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Fracturing Design Methodology

SCHLUMBERGER
Treatment Design Objective
 Place an optimum fracture to maximize incremental
production.
 The keys to successful fracture stimulation:
Fracture containment
Adequate propped fracture length
Adequate fracture conductivity

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Data Collection
Uncontrollable Controllable parameters:
parameters: 1. Csg, tbg & wellhead
1. K configuration
2. 2. D.H. equipment
3. min 3. Perf diameter &
4. BHST & Pr Number & Phasing
5. Type of reservoir fluid 4. Fracture treatment

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Designing for the optimum fracture

Parameters that affect your :


Frac Length
Frac Width:
Treatment Volume (fluid efficiency)
Proppant Concentration Treatment Clean up
Pump Rate & Fluid Viscosity Pump Rate & Fluid Viscosity

TSO Treatments

Fracture (Proppant) Permeability:


Proppant Type
Proppant Size Kf-retw
Fcd =
Proppant Concentration k xf
Fracturing Fluid Damage
Permeability & Porosity
 Reservoir permeability is probably the most important factor in post fracture
production rates. Obtained from? How?

 Permeability is important to design the estimated required half length,


estimated production gain and type of fluid required

 Porosity plays an important part in reservoir oil reserves and in the


viscosity leakoff coefficients. Obtained from? How?

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Well Testing
 Determination of well producing potential

 Candidate evaluation for stimulation


PE22_BUP.WTD (Drawdown type curve, Radial equivalent time)
Radial flow, Single porosity, Finite circular drainage area: Varying CDe2s
100000

Average reservoir pressure = 1389.4 psi


10000 Permeability = 3 md

 Review interpretation: 1000


WBS coefficient = 0.01 bbl/psi
Skin factor = 6
Area = 320 acre

diagnostic plot

Dimensionless pressure
100

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type curves 1

0.1

semi-log plot 0.01

0.001

0.0001
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1E+006 1E+007 1E+008 1E+009

Dimensionless time

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Geomechanics Modeling for Hydraulic
Fracturing

Elastic Strength In Situ Stresses & Pore Pressure


Youngs
10 100 0 Friction Angle 50
Modulus Stress Direction h
0 Poissons 0.5 0 0 In Situ Stresses 100 W N E
UCS 100
Ratio

1.0

DataFRAC
Fracture Design
Fault

PR E UCS F

Elastic Strength In Situ Stresses & Pore Pressure


h Regional
Pp V H Youngs
Trend 10 100 0 Friction Angle 50
Modulus Stress Direction h
0 Poissons 0.5 0 0 In Situ Stresses 100 W N E
UCS 100
Ratio

1.0

Mechanical Earth Model


Fault

PR E UCS F

h Regional
Pp V H
Trend

MEM Update

MainFRAC
Sonic Fracture Mapping
Stress Definition

Force

Area

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Overburden & Horizontal Stress
 Overburden Stress:
Stress parallel to the wellbore axis due to the overburden load.
Overburden stress gradient (1.0 - 1.1) psi/ft.

 Horizontal Stress:
Perpendicular to the overburden stress at right angles to each other.
Primarily result of overburden stress, reservoir pressure and tectonic
forces
Minimum horizontal stress (smin) gradient (0.3 - 0.9) psi/ft
Maximum horizontal stress (smax) gradient (1.0 - 1.5) smin

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In-Situ Stress
 In-Situ Stress is the single most important factor
controlling hydraulic fracturing. It affects the
following Frac Parameters:
Orientation
Height
Treating pressure
Proppant crushing and embedment
Width profiles

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Lithology-based Stress Determination
Total Stress = Lithostatic Stress + Tectonic Stress

 Lithostatic Stress:
Depends on the rock Poissons ratio and reservoir pore pressure
Stress increases with increasing pore pressure and Poissons ratio

 Tectonic Stress:
Can be a significant component (depends on local geologic activity)
Could increase or decrease stresses
Strongly depends on rock Youngs modulus

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Lithostatic Stress Determination

lit = ( ob p ) + p
1

lit = lithostatic horizontal stress


= Poissons ratio
ob = Overburden pressure
= Poroelastic constant
NOTE: The two horizontal stresses are assumed to be equal

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Hydraulic Fracture Orientation
overburden stress
maximum horizontal
stress
minimum horizontal
stress

assumes overburden
stress is principal
stress
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Strain
When a body is subject to a stress field, the body will
deform.
change in length
Strain =
original length

dL
Strain= dL
L
L

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Youngs Modulus

Youngs Modulus = Stress


Strain

Stiffer

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Determination of In Situ-Stress
 Pump-in/flowback test
 Logging techniques
 Specialized core test
 Microfracturing

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Logging Technique
 Use sonic data to provide stress information
 Use built in correlations obtained from field tests
 The only way to obtain a complete stress profile
 These logs need to be calibrated with values from
other methods

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Geometry vs. Youngs Modulus

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Geometry vs. Stress Contrast

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Why Different Stresses Exist Downhole?
Lithostatic Stress

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Typical Mechanical Properties
Hydrocarbon Reservoirs
Form ation Type P orosity E V Toughness
(% ) (psi) psi (in.) 1/2
Sandstone Tight 5 to 15 4 to 8.0 0.18 to 0.25 1000

Sandstone M edium Soft 15 to 25 1.0 to 4.0 0.2 to 0.25 1000 to 2000

Sandstone S oft 25 to 30 0.1 to 0.5 0.25 to 0.30 2000 to 4000

Sandstone Very Soft > 30 0.01 to 0.2 0.3 to 0.35 3000 to 6000

Shale S oft to Tight 7 to 12 2.0 to 5.0 0.2 to 0.4 1000 to 2000

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Vertical Or Horizontal Fracture

Vertical fracture plane is perpendicular Horizontal fracture with a pancake like


to earths surface due to overburden geometry. Usually associated with
stress being too great to overcome shallow wells of less than 3,000 ft. depth


Rule-Of-thumb :
Frac Gradient < 0.8 psi / ft --------> Vertical Fracture
Frac Gradient > 1.0 psi / ft --------> Horizontal Fracture

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Induced Stress
 In-situ stress field can be changed locally

Borehole

Induced Stress Field

In-situ Stess Field

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Stress Concentration

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Height
 For 2-D Models (fixed height) we define:
Gross height
Leakoff height
Net height

 For P3D and 3D Models gross height will be


calculated considering the Net Pressure and the
stresses for the different layers (what is the Pnet vs.
relationship that governs height growth?)
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Temperature and Pressure
 Static reservoir temperature is needed for a suitable
fluid selection (BHST) (What fluid properties are
temperature dependent? )

 Reservoir pressure is required for correct well


productivity before and after fracturing.

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Reservoir Fluid Properties
 Fluid density

 Fluid viscosity

 Fluid compressibility

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Casing, Tubing & Wellhead Assembly
 Casing must be of sufficient integrity to withstand the
high pressure that occurs during fracturing.

 Tubing I.D. & maximum yield pressure limit our frac


treatment maximum pressure and rate.

 Wellhead assembly limits the maximum wellhead


pressure.

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Downhole Equipment
 Packer must be able to withstand the large pressure
forces that tend to drive the packer body uphole

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Perforation Diameter
 Perforation size directly affects proppant size and
concentration.

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Perforation Phasing
 Laboratory experiments show that the initiation
pressures are higher when the fracture does not
intersect with the perforations.

 Optimum phasing for fracturing?


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Thank You

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