PROBLEM SET 3

In the following problems, perform the test of hypothesis using the decision model. (Indicate the
components: Null Hypothesis, Alternative Hypothesis, Data Analysis, and Decision/Conclusion.)

1. Data below are samples of scores for the three teaching techniques A, B, and C.
A 8 7 10 10 6 6 7 7
B 9 14 9 11 9 12 10 11 14
C 12 9 10 14 14 12 15
Can we reject the null hypothesis that the mean scores for the three teaching techniques do not
differ significantly? Apply One-way Analysis of Variance (F-test) at 0.05 level of significance.
Apply multi-comparison test using Scheffe Test if warranted.

Solution To make a test about the equality of means of three populations, we follow our
standard procedure with five steps.

Step 1: State the null and alternative hypotheses.

Let 1,2, and 3 be the mean scores for the three teaching techniques A, B, and
C, respectively. The null and alternative hypotheses are, respectively,
Ho: 1=2= 3 (the mean scores for the three teaching techniques are all the same)
H1: not all three mean scores are equal

Step 2. Select the distribution to use.

Because we are testing for the equality of three means for three populations,
we use the F distribution to make the test.

Step 3. Determine the rejection and nonrejection regions.

The significance level is .05, which means the area in the right tail of the F distribution
curve is .05. In this example, there are 3 teaching techniques and 24 total observations in all
three samples. Thus,
Degrees of freedom for the numerator k - 1 = 3-1 =2
Degrees of freedom for the denominator n k =24 - 3 = 21
The critical value of F from Table for 2dffor the numerator, 21dffor the denominator, and
.05 area in the right tail of the F distribution curve is 3.47
Step 4. Calculate the value of the test statistic.
First, we calculate SSB and SSW. The Table1 lists the scores for the teaching by the three
techniques.

Table 1
A 8 7 10 10 6 6 7 7 T1=61 n1=8
B 9 14 9 11 9 12 10 11 14 T2=99 n2=9
C 12 9 10 14 14 12 15 T3=86 n3=7
GRAND x=24 n=24
TOTAL 6

Teaching Techniques; the values of T1, T2, and T3; and the values of n1, n2 and n3.
The values of x and n are, respectively,
n =n1 +n2 +n3= 24
x =T1 + T2 +T3= 246

The value of x2is calculated as follows:

x2= 82+72+102+102+62+62+72+72+92+142+92+112+92+122+102+112+142+122+92+102
+142+142+122+152
x2= 2690

Substituting all the values in the formulas for SSB and SSW, we obtain the following values
of SSB and SSW:

SSB = {[(T12)/n1]+[(T22)/n2]+ [(T32)/n3]} [(x)2/n]

={[(61)2/8]+[(99)2/9]+ [(86)2/7]} [(246)2/24]
={[3,721/8]+[9,801/9]+ [7,396/7]} [60,516/24]
={465.125+1,089+ 1,056.571} [2,521.5]
= 2,610.696 2,521.5
= 89.196

SSW= [x2] {[(T12)/n1]+[(T22)/n2]+ [(T32)/n3]}

=2,690 {[(61)2/8]+[(99)2/9]+ [(86)2/7]}
=2,690 {[3,721/8]+[9,801/9]+ [7,396/7]}
=2,690{465.125+1,089+ 1,056.571}
= 2,690 2,610.696
= 79.304
Hence, the variance between samples MSB and the variance within samples MSW are,
respectively,

MSB = [SSB/(k-1)] = 89.196/(3-1) = 89.196/2 = 44.598

MSW = [SSW/(n-k)] = 79.304/(24 -3) = 79.304/21 = 3.776

The value of the test statistic F is given by the ratio of MSB and MSW, which is
F = MSB/MSW = 44.598/3.776 = 11.811

ANOVA Table 1.1

Source of Variation Degrees of Sum of Mean Value of the Test
Freedom Squares Square Statistics
Between 2 89.196 44.598
Within 21 79.304 3.776 F=11.811
Total 23

Step 5. Make a decision.

Because the value of the test statistic F =11.811 is greater than the critical value of F =3.47,
it falls in the rejection region. Consequently, we reject the null hypothesis, and conclude that
the mean scores of different teaching techniques is not the same. In other words, at least one of
the three means is different from the other two.
Scheffe Test (For above problem):

State the null and alternative hypotheses.

Ho1: 1=2(Teaching Techniques A is the same as Teaching Techniques B)

H11: Teaching Techniques A is not the same as Teaching Techniques B)

Ho2: 1=3(Teaching Techniques A is the same as Teaching Techniques C)

H12: Teaching Techniques A is not the same as Teaching Techniques C)

Ho3: 2=3 (Teaching Techniques B is the same as Teaching Techniques C)

H13: Teaching Techniques B is not the same as Teaching Techniques C)

Step 1 of Sheffes Method for the Data above for 3 different Teaching Techniques:
_ _
Absolute Value for Pair Wise Difference Between Sample Means xi- xj
A (mean=7.625) B (mean=11) B C (mean=12.286)
A (mean=7.625) 3.375 4.611
B (mean=11) 1.286
C (mean=12.286)

Step 2 of Sheffes Method for the Data above for 3 different Teaching Techniques:

MSE=MSW=3.776 and F=3.47 (refer from the table 1.1 and solution and T.V. for F with df
(2,21)

______________________________
Comparison Values (k-1)(F(k-1),(n-k);)(MSE)[(1/ni)+(1/nj)] with =0.05
A (n=8) B (n=9) C (n=7)
A (n=8) 2.487 2.649
B (n=9) 2.580
C (n=7)

Absolute Value for Pair Difference Between Sample is greater than Comparison Value for A and
B Teaching Technique. Reject Ho1,Teaching Technique A is not the same as Teaching Technique
B.

Absolute Value for Pair Difference Between Sample is greater than Comparison Value for A and
C Teaching Techniques. RejectHo2, Teaching Technique A is not the same as Teaching Technique
C.

Absolute Value for Pair Difference Between Sample is less than Comparison Value for B and C
Teaching Technique. Conclude Ho3, the mean of Teaching Technique B is the same as Teaching
Technique C.
2. A management skills training program was conducted to ten school administrators. The pre-
and posttest were administered in relation to the program. The scores are given as follows.
Pre-test (X) : 64 55 50 47 39 29 32 45 55 51
Posttest (Y) : 68 65 58 52 44 37 48 42 50 41
2.1 Construct the scatter diagram. Does the correlationappear to be positive?
2.2Calculate r. Interpret.
2.3 Test the significance of relationship using = .05.
2.4 Find the regression equation, Y = a + bX.
2.5 Draw the line against the actual data plotted in (2.1).
2.6 Predict the posttest scores knowing pre-test scores such as: 35; 40; and 60.

Excel Computation of Summation, Mean, Squared etc..

Please refer to the manual computation for the problem set 2.

2.1 Construct the scatter diagram. Does the correlationappear to be positive?Yes.

2.5Draw the line against the actual data plotted in (2.1).
Graph 1 (Scatter Diagram) and Actual data plotted

(Continuation is in image format since he answered it manually)