SEQUENCE AND SERIES

CHAPTER 7 (TEXT BOOK)

ECC3001
DR. SURYANI BINTI KAMARUDIN

1
 LEARNING OUTCOME
to define and represent sequences and series
to compute the limit of sequences
to test the convergence of infinite series and
compute the sum of specific series
to write and solve recursive relations

2
 Introduction
Sequence = function whose domain are whole numbers
Sequence = Set of values of functions
f(0), f(1), f(2) f0 , f1, f2
1,1,2,3,5- infinite sequence (three dots)
f 0 = 1, f2 = 2
Sequence
Finite have terminating/finite sequence
{f0 , f1, f2 fn }={f0 , f1, f2 fn }nk=0 where k =counting variable

Infinite infinite sequence

{ f k }k 0
Example 7.1 A bank pays at a fixed rate of 8.5 % per year
compounded annually. A customer deposits the fixed sum of RM1000
into an account at the beginning of each year. How much is in the
account at the beginning of each of the first four years?

3
 Properties of sequences
Convergent sequences approach a certain value

e.g.1, 1 1 , 1 3 , 1 7 , 1 15 . . . approaches 2
2 4 8 16

un

4
 Properties of sequences
Convergent sequences approach a certain value

e.g. 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 , . . . approaches 0
2 4 8 16
un

This convergent sequence also oscillates

5
 Properties of sequences

Divergent sequences do not converge

e.g.
1, 2, 4, 8, 16, . . .
un

This divergent sequence also oscillates

6
 Properties of sequences

Divergent sequences do not converge

e.g. 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, . . .
un

This divergent sequence is also periodic

7
 SERIES - INTRODUCTION
Series = extended sum of terms
When the terms of a sequence
are added, we get a series
Sn=1+2+.+n = n
k
1

8
 GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF
SEQUENCES
Can display properties of sequence by graph
displaying independent variable y ( in this case n)
along x axis
Graphs shows behaviour for low n only
3 graphical methods for rep. sequence
Conventional graph Ex 7.4
Displaying terms of sequence against values of 1/n-
Ex 7.5
Sequence are generated by recurrence relations
cobweb diagram-Ex 7.6

9
 FINITE SEQUENCE AND SERIES
ARITHMETIC SEQUENCE
Arithmetic sequence = seq where the difference
between succesive terms is a constant number
Eg {2,5,8,11,14} and {2,0,-2,-4,-6}
Has the form

n 1 a=first term
(a kd ) k 0 d=common difference
n-no of terms in sequence

10
 THE GENERAL FORM OF AN ARITHMETIC SEQUENCE.

First Term: a1
Second Term: a2 a1 d
Third Term: a3 a1 2d
Fourth Term: a4 a1 3d
Fifth Term: a5 a1 4d

nth Term: an a1 n 1 d

11
 Formula for the nth term of an ARITHMETIC sequence.

an a1 n 1 d
an The nth term

a1 The 1st term

n The term number

d The common difference

12
 Given: 79, 75, 71, 67, 63, . . .
Find: a32
IDENTIFY SOLVE

a1 79 an a1 n 1 d
d 4 a32 79 32 1 4
n 32 a32 45

13
 Given: 79, 75, 71, 67, 63, . . .
Find: What term number is -169?
IDENTIFY SOLVE
a1 79 an a1 n 1 d
d 4 169 79 n 1 4
an 169 n 63

14
 a10 3.25
Given: Find: a1
a12 4.25

IDENTIFY SOLVE
a10 3.25 an a1 n 1 d
d 0.5 3.25 a1 10 1 0.5
n 10 a1 1.25

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 ARITHMETIC SERIES
Arithmetic seq = arithmetic progression
Sum of term of arithmetic seq = arithmetic
series
Sum of first n terms of arithmetic series, Sn
Sn = n(first term + last term)
1
Sn n[2a (n 1)d ]
2
See Ex 7.7 when a 1; d 1
1
Then S n n(n 1)
2
16
 GEOMETRIC SEQUENCE AND SERIES
Geometric Seq= seq when ratio of succesive terms is a constant
no
{2,4,8,16,32} {2,-1,1/2,-1/4, 1/8, -1/16, 1/32}
has the form
k n 1 a=first term
(ar ) k 0 r=common ratio
n-no of terms in sequence
Geometric progression
Sum of geometric seq=geometric series
Sn=a+ar+ar2.+arn-1
Sum of first n terms
n 1
a(1 r n )
Sn ar k
k 0 1 r
Ex 7.9 p479
17
 OTHER FINITE SERIES
Example 7.10

18
 Recurrence Relation (RR)
Value of an element xn of a seq {xk} can be expressed in terms of values of earlier
elements
1. First order linear RR with a constant coefficient
General form xn+1 = axn +bn n=0,1,2
a= constant; bn = known seq

When b=0 xn+1 = axn Homogeneous relation

Every solution is a geometric seq of form
xn = Aan A=constant, need other
values to find A

When b 0 xn+1 = axn +b ; a and b constant

General solution xn = Can + (1-an/1-a)b

19
 First order RR
b
xn Aa n a 1 where A (C b) /(1 a)
1 a

Particular solution for all n

xn = pn +Aan
xn = pn +qn
Similar to general solution for b=0
where qn = complimentary solution

This is true for linear RR of

x
n+1=anxn
+ an-1xn-1 +..+a1x1 +a0
ak is independent of xk but may depend on n

20
 Second order RR
2. Second order linear RR with constant coefficient
xn+2 = axn+1 +bxn+Cn

When Cn=0 for all n homogeneous function

Can be expressed in this form xn = pn +qn ;
xn+2 = axn+1 +bxn - 1
Another way of writing the general solution of 1
n n
A B , = roots of equation
xn 2
A n
Bn n
A,B= arbritary constant

Equation 2 gives general solution of 1with and as roots of equation

2 =a +b characteristic of equation of RR

Ex 7.17
21
 7.5 LIMIT OF SEQUENCE
Sequence with limit = convergent seq or limiting value
1. Seq
{ak }k a= limiting value
0
n= number of sequence
an a =difference between sequence

Alternative notation lim an a

n

2. An a as n if given >0 there is a number N such that

for allann>N
a

Note : limit of sequence need not actually be an element of the

sequence.
Eg {n 1}n 1 has limit 0 but 0 does not occur in sequence.
22
 7.5.2 PROPERTIES OF CONVERGENT
SEQUENCE
Every convergent sequence is bounded that is if {an }n 0

is convergent then there is a positive number M such

that an M for all n

If {an } has limit a ; {bn } has limit b then

1. {an + bn} has limit a+b
2. {an - bn} has limit a-b
3. {anbn} has limit ab
4. {an /bn} has limit a/b for bn 0, b 0

Example 7.20
23
 7.5.3 COMPUTATION OF LIMIT
Not all sequence converges eg. Geometric series; an = rn
For this 0 ( 1 r 1)
lim an
n 1 (r 1)

r>1, sequence increase without bound a n , diverges

r=-1, seq between -1 and 1 alternately, no limiting value
r<-1, sequence unbounded and term alternate in sign
Difficult to compute limit
Generally, the seq of finite terms is convergent if for any n and m
>N
an am
Thus a seq tends to a limit if all the terms of the sequence for
n>N are restricted to an interval that can be made arbitraryly
small by choosing N large

24
 7.5.3 CAUCHYS TEST FOR
CONVERGENCE
Need to find numerical estimate of
limit
Use graph
1. Sketch graph defined by points
{(1/n, an ): n=1,2,3}
2. Extrapolate since 1/n 0
as n
Example 7.22 p 500
25
 7.6 INFINITE SERIES
Example of situations
Estimating long terms effects of pollution
stability analysis of motion of machinery
parts
S = 1-2 + 4-8 + 16-32 +.
Need to determine whether an infinite series
sums to a finite value

26
 CONVERGENCE OF INFINITE
SERIES
When sum Sn of a series of n terms
tends to a limit as n ; thus
convergent
To find the sum of an infinite series, the
sequence of partial sums {Sn} is taken
to limit
Example 7.23 a

27
 7.6.2 TEST FOR CONVERGENCE OF
POSITIVE SERIES
When it is not possible to express the
Sn in a closed form, in order to
determine the convergence/divergence,
we test method.
The 2 test commonly used
1. Comparison Test
2. Dalemberts ratio test

28
 A) COMPARISON TEST
A series k 0
Ck , of positive terms (Ck 0, all k)
Convergent

Another series U of positive terms (Uk Ck, all k)

convergent k 0 k

If
C
k 0 k diverges, then Uk Ck 0 for all k, then k
U
0 k
diverges

Example 7.24 a

29
 B) DALEMBERT RATIO TEST
series with positive terms
k
U
0 k lim
Un 1
l exists
n Un

Then series is (Example 7.25 a)

convergent if l<1
Divergent if l>1
Undecided if l=1

A necessary condition for convergence for all series is that the terms of the series must tend
to zero as n
A simple test for divergence is

If unu 0 as n , then k 0
Uk is divergent

If un as n , then does not guarantee k 0

U k is convergent
30
 Absolute convergence of general series
Absolute convergent series is series which may have both positive and negative
terms
Example Series : 1-1/2+1/3-1/4+
Consider general series
S k 0
Uk
If associated series T Uk is convergent, then S convergent
k 0
absolutely convergent
If cannot obtain partial sum Tn, then have to use other methods
Absolute convergent Test (extension from dalembert)

un 1
If lim
n un
1, then k 0
Uk is absolutely convergent

If un 1 is divergent
lim
n un
1, then k 0
Uk

If un 1 then no conclusion
lim un
1,
31 n
 Properties of Absolutely convergent
series
The insertion of brackets into the series does not alter its sum
The rearrangement of the series does not alter its sum
The product of two absolutely convergent series of A and B is which is also
absolutely convergent series of C
Note
If a series k 0U k is convergent, then series U may not be convergent
k 0 k

If a series of k 0
U k is convergent, then series k 0
Uk is absolutely convergent

If a series of k 0 U k is not convergent, but k 0

Uk converges, then k 0
Uk is
conditionally convergent

32
 7.7 POWER SERIES
Used to determine the sensitivity of a system to small
change in design parameters
To examine whether such system are stable when small
variations occur
Power series

A power series is of the form

a0 + a1 x + a2 x2 + a3 x3 =

where the as are the coefficients and independent of x

- x is a variable.

33
 Example:
If we let the constants be all 1 in the
power series, then we get the geometric
series

1 + x + x2 + x3 = 1/(1-x)

if |x| < 1, which is the radius of

convergence of this power series.

34
 7.7.1 Convergence of Power Series
Use Dalembert ratio

an 1 x n 1
lim 1, absolutely convergent
n a n xn

an 1
Thus the series is converges if x lim an
1,
n

an
that is if x lim a
n n 1

an abs convergent for r x r

Let lim n an 1
r,
divergent x r; x r

limit r = radius of convergence of series

Example 7.27
35
 7.7.2 Special Power Series
Power Series may be added, multiply, divide
within their common domain of convergence
provided denominator is non-zero within this
common domain.
Used
To give power series that are convergent
Simplified complicated function
Express power series in terms of standard
series

36
 Special Power Series
1. Geometric Series 1
1 x x 2 x3 ... ( 1) n x n ( 1 x 1)
1 x

2. Binomial Series r r 2 r 3 r n
(1 x) r 1 x x x ... x ( 1 x 1)
1 2 3 n
R>0, series terminate at term xn r r (r 1)(r 2)...(r n 1)
where
R<0 series does not terminate n 1,2,3...n
x x2 x3 xn
3. Exponential Series
r
e 1 ... all x
1! 2! 3! n!
n n
1 x x
where e lim 1 ; e lim 1
n n n n

1. Logarithmic Series (Table Figure 7.13)

x2 x3 x4 xn 1
n
ln(1 x) x ... ( 1) all 1 x 1
37 2 3 4 n 1