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A R E F E R E N C E G U I D E TO T H E GRA M M A R O F T H E E N G L I S H
V E R B ................................................................................................................. 7
5
E X E R C I S E S ........................................................................................................... 60
V e rb fo rm s in the indicative m o o d .................................................................. 60
F o rm s of the indefinite a s p e c t ................................................................. 60
Indefinite an d co n tin u o u s f o r m s ............................................................ 68
Indefinite, continu ous, perfect a n d perfect c ontinuous form s . . 77
Sequence of tenses a n d re p o rte d s p e e c h ................................................ 90
The passive v o i c e .......................................................................................... 97
Mood. P ro b le m a tic an d u n re a l a c t i o n s ............................................................ 109
R e v i s i o n ..................................................................................................................123
M o d a l v e r b s ..................................................................................................................131
R e v i s i o n ........................................................................................................... 174
KEY TO E X E R C I S E S ..........................................................................................179
A Reference Guide to the Grammar
of the English Verb
T E N S E AND A S P E C T
Table 1
Tense and aspect of the English verb
a sp e ct
indefinite (or c om m on) c o n tin uou s
tense
read, r e a d s re a d i n g
pre sen t am , is, are
play, plays playing
read (irregular) r e a d in g
past was, w ere
played ( r e g u l a r ) playing
shall . r e a d in g
futu re shall, will (*
play will be playing
Table 2
Correlation between the asp ects of the English and Russian verbs
F orm s
Table 3
Affirmative and negative forms of the indefinite (c om m on ) aspect
1 -----------------
1 full form c o n tra c te d form
the p re se n t I / W e /Y o u /T h e y
indefinite He/She a sk (do not ask) d o n t ask
a s k s (does not ask) d o e s n t a s k
Table 4
Interrogative forms of the indefinite (com m on ) aspect
Do I/w e /y o u /th ey
the p re se n t indefinite ask?
Does h e/sh e
Shall I/w e
the fu tu re indefinite ask?
Will h e /sh e/y o u /th ey
3. Verbs en d in g in a c o n so n a n t l e t t e r + c h a n g e into
i to which -ed is ad ded (stu d ie d , cried). However, when is
preceded by a vowel it re m a in s un chang ed (p la ye d , s ta y e d ).
The auxiliary verb is n orm ally co ntracted in ora l speech
a n d inform al w ritin g a s show n in table 3.
M ean ings
F o rm s
6. The present, the p a s t a n d the future co ntinuous are
formed with the auxiliary verb to be in the respective tense
a n d the pre sen t participle of the m ain verb ( b a s e - f - i n g ) .
T able 5
Affirmative and negative forms of the continuous aspect
Am I
the p r e se n t continuous Is h e /s h e
Are w e / y o u /t h e y
r e a d in g ?
W as I/he/she
t h e p a s t continu ous w e / y o u /t h e y
W ere
Shall I/w e
the f u tu re c ontinuous be r e a d in g ?
Will he/sh e/y o u /th ey
PHASE
Table 7
The c a te g o ry of p h a se of the E nglish verb
aspect
the indefi the c o n ti n u the indefi the c ontinuo us
nite asp e ct o u s aspect nite aspect aspect
tense
F orm s
Table 9
Interrogative forms of the present,
the past and the future perfect
Shall I/w e
the f u tu re perfect h a v e come?
Will h e/she/you/they
F orm s
15. The present, the p a s t and the fu tu re perfect contin
u o u s are form ed with the au xiliary verb to be in the non-
continuous perfect of the respective tense and the present
21
participle of the m ain verb. The perfect co ntinuo us form s a re
m ainly used with dynam ic verbs.
In Am E w ill is used for all persons. The use of w ill is
in creasin gly com m on in B r E as well.
The auxiliary verb is n o rm ally co n tra c te d in o ra l speech
an d inform al w ritin g (see table 10).
Table 10
Affirm ativ e a n d n e g ativ e foi-ms of the p re sen t,
the p a s t a n d the f u t u r e perfect c o n tin uou s
I/W e sh a ll (not) 11 ( s h a n t)
the f uture
have been have been
perfect
H e/S he/Y ou/ will (not) '11 ( w o n t)
continuous
They have been have been
Table 11
In te rr o g a tiv e form s of the p re se n t, the p a s t a n d the f u t u re perfect
c o n tinu ous
the p re sen t
H ave I/w e/y o u /th ey
perfect
H as h e /s h e
c on tinu ous
been w a iting ?
the p a st
perfect Had I/h e/sh e/w e/y o u /th ey
c o n tinuo us
the fu tu re
Shail I/w e
perfect have been w a tin g ?
Will he/she/you/they
c o n tin uou s
22
M ea nings
23
W e h a v e been h e a rin g m uch a b o u t you.
J a c o b sa id he had been n o tic in g s t r a n g e thin gs.
It w a s c lear th at he had been m e a n in g to explain the situation.
FU TU RE SU B STITU TES
THE S E Q U E N C E OF TENSES
H e sa id th a t he w as Am erican.
M rs. G ra y said Phil w as w a tch in g television.
C hris a ske d w h a t h ad happened.
voice
phase aspect tense
active passiv e
shall, will be a s k
f uture
ing
have, h a s been
pre sen t have, h a s asked
a sk ed
past h a d been a sk in g
c o n tin
uous
shall, will have
fu tu re
been ask in g
MOOD
F o rm s
w ould (would
H e/She/Y ou/T hey d ( w o u l d n t) a sk
not) a sk
should (should
I/W e d ( s h o u l d n t) h a v e
not) have
asked
asked
past
v/ould (would
d ( w o u l d n t) have
H e/She/Y ou/T hey not) have
asked
asked
Table 14
Interrogative forms cf the subjunctive mood
S hould I/w e
pre sent ask?
W ould he/she/you/they
Should I/w e
past have a sk e d ?
W ould he/she/you/they
M E AN S O F E X P R E S S I N G UNREALITY
IN S I M P L E S E N T E N C E S
35
She th in k s she could do th a t kind of w ork.
40
Complex Sentences w ith a Predicative C lause
a n d a S ub o rd in ate C lause of C om parison
M O D A L VERBS
F o rm s
M ean ings
MAY
F o rm s
M eanings
I m a y a s w e ll leave on S u n d a y .
You m a y w e ll s ta y a t home.
It is re n dere d in R u ssia n as ... .
MUST
F o rm s
Meanings
2. s tro n g advice:
You m u s t see the play.
You m u s t go to the seaside this sum m er.
3. probability. In this m e a n in g m u s t can be followed by
different form s of the infinitive.
M u s t - f a ) a sim ple infinitive of stative verbs or b) a c o n
tin u o u s infinitive of d ynam ic verb s expresses present a c
tions:
a) She m u s t be tired.
He m u st be out of his mind to act like this.
b) They m u s t be h a v in g lunch now.
Tom m y m u s t be p la y in g in the gard en.
N o t e . M u s t can n o t be u se d to e x p r e ss probability in the future. This
m e a n in g is conveyed with the help of m o d al w o rd s a n d expressions:
I am su r e they will come to m o rro w .
U n d o u b te d ly he will ta k e first place.
E v ide n tly the m atch will be postponed.
P ositive N e g a tiv e
He m u s t h a v e d eceived us. He c a n 't have d eceived us.
SH O U LD , O UG HT
F o rm s
M eanings
F orm s
M ea n in g s
TO BE
F o rm s
M eanings
You are to pack your things and leave not later than
three.
3. a p redestined event:
They p a rte d an d he w as n ever to see her again.
He w as to becom e my friend and in stru cto r d u rin g all the
ye a rs I sp en t a t Oxford.
4. possibility (with a p assive infinitive). In this m e a n in g
to be is syn ony m o us to the m odal verbs can and may:
Where is such a m an to be fo u n d ? she exclaimed.
N othing is to be done.
V SH A L L
W IL L
F o rm s
M ea n in g s
F o rm s
M ea n in g s
50. The m odal verb need h a s the following m eanings:
1. obligation or necessity (in in terro gative senten c es):
N eed they visit the old lady?
N eed we buy a n y th in g else?
(Also: D o we need to b u y a n y th in g else?)
2. ab sen ce of obligation or necessity (in n eg ativ e
sen ten ces):
I m s u re we n ee d n t come.
(Also: I m su re we d o n t need to com e.)
58
You n e e d n t w a lk to the station: H a r r y will give you a lift.
(Also: You d o n t need to w a lk to the station...)
DA R E
F orm s
59
Exercises
FO RM S OF T H E I N D E F I N I T E A S P E C T
1. They will finish their dessert, pay the w a iter for the
dinner an d leave. 2. These tw o girls stud y in the sam e g rou p.
3. Why d o n t you go hom e by tra m ? 4. In spite of his ag e this
old m an tra v e ls a g r e a t deal. 5. I shall only shake h a n d s with
him an d retu rn to my seat. 6. These boys often q u a rre l but
they m ake up their q u a r r e ls very soon an d are friends again .
7. I feci very a n g r y and it is on the tip of my ton g u e to say
w h a t I think. And I shall say it. 8. In the evening the teac h er
will correct our exercise-books. 9. The speaker refers to the
editorial in the evening paper. 10. The professor will continue
his lecture after the b re a k for lunch. 11. We a re late for the
show, a r e n t we? So its no use hurryin g. 12. G e o rg e p lay s
chess very well, d o e s n t he?
*3 . In se rt shall" , will a n d l i . Give v a r ia n ts w he reve r possible arid
acc oun t for y our s u g g e s t i o n s (see 2).
1 , ,
.
60
1. ... you re tu rn my u m b re lla tom o rro w ? 2. ... I really be
tw enty y e a rs old tom o rrow ? 3. 1 ... certainly post this letter
for you, d o n t worry. 4. I think we ... not re tu rn home tonight,
we ... stay with o u r friends in the country. 5. J a m e s and
I ... be very g la d to see you. Do come. 6. J a m e s ... be very g lad
to see you an d so ... I. 7 . 1 ... be very g lad to see you and so ...
Jam es. 8. Ann ... s ta y here a n d you ... help me to lift this box
a n d c a rry it into the house. 9 .... I help you to lift the box? Yes,
do please. 10. We ... reach hom e before dark.
4. D eterm ine the m e a n i n g of the v e r b fo rm s in te r m s of the definitions given
in 5.
1. W hen will they sp eak to the chief ab out the experim ent?
2. W hen will you post the letter? 3. When will Jo h n tell us
ab o u t the jo urn ey? 4. When did y o ur friends go to the co u n
try? 5. When will o u r g ro up go to the cinem a to see the new
film? 6. W hen will you ta k e a leave? You look so tired.
7. W hen will you r e tu r n the books to the library? 8. W hen will
y o u r family move to a new flat? 9. W hen will you a r r a n g e
your b irth d a y party ? 10. W hen will they publish the p r o g
ra m m e of the conference?
c ) Use be fore " or a f te r .
1. The doctor wiil tell you v/hen... 2. The doctor v/ill w rite
out the prescription when... 3. As soon as I get the telegram ...
4. You will be duly inform ed when an d v/here... 5. I shall lie
down a n d have a rest while... 6. If you think of som eth ing
w orth saying... 7. The p atient m u s t lie in bed until... 8 . 1 d o n t
think any one will be s u rp ris e d if... 9. Before we go to the
exhibition... 10. We shall s t a r t le a rn in g F rench after... 11.
3 11 65
J a n you tell me when... 12. C an you speak to me when... 13.
W hen you re tu rn the book to the library... 1 4 . 1 shall peel the
p otatoes while...
13. Join the sim ple sentences into complex sentences u sin g a suitable co n
ju nction f ro m (he list.
1. , .
2. , ? 3.
, . 4.
,
. 5. ,
. 6.
,
. 7. ,
. 8.
, . 9.
,
. 10. ,
. 11. ,
66
, ? 12. ,
. 13. ,
. ,
. 14.
,
. 15.
,
. 16.
( ). 17.
, . 18.
,
. 19. ,
. 20.
, .
21. ,
. 22.
, . 23. , ,
, . 24. ,
, ?
*15. T r a n s l a t e the following se n tenc es into English. Define the type of the
su b o r d i n a te clause a n d a c c o u n t for the c h o k e of the tense ex p ress in g
a fu t u r e action.
1. ,
? 2. ,
. 3. ,
( ).
4. , .
, ,
. 5.
,
. 6.
,
. 7. , ,
. 8. ,
, . ,
. 9. ,
? , ,
11.30. 10. ,
. ,
. 11. ,
. , . 12.
,
. , .
13. , -
3* 67
. ,
, . 14.
,
. ,
, .
, . 15.
,
. ,
. ,
.
I N D E F I N I T E AND C O N T I N U O U S F O R M S
Example: Ann did not play with the children because she
h a d a headache.
W hy d id n t Ann play with the children?
B ecause she h ad a headache.
70
1. When a t la s t I reached her house Anne j u s t (to leave)
a n d therefore we only h ad time for a few w ords. 2. W hen
1 (to reach) h er home, Anne (to go aw ay ) a t once, t h a t is
why I h ad no time to sp eak to her. 3. As he (to g et) into the
tra m , it (to s t a r t ) su d d e n ly and he (to fall) b a c k w a rd s on
the pavem ent. 4. As soon as he (to get) into the b u s, the bus
(to s t a r t ) . 5. W hen I (to h e a r) his knock, I (to go) to the door
a n d (to open) it but I (not to recognize) him a t first, because
I (not to w e a r) my g lasses. 6. S u d d en ly he (to realize) th a t
he (to trav e l) in the w ro n g direction. 7. M a r g a r e t w a s v ery
e x tra v a g a n t, she a lw a y s (to buy) h erself new clothes.
8. Why you (to in te rru p t) me? I (to have) an a m u s in g c o n
versatio n with Dick. 9. W hen i (to come) to his studio, he
(to paint) the p o rtra it of his wife. You (to like) it? He
only j u s t (to s t a r t ) w hen I (to see) it, so I could n ot j u d g e .
10. As we (to w alk ) a lo n g the ro a d we (to h e a r) a c a r com
ing from behind. Tom (to t u r n ) ro und an d (to hold up) his
h and. The c a r (to s t o p ) . 11. W hen I (to a rrive) a t the m eeting
the first s p ea k er had j u s t finished sp eakin g a n d th e audience
(to c lap ).
22. Replace the time in d ic a to rs by those given in b ra ck e ts , c h a n g e the form
of the verb a c c o rd in g ly a n d m a k e other nece ssa ry ch an g e s.
75
\
1. ? ?
, .
, ( ),
. 2. ! .
, .
, . 3.
, -
?! , . 4.
? , .
, .
. 5. , .
.
. 6.
? . .
. 7. !
,
. 8.
,
,
. 9. ? .
, , .
*29. T r a n s la te the follo w in g se ntenc es into E nglish u s i n g indefinite a n d
co n tin u o u s fo rm s in the re q u ire d tenses.
1. , ,
. ,
. 2.
,
. 3. ,
? 4. ,
, .
, :
5. ?
. 6.
. .
. 7.
.
, ,
. 8. , .
,
,
. .
. , ,
76
. ?
, .
9. , . 10.
.
.
1. ? .
. 2.
? . 3. ,
. 4. ,
. .
5. / .
.
. 6. ,
, . 7.
? , . 8.
. 9.
? .
. 10. ,
. 11. .
12. ?
80
. 13.
. 14. ,
. 15.
, .
16. -. ,
? 17.
, .
, . 18.
,
. 19. .
? 20. .
,
.
39. Explain the difference betw een the m e a n i n g of the italicized form s in the
follo w in g s e t s of se ntences a n d t r a n s l a t e the sen ten ces into Ru ssian.
83
1. .
, . 2.
! ?
3. , .
, , .
, .
. 4. ,
. ,
.
. ,
.
, .
. 5.
.
, .
. 6.
. . ,
.
. 7.
, .
, ,
.
43. Use the a p p ro p ria te fo rm of the v e rb w ith each of the tim e indicators.
a) 1. . 2.
. . 3.
. 4. .
5. . 6.
. , b) 1.
. 2.
, . 3. ,
? 4.
84
. 5.
, . 6. ,
. 7.
, . 8.
,
, ) 1. .
. 2. .
. 3. .
. 4. . . 5.
. . .
6. . 7.
. 8.
. 9.
, . 10.
, . 11.
, . 12.
. ?
1
A. , !
?
B.
. .
A . , .
?
B . .
A . ...
, .
, ,
.
, , .
.
B. ,
. ! ?
.
A. !
, .
B. , . . ,
.
85
2
. , ?
? ?
. .
.
. ? . , ...
?
. , . . ?
. , . ,
, . ?
- ?
. .
. , . ,
.
. , . , .
, .
, .
1.
. ,
.
,
. ,
.
? , ...
2.
.
. ,
. ,
, .
, ,
... , , ,
... 3.
.
, .
.
... 4. , ,
. ,
, ,
86
.
, ,
...
47. Account for the use of the italicized fo rm s a n d retell th e stories.
3. S ellin g a n E lephant
89
She told him once th a t she h a d quite m ade up her mind to
refu se him.
Are you s o rry you d id n t? he asked, with a m erry
sm ile in his tw in k lin g blue eyes.
I should have been a perfect fool if I had. W h a t a bit of
luck th at fate or chance o r w h a te v e r it v/as stepped in an d
took the m a tte r entirely out of my hands!... (After
W. S. M a u g h a m )
90
Exam ple: W h at do you usu ally do on S u n d a y s in w inter?
S ally, ask P eter w h a t he u su a lly does on S u n d a y s
in winter.
S a lly : Peter, can you tell me w h a t you u s u a lly do
on S u n d a y s in w inter?
P eter: U s u a lly I go sk a tin g o r skiing.
S a lly : P e te r s a y s th a t he goes s k a tin g or skiing.
S ally asked P eter w h a t he usu ally did on S u n d a y s
in winter. He a n s w e re d th a t he u su ally went
skiing or skating .
1. Are there any new houses in your street? 2. W ho
w a s h e s up the dishes in you r family? 3. H ave you an Eng-
lish-R ussian dictionary? 4. Is there e nough ink in your fo u n
tain-pen? 5. How m any larg e lakes are there in G re a t B r i t
ain? 6. W here do you put your scissors? I c a n t find
them . 7. Do you play the g u ita r? I s a w one h a n g i n g in y o ur
room. 8. H ave you inform ed the group a b o u t the time of the
lecture? 9. C an you lend me your u m b rella? I have left mine
a t my s is te rs. iO. H ave you been w a itin g for me
long? 11. When did you finish school? 12. How did you
m a n a g e to repair your a p a rtm e n t so quickly? Did anyone
help you? 13. Did Sidney see off his sister y e s te r
day? 14. Did you m eet D avid in Yalta? I believe you stayed
a t the sa m e hotel. 15. W h a t do you think we shall be doing
a t this time next year? 16. I m issed the lecture in E nglish
lite ratu re the day before y esterday . Will you show me y o u r
notes? 17. In abo ut a m on th the bridge will be com pleted.
Will the road to the station be any sh orter? 18. W hy are you
so often late for classes? 19. Do you often v/ork in the l a n
guage la b o ra to ry or do yGU prefer w ork in g at
home? 20. Who is the best s tu d e n t in you r group? 21. W hen
did you last go to the th e atre? 22. Are you fond of classical
music? 23. You are not feeling well, are you? Why d on t you
co nsult a doctor? 24. H a s it been rain ing all day? The g r a s s
is all wet. 25. Were you ta k in g a bath? I knew you
w ere at home but you did not h e a r the telephone ring,
did you?
92
1
M o th er: T hom as, w h a t (to be) the m a tte r with your brother?
T h o m a s: He (to cry ), b ecause I (to ea t) my cake a n d (not to
give) him any.
M other: ... his own cake (to be finished)?
Thom as: Yes, a n d he (to cry) while I (to eat) that, too.
10
U ncle Bob: Well, F rankie, w h a t you (to d o /to be going to
do) this vacation?
F rankie: L a s t year 1 (to have) m um ps and chicken-pox. This
y ea r I (not to know) w h a t I (to be going to do).
12
55. A ccount for the use of the italicized form s a n d c om m e nt on the sequence
of ten s es o r its violation (see 20).
1. , , . 2.
, .
. . 3. ,
, ,
. , .
4. , ? ,
. '
. 5. ,
,
. 6. , .
,
, . 7.
, .
95
. ,
. 8. .
, . ,
, . 9.
, , .
, ,
. , , ?
10. ,
. , ,
, ,
. 11.
,
.
.
57. W h at forms of the v e rb s w ould you use in English to render the m e a n in g
of R u ssia n verbs in the follow ing text? Nam e the form s w itho ut t r a n s
l a t i n g the text.
( )
. ,
, ,
-6 .
, ,
. -
,
,
.
,
. ,
.
. ,
,
,
, .
, , ,
,
. .
.
. .
, ,
96
, .
. .
:
. .
- .
.
. ,
,
.
. .
.
, 38
,
.
,
.
,
.
T H E P A S S I V E VO ICE
58. Determ in e to w h a t object of the active c o n structio ns the sub je cts of the
follow ing passive sentences c o rre sp ond . Analyse the form s of the verbs.
T r a n s la te the sentences into R ussia n.
101
[ 1. . 2.
, 9
. 3. . 4.
, .
5. .
. 6. ?
, . 7.
.
, ' ,
. 8 .
. 9.
, . 10. (
) : . 11.
. 12. ,
. 13. ,
.
14. ,
. 15.
, . 16.
. 17.
. 18. ,
. 19. ,
. 20 .
. 21. ,
. 22. ,
. 23.
. 24.
;
, . 25.
? , . ?
. 26. ,
. 27. ? 28. ,
. 29.
.
66. Retell the fo llow ing text p a y in g a tte n tio n to the use of the p assive voice.
Tom S aw y e r Testifies
At la s t the sleepy a tm o sp h ere of the village v/as s tirred
a n d vigorously: M uff P o tte r v/as being tried for the alleged
m u r d e r of Dr. Robinson. It becam e the ab so rb in g topic of ihe
v illage talk immediately. Tcm knew t h a t he w a s not s u s
pected of k no w in g any th in g about the m u rd er, but every
reference to it se n t a sh u d d e r to his heart. His d re am s a t
102
nig h t w ere full of horrors. In the daytim e he w a s d ra w n to
the courtro o m by an a lm o s t irresistible im pulse to go in, b u t
he forced himself to stay out. Tom kept his e a r s open, b u t
in variably h e a rd d istressin g news: Indian J o e s evidence w a s
u nsh aken a n d there w a s not the slig htest doubt th a t M uff
P o tte r w ou ld be convicted.
O n F rid ay m o rn in g all the village flocked to the c o u r t
house for it v/as to be the la s t day of the trial. After a lo n g
w ait the j u r y took their places; sho rtly a f te r w a r d s P o tte r,
pale, timid a n d hopeless, v/as b ro u g h t in, w ith ch a ins upon
him, and seated w here all the curiou s eyes could s t a r e a t him.
Then the J u d g e arriv ed, an d the openin g of the co u rt w a s
proclaim ed.
N ow a w itn ess w a s called w ho testified t h a t he h ad found
M uff P o tte r w a s h in g in the brook a t an ea rly h o u r of the
m o rn in g th a t the m u rd e r w a s discovered a n d t h a t P o tte r
im mediately sneaked aw ay . The next w itn ess proved the
finding of the knife n ea r the corpse. A th ird w itness sw o re
th a t he h ad often seen the knife in P o tt e r s possession. S e v
eral w itnesses testified to P o tt e r s guilty b eh av iour w hen he
had been b ro u g h t to the scene of the m urder. But they w ere
all allo w ed to leave the s ta n d w ithout being cro ss-ex am ined
by P o tt e r s lawyer. The perplexity and dissatisfaction of the
house w ere expressed in m u r m u r s an d provoked a reproof
from the Ju d g e.
A g ro a n escap ed from poor P o tter, and he put his face in
his h a n d s an d rocked his body to a n d fro, while a painful
silence reigned in the courtroom . M any m en w ere moved,
a n d m an y w o m e n s com passion testified itself in tears.
C ounsel for the defence rose and asked the J u d g e for p e r
mission to call T ho m as S a w y e r a s a w itness for the defence.
Tom rose and took his place upon the sta n d . E very eye
fastened itself on him as th e o a th w a s being ad m in istered.
Thom as S aw y er, w here were you on the seventeenth cf
June, ab ou t the hou r of m id n ig h t?
Tom glanced at In dian J o e s iron face an d his ton g u e
failed him. After a few m om ents, however, he m a n a g e d to pu t
enough s tre n g th into his voice so th a t he could be h ea rd by
p a r t of the house. Tom w a s asked to speak up a little l o u d e r ,
a n d to tell the co u rt ev erything th a t occurred t h a t n ig h t
w ithout skipping anythin g. Tom w a s also asked n ot to m e n
tion his com p an io n s n am e as the latte r w ould be pro d u c ed a t
the pro per time.
Tom b egan h esitatin g ly a t first, bu t a s he w a rm e d to
his subject, his w o rd s flowed m ore an d m ore easily; in a little
103
while only his voice w a s heard ; every eye w a s fixed upon
him; the audience h u n g upon his lips ra p t in the g h a s tly
fascination of the tale. Tom said th at he h a d been hidden
behind the elm s in the g ra v e y a rd . He confessed a trifle shyly
t h a t he h a d tak en a dead c a t with him to the g ra v e y a rd . P o t
t e r s law yer ad d e d th a t the skeleton of the cat would be
produ ced as evidence. There w as a ripple of la u g h te r when
the dead c a t w a s m entioned, but it'w as checked by the Ju d g e .
The s tra in of the audience reached its clim ax when Tom
b eg a n describing the fight in the g ra v e y a rd . The audience
h e a rd th a t Dr. Robinson h ad been killed by In d ian Joe with
M uff P o tte r s knife while P o tte r lay un con scio us on the
g ro u n d .
C rash! quick as lightning, Indian Joe s p r a n g for a w in
dow, tore his w ay th ro u g h all opposers, and w a s gone!
Tom w a s a g litte rin g hero once more the pet of the old,
the envy of the y oung. His n am e w a s even im m ortalized in
print, for the v illage p ap e r m agnified him. There were som e
t h a t believed th at he w o u ld be elected P re s id e n t yet, if he
escaped h ang in g.
T om s d ay s w ere d a y s of splend ou r a n d exu ltation for
him, b ut his n ig h ts w ere s e a so n s of horror. His d re a m s w ere
infested by In d ian Joe, a n d alw a y s with doom in his eyes.
H alf the time Tom w a s afra id th at Indian Joe w ould never be
c a p tu red ; the other h a lf he w a s afraid he w ou ld be. Daily
Tom w a s m a d e hap py by M u ff P o tte rs g ra titu d e , b u t nightly
he w a s s o rry th a t he h a d n o t sealed up his tongue.
R ew a rd s h ad been offered, the country h a d been scoured,
b u t no Ind ian Joe v/as found. The slow day s drifted on, and
each left behind it a slig h tly lightened w eig h t of a p p r e
hension. (After Af. T w ain)
67. W rite o u t th e se n ten c es c o n ta in in g the passive voice. R etell the tex t
u sin g these sentences.
On A rt T re asu re s
O u r g r e a t - g r e a t - g r a n d f a t h e r s m u st h av e h ad very fair
notions of the artistic a n d the beautiful. Why, all o u r a r t
t re a s u re s of tod ay are o nly com m onplaces of three or four
h u n d re d y e a rs ago. I w o n d e r if there is any real intrinsic
beauty in the old sou p-p lates, beer-m ugs, a n d c a n d le -sn u f-
fers t h a t a re prized so highly now, or if it is the halo of a g e
th a t gives them their c h a rm s in our eyes. The old b lu e th a t
a re tre a s u re d now w ere the common everyday household
104
utensils of a few centu ries ago; and the pink sh ep h e rd s and
the yellow shephe rdesses th a t a re hand ed rou nd now for all
our friends to gush over, a n d p retend they u n d e r s ta n d , w ere
the u n v alued m antel o r n a m e n t s t h a t h a d been given to the
bab y of the eighteenth ce n tu ry when he cried.
Will it be the s am e in the fu tu re ? Will the prized t re a s u re s
of to day alw ays be the cheap trifles of the day before? Will
ro w s of our w illo w -p attern dinn er-p lates be ra n g e d above
the chimney pieces of the g r e a t in the y e a rs 2000 and odd?
Will the white cups w ith the g old rim and the beautiful gold
flower inside (species u n k n o w n ), th at a re broken now in
sheer lig h t-h earte d n ess of spirit, be carefully m ended, an d
stood on a bracket, a n d d u sted only by the lady of the house?
T hat china dog th a t o r n a m e n t s my furnished lodgings. It
is a white dog. Its eyes a re blue. Its nose is a delicate red,
with black spots. Its expression is amiability carried to the
verge of imbecility: I do not a d m ire it myself. It is jeered at
by th o u g h tle s s friends, a n d even my la n d lad y h erself h a s no
adm ira tio n for it, and excuses its presence by the c irc u m
s tan ce th a t it h ad been given to her by her aunt.
But in 200 y e a r s time it is m ore th an probable th a t th at
dog will be du g up from som ew h e re or other, m in u s its legs
an d with its tail broken, a n d will be sold for old china, an d
pu t in a g la s s cabinet. And people will p ass it rou nd a n d
adm ire it. They will be s tru c k by the w onderful depth of the
colour on its nose, a n d sp ec u la te as to how beautiful the bit of
the tail th a t is lost no do ubt was.
The beau ty of this dog is n ot seen in this age. We are too
fam iliar with it. It is like the s u n s e t and the s ta rs: we a re not
aw ed by their loveliness b ecau se they are com m on to o u r
eyes. So it is with t h a t china dog. In 22S8 people will gu sh
over it. The m ak in g of such d ogs will become a lost art. O u r
d e s c e n d a n ts will w on d e r how they were m ad e a n d say how
clever we were. W e shall be referred to lovingly as those
g r a n d old a r tis ts t h a t flourished in the nineteenth cen tury,
a n d produced those china d o g s .
The s a m p le r th a t the eldest d a u g h te r did at school will
be spoken of as ta p e s try of the Victorian e r a , an d be alm o s t
priceless. The blu e-a n d -w h ite m u g s of the p re sen t-d ay r o a d
side inn will be h u n ted up, all cracked an d chipped, an d sold
for their w eight in gold. They will be used by rich people for
claret cups. S o u v en irs of M a r g a t e and P re s e n ts from
R a m s g a t e th at may have escap ed destruction will be
bo ugh t by to u ris ts and ta k e n to their home countries. (After
Jerom e K. Jerom e)
105
*G8. R ender the follow ing text In E nglish. Use the p a ssiv e voice in the ita li
cized se n ten c es 2 nd c la u se s.
.
i ,
.
,
.
? , -
. ?
.
! , ,
. !
?
,
. ...
?! .
?
.
, .
. , .
.
,
?
, .
.
! . -
? ( ?)
, .
.
.
, ! . :
!
, ! .
.
.
.
,
?
, .
106
! .
!
, , . .
,
.
, .
. ,
.
! .
?
, , :
. 3
.
,
.
, .
, ,
. .
.
. , ,
, ...
.
, ?/. .
, ... (After S. L eacock)
The prirn old lady v/as given the first g l a s s of beer she
ever had. After sipping it for a m om ent she looked up with
a puzzled air.
How o d d ! she m u rm u re d . It tastes j u s t like the m ed i
cine my h u s b a n d had been given for the last tw en ty y e a r s .
1.
. 2. . , , -
. 3. ? ,
. 4. , , .
. 5.
, , , . 6 .
. 7. .
, , . 8 .
, . 9.
,
. 10. , , i 1.
:
!
*78. T ra n s la te th e fo llow ing sen ten ces into E n g lish u sin g d iffere n t m ea n s
of e x p ressin g u n re a l a n d prc-bfem atic actions.
A. U se n o n -p e rfe c t fo rm s to in d ic a te p re se n t a n d fu tu re actions.
I. ,
. 2. ,
, , . 3. ,
, .
4. ,
. . 5.
, , , ,
. 6 . , -
, , . 7.
, , . 8 .
, .
9. , ,
, .
. U se pe rfe c t fo rm s to indicate p a s t actions.
I. ,
. 2.
, . 3.
,
. 4.
, .
5. .
- , .
114
6 . ,
. 7.
, . 8 .
, .
9. , ,
.
. U se p erfect a n d n o n -p erfect fo rm s to in d icate p re se n t o r p a s t actions.
1. ,
. 2. ,
. 3.
, . 4.
,
. 5. ,
. 6 .
, . 7.
,
.
79. Use com plex se n ten c es w ith su b o rd in a te c la u se s of condition to p re s e n t
a chain of successive s ta te m e n ts a b o u t yo u r e v e ry d a y a ctio n s o r Use
a ctio n s of som e c h a r a c te rs in the books you re a d , e. g.:
Ho
1. ,
, , . 2.
, ,
. 3. ,
, ,
, . 4. ,
. 5.
, . 6 . ,
. 7. ,
- . 8 .
- . 9.
. 10. , .
, ( ) .
1 1. ,
. 12.
,
!
1.
. 2. ,
?
3. ,
. 4. ,
6 . 5. ,
. 6 .
. 7.
, ,
. 8 . ,
. 9. -
, ? ,
, . 10.
. 11. ,
. 12.
,
. 13. ,
. 14. ,
.
*88. T ra n s la te the follow ing se n te n c e s Into E n g lish u sin g com plex sen ten ces
w ith su b o rd in a te c la u se s of p u rp o se a n d a p p ro p ria te m ea n s of e x p re ss
in g d e sira b le and p ro b le m a tic actions.
119
1. ,
. 2. ,
. 3. ,
. 4.
, ,
. 5. ,
. 6 .
,
. 7. ,
. 8 . ,
.
89. M ake a list of m ea n s u sed to e x p ress u n re a l or p ro b lem atic actions in
p re d ic ativ e c la u se s a n d su b o rd in a te c la u se s of m a n n e r ( P a r t A ). O pen
the b ra ck e ts u sin g sim ila r m e a n s ( P a r t B ). T ra n s la te the se n ten c es into
R ussian.
120
by as if , as th o u g h . E m ploy p ro p e r m eans to e x p ress u n re a l or
p ro b lem atic actions.
1. , .
2. ,
. 3. ,
. 4. ,
. 5. , .
6 . ,
. 7. ,
. 8 . ,
. 9. , -
. , ? 10. ,
.
*91. T ra n s la te the fo llow ing se n te n c e s Into E nglish. Define the ty p es of
se n ten c es an d c la u se s p re se n tin g u n re a l o r pro b lem atic events a n d
a c c o u n t for y o u r choice of m e a n s to in d ic a te these e v en ts.
1. ,
. 2. ,
. 3. ,
. ,
. 4. ,
.
5. ,
. 6 .
, . 7. ,
.
. 8 .
.
. 9.
. ,
. , .
92. E xplain th e use of the italicized fo rm s a n d use them In re te llin g the
s to ry . M ake up o th e r co n d itio n al sen ten ces on the b a sis of the tale .
R E V IS IO N
S3. Read the follow ing se n ten ces, tr a n s la te them into R u ssia n a n d say by
w h a t m e a n s rep eated a ctio n s c an be in d icated . A re th ere any sp ecial
w ay s to in d ic a te re p ea te d a c tio n s in th e p ast?
a ) w hen
*97. O pen the b ra c k e ts u sin g the re q u ire d fersn of the verb. P ra c tise d iffer
e n t k in d s of sen ten ces w ith fo rm s e x p re ss in g u n re a lity c n the b a sis of
the sto ry . R etell th e sto ry u sin g d iffe re n t fo rm s of m ood, asp e ct, p h a se
a n d tense.
Lost in the P o st
M ODAL VERBS
CAN
101. Refer the fo llow ing se n te n c e s to the p a st. M ake the n e c e ssa ry c h an g e s.
I
*107. Translate the follow in g sentences into English.
1. He ,
. 2. -, -
. 3.
? 4. ?
, . 5.
. ? 6 .
?
, ? 7.
?
, ? 8 .
?
. 9. .
10. ? .
11. ? 12.
? 13. ,
, . 14.
. 15.
? 16. . 17.
, ?
18. , ,
. 19. :
. 20. ? 21.
:
. 22 . ? 23.
. 24.
? . 25. ,
. 26. .
. 27.
, ?
3. S m a ll T a lk at a P a rty
136
4. At the Lecture
5. A Good R eason
MAY
139
Example: They will a rriv e tom orrow .
They m ay arriv e tom orrow .
1. M onica will s tu d y Swedish. 2. They h ad a dictation
yesterday. 3. She will be late. 4. They are e a tin g breakfast.
5. The boy lied to his teacher. 6 . The old w o m an slipped on the
ice. 7. They will go sw im m ing tom orro w . 8 . Mr. B ennet w ent
to the b a n k to deposit som e money. 9. Philip will tell them
ab o u t the accident. 10. S a m decided to take the ex am ination
again. 11. He will finish w ritin g the paper on time. 12. The
p lay in g field will be re ad y by next week.
*113. O pen the b ra c k e ts u s in g th e a p p ro p ria te form of the infinitive.
1. , , .
2. , . 3. ,
, . 4. ,
. 5. ,
. 6 . ,
. 7. , . 8 .
, ,
. 9. ,
, . 10. ,
. 11 . ,
. 12. ,
142
, . 13. ,
,
. 14. ! , . 15.
. 16.
: . 17.
? 18. ,
, . 19. , ,
, . 20. ,
,
. 21. ,
. 22 . ,
: . 23.
, ,
. 24. , ,
. 25. ,
:
. 26. , ;
.
120. R etell the follow ing jo k e s u sin g the m odal v e rb m a y .
1. In the T ra m
2. M ark T w a in s A n sw er
3. Too Late
4. A W ay O u t
*121. T ra n s la te the fo llow ing se n ten c es Into E nglish. Use the m odal v e rb s
c a n a n d m a y .
1. ? .
2. , ,
. ! 3.
, :
. 4. ,
. , . 5.
,
. 6 . ? 7. ,
,
. 8 .
? 9. , . 10.
? .
11. , .
. 12. ,
. 13. , -
.
14. , - :
. 15. .
. 16.
. 17.
. 18.
, . 19.
? , .
1 44
*122. O pen the b ra c k e ts u sin g th e a p p ro p ria te fo rm of the infinitive a fte r the
m o d al v e rb s c a n a n d m a y . C om m ent on the m e a n in g s they a re
used in. Speak on th e topic ra ise d in the ex tract.
M U ST
127. A nsw er the fo llow ing q u e stio n s in acco rd an c e w ith the exam ple g iven
below .
147
1. Your whole fu tu re is concerned: you m u s t (to decide)
for yourself. 2. M a ry m u st (to put on) her new dress: I d o n t
see it in the w ard robe. 3. P eter spent his holiday in B righton;
t h a t s w here he m u st (to m eet) B a rb a ra . 4. The four oclock
bus m u s t (to fail to arrive) on time; otherw ise they w ould
a lre a d y be here. 5. They m u s t (to discuss) so m e th in g im p o r
t a n t when I came. 6. He m u s t (to leave) the tow n; I h a v e n t
seen him of late. 7. I have h e a rd you are s ta y in g in this hotel
a n d I said to myself: I m u st (to look) him up. 8. H enry w a s
so gloom y th a t I th o u g h t he m u s t (to fail) his exam . 9. J u d g
ing by his paleness he m u st (to w ork) too h a r d now . 10. We
m ust (to ride) in the bus for m ore than half an hour, an d we
h a v e n t reached even the sub urb s. 11. He m u s t (to live) next
door to us for m ore th an a decade, but we only have a n o d
ding ac q u a in ta n c e with him. 12. People m u s t (to know )
things. I consider it my duty to tell th em , said C aroline. 13.
You m u st (to forget) t h a t she m arried very early. 14. I am
su re you m u st (to know) w hy he did it. Tell me, I w a n t to
know all. 15. S a lly m u st (to talk ) on the telephone with
a friend. Go on in. S h ell be pleased to see you. 16. They m u s t
(to have) a holiday for a v/eek now.
130. A. A n sw e r th e fo llo w in g q u e stio n s u sin g the m o d a l v e rb m u s t to
e x p ress p ro b a b ility in th e p a s t The ex p ressio n s in b ra c k e ts m ay p ro
vide cues fo r y o u r a n sw e rs.
148
E xam p le: W hen did he p ain t this picture? (last s u m m er)
He m u s t have painted it la s t sum m er.
1. W hen did she tak e her niece to London? (la s t week)
2. When did Jo a n learn F ren ch ? (in her childhood) 3. Is A unt
A g a tha sta y in g with the B ro w n s? (this week) 4. W hen will
H a rry re tu rn to his stu d ies? (next week) 5. When did S ta n
repair his car? (yesterday) 6. Is he ta k in g psychology? (this
term ) 7. W hen w as he offered a new job? (abo ut a m onth
ago) 8. W hen will Ken visit us? (in w inter) 9. When will he
be given an o pportunity to w o rk there? (next term ) 10. W hen
did S u s a n m ake friends with the S m iths? (la s t s u m m er) 11.
Is Nicholas stu d y in g c h e m istry a t C olum bia University?
(this y ear) 12. When did he teach lite ratu re ? (about ten
years ago ) 13. W hen did he discover the tru th ? (only re
cently) 14. W hen will F r a n k receive a m a s t e r s degree? (in
spring ) 15. When did his w o rk in g day s ta rt? (a t eight
oclock) 16. When will they leave B russels? (in A u g u st)
17. Is M ary h av in g lunch? (now)
1. ? ,
. . 2.
- . 3. .
,
- . 4. , , ,
. 5. , , , .
6. , , ,
. 7. ,
. 8. , ,
. 9. , ,
. 10. :
. 11. ,
. 12. , ,
, , . 13. ,
, ,
. 14. , ,
. 15. ,
, . 16.
. 17.
, . 18. ,
: , . 19.
, , . 20.
, . 21. ,
, . . 22. -
149
. 23.
. 24. ,
. 25. ,
, .
132. Retell the follow ing jo k es u s in g the m odal v e rb m u s t .
1. She C a n t Read
4. After a n Accident
133. *A. Open the b ra c k e ts u sin g the a p p ro p ria te form of th e infinitive a fte r
the m odal v e rb s c a n , m a y , m u s t in the fo llo w in g e x tra c ts.
1. ! . 2.
! ? 3.
.
. 4. , , ,
. 5. -! , ,
, - . 6.
? 7. , ,
, . 8.
, . 9. , -,
, . 10.
, .
11. , , . 12.
152
; , . 13. ,
, ,
. 14. , , . 15.
, , -
? 16. , -,
. 17. , ,
. 18. , ,
, . 19.
, . 20. ,
? 21.
, . 22.
? , . 23.
. 24. , ?
25. , -, . 26.
. 27.
, .
28. , ,
.
SH O U L D , O U G H T
1. .
. 2.
,
. 3. ,
. .
4. . . 5.
.
. 6.
. , . 7.
. . 8.
.
. 9. ,
? 10.
,
. 11. ,
. 12. ,
. 13. ,
. . 14.
. 15.
, , .
16.
. 17.
. 18. , ,
. 19. .
. 20.
; , . 21.
,
, . 22.
,
. 23. , .
24. . , -
156
. 25. ,
!
*144. M ake the follo w in g sen ten ces e m o tio n al by u sin g the verb sh o u ld " . Be
su re to use the a p p ro p ria te fo rm of th e infinitive.
Example: I t s s t r a n g e he is here.
Its s t r a n g e he should be here.
* * *
157
1
2
Professor: Your paper sho uld have been so w ritten th at even
the m ost ig n o ra n t could u n d e r s ta n d it.
S t u d e n t (p a tie n tly ): Yes, sir. W hat p a r t didnt you get?
I have a h a ir- ra is in g s to ry .
You should tell it to some bald-headed m a n .
TO HAVE TO, TO BE TO
154. C h a n g e a n d e x p lain the follow ing sen ten ces a s show n In the exam p le.
160
Example: He w as to come in the evening, (not to feel well)
He v/as to have come in the evening, b u t he d id n t
because he didnt feel well.
1. They were to go on a picnic on S a tu rd a y , (to ra in )
2. N ancy w a s to go to the dentist th a t day. (to be detained at
the office) 3. They w ere to ask Roger for dinner, (to leave the
tow n) 4. I w a s to take p a r t in the competition, (to sprain my
ankle) 5. They w ere to go to the c o u n try by car. (to bre ak)
6. They w ere to get to D etroit by the evening, (to have little
petrol left) 7. P rofessor Sim pson w a s to give us a lecture on
F rench lite ratu re y esterd ay, (to be busy at the university)
8. The to u ris ts were to visit the picture g allery last T h u rsd a y ,
(to be closed) 9. We were to spen d the su m m er a t the seaside,
(not to be able to book ac com m odation In a hotel) 10. He w a s
to see me a t six. (to have an im p o rtan t m eeting)
1. ,
. 2.
, -'
. 3. .
. 4.
. 5.
. . 6.
. 7.
.
8.
. 9.
. 10.
:
. 11.
: . 12.
, .
13. ,
. 14.
. 15.
,
. 16. .
:
. 17.
,
. .
18. , ,
6 11 161
. 19. ,
, , .
20. ,
. 21.
, ,
. - ? 22.
,
.
1
Why do you have to use three pairs of g lasses, pro fes
sor?
162
One pair for long sight, one p air for sh o rt sight, a n d the
third to look for the other tw o .
2
Mrs. B row n: Am I to w ear this old squirrel coa t all my life?
Mr. B row n: Why not, dea r? S q u irrels do.
SH A LL, W IL L (W O U L D )
Example: You s h all leave the dog alone o r Ill punish you.
163. M ake up five se n te n c e s u sin g w ill (o r w o u ld ) to e x p re ss p e rs is t
ence o r re fu s a l to p erfo rm a n action.
Example: Either the locks w ere too large, or the key w as too
sm all, bu t a t any ra te it w o u ld n t open any of
them.
164. M ake up sh o rt d ialo g u e s u sin g the follow ing p a irs
of infinitives. F ollow th e exam ple.
166
Example: I ll tell you, if you will only let me get a w o rd in.
1 . 1 shall take a taxi if... 2. It w ould be a better exam p le to
the girl if... 3. You m ay bo rro w my dictionary if... 4. He will
s t a r t again if... 5. I m on the point of giving it all up if...
6. I should invite you for lunch if...
1. , .
2. ? . 3.
. 4. ,
? . 5. ,
. ,
-? 6.
, . 7.
? , . 8. ?
? . 9.
, . 10.
,
? 11. , ,
. 12. ,
. 13.
, . 14.
, ? 15. ,
. 16.
. 17.
, ,
, . 18. ?
. 19.
?
. 20. ,
, . 21.
, , ,
/ ,
.
!
A n d erso n : He softened to w a r d s his p rodigal son in t h a t
moment. He sen t for him to come to see him.
M rs. D udgeon: S en t for Richard!
A n derso n : Yes, but R ichard would not come. He sent his
fath er a m e s s a g e ; b u t I am sorry to say it w a s a wicked
m essage, a n aw ful m essag e .
M rs. D udgeon : W h a t w a s it?
168
A nderson: That he w ou ld s ta n d by his wicked uncle a n d
s t a n d a g a in s t his good p arents, in this w orld and the
next.
Mrs. D udgeon: He will be punished for it in both w orlds.
And erso n: That is not in o u r h a n d s, Mrs. Dudgeon.
Mrs. D udgeon: Did I say it w as, Mr. A nderson? We are told
th a t the wicked shall be punished. Why should we do o u r
duty and keep G o d s la w if there is to be no difference
m a d e betw een us an d tho se who follow their own likings
an d dislikings?
2
(L a te r law yer H a w k in s re a d s Mr. D u d g e o n s will to his
relatives.)
H a w k in s (r e a d in g ): I give my house with the land b elo n g
ing to it to my eldest son and heir R ichard D udgeon, on
these conditions. First, th a t he shall not let my broth er
P e t e r s n a t u r a l child s ta rv e o r be driven by w a n t to an
evil life. Second, th a t he shall be a good friend to my old
horse Jim ..."
Richard: Jim s h all live in clover.
H aw kin s: ...and keep my deaf fa rm lab o u re r R od ger
F eston in his service.
Richard: R odg er F eston sh all get d ru n k every S a tu rd a y .
H a w k i n s : Third, th a t he sh all m ake C hristy a p resen t on his
m a rr ia g e out of the o r n a m e n ts in the best room. F o urthly
and lastly, t h a t he s h all try to live at peace with his
m other as far as she will consent to it. (After B. S h a w )
N E E D , DARE
2
Father: I am obliged to punish you and it will pain me.
Johnny: But, father, if you h a v e done nothing w rong, w hy
need you pain yourself?
REVISION
183. Determine the meaning an d form of the modal verbs in the text below.
State where should, would are auxiliaries, not modal verbs, and
w h at analytical forms they help to build up. Retell the text using the
modal verbs.
1. , , , . 2.
? 3..
, . 4. ,
. 5.
? 6. , , ,
. 7. ,
. 8.
. 9.
, . 10.
? 11. ,
. ,
. 12. , , - . 13.
, - ? 14.
. 15. , , 16.
,
, , ,
. 17. ,
, ? ,
, . ,
. 18.
, . 19. -
? 20. , .
, . 21.
. 22.
.
*188. Translate the following sentences into English using modal verbs.
I. . .
2.
? 3. .
4. , . 5.
. ,
, . , .
. 7. ,
. 8. -
,
, ? , .
9. , ? ,
.
177
, . 10. ,
. ,
- . 11.
. , , , -
. 12. , ,
, ,
? 13. ,
. . , ,
, . 14.
. , .
. . 15.
,
. 16. ,
? 17. .
. 18. ,
, . ?
, () - .
19. ? 20.
. 21. , , ,
.
*l&9. Translate the following sentences into English using modal verbs
where necessary.
1. , -, . 2. , -
, . 3. , -,
. 4. , -,
. 5. , -, . 6. ,
-, . 7. , ,
. 8. , ,
. 9. , ,
. 10.
, , ,
.
*180. Think of Russian equivalents for the following English proverbs and
explain their meanings. Account for the use of the modal verbs.
1. A bird m ay be known by its song. 2. A m an can die but
once. 3. As you sow you shall mow. 4. The mill can not g rind
with the w a te r t h a t is past. 5. H e th a t w ould e a t the fruii
m u st climb the tree.
K E Y TO E X E R C IS E S
Ex. 3. 1. will. 2. shall. 3. shall (will, 11). 4. shall not (s h a n t will not,
wont). 5. will. 6. will, will (shall). 7. shall (v/ill, 11), will. 8. will, will.
9. shall. 10. shall (will, 41).
^Ex. 14. 1. When the w ater boils, take off the kettle and make the tea.
2. Will the cat run away if we let it out? 3. If you write the ?ddress on the
envelope, Ill pest the Setter. 4. We shall go to Zagorsk on Sunday only on
condition that the weather is good. 5. I shall never believe it unless I see her
for myself. 6. We shall s ta rt learning French only when we are in the second
year. 7. As soon as the visitors leave, I shall resume my work and shall work
till about three in the morning. 8. He will not go out before the doctors allow
him to take Walks. 9. I w a n t to do all the exercises before you take away the
textbook. 10. Ann will do the room while Mary cooks dinner. 11. If you get
tickets for the first night, you will let me know, wont you? 12. H arry v/ill
take the magazines to the library as soon as he looks them through. 1 3.
Dont wait for me if I am late. Before I go to the meeting of the group I shall
go to the deans office and take all the necessary papers. 14. John will not
s ta rt writing a new article before he finishes the first one and shows it to his
scientific adviser. 15. We wont discuss the film at our English lesson before
all the students see it (have seen it ) . 16. Switch off the wireless and the light
before you leave the house. 17. The secretary will type the letters after the
m anag er approves them. 18. We shall work in the reading-room until it
closes down. 19. He wont make the report unless he receives all the data at
least a week before. 20. If you w ant to have a good laugh, go and see this
film. 21. No m atter when he comes home ask him to ring me up. 22. If you
dont water the flowers regularly, they will wither. 23. If you dont forget,
buy me a couple of envelopes at the post-office, will you? 24. What shall 1 tell
him if he comes while you are away?
Ex. 15. 1. Do you know when the term will be over and the examinations
will begin? 2. As soon as the examinations are over, the students v/iil leave
for their homes. 3 . 1 doubt if we shall manage to get everything ready for the
party in time. 4. I wonder when Helen will come. Ask her to send us a tele
gram me when she knows the exact date of her arrival and we shall meet her
at the station. 5. Whenever (no matter when) Mary comes even if she
comes after twelve wake me up and I shall tell her everything myself.
6. I want to introduce her to the girl who will sing at our concert for the first
time. 7 . 1 dont know whether John will go to the cinema after he comes home
from his office. 8. I wonder how many students will take part in the compe
tition if it takes place in July. I am afraid that many students will leave for
home. 9. Do you know when the last train leaves? 1 think that we shall miss
it if it leaves at eleven thirty. 10.1 am sure tha t Anne will be late or will come
at the very last moment. Anyway, we shall not go before she comes. 11.
(Will you) tell me when there will be a lecture on Somerset M augham .
I shall certainly go if I am free. 12. I am afraid Ill have no time to call on
you on Sunday. If you happen to be in this district drop in to take the book.
13. I am anxious to know when the rehearsal will take place and whether
there wiil be any rehearsal at all. I am afraid not all the participants will be
ready if you fix it on S aturday . 14. Ask your brother if he will go on a hike
with us and when it will be convenient for him. He is an experienced hiker
and we shall be very glad if he joins us. We are even willing to postpone our
trip until he is free to go. 15. It is possible that we shall take an exam in
179
g ra m m a r during the spring session. It will be difficult to prepare for the
exam if we have only three days. I think we shall ask for five days at least.
Ex. 17. 1. are taking. 2. are getting on, are beginning. 3. am trying. 4. is
answering. 5. is playing, is crying. 6. is learning. 7. will be receiving. 8. was
driving. 9. is arg uing, protesting. 10. was lying. 11. are cancelling. 12. am
seeing. 13. is dying.
Ex. 20. 1. drinks, is drinking. 2. is making, makes. 3. boils, is boiling.
4. are enjoying. 5. wear, am wearing. 6. are having, wonder, are talking.
7. dont recognize, think, dont remember. 8. understand, is saying, dont
understand, am listening. 9. do ... hear, is saying/says, am not listening.
10. is ... promising, does. 11. differs. 12. starts. 13. buy/am buying, win, am
not buying. 14. are having.
Ex. 21. 1. was leaving. 2. reached, went away. 3. was getting, started,
fell. 4. got, started. 5. heard, went, opened, didnt recognize, w as not w ear
ing. 6. realized, w as travelling. 7. was ... buying. 8. did ... interrupt, was
having. 9. came, was painting, did ... like, was starting, saw. 10. were walk
ing, heard, turned, held up, stopped. 11. arrived, were clapping.
Ex. 28. 1. W hat is the m atter? Why is the baby crying?" He always
cries when he is hungry. I usually give him some milk at this time, but Im
being late (am late) now as I am talking with you. 2. The telephone is
ringing. Take up the receiver. I think my sister is phoning (it is my sister
phoning). She gets home after eleven and phones me when I am going to
bed. 3. Boys, why are you always a rgu in g and quarrelling over rifles?
I know you are great friends. 4. When are you leaving? I am leaving
tomorrow, and M ary is leaving on Saturday. If you are free, come to see
her off. She has very much luggage. 5. "I dont u n d ers ta n d w hat the
teacher is explaining. But you are not attending (listening). As for me
Im listening to him attentively and I understand everything. 6. Are you
staying at the hostel now? No. For the time being I am staying at my
friends. He is on leave and is spending his leave in the South. 7. You are
always grumbling! If you dont stop grum bling and giving instructions to
everyone, you will quarrel with all your friends. 8. He usually spends the
summer in the country, but this summer he is staying in town and is not
going anywhere as he is getting ready for the entrance examinations.
9. Are you still reading? It is very late. Switch off the light. I am so tired
that I am falling asleep over my book.
Ex. 29. 1. We spent a whole day in the forest. We picked flowers, lay in
the g ra s s and rested. Only when it grew dark, we returned home. 2. While
I was looking through the weeks newspapers I came across an interesting
article about teaching foreign languages at school. 3. What were you doing
when I rang you up? 4. When 1 called on John so as to go to the railway
station, he was still having breakfast. I waited for him about ten minutes
and we rushed to the station; the train was leaving in fifteen minutes.
5. Why are you standing in the corridor? The bell is ringing and it is time to
go to the classroom. 6. Yesterday from two till three Susan w as playing
(played) tennis. That is why I could not speak to her. She plays tennis at this
time twice a week. 7. Tomorrow at this time we shall be landing in Odessa.
The flight takes only two hours but if the weather is bad, it will last longer.'
8. I dont remember precisely w hat I did (was doing) on Sunday. It seems
that from ten till about twelve I w as at home working in the garden. After
lunch I spoke on the phone for a long time. Then a friend of mine came to see
me. At first we sat in the garden talking not less than an hour then we
went to the river. It was too cold to bathe, so we ju st sat on the river bank for
a long time. Why do you want to know it? 1 did not go to town and didnt see
180
what happened at the station. 9. While the children were sleeping (slept) the
grandmother was cooking (cooked) the dinner. 10. It is cold today and it is
raining. I t often rains here at this time of the year.
Ex. 30. 1. a) had found, had founded; b) found out. 2. a) lay; b) laid
(had laid); c) laid; d) had laid; e) had been lying; f) had lain (had been
lying). 3. a) raised; b) had raised; c) had risen; d) rose.
Ex. 32. 1. have disobeyed. 2. had lost. 3. will have left. 4. was punished,
had broken. 5. has borrowed. 6. had entered. 7. have had. 8. has bought.
9. has missed. 10. have received.
Ex. 38. 1. Have you bought the note-books?" Yes. After classes I went
to a shop and bought some note-books. 2. How many times have you been
to the theatre this year?" Only twice. 3 . 1 dont feel well, as I have slept the
night badly. 4. We were glad to see your sister; we have (had) not seen her
since last summer. She has changed greatly. 5. The boys have not yet re
turned from school. Yesterday they also came back very late. They have had
additional classes all the week. 6. We could not enter the house, because
Father had locked the door and we had no keys. 7. Have you already
written your test in g ra m m a r ? Yes. We wrote it yesterday." 8. I have
already learned the poem and am only repeating it. 9. How long have you
known John? Not very long. I have known him only half a year. 10. We
have sent him a letter, but we have not received any answer yet. 11. By six
they had returned from the cinema. 12. When did you last go to the Cri
mea? I have never been there at a li. 13. The rain had stopped and the sun
was shining again. 14. Yesterday I met a friend of mine, who had ju s t re
turned from a polar expedition. 15. He phoned me as soon as I came home.
16. You speak English quite welt. Is it true that you have known English
since childhood? 17. He came to our town three years ago after he gradu ated
(had grad uated ) from the institute. It is three years since he has been w ork
ing as a teacher (he has been a teacher for three years now). 18. We have
invited two friends of ours to dinner, but have not cooked the dinner yet. 19.
I have not heard of you for a long time. Where have you been all this time?
20. Ann has been ill for three days. She caught cold on Sunday, when we
went to the country and got wet through in the rain.
Ex. 42. 1. We have ju s t been speaking about your latest article. (We
were ju s t speaking about your latest article.) It is lucky that you have come.
2. 1 have been waiting for you for over fifteen minutes. H avent we agreed
(Didnt we agree) to meet a t five? 3. It is four months already since my
mother has been ill. Al! this time I have been looking (have looked) after
her, have been doing the rooms, cooking dinner. It is good that my brother
has been helping (helps) me with the shopping. I am very tired and am
lagging behind in my studies. 4. It is four years since I left my native
town. Probably there have been many changes there. Recently I have re
ceived a letter from a schoolmate. He writes that there are many new build
ings in the town, th at most of our friends have gone to other cities either to
study or work. He is already working a teacher in the school where we
studied. By May next he will haye been working at school for three years (he
will have had three years experience...). 5. This week I have gone to the
concert of this outstand ing pianist. I have been attending (bave attended)
all his concerts the last two years and I believe th a t he has made great prog
ress. He is truly one of the greatest musicians of our time. 6. It has been
continually raining the last few days. It has grown very cold. I am afraid
that the summer is over (has ended) and that autum n has set in. There has
never been such a cold A ugust in these parts. 7. It was very slippery on the
181
road, as it had rained a short time before. We stopped for the night earlier
than we had planned and made a fire.
Ex. 44. a) 1. He reads new spapers every morning. 2. He is reading the
morning newspaper now. Dont disturb him. 3. He has been reading the
paper for half an hour already. 4. He reads newspapers for two hours every
day. 5. He reads (is reading) newspapers from 9 till 10 every day. 6. He has
been reading the paper since seven oclock and is still reading it. b) I. She
will prepare her lessons in the evening. 2. She will be preparing her lessons
when you come. 3. Will you come in the evening, when she is preparing her
lessons? 4. She will be preparing her lessons a t five oclock. 5. She will do
her homework from five till seven and then she will go to the cinema. 6. She
said she would do her homework in the evening. 7. She will have done her
homework by the time you come. 8. She will have been doing her homework
for two hours already by the time you come, c) 1. I have translated the a r
ticle. It is ready. 2 . 1 have been tran slatin g the article for three hours. Here it
is. 3. I have tr anslated the article this week. It is ready. 4. I translated the
article yesterday. It is ready. 5. I w as translating (translated) the article
yesterday. You c a n t take it, I h aven t finished yet. 6. I was translating the
article at five o clock yesterday. 7. I was tra n slatin g (translated) this a r
ticle from two till five yesterday. 8. I translated this article for two hours. (It
took me two hours to tran slate the article.) 9. I was still translating the
article-when he came. 10. I had been translating this article for two hours
when he came. 11. I had not yet tr anslated the article when he came. 12.
I had translated the article by five oclock. Why didnt you come to take it?
Ex. 45.
1
A. Hello! I havent seen you for ages. Where have you been all this time?
B. In A ug ust I went to Leningrad for a sports competition. I have ju st re
turned.
A. It is lucky I have not gone aw ay and you have found me in. Why didnt
you ring me up?
B. I have lost your telephone number.
A. We have not met since August. I want to tell you about everything that
has happened since then. Can you imagine, I broke my leg (have broken
my leg) and had to give up football. So I dont play football (am not
playing) at present. Instead I am playing chess (play chess) again,
more than before. I even received a prize at the chess championship at
our institute.
B. I am glad you took part (have taken part) in the institute championships.
Congratulations! Why didnt you answ er my letters? I sent you two
letters from Leningrad.
A. But I never received any letters! (I have not received your letters.) I have
not heard from you since you left.
B. Well, I must be off now. Will you come with me? We shall talk while we
are going to the underground.
Mother. Have you been home long, Nick? When did you return from school?
Why dont you answer?
Nick. I came home about two hours ago. I am reading a very interesting
book.
M . What are you reading? Show me the book. Oh, I see. Do you like it?
182
N Yes, I like it very much. C a n't tear myself away from it. Have you read
it?
Af. Yes, of course. I read it when I was twelve but I still remember it quite
well. Are you hungry? Have you eaten anything?
N. I have had a g la ss of milk and some bread and butter.
Af. Will you go for a walk while I make the dinner. I shall call you when the
dinner is ready.
N. No, I wont. I shall go on reading while you cock. Do let me stay at home
please. You said yourself that you liked the book.
Ex. 4S. 1. Last year I went to Moscow to take my entrance examinations
to the institute. I was very busy but on the very first free day I went to the
Tretyakov Gallery. I had never been there before and enjoyed it greatly.
I saw many pictures which I had only seen as reproductions on postcards.
Have you ever been to the Tretyakov Gallery? Tell me about your first visit
there... 2. Last summer we spent our vacations in a village not far from
Yalta. Every day we went to the sea shore to lie in the sun and bathe. We had
hardly arrived when we made friends with a group of very pleasant people.
When we were leaving the place we agreed that we would meet again in
Moscow. Almost three months have passed since we returned and we
havent even rung them up... Nevertheless, if we see them again, I am sure
we shall have a lot of interesting m atters to discuss... 3. Yesterday I met a
schoolmate of mine in the library. He said he was a correspondence student
at the Polytechnical institute. He is taking his examinations now and is
staying at his friends. He told me about our schoolmates and about his life
in Moscow... 4. In April a friend of mine, Olga, fell ill and missed several
lessons in English and in French. We called on her in turn, helped her with
her studies, and told her about what had happened at the institute since she
fell ill... She spoke about her illness and about the books she was reading
now that she had more spare time.
Ex. 54. 1. are, am not. 2. am, is, know, feel (are feeling), are. 3. wash,
does not. 4. does ... do, plays, plays, think. 5. is marrying, thinks, will keep
on. 6. do not know, is, am sure, will suit. 7. have promised, pass, have failed,
have been doing, have been learning. 8. are, have started, are doing, am
living, am growing. 9. is, is crying, have eaten, hav; not given, is finished,
cried, was eating. 10. are doing (are going to do), had, do not know, am
going. 11. have told, are talking, wait, stop, have tried. 12. are teaching, was
telling.
Ex. 56. 1. You said that you had wound the clock, but it has stopped.
2. Yesterday you asked me if I had a spare note-book. I have brought you
two. Here they are. 3. I have always thought that by the time I am twenty
I shall feel quite grown-up. Now 1 see that I have been mistaken. 4. Did you
hear what he said?" He said that the next lecture would take place in two
days. Everybody was welcome to attend without special invitations. 5. The
realization that she was alone in the house and that none v/ould come til!
morning worried her. 6 . 1 did not know that Anne was leaving the very next
day. I thought th a t we would have the time to discuss the matter in detail
before she left. 7. In his lecture the professor stated that there is no life on
this planet. I have heard different views. Some astronomers believe that the
planet is inhabited. 8. I like reading fairy-tales. When I was a child, my
grandm other used to tell us tales in the evening. I believed that anim als and
even plants could (can) speak their own language the same as people.
9. When I met him last, I asked him when he would return me my books. He
promised he would return them two days later but I have not seen him
since. Perhaps you can say what has happened. 10. We never thought that
183
this work will take us so long. When we started it seemed that we would finish
in two weeks, but now it is quite clear that we shall not be through before the
end of the month. M. In his letter Uncle Robert asked how you felt (were
feeling) and whether you would come to see him in summer. He has been ill
for a long time and has ju s t returned from a hospital (He had been ill ... and
had ju s t returned...).
Ex. 65. 1. This rule was explained to us at the lesson yesterday. 2. It was
announced that we m ust get together at the institute at nine oclock in the
morning. 3. He was elected chairman of the meeting. 4. We were given seats
in the gallery from where we could see only p a rt of the stage. 5. The museum
is being repaired now. It will be opened for visitors only in September.
6. Why has the meeting been cancelled? It hasnt been cancelled; it has
been postponed to Thursday. 7. A new building for a picture gallery is
being constructed in the town now. When the building has been constructed,
all the pictures that the museum possesses will be displayed in it. 8. The
players of the football team were gathered after the match, and all their
mistakes were explained to them. 9. He is laughed at because he is a snob.
10. He has been given no choice: he will have to go on that business trip. 11.
The new novel is dedicated to the w riters sister. 12. It is said that he is a
very experienced physician. 13. Tom and Huck were looked for everywhere,
but nobody suspected where they really were. 14. Eliza was taught to pro
nounce correctly, but she was allowed to speak only about the weather. 15.
The bridge had been built by the time we moved to the town. 16. The child got
frightened at the sight of the dog. 17. I was told about the incident by a
friend of mine. 18. He was (got) fined because he crossed the street when the
red light was on. i9.1 am afraid you wont be praised for such a conduct. 20.
They were served coffee and fried eggs with bacon. 21. It is believed that he
will take part in the competition. 22. He was seen to enter the bookshop. 23.
This writers novels have been translated into many lang uag es and have
been published in many countries. 24. The tests have been corrected and the
results are quite satisfactory, even good. 25. Has the house been built?
No, it is still being built. When will it be built? It will have been built
by October. 26. Dont worry, your mother will be take l care of. 27. Has the
dinner been cooked (m ade)? 28. It is rumoured that yau are going to move
to the country. 29. He has been advised to see the doctor.
Ex. 68. Weariness was heard in his voice. Why is one alw ays forced into
publicity? Not a single word of yours will be published. The interview w on t
be published? It wont be published without your consent. It is rumoured...
Can it be done? All the actors before me have been entirely mistaken in their
presentation of Hamlet. He w as presented in black velvet. In S hakespeares
times black velvet was not worn. We were intrigued. The psychology of
Hamlet will be presented by me differently. His will is paralysed. He is
hurled in another. But how will it be interpreted? Not a word in my interpre
tation is actually spoken. All is done in absolute, unbroken silence, solely
with my 1. They will be left out. It will be done again and again. I am
cramped by Shakespeare.
Ex. 74. 1. In her place I would never have agreed to this offer. 2. Lets
wait. He might come yet. 3. Why did you not ask me? Im sure I could have
helped. 4. It is a pity we did not know he was in Moscow. We would have
been glad to see him. 5. I should like to join you but unfortunately I c a n t.
6. It would be unpleasant to upset her on this day. 7. I didnt get a ticket to
the first night. Otherwise I should have certainly come. 8. I did not know the
hometask or I should have done it. 9. But for the doctors help the patient
would still be in a most critical state. 10. Let him do whatever he likes.
1 8 4
I dont care. 11. The dem onstrators shouted: Long live peace in our con
tinent and all over the world!
Ex. 75 . I. were (had been), would feel (would have felt). 2. had,
would want. 3. have seen, were, would not count. 4. would have, came out
(were to come out, should come out). 5. had stayed, would have. 6. would be
(would have been), had not made. 7. did (has done), would have under
stood. 8. am (would, should be), do (did) not work. 9. were to see (saw ),
would have stopped. 10. had, would laugh (would have laughed). 11. had
not heard.
Ex. 78 A. 1. You would not have these frequent headaches if you spent
more time in the open air. 2. We would certainly go for a walk if it were not
raining. 3. 1 think that if I were in your place, I would try to avoid arguing.
4. I could not do anything even if I wanted to interfere. But I dont. 5. If you
could send us a telegram, we might meet you, though I cant promise any
thing. 6. If anyone should ring me up, tell him that 1 shall be back after ten.
7. If I were to make the acquaintance of this o utstanding person, I would
consider myself very lucky. 8. You would feel better if you followed (would
follow) the doctors advice. 9. If you could stay in the town longer, you
might visit the local museum.
B. 1. Even if we had come half an hour earlier, we would have
missed the train ju s t the same. 2. She would not have missed so many
lessons ii she had not been so frequently ill. 3. If he had not fallen ill last
week, he would have taken part in the competition. 4. Last Sunday we could
have gone to the forest with you, if the car had not broken. 5. I dont know
anything about the matter. Even if my sister had heard anything, she would
not have told me. 6. Even if you had given him all the necessary instructions,
he would not (could not) have done it better than you. 7. He would not have
broken his arm if he had not been in such a hurry. 8. If you had called me
yesterday, I should have put the book in my bag at once. 9. If we had known
beforehand that you v/ould come, we would have left you the key.
C. I. If he were not so absent-minded, he would not have left her a d
dress at home. 2. She would not have fallen down if she had walked more
carefully. 3. If she had not been taking music lessons since childhood she
would not play the piano so well. 4. If the boy were not so stubborn, he would
have put on his w arm clothes and would not have c aught cold. 5. If we had
warned him in time, he would be here now. 6. If I had told them the truth
there and then I should not feel so nervous now. 7. If she had worked prop
erly last year, she would know the subject better and would have received
a good mark.
Ex. 81 . 1. did not jum p (would not jum p). 2. could. 3. would (could)
remember (rem em bered). 4. were. 5. would say, would not say. 6. had. 7. did
not call. 8. knew. 9. could have gone.
Ex. 82. 1. Tom and Huck wished they were pirates or at least might
become pirates when they grew up. 2. There came a day when Eliza wished
she had never met Professor Higgins. 3. Aunt Polly wished that she had not
punished Tom so often, now that she believed that he was dead. 4. Professor
Higgins wished that Eliza would stay at his house. 5. Tom wished he could
let Aunt Polly know that he was not drowned. 6. Becky wished that Tom
would see her home. 7. Tom wished that Becky would never speak to any
other boys. 8. The boys wished they would some day find a treasure. 9. I wish
you would come v/ith us. 10. I wish I had seen you yesterday. You would
have told me the hometask. 11. George wishes that you would give him the
agenda of our next meeting. 12. I wish you had wiped your muddy shoes
before entering the room or taken them off.
Ex. 83 . 1. called (were calling). 2. were thinking (thought). 3.
should see. 4. should sit (sit). 5. should say. 6. should go around.
Ex. 84. I . I suggest that we all get (should get) together and discuss the
matter calmly. 2. Do you insist that we should all hand in our course papers
before the final test? 3. It is important that all the students should partici
pate in the work. 4. The chief of the expedition ordered that everything
should be ready for the sta rt at 6 a. m. 5. It is necessary that all the equip
ment should be packed beforehand. 6. The chairman recommended that all
the am endments to the resolution should be made in written form. 7. His
proposal was that we should all state our views before taking a decision.
8. He made no suggestion that we keep silent. 9. Have you ever suggested
that he should make this experiment? As far as I remember the order was
that you should conduct it alone. 10. The library requires that all the books
should be returned (be returned) before the end of the term. 11. It is de
sirable that the ward should be aired (be aired) every other hour. 12. He
knew the subject well and was not afraid that he might be asked (lest he
should be asked) difficult questions. 13. The gardener feared that the early
frosts might damage the young apple-trees. 14. It was ordered that all
should stand (s tand) in a line (line up) in front of the tribune.
' ' 4 ^
88 . 1. could not see. 2. v/ould not have. 3. might spill. 4. can be
X-rayra. 5. should (might) not seem. 6. could hear. 7. may (will) gather.
8. would come. 9. might (would) take. 10. should flow.
Ex. 88. 1. He decided to leave the house ahead of time so that we could
meet at the station. 2. We hurried to the office so that the m anager might
still be in (lest the m anager should leave). 3. Speak louder and more dis
tinctly so that everyone may (can) hear you in the back row. 4. She told us
all her impressions so that we might u nderstand what she felt (how' she was
feeling). 5. The lecturer spoke slowly in order that w'e might (could) put
down the main ideas. 6. The teacher will give you consultations so that you
can (may, will) revise all the material before the examination. 7. I men
tioned all the details so that you could understand me better (lest you
misunderstand me, le styo u should misunderstand m e ) . 8. Turn on the light,
so we can all see the photos.
Ex. 89 . 1. were about. 2. had not seen. 3. were re-learning. 4. ispt (were
not). 5. were (w as). 6. were (w as). 7. interested. 8. were being drained.
9. had gone off.
Ex. 90. 1 . 1 feel as if I had not slept the night. 2. He did not pay attention
to the noise and continued to speak as if there was nobody in the room (as if
there were...). 3. She sings as though she were a professional singer. 4. The
boy kept silent as if he were afraid to speak. 5. You are treating me as if
I were a child. 6. The girl was amazed as if she had never seen anything
of the kind. 7. You are breathing heavily as if you had been running all the
way. 8. He knows our town as if he had been living (had lived) here for
a long time. 9. You look as if you had lost something. Can I help you? 10.
I remember the incident as if it had happened quite recently.
Ex. 91. 1. Fetch me some w a rm water so that I can wash the child. 2. If
I had known your address, I should have written to you long ago. 3. I wish
you could have taken part in our performance. You act as if you were a real
actor. 4. I suggest that our group should see the new comedy and discuss it
at the English lesson. 5. Were I in.her place (If I were in her place), I would
186
not rely (would not have relied) upon anybodys help and would do eve
rything myself. 6 . 1 would accept the invitation only on condition that you go
(would go) there too. 7. It is desirable that all the papers should be (be)
ready by Monday. Otherwise we shall not send them to the congress in time.
8. You had better keep silent and not tell stran gers about your affairs. They
may misunderstand you. 9 . 1 should be glad to make your brothers acquaint
ance. But for tomorrows test, 1 would go with you. I really wish I could.
Ex. 97. W as looking, turned, was addressed, had. Knew, was, had
received, left, had come, burnt, had (has h a d ), was devoted, was, knew,
had been, had gone, made, v/as afraid, would return and take. Did not put,
might see, came, got in, w as getting out, was seen, did not want, was, lost,
discovered, could not, did not trust, became. Was surprised, had not
changed. Said, was delighted. Have missed, added. Has died (died), ex
plained, inherited (has inherited), turned, said. Said, left, wished, got
answered, wrote, changed, left, didnt you answer. Looked, came, took,
said. Realized, knew.
Ex. ! 02. 1. could. 2. managed to. 3. could. 4. was able to. 5. could. 6. m an
aged to. 7. could. 8. succeeded in. 9. were able to. 10. could. 11. could.
187
know how much he is working. 4. He may (might) have had dinner and is
waiting for you. 5. Peter may (might) have gone to another town for quite
a different reason. 6. He may (might) have been waiting for you for a long
time. 7. She may (might) have understood all long ago. 8. They may
(might) have stopped at a hotel and will phone you as soon as they are free.
9. He may (might) not have got ready for the examination as he was ill. 10.
M artha m ay (might) have been learning to play the piano for a long time.
11. She m ay (might) be typing and therefore she does not hear the bell. 12.
George may (might) have got tired and he therefore did not want to go
anywhere. 13. Ann may be Tree tomorrow evening, then invite her to our
party. 14. Quiet! The children may be sleeping. 15. You could be more a tten
tive at the lessons. 16. He could give you a lift in his car: it is not far. 17.
Could I phone you tomorrow evening? 18. They may (m ight) not have de
cided where to go in summer. 19. In the morning he had a bad toothache, and
he may (might) have gone to the dentist. 20. Tom m ay (might) have made
a bad impression on you, as he didnt feel well that evening. 21. He may
(might) take you to the station in his car. 22. He may (might) not keep his
promise: he Is a light-minded man. 23. He may (might) not have accepted
your invitation as they have some other plans. 24. She m ay (might) explain
to you why she changed her decision. 25. They may (m ight) not know your
telephone number: it was changed last year. 26. She may (might) have seen
the film: you had better invite her to the theatre.
Ex. 121. 1. Can (could) it be raining? I havent taken my umbrella with
me. 2. He may (might) not get angry with you for not keeping your promise
(because you havent kept your promise). He is a kind man! 3. John c a n t
(couldnt) have made so many mistakes in the dictation: his spelling is
good. 4. He may (might) not have got tickets for a plane. He may (might)
come tomorrow by irain. 5. They c ant (couldnt) have liked such a primitive
film. 6. Can (could) she still be cooking dinner? 7. They may (might) have
been speaking in such low voices because they did not w ant to wake up the
child. 8. C an (could) they have refused your offer? 9. They may (m ight)
spend the whole sum mer in the mountains. 10. Can (could) they have failed
to wait for you? We didnt expect them to do such a thing. 11. Douglas may
(might) have come from his work. Let us ring him up. 12. The students c a n t
(couldnt) have failed to do the exercise correctly. 13. He may (might) have
some business in our town, and he has come here for several days. 14.
Mr. Blake may (might) not be sleeping: it is only ten oclock. 15. You could
have looked up the new words in the dictionary. You had a lot of time. 16.
Books cannot be taken out of the library. 17. Visitors cannot feed anim als in
the Zoo. 18. You may ask me as many questions as you like: 1 shall answ er
all of them. 19. May we come an hour la ter? Unfortunately you c a n t."
Ex. 122. have increased, have increased, understand, have uttered,
have been, have formed, have forgotten, have broken down, tell, have given.
Ex. 129. 1. decide. 2. have put on. 3. have met. 4. have failed io arrive.
5. have been discussing. 6. have left. 7. look. 8. have failed. 9. be working.
10. have been riding. 11. have been living. 12. know. 13. have forgotten.
14. know. 15. be talking. 16. have been having.
Ex. 131. 1. M ust we hand in the composition today? "No, you neednt.
You may hand it in tomorrow. 2. I must have my hair cut and buy some
thing for supper. 3. Dont go away. I m ust treat you to my apple pie, said
Mrs. Smith. 4. He m ust have failed to hear that somebody ra n g at the door.
5. You must have been sleeping when this happened. 6. She m ust have dozed
off and she did not see him enter the house. 7. Henry m ust be getting ready
for the entrance examinations to the university. 8. The boys m ust have been
188
playing football since morning. 9. He must have been surprised when he saw
her at the P a rk e r s. 10. Today I m ust go to the dentist: I m u st have a tooth
filled. 11. They m ust be waiting for you at the entrance. 12. Evidently the
performance will be cancelled as the actress playing the leading p a rt has
fallen ill. 13. He must have doubted the truthfulness of her words as he
began to ask her questions. 14. She m u s t have failed to see him in the crowd
and therefore did not answ er his greeting. 15. He m ust be displeased with
the results of the experiment. 16. We must appoint the day and the time for
the meeting. 17. Evidently the question will be settled tomorrow. 18. He
m ust be ill: look how pale he is. 19. The accident m ust have happened at
about nine oclock in the evening. 20. You m ust have been misunderstood.
21. The expression m ust be unknown to her. Give her a dictionary. 22. Ask
Sam, he m u st know all. 23. You m u s t pull yourself together and answer the
question. 24. They m ust have failed to get tickets for a plane and will go by
train. 25. He m ust have disagreed with George and they therefore quarreled.
Ex. 133 A. 1. prevent, stop, be caught, begin, set, prevent, go, set,
prevent, be locked up and secured, be barred, happen, do, go, begin,
do. 2. have learnt, have found, have loitered and prowled, understand, have
been, have eaten and slept. 3. have been, be able, imagine, sympathize, have
occasioned, have returned, have removed. 4. have dragged, have been c a r
rying, imagine, have come by and noticed, have pursued, not have heard,
imagine, have distanced.
Ex. 134. 1. Speak up! Nothing can be heard. 2. What a wonderful night!
Could we have a short walk? 3. This is your best work. You must certainly
send it to the exhibition. 4. He m u s t have been nineteen when he left home.
5. At last! I began to think that something m u st have happened to you.
6. Could you ring me up next Wednesday? 7. I think I must have slept for
seven or eight hours. 8. He might have guessed that we wouldnt leave him
in trouble. 9. He must have guessed that we dont want him (to be present)
here. 10. She could have helped them but she did not know about their diffi
culties. 11. She m ust have been helping them. 12. She might have helped
them; she saw th at they needed help. 13. He could have sent the letter by air
mail, but Anne talked him out of it. 14. We must have tired you. 15. C an t you
see that 1 give you the money to buy something with it? 16. She must dislike
music. 17. You must underestimate the importance of this report. 18. He
might have forgotten about his promise to come, but the visiting card re
minded him of it. 19. She cannot (could not) have gone away. 20. Can
(could) you have heard me reading the letter out loud? 21. If you could wait,
I wouldnt ask you for anything else. 22. May 1 visit you tomorrow? No,
you m u s tn t. 23. You might have come in without knocking. 24. C ant you
see that she is ill? 25. Evidently it isnt raining there now. 26. In his youth he
was strong and could lift heavy weights. 27. She was able to lift the trunk,
but put it down at once. 28. You can dismiss me, if 1 dont do as you like.
Ex. 142. 1. to put. 2. be. 3. to be photographed. 4. have bought.
5. have got. 6. to have, to go. 7. be sleeping. 8. to be playing. 9. to have been.
10. be reading. 11. try. 12. to have shown. 13. have taken. 14. take,
go. 15. to have seen.
Ex. . 1. You should have gone out at the previous stop. Now you
must go back. 2. You should not pay attention to what she says: she is tired
and therefore in a bad mood. 3. He m ust be sitting on the bench in the g a r
den. He is always there in the evening. 4. Ask Nora about it. She ought to
know. 5. You dont look well. You ought not to have worked at your report
till late at night. 6. You should not have refused the offer to go there in s u m
mer. I know it would be interesting to you. 7. You should have tried your
189
best to catch the 12 o'clock train. The next train is only in three hours.
8. I should have gone to the exhibition with you on Friday. There are always
many people there now. 9. Do you think we should go to the station or wait
for him here? 10. You ought not to have gone out in such cold weather, you
are not quite well yet. 11. Knock at the door: he ought to be in his office. 12.
You should have had breakfast: there is plenty of time. 13 . 1 think he ought to
agree to the plan. It is the best w ay out. 14. You (one) ought not to try to
solve all the problems at once. >1 should not have argued with him, but
I did not know that he was so touchy. 16. He ought to stay in bed and to take
the medicines prescribed by the doctor. 17. She should have puiled herself
together and explained everything. 18. It is late now; everybody m ust be
sleeping. 19. He should take some w arm clothes with him. The summer may
be cold. 20. The telegram should have been sent in the morning; I am afraid
she w ont get it. 21. You should have done your homework first and then
gone to play football," the mother said to the boy. 22. She should not have
taken to heart her friends jokes; they did not w ant to hurt her. 2 3 . 1 think he
should have it out with her. 24. You shouldnt have worried. I was sure that
everything would end well. 25. You should have encouraged her. She was
not to blame.
Ex. 144. I. should be. 2. should be. 3. should be getting down.
4. should be getting. 5. should have persevered. 6. should have. 7. should
have been taken. 8. shouldnt have been able. 9. should have come.
10. should have taken. 11. should have soled an d heeled. 12. should be
being interviewed. 13. should have been taken up. 14. should not have been
cleaned. 15. should be.
Ex. I55t I. They had to leave the concert as they were afraid to miss the
last train. 2. We were to have met at the entrance to the cinema, but she did
not come for some reason. 3. You will have to wait a little. The dean is busy
now. 4. In accordance with the plan you are to write a course paper in the
fourth year. 5 . 1 didnt have to exp lain anything. She already knew all. 6. The
house is to be built by September. 7. You are to meet the tourists at the air
port and take them to the hotel. 8. I dont have to spend much time to get to
the institute: I live near it. 9. They were to meet only in twenty years. 10. He
is to be seen at the stadium every evening: he plays tennis and volleyball
regularly. 11. We did not have to queue for the tickets: we had booked them
by phone. 12. The tourists arc having a rest now, and at five oclock they are
to g o on an excursion. 13. Tomorrow Ill have to see the dentist I c an t put it
off again. 14. You are to inform us of your decision not later than the twenti
eth. 15. 1 have to go to bed late now as I m ust prepare a report for Friday. 16.
Everything is ready for the reception. Now well only have to wait for the
guests: they are to arrive at seven. 17. As you will be the last to leave, youll
have to switch off the light and lock the door. You are to leave the key under
the m at at the door. 18. We had to sleep in the boat as it was w arm er in it
than on the bank. 19. Although we did not like the breakfast cooked by
George we had to eat it. 20. You will have to explain to her why you do not
w ant to come to the party. 21. The concert was to have begun at seven, and
now it is a quarter p ast seven and it does not begin. Has anything happened?
22. He has to spend a lot of time getting ready for the lessons, as he was ill
and missed m any lessons.
Ex. 169. 1. would not. 2. would. 3. shall, will, shall. 4. will. 5. will.
6. will. 7. will, will. 8. would, would. 9. will. 10. shall not, will, will not.
11. would not. 12. shall. 13. would. 14. shall.
Ex. 171. I. You shall answ er for it, he said with a threat in his voice.
2. Shall I open the window? It is very stuffy here. 3. You will go and tell her
190
the truth. 4. Would you mind sitting in the garden? It is cooler there. 5. Let
us listen to music. I have many fine recordings. Or would you rather go out?
6. She will sit for hours and watch the w a ves run on to the beach. 7. Shall
we dance? he said coming up to her. 8. What shall we do? Where shall we
go? It is very late. 9. If you will come to our party, we shall be very glad to
seeyou.10. Will you tell her that I called on her and I m ust have a talk with
h e r ? u l y T h e door wont open; the lock must be out of order. 12. The dog
woulchvt let us stroke it, though we had given it food for several days. 13.
We all try to help her, but she wont listen to anybody. 14. V/ill you do what
I ask you? 15. We had been waiting for more than an hour, but the th u n
derstorm wouldnt stop. 16. In the evening he would tell us interesting
stories about voyages and pirates. 17. You knew I didnt like it that you
visited those people, but you would go there. 18. Shall we go to the cinema?
I w ant to see the new comedy. 19. Would you like to watch television?
I would play chess with you. 20. We were wraiting for my cousin and her
husband to sit down at the table, but they w ouldnt come. 21. You know
that I am against your coming home late, and still you will come not earlier
than twelve oclock, the mother said to her son.
Ex. 178. 1. neednt have brought. 2. didnt need to bring. 3. didnt need
to explain. 4. neednt have explained. 5. didnt need to hurry. 6. neednt
have hurried. 7. didnt need to write and to summon. 8. neednt have
written and summoned. 9. didnt need to clean. 10. neednt have been.
11, didnt need to take.
Ex. 179. 1. need not. 2. does not have to. 3. should not. 4. dare not.
5. need not. 6. should not. 7. did not have to. 8. dare. 9. should. 10. do not
have to. 11. should. 12. should. 13. need not. 14. do not have to. 15. need not.
16. should. 17. need. 18. dare not. 19. does not have to.
Ex. 181. 1. We did not have to queue for tickets before the show: we had
bought tickets beforehand. 2. You neednt wash the windows now. Let us do
it together tomorrow. 3. An underground station has been built near our
house, and we dont have to go to work by bus. 4. The text was so easy that
we didnt have to use the dictionary. 5. You shouldnt have bought so much
bread; we have some bread. 6. You should not have reminded her about the
incident: she was upset, and the evening was spoilt. 7. You should have
asked him when it is convenient for him to give us a lecture. 8. He did not
have to tell anything about himself: everybody knew him well. 9. You need
not have taken so many w arm clothes v/ith you; it is always warm here at
this time of the year. 10. Do you think we should let him know about it? 11.
The doctor said (hat he would have to give up smoking. 12. You should have
seen the doctor long ago; you dont look well. 13. You neednt have taken
your umbrella; 1 am sure it wont rain. 14. Yesterday I did not have to do
any written exercises: we were asked to do only oral ones. 15. She should
have rung up home; her mother will worry that she is out so long. 16. You
neednt leave a note for him; Ill give him your message. 17. We didnt have
to send him a telegram ; he unexpectedly came himself. 18. You neednt have
explained the rule to the students; they know it. 19. You should not have
told her about the accident. 20. You neednt have called the doctor; the child
is quite well. 21. You neednt have asked them so many questions; the pic
ture (everything) is clear. 22. You should not have scolded the boy; he is not
to blame.
Ex. 184. should, could, could, must, could, must, must.
Ex. 185. must, must, can, can, may, can, must, must, must, may.
Ex. 186. must, will, could, may, can, will, shall, might, will, shall, may,
should, should, will, shall.
Ex. 187. 1. He must have cut himself when shaving. 2. C a n t I finish my
breakfast first? 3. Again and again she told herself that she m ustn t blame
him. 4. But I think you might have told us this half an hour ago. 5. May I sit
with you? 6. She m ust have come early to have got a place like that. 7. I can
make Ann work and Im going to do it. 8. You may also ad d ress me as Aunt
Polly for the future. 9. You can take that hat if you like it. 10. Can she really
be so ill? 11. She cannot deceive me. Her name cannot be Doolittle. 12. She
m ust have seen him somewhere. 13. Do you suppose he could be hiding now?
14. You ought not to have driven the car with the brakes out of order. 15.
This is the one thing that m ust be avoided. 16. Suddenly there appeared a
girl carrying in her arm s a huge bunch of forgetmenot3 which she m ust have
been gathering from where they grew in thick profusion at the far side of the
lawn. 17. Does it occur to you, Higgins, that Eliza has some feelings? Oh,
no. I dont think so. Not any feelings that we need bother about." 18. In the
morning Ill call on Mrs. Higgins and ask her what I ought to do. 19. Need
we tell her anything? 20. Im sure you neednt be nervous. And you know Ill
stand by you. 21. Her father w ouldnt agree to her marriage. 22. You will
have to have a special permit for your yacht.
Ex. 188. 1. Ive got a lot of time. I neednt go home. 2. How dare you
come here and attempt to blackmail me? 3. You ought not to have been so
rash. 4. I am afraid that all this will have to be called off. 5. Im not asking
you to believe me any more. I c a n t help rt, if you wont. 6. I m ust speak and
you must listen. You shall listen. 7. I shall have to ask them what the name
of this young man is. 8. Can you remember any great error tha t you com
mitted in your early days, Ja n e ? he asked looking at her acro ss the table.
9. But do you approve of it, H a rry ? asked the painter walking up and
down the room and biting his lips. You c a n t approve of it." 10. Imogene,
you m ust find ways of avoiding this. If not, I m not going to have anything to
do with you. 11. You never dine with me now. I thought you m ust have some
curious romance on hand. 12. And now, my dear friend, may I ask if you
really meant ail that you said to us at lunch? 13. I dont think Ill be able to
handle your case. Im very busy. Oh, but vou m u s t.. You will ju s t have to,
t h a t s all. 14. I beseech you to let me bring him here. Perhaps we can save
him. He shall be no trouble to you. I will do everything. 15. Bill arrived at
Woodstock and he asks if he may call on Mrs. Wickham. 16. Shall I tell
M am m a that youll come to dinner? 17. Let me put you into a taxi. The tram s
will have stopped running. 18. You have a scar on your neck, Mr. Eden,
the girl was saying. How did it happen? 1 am sure it must have been some
ad venture. 19. How dare you show me your temper? 20. After her illness
she had to make up for lost time. 21. Harris said there m ust have been
twenty people following him.
Ex. 189. 1. It m u s t be snowing now there. 2. It must have been snowing
since morning. 3. Probably it is not snowing there now. 4. You must have
failed to appreciate the importance of this information. 5. She must be fond of
opera. 6. Her brother is not fond of opera, probably. 7. She may be neg
lecting her insulin treatment. 8. She may have neglected her insulin tr e a t
ment. 9. She may have been neglecting her insulin treatm ent for a long time.
10. When she addressed me, 1 m ay have been reading an announcement and
missed her words.
Ex. 190. 1. . 2. ,
. 3. , . 4. , , 5.
, .