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Terms to remember:
Titration- method of determining the amount of acid/base present in a solution using an indicator.
Titrant a standardized solution used to determine test the analyte. Usually as substance that neutralizes the analyte.
Equivalence point it is a condition in titration when the concentration of H+ ion is equal to the hydroxide ion
Inflection point - a point of a curve at which a change in the direction of curvature occurs.
In general, a titration involves the addition of either a strong acid, strong base or both (must go to completion) as
follows:
H+ + OH- HOH
When OH- ions are added during titration it is neutralized by H+ ions to produce H2O. The presence of an
indicator will tell if the condition of the analyte changes.
in this case the acid is being added to the base.. that is why the
curve started from on top (pH=14.00). As the acid is added the
pH value slowly goes down until quite near the equivalence
point.
This time we are going to use hydrochloric acid as the strong acid and ammonia solution as the weak base.
If you had the two solutions of the same concentration, you would have to use twice the volume of hydrochloric acid to
reach the equivalence point - because of the 1 : 2 ratio in the equation.
This is because carbonate (CO3-2) being divalent anion requires to H + ions to be neutralize. Therefore ;
In the first part, complete at A in the diagram, the sodium carbonate is reacting with the acid to produce sodium
hydrogencarbonate:
You can see that the reaction doesn't produce any carbon dioxide.
In the second part, the sodium hydrogencarbonate produced goes on to react with more acid - giving off lots of CO2.