to provide stress information
Use built in correlations obtained from field tests
The only way to obtain a complete stress profile
These logs need to be calibrated with values from
other methods
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Geometry vs. Youngs Modulus
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Geometry vs. Stress Contrast
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Why Different Stresses Exist Downhole?
Lithostatic Stress
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Typical Mechanical Properties
Hydrocarbon Reservoirs
Form ation Type P orosity E V Toughness
(% ) (psi) psi (in.) 1/2
Sandstone Tight 5 to 15 4 to 8.0 0.18 to 0.25 1000
Sandstone Very Soft > 30 0.01 to 0.2 0.3 to 0.35 3000 to 6000
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Vertical Or Horizontal Fracture
Rule-Of-thumb :
Frac Gradient < 0.8 psi / ft --------> Vertical Fracture
Frac Gradient > 1.0 psi / ft --------> Horizontal Fracture
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Induced Stress
In-situ stress field can be changed locally
Borehole
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Stress Concentration
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Height
For 2-D Models (fixed height) we define:
Gross height
Leakoff height
Net height
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Reservoir Fluid Properties
Fluid density
Fluid viscosity
Fluid compressibility
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Casing, Tubing & Wellhead Assembly
Casing must be of sufficient integrity to withstand the
high pressure that occurs during fracturing.
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Downhole Equipment
Packer must be able to withstand the large pressure
forces that tend to drive the packer body uphole
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Perforation Diameter
Perforation size directly affects proppant size and
concentration.
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Perforation Phasing
Laboratory experiments show that the initiation
pressures are higher when the fracture does not
intersect with the perforations.
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