Apakah yang dimaksudkan oleh perkara-perkara yang tersenarai dalam disertasi:

Bab 2 Sorotan Literatur

1. Apakah itu sorotan literatur?

Donald H.McBurney (1998)

Dalam bukunya Research Methods menyatakan bahawa The first is to act as though one
were the first intelligent person ever to have contemplated this particular problem and to
plunge right into designing the study

Gay, Mills & Airasian, (2006)

Sorotan literatur sebagai pengenalpastian yang sistematik, lokasi, dan analisis dokumen yang
mengandungi maklumat yang berkaitan dengan masalah kajian

Menurut Keith F.Punch (2009)

Dalam bukunya Introduction To Research Methods in Education menyatakan bahawa The

research literature is sometimes called the empirical literature ; it means literature that
reports empirical research results

James McHillan (2011)

Although the introductory section may include some references to other research or
literature , a more formal review of literature begins after theresearch problemis
introduced.

Ranjit (2011)

The literature review is an integral part of the research process and makes a valuable
contribution to almost every operational step. It has value even before the first step; that is,
when you are merely thinking about a research question that you may want to find answers to
through your research journey. In the initial stages of research it helps you to establish the
theoretical roots of your study, clarify your ideas and develop your research methodology.
Later in the process, the literature review serves to enhance and consolidate your own
knowledge base and helps you to integrate your findings with the existing body of knowledge.

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- it helps you to integrate your findings with existing knowledge that is, to either support or
contradict earlier research. The higher the academic level of your research, the more
important a
thorough integration of your findings with existing literature becomes.
* A literature review has the following functions:
-It provides a theoretical background to your study.
-It helps you establish the links between what you are proposing to examine and what
has already been studied.
-It enables you to show how your findings have contributed to the existing body of knowledge
in your profession. It helps you to integrate your research findings into the existing body of
knowledge.
In relation to your own study, the literature review can help in four ways. It can:
1. bring clarity and focus to your research problem;
2. improve your research methodology;
3. broaden your knowledge base in your research area; and
4. contextualise your findings.
There are four steps involved in conducting a literature review:
1. Searching for the existing literature in your area of study.
2. Reviewing the selected literature.
3. Developing a theoretical framework.
4. Developing a conceptual framework.
The skills required for these tasks are different. Developing theoretical and conceptual
frameworks is more difficult than the other tasks

Keep in mind that you may need to add more themes as you go along. While going through
the literature you should carefully and critically examine it with respect to the following
aspects:
- Note whether the knowledge relevant to your theoretical framework has been
confirmed beyond doubt.
- Note the theories put forward, the criticisms of these and their basis, the
methodologies adopted (study design, sample size and its characteristics,
measurement procedures, etc.) and the criticisms of them.
- Examine to what extent the findings can be generalised to other situations.
- Notice where there are significant differences of opinion among researchers and

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 give your opinion about the validity of these differences.
- Ascertain the areas in which little or nothing is known the gaps that exist in
the body ofknowledge.

Chua Yan Piaw (2012)

Sorotan literatur sebagai membuat rujukan kritikal dan sistematik untuk dokumen yang
mengandungi idea-idea, reka bentuk kajian, data dan butir-butir kaedah pengumpulan
maklumat yang berkaitan dengan tajuk penyelidikan.

Creswell (2012)

Sorotan literatur merupakan rumusan bertulis seperti artikel jurnal, buku dan dokumen lain
yang menghuraikan keadaan lepas dan semasa berkenaan maklumat, mengorganisasikan
literatur kepada topik dan mendokumenkan keperluan untuk tujuan kajian.

Sorotan literatur ialah rujukan secara kritikal dan sistematik mengenai maklumat terpilih
yang terdapat dalam kepustakaan atau literatur berkenaan topik atau fokus soalan kajian
penyelidik. Sorotan itu perlu menghurai, meringkas, menganalisis, mensintesis, menilai dan
menjelaskan kepustakaan yang dipilih. (Bryman & Bell, 2003).

Fraenkel et al., 2014

A literature review is an assessment of a body (or bodies) of literature that pertains to a

specific question. A literature review is helpful in several ways. It not only helps researchers
glean the idea of others interested in a particular research question (through important
research findings and theories), but it also lets them read about the results of similar or
related studies. Literature reviews also give researchers ideas about areas where more
research needs to be done. They refer to these as gaps in the literature.

Hamidah, Jamal & Khalip (2015)

Sorotan literatur adalah dokumen bertulis yang memaparkan hujahan yang disusun secara
logik berdasarkan pemahaman yang komprehensif berkaitan pengetahuan terkini berkaitan
tajuk yang dikaji.

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2. Mengapa sorotan literatur penting?

Ranjit Kumar,2011
Sorotan literatur adalah penting kerana ianya mempunyai beberapa fungsi utama iaitu :
A literature review has the following functions:
1. It provides a theoretical background to your study.
2. It helps you establish the links between what you are proposing to examine and what has
already been studied.
3. It enables you to show how your findings have contributed to the existing body of
knowledge
in your profession. It helps you to integrate your research findings into the existing body of
knowledge.

Menurut beliau lagi,

The literature review can help researcher in several ways. It can:
1. bring clarity and focus to your research problem;
2. improve your research methodology;
3. broaden your knowledge base in your research area; and
4. contextualise your findings.

Creswell ,2012
Soroton literatur penting kerana sorotan literatur adalah langkah permulaan dalam proses
penyelidikan.

Chua Yan Piaw,2012

Sorotan literatur juga penting kerana dapat membantu penyelidik mengelakkan pertindihan
dalam penyelidikan dan membantu penyelidik untuk mengelakkan penyelidik mengulangi
kesilapan yang sama dalam metodologi.)

Cresswell (2015)
Menggariskan bahawa sesuatu soroton literatur penting kerana ianya:
1. Memberikan asas teori untuk penyelidikan
2. Memberi idea mengenai pembolehubah
3. Membantu penyelidik memahami Nature atau Contour focus penyelidikan

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4. Menjelaskan tentang status kajian di luar sama ada telah banyak diterokai atau belum.
5. Memberi maklumat tentang kerja-kerja penyelidikan yang telah dibuat mengenai reka
bentuk, subjek kajian, alat kajian, dapatan dan kedalaman kajian yang telah dijalankan.
6. Memberkan maklumat tentang makna dan hubungan antara pembolehubah. Ia juga
membantu dalam membina hipotesis kajian

3. Apakah langkah-langkah membuat sorotan literatur?

Gall, Gall & Borg (2010),

Menggariskan tujuh langkah dalam membuat sorotan literatur. Langkah-langkah tersebut
meliputi:
i. Rangka keperluan maklumat dalam bentuk soalan atau hipotesis yang akan
memandu dalam pencarian literatur.
ii. Hubungi pakar yang boleh menjawab soalan penyelidikan secara langsung atau
yang dapat membimbing penyelidik untuk mencari literatur yang releven.
iii. Pilih bibliografi dan indeks pencarian yang boleh membantu bagi mengenal pasti
penerbitan yang releven kepada soalan-soalan kajian.
iv. Membaca sumber sekunder (tinjauan literatur yang telah diterbitkan) untuk
mendapatkan gambaran penerbitan yang releven dan menjadi asas untuk membuat
tinjauan literatur penyelidik.
v. Membaca dan menilai sumber utama yang releven kepada soalan penyelidikan.
vi. Mengelaskan penerbitan yang releven untuk tinjauan literatur penyelidik ke dalam
kategori yang telah disusun dan berstruktur.
vii. Menyediakan laporan tinjauan literatur dalam kajian penyelidik.

5 Langkah Penting dalam Tinjauan Literatur

i. Mengenalpasti kata kunci untuk pandu kajian.
ii. Mengenalpasti sumber dan lokasi bahan pangkalan data library/internet.
iii. Mengumpulkan abstrak maklumat yang diperolehi dalam rujukan dan membuat
penilaian bahan yang sesuai dijadikan bahan rujukan.
iv. Menganalisa, menyusun bahan bacaan yg telah dipilih dengan mengestrak dan
mempersembahkan isi penting dalam pelbagai bentuk.
v. Menulis literatur

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Ranjit Kumar ,2011
Dalam bukunya Research Methodology: a step-by-step for beginners turut menggariskan
beberapa langkah penting dalam membuat sorotan literature iaitu:
There are four steps involved in conducting a literature review:
1. Searching for the existing literature in your area of study.
2. Reviewing the selected literature.
3. Developing a theoretical framework.
4. Developing a conceptual framework.
The skills required for these tasks are different. Developing theoretical and conceptual
frameworks is more difficult than the other tasks.

Cohen,2011
Set out the argument(s) that it will advance.
Set out points in favour of the argument(s) or thesis to be advanced/supported.
Set out points against the argument(s) or thesis to be advanced/supported.
Have a conclusion based on the points raised and evidence presented.
establishes and justifies the need for the research ,its significance, originality and
foci;
establishes and justifies the methodology to be adopted;
has an organized and developed argument, not just a descriptive summary;
presents, contextualizes, analyzes, interprets, critiques, and evaluates sources and
issues, not just accepting what they say;
presents arguments and counter-arguments, evidence and counter-evidence about an
issue;
reveals similarities and differences between authors, about the same issue;
states its purposes, foci, methods of working, organization and how it will move to a
conclusion, i.e. what it will do, what it will argue, what it will show, what it will
conclude, and how this links into or informs the subsequent research project;
is a springboard into, and foundation for, all areas and stages of the research in
question: purpose, foci, research questions, methodology, data analysis, discussion
and conclusions;
must be conclusive;
must be focused yet comprehensive in its coverage of relevant issues;
must present both sides of an issue or argument;

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 should address theories, models (where relevant), empirical research, methodological
materials, substantive issues, concepts, content and elements of the field in question;
must include and draw on many sources and types of written material and kinds of
data.

John.W. Creswell,2015
1. Identify key terms to use in your search for literature.
2. Locate literature about a topic by consulting several types of materials and databases,
including those available at an academic library and on the Internet.
3. Critically evaluate and select the literature for your review.
4. Organize the literature you have selected by abstracting or taking notes on the
literature and developing a visual diagram of it.
5. Write a literature review that reports summaries of the literature for inclusion in your
research report.

4. Apakah yang perlu hadir dalam bab sorotan literatur?

Cohen,2011
Gives credibility and legitimacy to the research;
Shows that the research is up-to-date, focuses on key issues, is aware of the
theoretical, conceptual, methodological and substantive problems in the field;
Clarifies key concepts, issues, terms and meanings;
Leads into the researchers study, raising issues, showing where there are gaps in the
research field, how to move the field forwards, and justifying the need for the
research;
Shows the researchers own critical judgment on prior research or theoretical matters
in the field;
Provides new theoretical, conceptual, methodological and substantive insights and
issues for research;
Sets the context for the research and establishes key issues to be addressed;
The literature must inform the research, not simply stand alone with no relation to
what comes after.

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Antara kandungan dalam Sorotan Literatur berdasarkan penyelidikan kuantitatif dan
penyelidikan kualitatif ialah :

Cresswell,2015

Aspek Kualitatif Kuantitatif

Jumlah sorotan literatur Besar.
yang dinamakan pada awal Perlu menyeluruh dari semua
kajian aspek kajian seperti masalah
kajian, kerangka konseptual,
hipotesis kajian,
pembolehubah, metadologi
dan dapatan kajian-kajian
lain yang berkaitan
Kegunaan sorotan literatur Menjustifikasikan keperluan
pada awal kajian penyelidikan.
Mendapatkan kepentingan
kajian, masalah dan soalan
kajian serta tujuan kajian.
Kegunaan sorotan literatur Mengesahkan, menyokong
pada akhir kajian atau menidakkan pernyataan-
pernyataan dalam tinjauan
literatur sebelum itu.
Jumlah sorotan literatur Besar.
yang dinamakan pada awal Perlu menyeluruh dari semua
kajian aspek kajian seperti masalah
kajian, kerangka konseptual,
hipotesis kajian,
pembolehubah, metadologi
dan dapatan kajian-kajian
lain yang berkaitan
Minimum.
Sekadar yang diperlukan
untuk memahami masalah
kajian dan asas-asas teori
atau model yang berkaitan
Menjustifikasikan keperluan
kajian.
Menyokong atau
memodifikasikan dapatan
atau kajian sedia ada dalam
sorotan literatur.
Minimum.
Sekadar yang diperlukan
untuk memahami masalah
kajian dan asas-asas teori
atau model yang berkaitan

Uwe Flick,2011

Aspek Kualitatif Kuantitatif

Theory As an end point to be As a starting point to be

developed tested

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Case Selection Purposive according to the Orientated on (statiscal)
theoretical fruitfulnessof the representativity iedeally
case random sampling

Data Collection Open Standardized

Anaylises of Data Interpretative Statistical

Generelization In a theoretical sense In a statistical sense to the

population

Burke Johnson & Christensen,2014

Kualitatif Kuantitaif

Can be used to stimulate theoretical Will tell whether the problem you have
sensitivity concepts and relationships that identified has already been researched.
prior literature has repeatedly identified

The literature stimulate questions. Will assist you I forming your research
questions.

Can provide some information about the Might give u ideas as to how to proceed with
situation and populations that you need to and design the study so that you can obtain
study. an answer to your research question

Can point out methodological problem

specific to the research question you are
studyng

Can identify appropriate data collection

instruments.

Sumber rujukan

Alan Bryman. (2012). Social Research Methods (4th ed.). New York: Oxford University
Press
Burke J, Larry C. (2017). Educational Research 5th Edition: Quantitativa, Qualitative and
Mixed Approaches, United Sates Of America : Sage Publication
Christensen, L. B., Johnson, R. B. & Turner, L. A. (2014). Research methods, design, and
analysis (12th ed). United States of America: Pearson Education Inc.
Chua Yan Piaw. (2012). Mastering Research Methods. Selangor: McGraw Hill Education.
Cohen, L., Manion, L. & Morrison, K. (2011). Research methods in education (7th ed.).
London: Routledge.

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Creswell, J. W. (2015). Educational research: planning, conducting, and evaluation
quantitative and qualitative research (5th ed.). Lincoln and London: Unversity of
Nebraska Press.
Newton, W. S. (2012). Introduction to educational research a critical thinking approach (2nd
ed). Washington D.C.: SAGE Publications Ltd.

Noraini, I. (2013). Penyelidikan dalam pendidikan (edisi ke-2). Selangor: McGraw-Hill

Education (Malaysia) Sdn. Bhd.

Ranjit, K. (2011). Research methodology: a step-by-step guide for biginners (3rd ed.).
London: SAGE Publications Ltd.

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