Review of Solubility Principles and Calculations

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Saturated solutions of ionic substances are shown as follows:

Remember that molecular substances do not form ions when they dissolve and thus saturated
solutions of molecular substances are shown as follows:
Remember it is the ions in
solution that conduct
electricity, therefore
molecular solutions do not
conduct electricity.

Solubility Curves

Solubility curves are plots of the solubility of a substance with respect to _______________.

Often more than one substance is depicted on one set of axis. The units are typically given in

________________________________________________. A solubility curve can provide

a great deal of information including whether the dissolution of a solute is _______________

or _______________________ and whether a solution will be saturated,

_________________________ or _____________________________under certain

conditions. Examine the solubility curve below and answer the questions.

Questions:

1. Which salt is the least soluble at 20oC? _____________________

2. If you put 40 g of NH4Cl in 100 g of water at 50oC, would the solution be saturated?

3. If you put 40 g of KNO3 in 50 g of water at 50oC, would the solution be saturated?

4. If 90 g of KClO3 dissolved in 200 g of water at 80oC, would the solution be saturated?

5. If you put 40 g NH4Cl in water at 0oC and gradually heated it to 50oC, what would you
observe?

6. If you put 10 g Ce2(SO4)3 in water at 0oC and gradually heated it to 50oC, what would you
observe?

7. Write a dissociation equation for a saturated solution of Ce 2(SO4)3 including the energy
term.

8. Draw a [ ] vs time graph to show what happens when the temperature of a saturated solution
of Ce2(SO4)3 increases.

Calculating Solubility and Ion Concentrations

Example 1: Experimentally it is found that 250 mL of saturated CaCl 2 contains 18.6 g of CaCl2
at 20oC. What is the solubility in mol/L?

Example 2: Silver chlorite has a molar solubility of 0.014 M at 25 oC. What mass of AgClO2 is
contained in 50.0 mL of saturated AgClO2 solution?
When calculating ion concentrations, the mole ratios in the balanced dissociation equation
are used.

Example 3: What is the concentration of all the Cl - in the saturated CaCl2 solution in Example 1
above? What is the total ion concentration?

When two solutions are mixed, a dilution factor must be considered.

Example 4: If 5.0 mL of 0.020 M CaCl2 is mixed with 15.0 mL of 0.012 M MgCl2, what is the
concentration of all the ions in the final solution?

Determining Whether a Precipitate Will Form

Substances have low solubility if _______________________________________________

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A solubility table can be used to determine whether a substance is soluble or not(low solubility).
Two ions that have low solubility when combined will form a precipitate.
How could you measure the solubility of a compound in a saturated solution?

Example 5: Will a precipitate form when 1.0 M solutions of CaS and Na 2SO4 are mixed?

Sometimes you will be asked to calculate the concentration of ions when two substances are
mixed and a precipitate forms. The key is to calculate the ion concentrations as previously
shown and then subtract the ion that is the limiting reagent in the precipitation reaction from
the other ion in the precipitation reaction. Note: this only works for the ion in excess. The
concentration of the limiting ion is close to zero, but its exact value can only be calculated using
Ksp calculations.

Example 6: Calculate the [Cl-] when 50.0 mL of 0.25 M CuCl2 is mixed with 75.0 mL of 0.15 M
AgNO3 then arrange the ions left in solution in order of decreasing concentration.

Formula, Complete, and Net Ionic Equations

A formula equation is _______________________________________________________

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A complete ionic equation is __________________________________________________

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A net ionic equation is ______________________________________________________

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Write the formula, net ionic, and complete ionic equations for the reaction between:

a) Al(NO3)3 and MgS

b) Al and PbCl2

c) CaCl2 and Cu2SO4

Hebden: Read p73-87 and do questions #1-7, 8-15, 17, 18b,c,d, 20a,c,e,g, 21, 22,
23, 25b,d,i,k.