mCIK wxl 07 rn k< lene,af,a wdOdrfhkaa flaYsl k<h ;=<g 10 cm muK

.e;s rih l`ola we;=<;a lrkak

kq WmlrK ( ridhksl ;=<dj g rE, u.ska rih lf`oa . uek.kak
ridhksl ;=,d wdOdrlh ;sria msysgu q l ;eu ^f,j,a lsu&
mCIKh : flaYsl k<hl wNHka;r wrh fiu ^ ridhksl ;=,dj i`oyd tys we;s ,Uh Nd;d lrkak f,j,a bial=remamq ilia
yd g rE, Nd;fhka & lsfuka fuh l< yelsh
ridhksl ;=,df we;s oYlh mudKfha uOH fLdj jgd
WmlrK ( ;kql NaOH" ;kql HNO3" wdiq; c,h" rih" g rE,"
iu;sl f,i foda,kh jk f;la ndyq fofla we;s l=vd
Trf,daiq ;eh" ridhksl ;=,dj" m fmh" rn k<
bial=remamq fol ilia lrkak
lene,a,la
flaYsl k<h ;=<g oeuQ rih lf`oys ialkaOh uek.kak
igyk(
;=,d ndyqj, f.a h wiudklula we;ak tu.ska ksh;
ialkaOh ,nd.; fkdyel fuys jia;=j j ;eh u; ;nd tu
ialkaOh;a ^m1& ol=Kq ;eh u; ;nd tu ialkaOh;a ^m2& ,nd
f.k"
M = ( m1 m2 )1/2 u.ska kshu ialkaOh ,nd.kak

ndyqj, fln` wiudkl ;snkq ;a th u.yrjd .ekSu msKsi"

j ;efha jia;=j ;nd ol=Kq ;ehg h<s je,s oud ix;=,kh
lr.kak
bkamiqj jia;=j bj;alr j ;ehg je,s o ol=Kq ;ehg m o
oud kej; ix;=,kh lrkak mj, w.h u.ska jia;=f ksjer
jdoh ( ialkaOh ,ef

jeo.;a

01 m lsisfgl w;ska w,a,kak tmd

flaYsl k<fha wrh 02 m tlalsug fyda bj;a lsug fmr yeugu ;=,d oKav my;a
1
lrkak
m 2
r

fuys m - rih lf`oa ialkaOh

- rih lf`oa >k;ajh
l - rih lf`oa .

l%uh (
flaYsl k<h ms<fs j<ska ;kql NaOH" ;kql HNO3" iy wdiq;
c,fhka msis lrkak fuh fo;=ka j;djla
lrkak^mCIKd.drfha we;s wegjqu u.ska fuh isl< yel&'
flaYsl k<h ;=<ska h<s jd; Odrdjla hjd th h<d.kak
mCIK wxl 08 HAAg = HBBg
HA = ( B / A) HB
fyhd WmlrKh fuh y = m x wdldrfha fjhs
fyhd WmlrKh Nd;fhka >k;aj ixikaokh lsu ^Y%jk
j i`oyd&
HB g bfhka HA m%ia;drfha wKql%uKh m = B / A
WmlrK - fyhd WmlrKh" c,h" N+f;,a

mCIK wxl 09

jdoh U k,h
P
mrSlaIKh ( U k,hl Wmldrfhka Y% fkdjk j foll >k;aj
ixikaokh lsru
S

WmlrK ( U k,hla" g ndf.a rE,a folla" ,S l,m wdOdrl folla"

hB l=vd lrhla" l=vd mqk,
S hla" c,h" N+f;,a
HB
hA
jdoh(
HA

x y
tlu ;sria ugul msys ,Hj,oS jhl mSvkh tlu w.hla .kakd
neka"
fmd ugf by,ska we;s c, l|kaj, Wi h0 yd hw o tajdfha >k;ajh
A B s j,ska o yd w o k"
ms<f

A" - A iy B ndyqj, we;s j fofla >k;aj

hA " hB - rEmfha olajd we;s m oYl j, isg j l`okaj,g
we;s Wi

x,y - rEmfha olajd we;s m w,afmfk;a;s j, Wi

jdhqf.da,h
S mSvkh
P - fyhd WmlrKh ;=< mSvkh

HA = x+ hA
HB = y+ hB hehs i<luq

X ,CIfha mSvkh Px = P + HAAg

Y ,CIfha mSvkh Py = P + HBBg
Px = Py =
 mCIK wxl 10
h0 0 g hw w g
wkqkdo k,h

hw 0 h0
w mlAIKh ( wkqkdo k,h weiqfrka jd;h ;=, jks m%f.h fiu iy
k,fha wdka; fYdaOkh fiu
fuh y = m x wdlrfha f'
fuys - jdhqf.da,h
S mSvkh WmlrK - 40cm muK .e;s IalNh 3cm muK jQ k<hla" tmuK Wi
we;s re irdjla" ixLHd;h okakd iriq,a 6la" wdOdrl 2la"
o g ndf.a rE,la" jksh le,smrhla" lmk fldghla
ho bosrf
s hka hw m%ia;drfha wkql%uKh m
w

l%uh ( jdoh - ixLHd;h f jQo ;rx. wdhduh jQo jks ;rx.hl m%f.h v
U k,h isriaj isgj
q d ndyq folg fjk fjku mrsudK ilr k"
.kak'
tla ndyqjl lgg mqk, S h ;nd k,fhka wvla muK msfrk f;la v = f u.ska ,ef
c,h j ;alrkak' tla fl,jrla jeiQ k,hl uQ,l s h i`oyd
wfkla ndyqf lgg mqk, s h ;nd fmd,af ;,a fika j ;alrkak' l e (2)
fm,af;,a lf|a Wi 10 cm muK jk g j;a lsru S kj;d j fuys
ugu ksYap,jk f;la ;sfnkakg yrskk a '
f;,a lf|ys by< ugu ;a my< ugu;a c, lf|a by< ugu;a l wkqkdo .
oelafjk mdGdxl ,nd.kak. e - wdka; fYdaOkh f
;j ;j;a f;,a j;a lsrf
S uka kej; mdGxl ,nd .kak. (1) yd (2) ka
v 4 f l e
v 1
l e
4 f

fYaI lreKq ( fuh y = m x + c wdldrfha fjhs

v = 4 m iy
Y% fkjk jj, >k ;aj ixikaokh lsru
S g U k<h fhdod.kS' e=-c
U k,h iu lrk mrSlaIK j,oS >k ;ajh je jh m<uqfjka
k<h ;=,g oeh hq;=h'^fya ;=j@& jD; wkqkdo k,h i`oyd

l 2e (3)
2
(1) yd (3) ka
v 2 f l 2e
v 1
l 2e
2 f
 fuho mCIK wxl 11
y = m x + c wdldrfha fjhs
jksudkh
v=2m
mrSlaIKh ( jksudk lfha fh >k;ajh fiu
e = - c/2
WmlrK ( jksudkh" g nd.fha rE," ixLHd;h okakd iriq,a 6 la"
igyk ( lvodis wdfrdayl" lmk fldgh" lsf,da.%E nd.fha nr
lsysmhla
p
v neka p ys w.h okafka k ys w.h fih yelsh
jdoh
fuys P - jdhqf.da,h
S mSvkh
- jd;fha >k;ajh
- 14 ^jd;h i`oyd m%Odk YsIaG;dm w;r wkqmd;h&

l%uh - ^ixjD; k,h i`oyd&

re irdj c,fhka mqrjd k,h imQKfhkau tys .s,, a kak

jeu ixLHd;h iys; iriq, fldgfha .id lmkh lr tys oe;s
k<fha jD; fl<jr imfhka ;sria f,i iskfia w,a,d l%ufhka
by,g Tijd wkqkdo wjia:dj ,nd.kak
g rE, u`.ska l uek.kak
wfkl=;a iriq,a 5 i`oydo fuf,iskau wkqrEm wkqkdo . ^l& ,nd.kak jksudk lh uQ,l s f,i lmkh l,g = 2 l (1)
ldur WIaK;ajh iy jdhqf.da,h S mSvkh igyka lr .kak fuys - - ;rx. wdhduh
1/f bfhka l m%ia;dr .;lr v iy e i`oyd w.hka ,nd .kak l - jksudkh uQ,l
s f,i lmkh jk g lfha
wdka;fYdaOkh iy k<fha IalNh w;r im inkaO;jhla ;sfo? os.
we ;ka;=jla ;=, ia:djr ;Shla ;rx. i`oyd m%f.h
l%uh - ^jD; k,h i`oyd&

^fuys tla k<hla ;=, hka;ka nyd,sh yels ;j;a k<hla wjYHh& T
k< fol tlla ;=, wfkl imQKfhkau we;sg th ;sriaj fih u; v
ilr jeu ixLHd;h iys; iriq, lmkh lr k<fha . l%ufhka m1 ^2&
jelr wkqkdo wjia:dj ,nd.kak v f (3)
fuf,iskau wksl=;a ixLHd; iys; iriq,a i`oydo wkqkdo .j,a ,ndf.k u.ska ,ef
m%ia;drh weiqfrka v, e iy .Kkh l< yelsh fuys T ;ka;=f wd;;sh
f iriqf,a ixLHd;h
;rx. wdhduh
m1 lfha tall .l ialkaOh ^fh >k;ajh' &
(1), (2), yd (3) ka mrSlaIK wxl 12
T
f .2l W;a;, ldp
m1 mrSlaIKh ( W;a;, ldphl kdNsh r fiu'
1 T 1 WmlrK - W;a;, ldp" ;, omKh" w,afmfk;s 2 la" wdOdrl 2 la" ldp
l . wdOdrlh
2 m1 f
1 Mg 1 jdoh ( ^a&
l .
2 m1 f

y = m x wdldrfha fjhs v
u
1/f bfha l m%ia ;drfha wkql%uKh
Mg1
m ldp iQ;%h
m12 1 1 1
f
Mg v u f
m1
4m
2
fuys u (+) , v (-) , f(-) ^kj ldiSh ,l=Kq iuq;shg wkqj&
l%uh 1 1 1
-
rEmfha olajd we;s m jksudk lfha iqiq Ndrhla t,a,kak v u f
jksudkfha ,S fia;= 2 tlsfklg b;d wdikakfha ;nkak
fia;= 2 w;r l u; lvodis wdfrdayl ;nkak
1
1 1 1
jeu ixLHd;h iys; iriq, lmkh lr th isria f,i
jksudkfha ,S mDIaGh u;^fia;= fol w;r& ;nkak^fya;= ?& v u f
wkqkdo wjia:dj ,efnk ;=re fia;= w;r r fjkia lrkak' fuh y =m x + c wdldrfha fjhs
wkqkdo wjia:dfoS fia;= w;r r igyka lr .kak'
1
wfkl=;a iriq,a i|ydo fuu l%uh wkq.ukh lrkak' c
1/f bfhka l m%ia;drh we`o tu.ska m/ .Kkh lrkak f
1
f
c
(a) l%uh - W;a;, ldph ldp wdOdrlh u; tys wCIh ;sria jk fia
ilrkak
ldph bfhka w,afmfk;a;la ;nd tys ;d;a;al m%;snfha msysu
fjk;a w,afmfk;a;la wdOdrfhka fidhkak
u iy v uek.kak
fuf,i O u w.hka i`oyd mdGdxl 6la ,nd.kak
1/u bosrf
s hka 1/v m%ia;dr we`o tu.ska f fidhkak
(b) l%uh - bkamiqj wj,nfha os. fjkia lrka tA tA os.g wod<
W;a;, ldph ;< omKh u; rEmfha mrsos tys wCIh isriajk foda,k 50lg .;jk ld,h uekf.k wkqrEm foda,k
mrsos ;nkak ld,dj; fidhd .kak.
ldphg by,ska rEmfha oelafjk mrsos w,afmfk;a;la ^jia;=j& ;nd T2 yd l w;r m%ia;drh we| wkql%uKh Nd;fhka g
tys m%;snh th iu`. iumd; jk wjia:dj fidhkak .Kkh lrkak
x iy y rj,a uekf.k tu.ska f .Kkh lrkak igyk (
ir, wj,nh foda,kh lsrsfS oS l=vd fldaKj,ska foda,kh l,
hq;=h'
mrSlaIK wxl 13 ir, wj,Nfha os. fjkqjg kQf,ys os. ie,lSfuka ilrKh
ir, wj,nh
4 2 4 2
T2 l x f,i ,ef'fuys x ys os. l=ulao@ fuu
mrSlaIKh ( ir, wj,hl wdOdrfhka .=re;ajc ;ajrKh fiu' g g
ilrKh Nd;fhka u.yefrk fodaIh l=ulao@
WmlrK ( ir, wj,h" rdu >lj" l=vd wOdrlhl il,
w,afmfk;a;la" g rE,
jdoh( mrSlaIK wxl 14
.=re;ajc ;ajrKh g o"
ir, wj,n os. l o" ia,skl
a sh
ir, wj,nfha foda,k ld,j;h T o k"
mrSlaIKh ( ;rx. p,s;h wdoYkhg ia,k
s l S .
a sh N;d lsru
l
T 2 wdoY m%Yak (
g
1) ia,skl
a shla osf.a .uka lrk ;Shhla ;rx.hl yevh w|skk
a
4 2
T 2
l
g
fuh y = m x wdldrfha f'
4 2
T yd l w;r m%ia;drfha wkql%uKh m
2

l%uh (
g 2la muK os. kQ,lska wj,nh wp, ,Hhl 2) ia,skl
a shla osf.a .uka lrk wkajdhdu ;rx.hl yevh w|skk
a '
t,a,kak.
ir, wj,nfha os. f,i wp, ,Hfha isg ngdf.a
flak a hg r i,lkak.
wdOdrlfha ilrk ,o w,afmfk;a; wj,nfha ngdg
bosrf
s hka ;nkak'
rdu Trf,daiqj wOdrfhka foda,k 50lg .; j, ld,h 3) ia,skl
a sfha tla fl<jrla oDVj w,a,d wfkla fl<jrska ;Shhla
uek .kak' iamkaohla hejQ g isjk foa ksrlS aIKh lrkak'^iamkaoh oDV
tuska tla foda,khlg .; jk ld,h .Kkh lrkak' fl<jf .e kej; mrdj;kh f'&
 4) ia,skl
a sfha tla fl,jrla ksoyfia lmkh jk mrsos kQ,lska .eg
.id kQ, w,a,d f.k wksla fl<jrska hjk ;Shla ;rx.hg l=ula
isfo ^mrdj;kh fkdf&
5) ;Shla iamkao 2la tlu l,df wia:dmkh l< g o 1800 l
l,d fjkila we;=j wia:dmkh l< go jkafka l=ulao^tlu
l,df k wia:H;aul ksfrdaOkhlao 1800 la l,d fjkila
we;sg kia:H;aul ksfrdaOkhlao we;sf'

mrSlaIK wxl 15

/<s;s gexlsh

mrSlaIKh ( /<s;s gexlsh uska ;rx.j, .=K wdoYkh lsru

S
3& j;kh - j;kh yeoErSu
1& mrdj ;kh - ir, odrhla /<s ;s gexlsh ;=, .s,j
a d tuska ;, ;rx.
rgdjla ,nd .kak' /<s;s gexlsh uOHfha odrhg h fldaKhlska wdk; /<s;s gexlsfha we;s Wmdx. ;, ;rx. fmruqK bosrf
s ha thg iudka;rj
jk fia ndOlhla ;nkak' ;nd ndOl 2 la fia fhdo.; yel' 4 rEmh n,kak' jrfhys m<, yd
mrdj;s; ;rx. rgdj ksrl S aIKh lrkak^1 rEmh&'f.da,h S ;rx. ;rx. ixLHd;h wkqj j;k rgdf fjkiau ksrSlAIKh lrkak'
fmruqKla o fuf,iu mrdj;kh f^2 rEmh&'
4& ksfrdaOkh - f i|yd ,Hdldr m%Nj follska ksl=;ajk tlu
ixLHd;h iys; f.da,h S ;rx. fhdod .; yel' f.da,h S ;rx.
fmruqKqj, wia:dmkh u.ska ,efnk ksfrdaOk rgd ksrl
S aIKh lrkak'

wdoY m%Yak

1& /<s;s gexlsfha c, mDIaGh u; ;rx. we;s lsru

S g fhdod.kakd
Wml%uh l=ulao?

^l=vd fudagrhlg iDcQ odrhla fyda f.da,hla ^fuu /<s;s gexlsh

i|yd& inkaO lr th c, mDIaGhg hdka;ka iamY jk f,ig
r|jd fudagrfha f.h nd, lr odrh fyda f.da,h c, mDIaGhg
jeoSug i,iajkak&'

2& ;rx. ksrl

S aIKfhaoS n,anh fhoSfuka we;s jdish l=ulao?

2& j;kh - c, ;rx.j, f.h c,fha .eUqr u; r\d mj;S' tuksid ^;rx. fmruqKq c, mDIaGh u; ;djld,slj iEfok W;a;, ldp
fjkia .eUqr iys; c,h" c, ;rx. i|yd fjkia udOH f,i ie,lsh f,i ls%hd lrhs' fuu W;a;, ldp n,anfha wf,dalh my< we;s
yel' f i|yd >klu re ;yvqjla /<s;s gexlsfha .s,j
a d ;, ;rx. iq ;srh u; kdNS.; f'fufia kdNS.; fuka ;rx. fmruqKq
fmruqKq i|yd j;k rgdj ,nd .kak' jvd;a meyeos<j
s ksrl
S aIKh l< yel&'
3& gexlsh jf bjqr wdk; lr l oe,la ;ef wjYH;djh ;=ulao? P,Q yd R okakd m%;sfrdaO k fkdokakd X m%;sfrdaOfha w.h
^bjqr fj;g tk ;rx. fmruqKq kej; mrj;kh u je<elau& fidhd .; yel'
idudkHfhka P iy Q i|yd ia:djr m%;sfrdaOhka o R i|yd p,H
4& f.da,h yd iDcq odrh uska we;s jkafka l=uk j.fha ;rx. o?;Shla m%;sfrdaOhlao ^m%;sfrdaOfmhla& Nd;d lrkq ,ef'
;rx. o? wkajdhdu ;rx. o? ^;Shla ;rx.&
RQ
X
P
mrSlaIK wxl 16

iagka fia;=j
mrSlaIKh ( iagka fia;=j u.ska m%;sfrdaO ixikaokh lsu'
WmlrK ( w.hka okakd m%;sfrdaO 3" ueo x .e,ajfkdagrh" fkdokakd
m%;sfrdaO" welshqf,agrh" iamYl h;=r yd fmakq h;=r" inkaOl l
l%uh (
rEm igyfka oelafjk m mm:h wgjkak'
P,Q,R m%;sfrdaO yd fkdokakd X m%;sfrdaO ABCD fia;=jg inkaO
lrkak'
ueo ka .e,ajfkdagrh BD yryd iamYl h;=rla o iu
inkaO lrkak'
B
wdoY m%Yak
1) mm:h i|yd welshqf,agrhla Nd;d lrkafka wehs?
^mlaIKh is lrk uq ld,h ;=,u mm:h yryd ksh;
Odrdjla .,d hdu wjYH jk ksid&
2) mm:fha K1 i|yd iamYl h;=rla o K2 i|yd fmakq h;=rlao
Nd;d lrkafka wehs?
K2 mm:h fydka ixjD; u wjYH jk ksid
K1 .e,ajfkdagrfha wdrlaIdj i|yd
3) .e,ajfkdagrfha wdrlaIdj i|yd jvd;a iqiq wegjqula fhdackd
lrkak'

A C

AC yryd welshqf,agrh o iamYl h;=rlao inkaO lrkak'

BD w;r Nj neiaula$wka;rhla ke;s wjia:df ueo ka
.e,ajfkdagrfha W;al%uKhla oelsh fkdyelsh'
P R
tg
Q X
mrSlaIK wxl 17
g fia;=j
mrSlaIKh ( g fia;=j Nd;fhka m%;sfrdaO ixikaokh lsu
WmlrK ( g fia;=j" okakd m%;sfrdaOh" fkdokakd m%;sfrdaOh" iamYl
h;=r" ueo ka .e,ajfkdagrhla" m%;sfrdaO fmhla" inkaOl l
jdoh (
g fia;=f tla ysveil R m%;sfrdaOhlao wfkfla fkdokakd
m%;sfrdaOhlao ;sh .e,ajfkdagr W;al%uKh Y=kH jkafka iamYl
h;=r lfha tla fldkl isg L1 rlsko
a msys g k
R L1
r L2
l%uh (
rEmfha olajd we;s m oHq;a Wmdx. ish,a, mm:hg wuqKd w.%hka
fydka inkaOlr we;aoehs kej; jrla mlaId lr n,kak' g
fia;=jg inkaO lr we;s iamYl h;=r jid g fia;= lnfha
fofldfkys iamYl h;=r ;nd .e,ajfkdagrfha W;al%uK osYdj
n,kak' wjia:d fofla W;al%uKh fomig isf k mrsm:h
mlaIKh i|yd iQodkh kuq;a tlu Ydjg muKla W;al%uKh
fmkajhs k kej; mm:h mlaId lr n,kak'
ksjer f,i inkaO lr we;s mm:hl R i|yd iqiq w.hla fhdod
.e,ajfkdagrfha Y=kH W;al%uKh fmkak
q lrk f;la iamYl h;=r
g fia;= lfha ;ekska ;ek ;nd mlaId lr n,kak' W;al%uKh
Y=kH jk ,Hfha m%;sfrdaO fmh Wmm: lr jvd;a ksrjoH
ix;=,k . ,nd .kak'
bkamiq R yd r m%;sfrdaO udre lr kej; mdGdxl ,nd .kak'
ix;=,k ,Hh lfha ueo m%foaYfha jk m mdGdxl ,nd .kak'
m<uqj .e,ajfkdagrfha wdrlaIdj i|yd Yd, m%;sfrdaOh inkaO lr
wdikak jYfhka ix;=,k ,Hh ,nd f.k bkamiqj thg iudka;r.;j
inkaO lr we;s m%;sfrdaOh yqj;a lsfuka .e,ajfkdagrfhka mQK
ixf;djla ,nd foa' f wjia:f .e,ajfkdagrh yryd b;d iq fyda
Y=kH Odrdjla .ukalrhs'
^imK h;=r lh f.a weof.k hefuka je<lsh hq;af;a tuska
lfha m%;sfrdaOh fjkia h yels ksidh&
mrSlaIK wxl 18
Nj udkh
mrSlaIKh ( Njudkh Nd;fhka fldaIhka foll oHq;a.dul n,
ixikaokh lsu'
WmlrK ( Nj udkh" welshqf,agrh" veksfh,a fldaIh" f,la,dka
fldaIh" ueo ka .e,ajfkdagrh" imK h;=rla" foux
h;=rla" fmakq h;=rla" Yd, m%;sfrdaOhla" inkaOl l"
m%;sfrdaO fmh
jdoh(
 E k.l0
1 1 r 1
.
E1 yd E2 oHq;a .dul n, we;s fldaI 2 la i|yd ix;=,k .j,a L1 "L2 l l0 R l0
k (ii) rEmfha fmfkk m mm:h inkaO lr m%;sfrdaO fmh
E1 L1
Nd;fhka R fjkia lrka wkqrEm l .j,a 6la ,nd .kak'
E2 L2
kL( R r )
l%uh ( 1 rEmfha oelafjk m mm:h inkaO lrkak'
VAB kL E iy VAB IR ^ix;=,k
R
imK h;=r Njudk lh fofl<jr iamY lsfuka mm:h ,Hfha&
ksjer oehs mlaId lrkak'
ER
1 jk rEmfha olajd we;s mrsos foux h;=r Nd;d lrka fldaI 2 VAB IR kL
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lrkak'
1 kr 1 k
mrSlaIKh ( fldaIhl wNHka;r m%;sfrdaOh fiu
L E R E
jdoh ( fuh y = m x + c wdldrfha f

m wkql%uKh
r
c wka; (LKavh
wdoY m%Yak

1. fldaIhl '.d'n mlaId lsf Njudkh jvd iqiq jkafka

wehs?
^ix;=,k ,Hfha mm:h yryd Odrdjla fkd.,k ksid
fldaIfha w.% w;r '.d'n jvd ksjerj ,ef'&

2. wl m%;sfrdOhla .e,ajfkdagrfha wdrlaIdj i|yd Nd;d

lrkafka wehs?
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m%;sfrdaOhla R ;=<ska Odrdjla hjk g^rEmh n,kak& tys w.% w;r Nj
wka;rh 3. mlaIKfha Wmdx. ish,a, ksjerj inkaO l<o ix;=,k
ER ,Hhla ,nd .; fkdyels k thg fya;=j l=ulao?
V ^welshqf,agrfha '.d'n oHq;a .dul n,h uksk fldaI j,g
Rr
jvd wvq u&
Njudk lfha ix;=,k . l k
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kl fuys k hkq tall .lg Nj neiauhs'
Rr

m%;sfrdaOh bj;a lr fldaIh muKla we;s g ix;=,k . l 0 k

mrSlaIK wxl 19 lrh wdi% ; c,fhka mqrjd fih u ; ;nkak'
l oYlh rn uq j,ska fihg i lr th isria f,i c,fha
mrSlaIKh ( flaYsl Woa.uk l%uh u.ska jhl mDIal wd;;sh fiu .s,j
a d
^rEmh b & wdOdrlhl ilrkak'
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NaOH" wdi%; c,h" . w,afmfk;a;" rn uq" biafik .efgk f,i ilia lrkak'
fih bkamiq wKalaIfha yria l c, lf|a udjlfha my< ,Hhg
kdNs. ; lr mdGdxl igyka lr .kak'
lrh bj ;alr w,afmfk ;a ;s ;=f msysf mdGdxlh ,nd .kak'
jdoh (
bkamiq flaYsl k,h bj ;g f.k fydka h,d" thg rih l|la
we ;=,afldg ka by ; mlaIKhl is l< wdldrhg flaYsl
k,fha wrh ,nd .kak'

lrh ;=< we ;s c,fha WIAK ;ajh uek .kak'

fYaI lreKq
oYl ;=v ilik g th flaYsl k,fhkq;a lrfha ;a;s j,sk; q a wE;aj
c,h ienE f,i ;sriaj we;s fldgfia ta yd hdka;ka .eh hq;=h'
mdGdxl .ekSf isjk fodaI wju lsug flaYsl k,h ;=< c, ugu
lrhg by,ska ;sh hq;=h'
c,fha WIaK;ajh igyka lr .ekSu fuys jeo.;ah'^fya;=j?&

wdoY m%YaK (
mDIal wd;;sh T jk jhl .s,j
a Q flaIsl k,hla f.a jh h isria 1. flaYsl Woa.ukfha k,fha Wi m%udKj;a m l=vd jqjfyd;a
Wilg by< ke we;ehs is;uq' c,h W;=rd msgdr .,kafkao?
^rEmh b& ^c,l| ;j;a by< ke c,h re mDIaGh iu idok fldaKh
je udjlfha jl%;dj wvqf'&
jh;a rej;a w;r iamY fldaKh iy flaYsl k,fha yrialv wrh r 2. IaalNh Yd, k,j, c,lf|A Wi wvq jkafka ukao?
o jfha >k;ajh o k" 2T
r r jejk g h wvq f
2T hg
cos hg 3. flaYsl k,fha by< fl<jr jid c,fha .s,j
a Q g c, lf|a Wig
r
l=ula isfo?
;jo c,h i|yd = 0 fya;=j meye,s lrkak'

hgr ^c,lf|a Wi wvqf' ysrjQ jd;h u.ska c, l| u; mSvkhla we;s

tu ksid T lrk neka&
2
l%uh (
flaYsl k,h yd lrh m<uqj ;'NaOH o bkamiqj ;'HNO3 u.sko
a
wjidkfha wdi% ; c,fhka o msis lrkak'