Sunteți pe pagina 1din 12

Slender Column Design

Based on ACI 318-08


By Mahmoud E. Kamara, Ph.D., and Lawrence C. Novak, S.E., SECB, LEED AP

Sponsored by Content by

JANUARY 2010
FIVE TOOLS FOR CONCRETE THINKING FROM PCA

Blast Resistant Design Guide for Simplified Design: Reinforced Concrete Buildings
Reinforced Concrete (EB090) of Moderate Size and Height (EB104)
This guide, which includes Presents timesaving
a foreword by Dr. Gene analysis, design, and
Corley, provides structural detailing methods for
engineers with a practical reinforced concrete
treatment of the design of buildings, particularly
cast-in-place reinforced economical for buildings
concrete structures to with one- to seven-stories.
resist the effects of blast Significant guidance is
loads. Readers will be provided for preliminary
able to understand the design and overall
principles of blast- structural economy
resistant design, determine the kind and degree of through formwork and reinforcement details.
resistance a structure needs, and specify the materials
and details required to provide it. Guidelines are Seismic Detailing of Concrete Buildings (SP382)
provided for detailing requirements for blast Contains a comprehensive
resistance and detailing philosophy and reinforcement summary of the seismic
splicing are introduced for columns, beams, slabs, detailing requirements
walls, and joints. It includes a final chapter devoted to contained in Building
design methods that can protect structures against Code Requirements for
progressive collapse. Structural Concrete
(318-05) and Commen-
PCA Notes on ACI 318-08 Building Code tary (318R-05), which is
Requirements for Structural Concrete with adopted by reference in
Design Applications (EB708) the 2006 International
SEAOI 2009 Meritorious Publication Award Building Code. A supple-
The tenth edition of this mental CD is included with reinforcement details for
classic PCA resource beams, columns, two-way slabs, walls, and foundations.
has been updated to
reflect code changes Reinforced Concrete Design
introduced in the latest Distance Learning Modules (DVD005)
version of Building Code Refresh your knowledge
Requirements for of the analysis and design
Structural Concrete, ACI of reinforced concrete
318-08. These notes will and earn 13 Professional
help users apply code Development Hours with-
provisions related to the out leaving your desk.
design and construction of concrete structures. Each Along with reinforced
chapter of the manual starts with a description of the concrete fundamentals,
latest code changes. Emphasis is placed on how-to- this educational DVD includes narrated presentations on
use the code. Numerous design examples illustrate beams and one-way slabs, two-way slabs, columns,
application of the code provisions. walls, and foundations.

For more publications visit the PCA Bookstore at www.cement.org


Professional Development Series

Slender Column Design Based on ACI 318-08


By Mahmoud E. Kamara, Ph.D., and Lawrence C. Novak, S.E., SECB, LEED AP

W
ith advancements in concrete technology causes an increase of in the original eccentricity of the load
and increased use of high-strength concrete, at the critical section (see Figure 1). This causes an increase in
smaller column cross sections are being the bending moment at the critical section known also as P
designed for a given load combination. effect. A column deflects due to the effect of buckling and/or
Also, with new innovations in architectural and structural the sidesway of the frame containing the column.
systems, the demand on columns that span vertically more The terms slender and non-slender columns have been
than one traditional floor height is increasing. New materi- used interchangeably with the terms long and short
als, advanced methods of analysis, and innovative structural columns. While a short column may fail because of a combi-
systems result in materials saving and optimum use of the nation of moment and axial load that exceeds the strength
building space, which leads to more sustainable design. of the cross section (material failure), a slender column
Design of slender columns requires the understanding of the with the same cross section may fail at a lower magnitude
exact behavior of such structural elements. The following of P because of the additional moments resulting from the
article covers the behavior and design of slender columns. deflected shape of the column. If a column is very slender,
The procedure presented here reflects the provisions of the it may reach a deflection due to the effect of the axial load
American Concrete Institutes Building Code Requirements additional moment (P) such that deflections will increase
for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-08). All section and equa- indefinitely with the increase in the load. This type of fail-
tion numbers within this article refer to ACI 318-08. ure is known as a stability failure. Figure 1 shows the three
modes of failures for short and slender columns.
Background The theoretical maximum axial load that a column can
A slender column is defined as a column whose strength is support when it is at the threshold of buckling is called the
reduced by second-order deformations (secondary moments). critical load. The Swiss mathematician Leonard Euler devel-
Considering a column subjected to a load, P, with a constant oped the equation to calculate the critical load for axially
eccentricity, e, the lateral deformation of the column axis loaded columns 200 years ago. The Euler equation states

Continuing Education
The Professional Development Series is a unique alent to 0.1 continuing education unit in most states).
opportunity to earn continuing education credit by read- Note: It is the responsibility of the licensee to determine if this
ing specially focused, sponsored articles in Structural method of continuing education meets his or her governing
Engineering & Design. If you read the following article, board(s) of registrations requirements.
display your understanding of the stated learning objec-
tives, and follow the simple instructions, you can fulfill a Learning Objectives
portion of your continuing education requirements at no This article discusses slender column design. Upon read-
cost to you. This article also is available online at www. ing the article and completing the quiz, the reader should
gostructural.com/continuing-education.html. be able to understand the behavior and design of rein-
forced concrete slender columns. The article presents the
Instructions
American Concrete Institutes Building Code (ACI 318-08)
First, review the learning objectives below, then read the
design provisions for slender columns. All referenced items
Professional Development Series article. Next, complete
are from ACI 318-08, unless noted otherwise. Also, all
the quiz and submit your answers to the Professional
notations and definitions in the article are in accordance
Development Series content provider. Submittal instruc-
tions are provided on the Reporting Form, on page PDH with Chapter 2 of ACI 318-08.
10. Your quiz answers will be graded by the Professional Professional Development Series Sponsor
Development Series content provider. If you answer
at least 80 percent of the questions correctly, you will Bentley Systems, Inc.
receive a certificate of completion from the Professional
Professional Development Series Content Provider
Development Series content provider within 90 days and
will be awarded 1.0 professional development hour (equiv- Portland Cement Association

Professional Development Advertising Section Bentley Systems, Inc. PDH 3


Slender Column Design Based on ACI 318-08

that a column will fail by buckling at the by evaluating the stability index, Q (Section 10.10.5.2). A
critical load of: column within a story may be considered nonsway if the
stability index for that story is less than or equal to 0.05. The
Pc = 2EI/(,e )2 stability index, Q, is calculated as follows:

where EI is the flexural stiffness of the column cross- Pu o


section; and ,e is the column effective length, which is equal Q= 0.05
Vus c
to k ,u , where k is the effective length factor and ,u is the
unsupported length of the column. For a stocky short
column, the value of the buckling load will exceed the where:
direct crushing strength, corresponding to material failure. Pu and Vus are the total factored vertical and horizontal
story shear in the story being evaluated (from the same
Sway versus nonsway columns load combination) respectively;
Bracing elements in building structures (shear walls or o = the first order relative lateral deflection between the
lateral bracing) help reduce excessive sway and minimize the top and bottom of the story due to Vus ; and
secondary effects on columns. The behavior of a compres- ,c = length of the column in a frame measured center to
sion member differs depending on whether the member is center of the joints in the frame.
a part of a sway or nonsway frame. Because of this differ-
ence in behavior between sway and nonsway columns, the Design approach
design is treated differently. Design of the columns can be based on moment and
As a simplified approach, 10.10.1 permits the compres- axial forces from an elastic second-order analysis (10.10.4).
sion member to be considered braced against sidesway To calculate accurate values for the deflections and addi-
when the bracing elements have a total stiffness, resist- tional moments, such an analysis must consider the actual
ing the lateral movement of a story, of at least 12 times stiffnesses of the frame members, the effect of cracking, and
the gross stiffness of the columns within the same story. the effects of load duration.
According to Section 10.10.5.1, a column can be assumed
as nonsway if the increase in column end moments due to ACI approach
second-order effects does not exceed 5 percent of the first- Slenderness Limits Lower-bound slenderness limits
order end moments. Another alternate to evaluate whether are given, below which secondary moments may be disre-
a story within a structure is sway or nonsway, for stories garded and only axial load and moment from first-order
where the factored horizontal shear is greater than zero, is analysis need be considered to design a column cross-

Figure 1: Strength of short and slender columns

4 PDH Professional Development Advertising Section Bentley Systems, Inc.


ADVERTISEMENT
section and reinforcement. For columns in a nonsway frame,
effects of slenderness may be neglected when k ,u /r is less
than or equal to 34 12(M1 /M2 ), where M2 is the larger
end moment and M1 is the smaller end moment. The ratio
M1/M2 is considered positive if the column is bent in single
STAAD and the RAM Structural System,
curvature, and considered negative if bent in double curva- by Bentley Systems, Inc., both provide
ture. M1 and M2 are factored end moments obtained by an
elastic frame analysis, and the term [34 12(M1 /M2 )] must
powerful analytical and design capa-
not be taken greater than 40. For nonsway columns bent bilities for concrete structures, including
in double curvature with equal end moments (M1 = M2 ),
slenderness effects may be neglected if ,u /h 12 for rect-
those with slender columns. Rigorous and
angular columns (assuming k = 1), where h is the smaller robust P-delta analysis capabilities allow
dimension of the column cross section. This constitutes a
large percentage of columns in buildings. For compression
consideration of the effects of slender
members in a sway frame, effects of slenderness may be columns on the member forces and on
neglected when k ,u /r is less than 22.
The total moment, including the second-order effects
the stability and story drift of the struc-
in a column, must not exceed 1.4 times the moment due ture. Code-prescribed moment magni-
to first-order effects (Section 10.10.2.1). If 10.10.2.1 is not
satisfied, the structural design must be revised.
fication factors based on K-factors,
unbraced length and sidesway-braced
Methods of Analysis The Code recognizes the
following three methods to account for slenderness effects:
condition can be applied to the member
1) Nonlinear second-order analysis (Section 10.10.3). design forces. Nomograph K values and
unbraced lengths can be either auto-
matically determined by the programs
based on the structural geometry or can
be manually assigned by the engineer.
Program-calculated moment magnifica-
tion values are determined explicitly for
each of the generated and user-specified
load combinations. In the RAM Structural
System, pattern loading is automatically
applied to produce the worst case of
single- or double-curvature bending. The
effects of cracking can be considered.
STAAD and the RAM Structural System
provide powerful and productive capabili-
ties for the design of concrete structures.

The demand on columns that span vertically more than one tradi-
tional floor height is increasing.

Professional Development Advertising Section


Slender Column Design Based on ACI 318-08

In this analysis, consideration must be made thus, must be modified to account for the effects of end
for material nonlinearity, member curvature restraint. Effective column length, k ,u , is the length used
and lateral drift, duration of loads, shrinkage to estimate slender column strength, and considers end
and creep, and interaction with the support- restraints as well as nonsway and sway conditions.
ing foundation. For this type of complex analysis, tools For columns in a nonsway frame, the effective length
are typically currently not readily available to the design k ,u falls between ,u /2 and ,u , where ,u is the actual unsup-
engineer. ported length of the column. For columns in a sway frame,
2) Elastic second-order analysis (Section 10.10.4). In the effective length k ,u is always greater than the actual
this analysis, consideration must be made for the influence unsupported length of the column, ,u .
of axial loads, the presence of cracked regions along the Use of the alignment charts given in the ACI 318-08 Figure
length of the member, and the effects of load duration. R10.10.1.1 allows graphical determination of the effective
3) Moment magnification procedure (Section length factors for compression members in nonsway and
10.10.5). An approximate analysis of slenderness effects sway frames
based on a moment magnifier (see 10.10.6 and 10.10.7)
is permitted. In this method, moments computed from Radius of gyration
first-order analysis are multiplied by a moment magnifier In general, the radius of gyration, r, is:
to account for the second-order effects. The moment
magnifier is a function of the factored axial load, Pu , and Ig
the critical buckling load, Pc , for the column. This method
Ag
is discussed in detail in sections 10.10.6 and 10.10.7 for
nonsway and sway columns, respectively.
where Ig and Ag are the moment of inertia and the area
Figure 2 provides a flowchart for the code analysis for for the gross section, respectively. As a simplification, r may
slender columns. The following sections of this article pres- be taken as 0.30 times the dimension in the direction of
ent the ACI 318-08 moment magnification procedure. analysis for a rectangular section and 0.25 times the diam-
While the ACI approximate moment magnification proce- eter of a circular section.
dure focuses primarily on magnifying the end moments, the
maximum moment in a column may occur between its Section properties for frame analysis
ends. Section 10.10.2.2 requires that second-order effects The frame analysis must consider section properties
be considered along the length of compression members. determined taking into account the influence of axial loads,
For both sway and non-sway columns, this requirement can the presence of cracked regions along the length of the
be accounted for by the moment magnification procedure member, and the effects of load duration.
outlined in 10.10.6. To account for the presence of cracked regions, the
member stiffness is multiplied by a stiffness reduction factor.
Unsupported and effective length of column Table 1 summarizes the reduced stiffness for different struc-
The unsupported length, ,u , of a column is the clear tural members as given in Section 10.10.4. It is important
distance between lateral supports as shown in Figure 3. It to note that for service load analysis of the structure, it is
is important to note that the length ,u may be different for satisfactory to multiply the moments of inertia given in
buckling about each of the principal axes of the column Table 1 by 1/0.70 = 1.43 (R10.10.4.1). As an alternate to
cross-section. The basic equations for the design of slender the stiffness values in Table 1, the Code provides more
columns were derived for columns with hinged ends, and refined values for EI (Equations 10-8 and 10-9) to account

Table 1: Reduced stiffness for different structural members for ultimate load analysis

Structural Member Moment of inertia, I Area

Beams 0.35 Ig

Columns 0.70 Ig

Walls uncracked 0.70 Ig 1.0 Ag

Walls cracked 0.35 Ig

Flat plates and flat slabs 0.25 Ig

6 PDH Professional Development Advertising Section Bentley Systems, Inc.


for axial load, eccentricity, reinforcement ratio, and concrete For compression and flexural members,
compressive strength. The stiffnesses calculated from these I need not be taken less than 0.35Ig . For
two equations are applicable for all levels of loading. continuous members, I may be taken as the
For compression members: average for the values calculated from Equation
10-9 for the positive and negative moment cross sections.

( )( )
Ast Mu Pu To account for the presence of sustained lateral loads,
I = 0.80 + 25 1 0.5 Ig 0.875Ig the moment of inertia, I, for compression members should
Ag Pu h Po
be divided by (1+ ds ), where ds is the ratio of maximum
(Equation 10-8) factored sustained shear within a story to the maximum
For flexural members: factored shear in that story associated with the same load
combination. ds must not be taken greater than 1.0 (see

(
I = (0.10 + 25 ) 1.2 0.2
bw
d ) Ig 0.5Ig
Section 10.10.4.2 and R10.10.4.2)

(Equation 10-9)

Figure 2: Code provision for slender column

Professional Development Advertising Section Bentley Systems, Inc. PDH 7


Slender Column Design Based on ACI 318-08

ACI 318-08 moment magnification (0.2Ec Ig + Es Ise) (Equation 10-14); or


EI =
procedure 1 + dns
Columns in nonsway frames For
each load combination, the factored moments 0.4Ec Ig (Equation 10-15)
EI =
at the top and bottom of the column are calculated using 1 + dns
first-order frame analysis. For each column, the smaller
and larger factored end moments are designated as M1 Alternatively, EI may be calculated using the value of I
and M2 , respectively. The magnified moment, Mc (for each from Equation 10-8 divided by (1+ dns ). dns is a factor to
load combination), is calculated by multiplying the larger account for the reduction in the column stiffness due to the
factored end moment, M2 , by a magnification factor for effect of sustained axial load:
nonsway frame ns . Following is a summary for the code
moment magnification equations for nonsway frame: Maximum factored
axial sustained load
dns = 1
Mc = ns M2 (Equation 10-11) Maximum factored load associated
with the same load combination
where:
For heavily reinforced columns, Equation 10-15 underes-
Cm timates the effect of the reinforcement, therefore Equation
ns = 1.0
Pu (Equation 10-12); and 10-14 is more accurate for those columns. It is important to
1
0.75Pc note that of the above-mentioned three options to calculate
EI, values obtained from Equation 10-8 divided by (1+ dns )
2E I (Equation 10-13) are the most accurate.
Pc =
(ku)2 The term Cm is a factor relating the actual moment
diagram to an equivalent uniform moment diagram and is
Pc is the critical buckling load for the column. When calcu- calculated as follows:
lating Pc , the effect of cracking, creep, and the nonlinear
behavior of concrete on the stiffness, EI, can be accounted M1 (Equation 10-16)
Cm = 0.6 + 0.4
for using the following equations: M2

Figure 3: Unsupported length, ,u

8 PDH Professional Development Advertising Section Bentley Systems, Inc.


where M1 /M2 is positive if the column is bent in single Alternate 1:
curvature and negative if bent in double curvature. For
columns with transverse loads between support, Cm must be 1
s = 1
taken as 1.0. Figure 4 shows some values of Cm for different 1Q
end moment cases. (Equation 10-20)
The factored end moment, M2 , must not be taken less
than M2,min = Pu (0.6 + 0.03h), where h is the column cross If s calculated by Equation 10-20 exceeds 1.5, the magni-
section dimension in inches at the direction of analysis. fied moments must be calculated using second-order elastic
analysis or Alternate 2.
Columns in sway frames
For each load combination, the factored nonsway Alternate 2:
moments, Mns , and the factored sway moments, Ms , are
calculated at the top and bottom of the column using first- 1
order elastic frame analysis. The magnified sway moments s = 1 (Equation 10-21)
Pu
are added to the unmagnified nonsway moments, Mns , at 1
0.75Pc
each end of the column. The magnified moments at each
end of the column (M1 and M2 ) are calculated as follows:
where Pu is the summation of all factored load in the
M1 = M1ns + s M1s (Equation 10-18) story and Pc is the summation of the critical buckling loads
for all sway-resisting columns in the story. Pc is calculated
M2 = M2ns + s M2s (Equation 10-19) using Equation 10-13.

where s is the moment magnification factor for frames Conclusion


not braced against sidesway. s accounts for the effects of With increasing use of high-strength concrete and new
lateral drift resulting from lateral and gravity loads. The architectural innovation, demand on incorporating slender
Code gives two alternate methods to calculate s . columns in design is increasing. The ACI 318 Code provides

Figure 4: Values of Cm for different end moment cases

Professional Development Advertising Section Bentley Systems, Inc. PDH 9


Slender Column Design Based on ACI 318-08

three alternates for slender column design: (BIM) software, assist the structural engineer to work more
Nonlinear second-order analysis (10.10.3), efficiently, particularly considering todays architecturally
elastic second-order analysis (10.10.4), and complex building geometries and the iterative nature of
moment magnification procedure (10.10.5). design of slender columns, including a high number of
The moment magnification procedure is an approximate loading combinations.
simplified procedure and is introduced in this article.
The ACI 318 methods introduced in Sections 10.10.3
and 10.10.4 are more suited for computer design and
REFERENCES
analysis. Although, the moment magnification procedures
introduced in Section 10.10.5 are intended for hand calcu- ACI Committee 318, 2008, Building Code Requirements for
lations, software programs that implement these proce- Structural Concrete (ACI 318-08) and Commentary, American
dures from different sources are available. Commercially
Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, Mich.
available analysis and design programs, especially when
linked with a multidisciplinary building information model Kamara, M.E., Novak, L. C., and Rabbat, B. G., editors,
2008, Notes on ACI 318-08 Building Code Requirements
for Structural Concrete with Design Application, Portland
Cement association, Skokie, Ill., EB708.
Mahmoud E. Kamara, Ph.D., is the senior structural engi-
neer for the Portland Cement Association. He can be reached at Alsamsam, I. M., and Kamara, M. E., 2004, Simplified Design
mkamara@cement.org. Lawrence C. Novak, S.E., SECB, LEED
of Reinforced Concrete Buildings of Moderate Size and
AP, is the director of Engineered Buildings for the Portland Cement
Heights, Portland Cement Association, Skokie, Ill., EB104,
Association. He can be reached at lnovak@cement.org.
Third Edition.

Professional Development Series Content Provider:


5420 Old Orchard Road, Skokie, IL 60077
Phone: 847-972-9058 Fax: 847-972-9059 Email: structures@cement.org
Web: www.cement.org

Structural Engineering & Design Professional Development Series Reporting Form


Article Title: Slender Column Design Based on ACI 318-08
Publication Date: January 2010
Sponsors: Bentley Systems, Inc./Portland Cement Association Valid for credit until: January 2012

Instructions: Select one answer for each quiz question and clearly circle the appropriate letter. Provide all of the requested contact
information. Fax this Reporting Form to 847-972-9059. (You do not need to send the Quiz; only this Reporting Form is necessary to be
submitted.)
1) a b c d 6) a b c d
2) a b c d 7) a b c d
3) a b c d 8) a b c d
4) a b c d 9) a b c d
5) a b c d 10) a b c d

Required contact information


Last Name: First Name: Middle Initial:
Title: Firm Name:
Address:
City: State: Zip:
Telephone: Fax: E-mail:

Certification of ethical completion: I certify that I read the article, understood the learning objectives, and completed the quiz
questions to the best of my ability. Additionally, the contact information provided above is true and accurate.
Signature: Date:

10 PDH Professional Development Advertising Section Bentley Systems, Inc.


Quiz instructions On the Professional Development Series Reporting Form on page 10, circle the correct answer
for each of the following questions.

1. The equation for the theoretical maximum axial 6. For a sway column, slenderness may be neglected,
load a column can support when it is at the if k ,u /r is less than or equal to:
threshold of buckling was developed by:
a) 10
a) Isaac Newton
b) 12
b) Timoshenko
c) 22
c) Leonard Euler
d) 34
d) Saint Venant

7. The ratio of the total moment including the


2. ACI 318 Code permits the column to be
second-order effect to the moment due to first-
considered braced against sidesway if the ratio
order effects must not exceed:
of the total stiffness of the bracing elements to
the total stiffness of the columns within a story a) 1.1
is equal to or greater than: b) 1.4
a) 6 c) 1.5
b) 8
d) 2
c) 10
d) 12 8. For a column in sway frame with unsupported
length ,u = 15 feet, which of the following could
3. ACI Code permits the column to be considered not represent the effective length k ,u ?
as nonsway if the stability index, Q, is less than a) 10 feet
or equal to:
b) 16 feet
a) 0.05
c) 20 feet
b) 0.025
d) 1,000 feet
c) 0.02
d) 0.01
9. For a column in nonsway frame with
unsupported length ,u = 20 feet, which of the
4. For a nonsway column with M1 = M2 (bent in following could not represent the effective
single curvature), slenderness may be neglected length k ,u ?
if k ,u /r is less than or equal to:
a) 10 feet
a) 46
b) 16 feet
b) 40
c) 20 feet
c) 34
d) 22 d) 1,000 feet

5. For a nonsway column with M1 = -M2 (bent 10. Which of the following is not an ACI Code-
in double curvature), slenderness may be recognized method to account for slenderness
neglected if k ,u /r is less than or equal to: effect?
a) 46 a) Moment magnification procedure
b) 40 b) Moment redistribution procedure
c) 34 c) Elastic second-order analysis
d) 22 d) Nonlinear second-order analysis

Professional Development Advertising Section Bentley Systems, Inc. PDH 11


anaylsis shear walls
columns design
anchors
Integrate Your Concrete
bolts documentation
trussespile caps
stiffeners detailin
Design, Analysis, and
reinforcement baseplates
buildings
concrete
seismic provi
Documentation Workflows anaylsis
connections
steel
trusses wind load
Anchors
Steel Bolts Web Open

Foundations Welds Baseplates


Post-Tensioning
Design
Beams Stiffeners

The RAM Concrete Shear Wall design module makes the design of even The design of concrete members is fast and intuitive with RAM Concrete.
geometrically complex wall cores simple.

InCreAse Your effICIenCY AnD Improve Your busIness


The project was a 32-story condominium
WIth A Complete ConCrete projeCt WorkfloW from bentleY with post-tensioned flat slabs in Miami,
Perform analysis, design, and documentation of concrete beams, columns, Florida. With the improved link between
RAM Structural System and RAM Concept,
shear walls, reinforced and post tensioned slabs, and foundations, automate
we were able to do in one day what previ-
wall design task, including reinforced steel selection, design force calculation,
ously took us 10 days. Our firm has found many
design combination generation and critical design section determinations, and
benefits to using RAM Structural System and
investigate seismic requirements - all in one integrated workflow. RAM Concept together. For instance, with
Working on all these aspects of your structure together, you can get more done, our multi-story concrete buildings we used
to have to spend a lot of time transferring
in less time, and have total confidence in the quality of your design.
loads from different programs and tracking
Now you can model more complex situations than ever before, and investigate our loads - both gravity and lateral - all the
what-if scenarios until you find your optimal design. way down to the foundations. Now RAM takes
care of that for us.
Bentley provides the worlds most widely used, most trusted structural applications
benefiting thousands of structural engineers around the world on projects of all Alex Salmin, P.E., Chief Structural Engineer
types and all sizes. Trillium Structures, Inc.

Find out how you can realize the benefits of an integrated concrete design, analysis
and documentation workflow on your projects. Confidently do more with less.
For more information, visit www.bentley.com/se0110,
email structural@bentley.com, or phone 1-800-bentley.
2009 Bentley Systems, Incorporated. Bentley, the B Bentley logo, RAM and STAAD are either registered or unregistered trademarks
or service marks of Bentley Systems, Incorporated or one of its direct or indirect wholly-owned subsidiaries. Other brands and product
names are trademarks of their respective owners.

S-ar putea să vă placă și