3/14/2017 FlowerStructureMorphologyandFunctions

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3/14/2017 FlowerStructureMorphologyandFunctions

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Lychnis coronaria (Rose

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Flower Structure
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FlowerStructureMorphologyandFunctions
14102012
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STRUCTURETERMS

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Pedicel:Thestemthatconnectstheflowertothe
mainstem.

Receptacle:Thethickenedpartofthepedicelthat
bearstherestofthefloralparts.

Hypanthium:Astructurethatisformedbythe
fusionofthelowerpartsofthepetals,sepalsand
stamens.Itischaracteristicofsomeplantfamilies
(Fabaceae,Rosaceaeetc.).

ANATOMICALPARTS

1.Perianth:Thepartoftheflowerthatconsists
ofallitssepalsandtepals.

Corolla:allthepetals.Eachpetalconsistsofthe
limb(themainpartofthepetal)andtheclaw(a
narrowingtowardsthebasethatisconnectedto
thereceptacle).

Calyx:allthesepals.

Tepals:Atermthatisusedtodescribethepetalsandthesepalswhentheyarequitesimilar(suchasinseveral
monocotyledonousplants).

2.Reproductiveorgans:

Stamen:Themalereproductivepart.Itconsistsofthefilamentandtheanther,wherepollenisproduced.The
stamensofaflowerconsideredasagroupformtheandroecium.Stamenoidsarestamensthathavelostthe
abilitytoproducepollen,andinsomespecies(eg.Canna)theyresemblepetals.Fusionofthefilaments(eg.
Fabaceae,Malvaceae,Citrus)ortheanthers(egAsteraceae)isnotuncommon.Epipetalousstamensareattached
tothepetalsandtheyareoftenobservedinsympetalousflowers.

Pistil:Thestructurethatincludesthefemalereproductiveorgans,thecarpels.Eachcarpelconsistsofthe
stigma,thestyleandtheovary,thatcontainstheovules.Thepsitilsofaflowerasagrouparecalledgynoecium.
Gynoeciummaybemonocarpousorunicarpellate(whenitconsistsofonepistilthatcontainsasinglecarpel),
apocarpous(whenitconsistsofseveralpistils,eachonecontainingasinglecarpel)orsyncarpous(whenit
consistsofasinglepistilthatcontainsmultiplefusedcarpels).

Inorchids,thestamens,thastyleandthestigmafusetoformthegynostemium(column).

FLOWERTYPES

1.BASEDONTHEPRESENCEOFAPERIANTH:

Achlamydeous:Noperianth.
Monochlamydeous:Asinglelineoftepals(sepalsorpetals).Inthiscasetheperianthiscalledsimpleor

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perigonium,anditisfurthercharacterisedaspetaloid(asepalousflower,eg.Galliumsp.,Coniummaculatum),
orsepaloid(apetalousflower,eg.Anemonesp.,Clematissp.,Thalictrumsp).

Homochlamydeous:Corollaandcalyxaresimilarornotfullydifferentiated(eg.Liliumsp.).
Heterochlamydeous:Corollaandcalyxfullydifferentiated.

2.BASEDONTHEIRREPRODUCTIVEORGANS:

Imperfect:Bearonlymaleorfemaleorgans.
Perfect:Bearbothmaleandfemaleorgans.

3.BASEDONTHEIRSYMMETRY:

Actinomorphic(regular):withmultiplesymmetryaxes.
Zygomorphic(irregular):withonlyonesymmetryaxis.

VincamajorActinomorphicflower LablabpurpureousZygomorphicflower

4.BASEDONTHEMORPHOLOGYOFTHEIRCOROLLA:

.Polypetalous(havingdistinct,separatepetals)

Cruciform:
Corollacomposedof4clawedpetals.
Examples:LobulariamaritimaandothermembersofthefamilyBrassicaceae.

Lobulariamaritima

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Caryophyllaceous:
Corollacomposedof5petalswithclawsandtubularhypanthium.
Examples:PlantsintheCaryophyllaceaefamily.

Silenearmeria

Rosaceous:
Corollacomposedof5petalshavingnoorverysmallclaw.
Examples:PlantsintheRosaceaefamily.

Spiraeacantoniensis

Papilionaceous:
Corollacomposedofanupperpetal(vexillum),twoseperatepetals(alae)and
twofusedlowerpetalsthatformthecarina.
Examples:Lathyrussp.andotherplantsinthefamilyFabaceae.

Lathyruslatifolius'albus'

.SympetalousorGamopetalous[havingpartiallyorfullyfusedpetals]

Calcarate/spurred:
Examples:Aquilegiasp.

Aquilegiafragrans

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Campanulate:
CharacteristicoftheCampanulaceaefamily.

Campanulapyramidalis

Tubular:
Examples:Ipomoealobata,Kniphofiasp.,Eccremocarpussp.

Ipomoealobata

Infundibuliform/funnelshaped:
Examples:Daturasp.,Ipomoeasp.

Daturasp.

Hypocrateriform/salverform:
Tubularcalyxandcorollacomposedofpetalsspreadingoutwardsatright
anglestotheaxisofthecalyx.
Examples:Catharanthusroseus,Phloxpaniculata,Myosotissylvatica,Ixora
coccinea,Pentaslanceolata,Plumbagoauriculata

Plumbagoauriculata

Urceolate:
Examples:Arbutusunedo,Pierisjaponica,Muscarisp.

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Arbutusunedo

Bilabiate:
Corollaconsistsoftwo'lips'thatremainopen.
Examples:Salviasp.,Penstemonsp.

Salviasp.

Personate/palate:
Corollaconsistsoftwo'lips'thatremainclosedduetothepalateofthelower
lip.
Examples:Antirrhinumsp.,

Antirrhinummajus

Coronate:
Examples:Narcissussp.,Neriumoleander,Hymenocallissp.

Narcissuscv.

Rotate:
Examples:Solanumsp.

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Solanumrantonnetii

Galeate:
Examples:conitumsp.
Ligulate:
Examples:ligulatefloretsofplantsinthefamilyAsteraceae
Calceolate/saccate:
Examples:Calceolariasp.,Cypripediumsp.

5.BASEDONTHERELATIVEPOSITIONOFTHEOVARY:

Hypogynous:ovaryplacedabovetherestoftheflowerparts.
Perigynous:ovarypartiallysurroundedbythehypanthium(eg.Fabaceae,Rosaceaeetc.)
Epigynous

FUNCTIONSOFTHEFLOWERS

1.Attractpollinators.
2.Producegametes.
3.Photosynthesis.
4.Respiration.

INFLORESCENCE

1.DISTINCTIONBASEDONTHEIRPOSITION
1.Terminal
2.Axillary
3.Intercalary

2.DISTINCTIONBASEDONTHEIRSTRUCTURE

A.Racemoseorindeterminate/monopodial:
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Raceme:
Asinglestembearingpedicellateflowers.Growthismonopodial.

Deutziagracilis

Panicle:
Acompoundraceme.

Lagerstroemiaindica

Spike:
Asinglestembearingsessileflowers.Growthismonopodial.

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Gladiolus'Atom'

Compoundspike

Catkin/ament:
Hanginginflorescence.Flowersmaybepedicellateorsessile.

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Corymb:
Manypedicellateflowers,havingunequalpedicels.Flowersareonthe
samelevel.

Compoundcorymb

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Achilleamillefolium

Umbel:
Manypedicellateflowershavingequalpedicels.Theygrowatthetip
ofthemainstem.

Hoya'Minibelle'

Compoundumbel

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Coniummaculatum

Capitulum/head

Helianthusannuus

Compoundcapitulum)
Spadix

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Spathiphyllumcochlearispathum

Compoundspadix

B.Cymoseordeterminate/sympodial:

Monochasium:asinglebranchisformedfromeachbranch.Itis
furtherclassifiedasfollows:

Rhipidium:
Secondarybranchesgrowalternatelyonthesameverticalplane(see
picture).

Cannacv.

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Scorpioidcyme/cincinnus:
Secondarybranchesgrowalternatelyontheoppositesidesofthesame
verticalplane(seepicture).

Boragoofficinalis

Drepanium:
Branchesgrowunilaterallyonthesameverticalplane(seepicture).

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Ipomoealobata

Helicoidcyme/bostryx:
Branchesgrowunilaterally,formingakindofcoil(seepicture).

Dichasium:
Twosecondarybranchesareformedfromeachbranch.

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Bougainvillea sp.

Pleiochasium:
Threeormoresecondarybranchesareformedfromeachbranch.

Kalanchoeblossfeldiana

Solitarycyme:
Asingleterminalflower.

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Hibiscusrosasinensis

Umbelliformcyme

Pelargoniumxhortum

C.Mixed:

Indeterminatethyrse:
Aracemoseinflorescence,havinglateralflowersreplacedbycymose
inflorescences.

Aesculushippocastanum

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Determinatethyrse:
Thyrsewithaterminalflower.

Syringavulgaris

Mixedspadix:
eg.Musasp.

D.SPECIALTYPES:

Hypanthodium:
Flowersaresurroundedbyamodifiedportionofthestem(eg.
syconiumsofFicussp.).

Ficusbinnendijkii

Cyathium:
CharacteristicofthefamilyEuphorbiaceae.

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Euphorbiapulcherrima

Verticillaster:
Flowersariseinpairsandinsuchaway,thattheygivetheimpression
ofawhorl.CharacteristicofthefamilyLamiaceae.

Monardadidyma

Coenanthium:
Similartothehypanthodium.CharacteristicofthegenusDorstenia.

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