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Ontheshapefunctionsandtheirrequirements
SATURDAY,AUGUST25,2012 BLOGARCHIVE
2012(1)
Ontheshapefunctionsandtheirrequirementsforafiniteelement August(1)
analysis Ontheshapefunctionsandtheir
requirementsfor...
Ontheshapefunconsandtheirrequirementsforaniteelementanalysis
1.Introduction: ABOUTME
AjayTaneja
Thiswriteupprovidesaninsightintothemeaningofshapefunctionsandtheirrequirementsfora
Justanormalhumanbeing,
goingthroughthemotionsof
physicallyadmissiblesolution.
life,ImustaddthoughI'mso
simplethatI'mcomplicated!
Section2discussesindetailthedefinitionofshapefunctionsandsection3givesthederivationof
Viewmycompleteprofile
shapefunctionsforaC0andC1continuouslineartrussandflexuralelement.
2.Whatareshapefunctions?
LetusconsideratwodimensionaldomainasshownintheFigure1.Wehaveatriangularfinite
elementindicatedinthedomain.
Letussay(x,y)isthefieldvariableassociatedwiththedomain.Thetriangularelementindicatedin
thefigurehasonlyexternalnodes.Itmaybenotedthatanodeisspecificpointinthedomainwhere
thevalueofthefieldvariableisexplicitlycomputed.Ifthevalueofthefieldvariableisexplicitly
computedatthenodes,howarethevaluesatotherpointswithinafiniteelementcomputed?The
valuesofthefieldvariablecomputedatthenodesareusedtoapproximatethevaluesatnonnodal
points(thatis,intheelementinterior)byinterpolationofthenonnodalvalues.
Forthethreenodedtriangularelement,thenodesareallattheexteriorandatanyotherpointwithin
theelementthefieldvariableisdescribedbytheapproximaterelation
Where
1,2,3,arethevaluesofthefieldvariablesatthenodesandN1,N2,N3aretheinterpolation
functionsalsoknownasshapefunctionsorblendingfunctions.
Inthefiniteelementanalysisapproach,thenodalvaluesofthefieldvariablesaretreatedas
unknownconstantsthataretobedetermined.Theinterpolationfunctionsaremostoftenpolynomial
formsoftheindependentvariables,derivedtosatisycertainconditionsatthenodes.Themajor
pointtobemadehereisthattheinterpolationfunctionsarepredetermined,knownfunctionsofthe
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independentvariablesandthesefunctionsdescribethevariationofthefieldvariablewithinthe
element.
3.Degreeofcontinuityofshapefunctions
Filedquantityisinterpolatedinapiecewisefashionoveranelement.Thatis,eachinterpolation
pieceisdefinedonlywithinitselement.So,whilecanbeguaranteedtovarysmoothlywithineach
element,thetransitionbetweenelementsmaynotbesmooth.ThesymbolCmisusedtodefinethe
continuityofapiecewisefield.
AfieldisCmcontinuousifitsderivativesuptoandincludingthedegreemareinterelement
continuous.
Thus,inonedimension=xisC0continuousifiscontinuousanditsderivativeisnot,and=
xisC1continuousif=xanditsfirstderivativeiscontinuouswhileitssecondderivativeisnot.
TheCmterminologycanbeappliedtoelementtypes.ThebarelementisC0continuousandthe
beamelementisC1continuous.
3.1C0interpolation:Shapefunctionsofalineartrusselement
LetusconsiderafieldwhichisC0continuous.Thus,thefieldvariableonlyisonlyinterelement
continuouswhereasitsderivativesarenot.
Expressingthevariableintermsofalinearinterpolatingpolynomial,wehave
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3.2C1interpolation:Shapefunctionsofaflexuralelement
Recallingthatthebasicpremiseoffiniteelementformulationistoexpressthecontinuouslyvarying
fieldvariableintermsoffinitenumberofvaluesevaluatedatthenodes,wenotethat,forflexural
elementthefieldvariableofinterestisthetransversedisplacementv(x)oftheneutralsurfaceaway
fromitsstraightundeflectedposition.
Asseeninthefigurebelow,thetransversedisplacementofthebeamissuchthatthevariationof
deflectionalongthelengthisnotadequatelydescribedbythedisplacementsoftheendpointsonly
Asseenfromthefigure2aandb,theendpointscanbeidenticalwhilethedeflectedshapeofthe
twocasesisquitedifferent.Therefore,theflexuralelementformulationshouldtakeintoaccountthe
slopeofthebeamaswellastheendpointdisplacement.Inadditiontoavoidingthepotential
ambiguityofdisplacements,inclusionofbeamelementnodalrotationsensurescompatibilityof
rotationsatnodalconnectionsbetweentheelements,thisprecludingthephysicalunacceptable
discontinuitydepictedinfigure2c).
Inlightoftheseobservationsregardingrotations,thenodalvariablestobeassociatedwithflexural
elementaredepictedasshowninFigure3below.Thenodalvariablesaredenotedinpositive
directionanditistobenotedthattheslopesaretobespecifiedinradians.
Thedisplacementfunctionistobediscretisedsuchthat
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Equation16
subjecttotheboundaryconditions
Consideringthefourboundaryconditions,weassumethedisplacementfunctionas
Thechoiceofacubicfunctiontodescribethedisplacementisnotarbitrarybecause
i.Withthespecificationoffourboundaryconditions,wecandeterminenotmorethanfour
constantsintheassumeddisplacementfunction
ii.Consideringthedifferentialequation
Equation19
Weseethat,sincetheloadsareappliedonlyatthenodes,thesecondderivativeofthe
displacementfunctionislinear,hencethebendingmomentvarieslinearlyalongthelength
oftheelement.
ApplicationoftheboundaryconditiontoEq17yieldsthefollowing
SolvingEquation20simultaneouslygives
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N1,N2,N3,N4areinterpolationfunctionswhichdescribethedistributionofdisplacementintermsof
nodalvaluesinthenodaldisplacementvector{}
4.Requirementsofshapefunctions
4.1Solutionaccuracy:
Infiniteelementsanalysis,thesolutionaccuracyisjudgedintermsofconvergenceasthe
elementmeshisrefined.Therearetwomajormethodsofmeshrefinement:
i.hrefinement
ii.prefinement
Inthehrefinement,meshrefinementreferstotheprocessof
increasingthenumberofelementsusedtomodelagivendomain,
consequentlyreducingtheindividualelementsize.
Inprefinement,theelementsizeisunchangedbuttheorderofpolynomialsusedasinterpolation
functionsisincreased.Theobjectiveofmeshrefinementineithermethodistoobtainsequential
solutionsthatexhibitasymptoticconvergencetothevaluerepresentingtheexactsolution.
AnexampleillustratingregularhrefinementaswellassolutionconvergenceisshownintheFigure
5below,whichdepictsaregularelasticplateofuniformthicknessfixedononeedgeandsubjected
toaconcentratedloadononecorner:
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Theproblemismodelledusingrectangularplanestresselementsandthreemeshesareusedin
sequenceFigure6.1b6.1d.SolutionconvergenceisdepictedinFigure6.1eintermsofmaximal
normalstressinthexdirection.Forthisproblem,theexactsolutionistakenintermsofmaximal
normalstressinxdirection.Forthisproblem,theexactsolutionistakentobethemaxiamalnormal
bendingstresscomputedusingelementalbeamtheory.Thetrueexactsolutionistheplanestress
solutionistheplanestresssolutionfromthetheoryofelasticity.
Forageneralfieldproblem,thefieldvariableisexpressedonanelementbasisinthediscretised
form:
WhereMisthenumberofelementdegreesoffreedom,theinterpolationfunctionsmustsatisfytwo
primaryconditionstoensureconvergenceduringmeshrefinement:thecompatibilityand
completenessrequirementsdiscussedasbelow.
4.2Compatibilityrequirement
Alongelementboundaries,thefieldvariableanditspartialderivativesuptooneorderlessthanthe
highestorderderivativeappearingintheintegralformulationoftheelementequationsmustbe
continuous.Giventhediscretisedrepresentationofequation6.1,itfollowsthattheinterpolation
functionsmustmeetthiscondition,sincethesefunctionsdeterminethespatialvariationofthefield
variable.
Consideringtheformulationoftrusselements,thedisplacementsmustbecontinuousacrosselement
boundariesbutnoneofthedisplacementderivativesisrequiredtobecontinuousacrosssuch
boundaries.Indeed,thetrusselementisaconstantstrainelementsothefirstorderderivativeis,in
general,discontinuousattheboundaries.
Similarly,thebeamelementincludeshesecondderivativeofdisplacementandcompatibility
requirescontinuityofboththedisplacementandtheslope(firstderivative)attheelement
boundaries.
Physicalmeaningofcompatibilityrequirements
Inadditiontosatisfyingthecriteriaofconvergence,thecompatibilityrequirementsgiveaphysical
meaningtotheproblemaswell.Instructuralengineeringproblems,therequirementofdisplacement
continuityalongtheelementboundariesensuresthatnogapsorvoidsdevelopinthestructureasa
resultofmodellingprocedure.
Similarly,therequirementofslopecontinuityforthebeamelementensuresthatnokinksare
developedinthedeformedstructure.
Inheattransferproblems,thecompatibilityrequirementpreventsthephysicallyunacceptable
possibilityofjumpdiscontinuityintemperaturedistribution.
4.3Completenessrequirement
Inthelimitaselementsizeshrinkstozerointhemeshrefinement,thefieldvariableanditspartial
derivativesuptoandincluding,thehighestorderderivativeappearingintheintegralformulationmust
becapableofassumingconstantvalues.Again,becauseofdiscretisation,thecompleteness
requirementisdirectlyapplicabletointerpolationfunctions.
Thecompletenessrequirementensuresthatadisplacementfieldwithinastructuralelementcan
takeonaconstantvalue(constantvalueswithinthatelementbutnotoverall),representingarigid
bodymotionforexample.Similarly,constantslopeforabeamelementrepresentsarigidbody
rotationforexamplewhileastateofconstanttemperatureinthermalelementcorrespondstono
heatfluxthroughtheelement.
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