Sunteți pe pagina 1din 72

am

2 1

zz
~ i Z0 Z Zzp
Z Z] Z gm 0

i ; %Z? H0i
7

0iQy*kZ~Z1N Y `g Z~y*kZ Dp

oa
gzJ z`?gzZ C mZBV- v p Z !
s c

Wg ~ D Z e zg6V!
e $ ~
y Z~ [ kZ
X

M
] z F{ c Z ] G
i [ kZp 4gzZ 6 c
5G3E ] m yZ
mi o
X 6
}p
Y ~q ZC b(vital) ~0 i ` ]
] q Z zg Zh
] De
g ~i b Z wZ~ ; @

r.
[
<X C3 Z ~
wdZx {z : ItZ E Yx a gzZX x *
Vzg Z0
Z Za kZ 7 yEZ6wEZ yZ Zg @
~ ci wEZ

D
6 C Y c '
Y ~Zh ] !
X D B] p x Z3q
Z
~_[ kZ Zpg Mg n kZ eF VjZ
Z
q ] Lgh
pmolecules c ' ] x CCt
<X 7 YgzZ [ t B{4] !
kZ Z E t gzZ B x gzZ
Cx* FC gzZ x Z wdZ {z N Y M ~ K
)) K e
Fm{
X ~g Yl Zgnz)Y Y
by
76D] !
QX 0i * }7 (K
o1%~ : M ] gzZ $ F
Y 0 gzZ (atom) C
~ ] C a Z ~
] CY
~
@ g Lg{z (element) K^{ } Zz
{g f N
n

zY
~gh
VgzZmeZ T
C gg0Z LZmZpx KkZ1@ 7{g f
te

Y 2007B 2B 12
Z hz sG30
yZ Y c Z M 6w2
i tZ :Zz Vzh ] y Z
E mail: moazzamhaidari@yahoo.com
; YYHyV- Z^ J
ri t

Z~ : M ( c
m{q )C ] VzC
am
4 3
Zzbzg Zz7~6 (fertilization) [ ZZg : M ] t QgzZ D ( ] % Cx* m{g ] % c ) ] 0 F
K
G
$
~6 { gzZ3
[ Z X @ Y kZ bzg kZ6]
9z J : M ] ) 6 {g " D x Z, Z ] D ] p~

zz
G
$
X @
Y\ 5] 4 ' qZ g0Z ] q )
Z ] 4Z gzZ M ` j~
G
_ o] Z G
gzZ zg0 /7Ep] )v
$
gzZ4t * Y Za ( (electrical potential

oa
v p Z ! 6g~
) VzC 0 i [ M f ~ y pd0 i 0 i3 Za (homeostasis) [ E 4G
5G Zy xgwj z
5_Zq
6Vzh N ~g{z{ Zp 0 gzZ L V] ! tgzZ p ( Z7)g Z0
X V] tT ( g Yc YkZ6g~ U
gzZ

M
gzZX ( YZ6 Z )D Y0
VZ ~Zx 6.c ` ^e e mi
] q o kZ VzC
Z C . c y Z~ 0gzZ x ZwdZ, Z0 V- ~p Z {
i {%izg M

r.
E 1E E
E
G3H
45J" {h
`) YY Hq
RNA gzZ N G3G" kZ N Y *
Za KZ * w M
3 Z } 7x Z @ Y) 58Ex Z {z
Y g Z0

D
~k%Z
( ! Zz LgzZHg Zz g~
x Z Cs DmZp, ZP6 X @
B{0i {z{)z
s 0
zf gzZ ~^z 0
i~] c
M~ y M ^ C B B wdZ { y 6 Y
zZ ~ yZ M
g Y `g~sfze M x Z {g6g Zj c
e M Zz Y 0 (irritability) ggzZ (organization)
6ng Z {X
by
ji j $ $ o& q q o $ $ n p $] a 6g~
x tt {z u] !
Z
q Hy 6 Y
zZ 6~ Vzg Z0
Z gzZ ] q
q Z ( 0
i ) ~gHQ ? H Za T z
pt 0 {)z Xz>*
i X gzZ M x M 0g ~ yZgzZ p
2~?z! 4
n Zq )] ( ~uz )
vZgH gzZ ( # 6gf ] Cx*
pkZ V +Z 'gP 1 .
n

l^m m b] w vgzZk]
XC Zz @
7
* Z
Wz{]
te

@
0 M {Z]g
] c mi oi^nnf_]e^
{ae
ri t

M Z { ] ; CY V- p 0
i ~metaphysics c
]G 4Z
5G3E
am
6 5
{z ] ~y!
Tc i (. @ {z
Z~T c
Y H_] Py b
] C

. @ Z
YH_w dZkZgzZ Z b Z~ Y 7=Z] ZjG
1 $ $E
Z0i

zz
V:!
!
C C ~T . 6VC
Zx C Z ~] sgzZszmZp C gzZ ~
C , ZP

. @6] D

oa
E )$ G
_ 58E
)] 6 Zz~g Z0 Yvp Z !Z] [ E
g0 4G
5G5L_Z
GG
. :xz Z b
&
CG
Z c5C :wzZ . CYJ 7Vhz =
Z yzgzZ (intra cellular) 3yzgzz ,yi Z ~ ( @
Y [ 4L]Z6g

M
BgzZ aL. CY ~ V =
Z ~ jZ b CG
Z c 5C
& Z~ wj zg0ZgzZ @ Vziq
Z~ Vc(extra cellular) 3
X @
Y (homeostasis) [ E 4G
5G
5_Z
x x Zx . CY ~ K
F Z~i C . {)z
V = E E

r.
E E
.{)z[ Z c*3!jZ K
Fq ] *3!
Z ( ] ) V Z ~

D
~ T D(Z q gm gzZ ] (anatomy) =
Z Zzp X @
Y organization
G
$ GG
Z Z~kZgzZ|
_^z ( Vz] mgzZyZ )g Z0
Y ] % Cx*
gzZ Cx* ) ] ) 6 Zz ~g Z0 Y [ 4L]Z
-4X
mZ^zzmZ @
YHs_k
i fkZX @
YH e f ] E BG Cg *
Z yZgz kZgzZ D;@ ] %6 )g f
by
Y_k
gZ0 X CY@|
iZ zg0
Z^ jZ{_^z zg0
Z X metabolism c
[ 4ZkZ i

Y H_ } 7 Z
gzZ (zootomy) = ZjZ y Z xz B 0
c i , ZC b ZZM {zn Z
3!
] ,LZ Z f , yZ X {)z pE wgzZ q
6adaptation
X (phytotomy) =CmjZ
n

m
h]
te

~] Y?6g ( m{gzZ )~_=gZ0


Y6gx Z
=
IG
ri t

@
YH_k Zz =D{
i~i Z0 V9 Z . fp ! ) y
l4ZD ( Anatomy :~ m Z =c Z
=
am
8 7
Hf =T
=c Z Z~[|Z kZ_(regional anatomy) : OZ =
@ ZgzZVzg YZklY:~{150
f = YH_ =mZ D~V
@

zz
F6] *ZgzZ, kZ - (d 0 z/y1Z ) y Z : ~{868 @
776 ( anatomy of head and necky
zkZg = ) =ugzZy


Xk
( / thoracic anatomyg= ) =J

oa
[ Z1Z=~ V1_ {k
c ~;Z : ~{873 @
800 ( / abdominal anatomy_= ) ={

kz6] v {zkZ ( / upper limb anatomy!
s= ) =V;

M
7Z m{ ggzZ B }pv ~i ZZ : ~{930 @
864 ( / lower limb anatomy,k
is= ) =Vzc
@
k6( Ophthalmology) Z~ [|Z kZ_ : ( systemic anatomy) = Z =

r.
@
kgzZ 6
Z`
s z ~zZOZZ :~{1013 @
936 @
YH_ =mZ~V
{k B{ #0Z : ~{1037 @ x Zgz = ) = VC *

D
mZX ZzY c 980 / anatomy of circulatory mZgzZ yp
X[ Z1Z=D~ ( y Zw) ( system
] gzZ {k
mZ (Zohar) Of 0Z : ~{1161 @
e
1091 / anatomy of x } 1 = ) = x } gzZ Vz

by
[ Z1Zf=~ ( genitourinary system
E
43E

yZgz ~ g BB =
Zv G Z 0Z : ~{1288 @
1213 ( / anatomy of skeletony Z OZ = ) =J egzZV- A
u Z
* g (Pulmonary circulation) yp
Z c / anatomy of Z ZvgzZ {n -
x Z x = ) = M
n


kZ y [ #0Z kZ X} zg ; @z ~,z16 ( digestive system
te

4G
( @J/G & ) / anatomy of wx = ) = x VzgzZ
~ H ! Z
gzZ Z q zF : i {z : ~{1500 @ ( respiratory system
ri t

1100
E
% Y~ ! ~{1500 @
600 D] Y% Fx V- z*Z
+F*B ]o~ m (Herophilus) z : [I 275

G5
am
10 9

Endocrine System Zyzg


x ~i Z h cB; Zzp
gzg Dx kZgzZ Z v\g- 5 ZgH

yZX Dlmg~yp ] % 6,Zx t


Zg { Z'

zz
sf `g
zj @
Y (Hormone) ] Z0Z Vmg Zz iF
~(Padua) Zze 0 Z~kg Z?OZ : ~{1490
gzZ =6

X f=

oa
Zm<!
( z
)] Z0Z
Z?k
!
\g-~z:~{1491

(HORMONES) ] Z0Z Zz Y 0 zsf `g


Y
~ Vzg Z0 X @
k
zgzZ @
h Moc ZzZ ezeg *
= C :~{1510

M
1 D Y 0 Yv ] Z0Z ( 7x ) CC
~ Vzg Z0 x lZ Z ]P
X HA%G $E
Z
zkZ z C M ] gzZ
Z Vzg Z0
Y ; ( Physiology :~ mZ ) ] P

r.
X Y~ d
k
z x lZ ~(z Vzg Z0
YDkZ ~Z ~ ! Y _ wdZ 6 C
X @

D
Zyzg
x ~i Z ~kZX YY H~ ] P Cmz ] P Z p ] @
mz ] *
Z

x Z Cx lZx ] @ ZZg ( {0Z :uZz)] Z0Z


mgzZyZy t eZ D " C(KZ wZ ] Pt ] !
U q
z. Z

yp G/7E D} 6 Zz (secrete) i Z e
Z ] z x Z wdZ LZ3 c } 7 c
] m XZz wZ {z
by
E
gz ( ` Zy Zx LZgzZ D Y~x D^)g f
Z ) i Z gzZq
f . ZX D ) Z * y ZBwZ
6] P /G7c
wdZ GLq Z Z%_w dZVzg Z0 Y~] PkZt] !
Z Zz Za {0Zv gzZ
(endocrine glands) Z ] i Zg
'
E3
ZZX D (control) G3E 4}EG Y ~g (disease) n%
GLG3G gzZg:g Z gzZ C
GLqtZ
n

X @
Y Hormones ~~ m $wdZ
Zahormones c Z 1- ; @
] Z0Ztq z y 6zZ
Z V!
Y { i Z0 Z ] P_ w dZ ~ ]g+Z
(pathology) ] MZ%Z g ]
te

(endocrine {Zx x Zgz Z @


YZ (glands) Zz Y4Z~zu
X @
4}EG
ri t


G 3E $
~uz 2- @
(controling) ~ ] Z0Zt ] ! Y c
B ( system
] y$ Z
am
12 11
-EE
+F Z z J/G 5 Za G.G
4G $kZ ~ g Z0
Y X CY 0
(regulation) (nervous x ! Z~
ZzzZgzZD} Zzx ZwdZ
VzzZ c Zx ZuzgzZ x r ~y Z ;D Y 0
zg0 ] 6g~
[ Z Zz kZ gzZ r Y @
b ( system

zz
4}EG
G3E $
6 g~
x r YYV- Y~i Z0 Zy MgzZ {
ZX @ x x ! ZgzZ {Zx x ] Z0ZzzZgzZ x Z wE dZ
G-4)E
$
{ ( )gzZ ! ~g ] Z W Zn Z @ Z (short term) G
x 6i Z0 5.Z X @
YHg ~(regulatory systems) ] 6
G g

oa
x 6 (long term) G
Vz 5.Zsx Vzz zg0 Z D Z J/G 5]
4G D x Z {z zX ^ (glands) z Z~
Z : wzZ ^
EG
4} $
5] { M ( )gzZ M ~ w dZn ZgzZ x Z 3E
ZgzZ D J/G
4G G ~ g Z0 Y `g {(hormones) ] Z0Z ] X

M
X Tgg Z '
i Z 7J/G
gzJ 5
4G zZZ D `g {] Z0ZztgzZX x Zw dZ (controling)
gzZ ' [ Z LZ J/G
f c 5x r
4G X @
Y

r.
~] LZx VzzZ c Z @
zg0 wEZ] 6 (Pineal gland) ~'
5{
Y ( ] Z0Z :) {0ZVz 6 y ZgzZ @
w EZVz 6

D
X @ (Pituitary) {

oq^ o] (Thyroid gland) g {


z LZ ] Z0Ztzz zZ Z @
Za ~zX{0Z
e (Thymus) M{
E
by
x ZwdZ LZgzZD Y6gZ ~)g fl
yp (Adrenal gland) {

6 { `g {Xz, ZX D BZzt zz SZ Z (Pancreas) {{


E34$
Y Zz Y g}
Q ( P M gzZ {n) N Y- + (Ovary) GE
n

6 { `g { ZgzZ @
Y ( exocrine glands)z Yg {Vzz, Z (Testis) /
te

X (enzymens) }%{yZ @
Y7hormone c
{ 0Z] % y y M
ZZ ZzY0
3~wzZ^x Vzz~i Z
c Z g yi Z wj z wj zg0
Z LZVzg Z0
Yx y Z
ri t

X ~
E
-E
G.G
$q
Z ~ x g Z0Y p ~gz f n Z gzZ @
~gz
am
14 13
Z ._w{z[ Z Z E<X _ {G3E
(Z1n7] Zi Z 4}EG
$ r a H76gw V{0ZVTAZ { 6gq
Z : z^
U[ Zr gzZ7Z
tZ~V M}nVrZZ @t X @ 4}EG
G3E $g Zli~gzZ @ Z {{ {0Zt
(secret) i Z

zz
Z ._ wLZ [ Z {{ Z s Z
;g Za (secretions) ] Zi Z ~g !
(symmetry) (threefold)
?AZgzZ c {0g
!
gzZ c gJ Z T s Z Z ( q
[ Zt sq Zt X V+ H
5H
G (zinc) G
X YY~y xgC
4h4 E4ug { @
C

oa
M r Z t Z ~X Za ] Z6 + Y ~uz 6B
X @
4}EG
3E
(control) G $ {{ q H+Zy
M Q ^ [ Z Zz
c m^i

M
kZ {{ !
] ! Y Z]
r zz T i Zg H{z? g E. gzZ W. Bayliss ~ '~1902
] P+ C ] Z0Z
z {zgzZ M ~ -
ZkZ M g* {n Z[ Z
{i Z0
Z gzZX [1] H|
wEZb ZkZ~1905 Starling

r.
ZZz
i] ZyZ ?Y Z e ~ V M (secretions) ] Zi Z ._p Z LZn Z Starling Zz
4}EG Zz Y {

D
G3E $ {{ Hs Z ] !
kZ ] !'
h yZ)g f yp M
g 7Z 6' 4
g ;' c
X X X\ 6t
M (gzZ 7}g Z ! ZZz M ~ i Z0 Zg}g
Z ' Z {z Zz ZaWZ7ZVD Y Y J
X* ZyZV g tV
Z
4}EG Z 6 Zz
zzZgzZDG3E
4}EG
${{ (chemical signals) }g
Z 6 yZ z!
e
^ [ Z
kn o 1eri
by
w G3E $ { kZ Vzg & g6 Zz nq
(secretions) ] Zi Z Z KZ ft
pZg } 6t x] !
t ] !'
h QgzZ X Lg ~g Y ._ I kZX D J Z CZy
{ni Z !
gzZ @ Y (pancreas) {{~
)g fn Z[_ Zg Z- -
~ypt VDg ( `g { )i Z M ZgzZ @ 4}EG
YHG3E $x ! ZZgi Z Zt w P. Pavlov zg
n

B q :Z Y M ~ - M ZjZgzZ J {{ D^ X{^ [ Z {z f~ 'Vz ! {g J/G 5"


4G U
te

Z kZ VrZ x Z G3E
(secretion) i Z 4}EG
$ mZB X D J }ngzZV M ] G3E 4}EG
$r t w t~}g!
X( Zy 6
zZ 6) hormone ~1905 ~
c Z[ Z Hw VrZ kZgzZ
{{ M Zg* {n~V M
ri t

{q Y {;(gland) zg ~/kZ : ^
Z @
am
16 15
E
!
C bkZgzZ D Y Z
/G7 (hormone) } 0Z ZzY{g !
X ;gC Z Zv~g Zz[ {
X @
Yc Z~yp
(secretion) i Z {0Z L G3@

zz
l]n,] ;]n9] Y ~ 6 Cz] Zg (synthesis) ;@
%~g Z0
Z Zp D [
q ZgZ @ ZgZ
Y {0Z,Z {0Z [ C] Z0ZX ~] * ~Vz7 t @
ZgzZ @ Y

oa
;@ 4G
J/G & X ~gz *
Y Hm ZZ f ) sgzZ {{ '
,h ZgzZ g Y `gny *Z, @
Z;@
Zg Z
ZgZ
[ X 6 m] %6 yZ
] ,x *

M
l]n,] ^] l]n,] oi^a oi^nv
@ Y ] Z0Z Z Z D ] Amine } 0Z, Z c {z D VF
C Z hormones c ] Z0Z {z

r.
E "8 ZggzZ+ E
3E 3E
"8 Z(thyroid hormone) {0ZgBVq E
X + G G ZPZ gzZ Lg 5G
4h${zQ c
E M~ ^] (protein) G 0.A } (
E
X ] ,m Z f,;@ ~ ^] (peptide) *|4X

D
Z CZ V~ ^G 0.At
ZX M
E E
kn o ]] C Z6g~ a gzZ X @Y C )|4XZ6V~ ^*|4X ZgzZ
Z
, Z Zz ] ~ Vzg Z0
e
Y Zg (secretion) i Z Z ~ ] f kZ ( D F
Zt ) C q
Z |

by
Y Hw EZ~x J/G
] Z0ZX @ 5g Z0
4G Y (excretion) ` Zy Z X C ._g & uq
Z ;@
f tY D `g { wi Z ZqZ~ Vzg Z0
Y yzg Zg7 )g fmRNA
rough ) Vz0Z nkZ
E
E
Z ^
$
regulation of cGG3. i Z o Z gzZ X n
g w i 7 ( pre pro hormone) { 0Z7x6x ( endoplasmic reticulum
n

X @
Y secretion CY6
g
te

Z @
ZzZ~ 4}EG
YHG3E $V-~g Z0 Z
Y] Z0Zi Z D Y ZF
Zpre x {0Z7xkZn ZQgzZ
5uq k Z eZ ( ; gZ~ c
)g f(receptors) ] G ) g @
Y`~6Z5v(pro homone) {0Z7ZzY{g !
gzZ
ri t

`g { {0Z/ @
kZ {z gzZ V g } x Z9 Y ] yZ F
Z Zz{ ( pro ) 7 ~ kZ Y~6
Z 5
am
18 17
c 4}G
q gZ t G3E $ bkZ @ Z eZ gzZ Sg 7
Y M 6R w i Z ZgzZX Z~g ZzZa } m
~gz)~gZlZ~ Z 0
kZ
X @
Y negative feedback } 0Z kZkCk Z kZ ] {z ( g Zz ~ w EZ c )Z

zz

=y @ 4}EG
B (feedback) q g Z ~ ] P G3E $ nkZ X ~g ZzZa

( V) VC *
g !
q gzZ ( m8) Vx36] WgzZzZg y X

oa
E
Q c X Z ^ri] kf%
E
6V L Lgh
58E @ ' C
E E
DA }E $ x Z Lgh Q t @
' G3 { E
Y ( ] }G3{) G3{ (positive feedback) q g Z ]g q g Z { y 6gzZ

M
( *7) y
J u)g f ( V ) VC*
g !
q g !
q |z V
yZZ !
c Z LZ { Za ~ {0Z
Zz zz ] Z W Z X CB

X @
Yc
jZ~]g+Z Hi Z Z {zXZ( Z W
g ZzZa KZi Z0 Z6c
]

r.
E
:$ MgzZg yp~y
X C]{V1* ~
{z| kZ (Luteinizing hormone) {0Zt {!wVq Z mZX Y q g Z
E34$ Za zzXz7Z z(ovulation) !

D
:$ M V1*
wi[ M c t X @ $ M
Y lymph vessels ~ ~ mZVC* @ Z W
i Z0 (ovary) GE
Z6 Z

L Lg}- $ M X CY J
{ Vz- $ M C ( .)
X g ZzZaXz7Zh
! ' gzZ

X D Y 0
E
(C ~x Ge
4&Dx Z
G
4}EG
$pKZ {0Z ~ T @
^r i ] o
by
Za yuV ] E
gzZ @ - o$
CG zg0Z :I * V
Z / = ) | LZ{ G3E Y q gZ, Z q g Z t

=gi ;~V}uzyu Xg $ M z}- $ M


k {{ {0Zt ;(insulin) +k
{ 0Z g6g wVX
b Z
Zzzi Z

] u~yunkZX @ Yyu CY y yu k ~ yp Z
@ Z
i Z z kZ ] g
( p a n c r e a s )
n

E E
EG& o$
-G ypv~ ] {0Zt gZl f(kZgzZ g| (g Zl (glucose)
'|
6g3B V X D Za ~ E(breast) y
y
te

m CZ eZ f / anatomy = y
) yz~ K y u zz WZ kZ +k
g b g ._ wg Zl]~
kZ [ Z X

6] WgzZzZg y '
h gzZ _ ]~ yp[ ZY @ Z eZ ]
Y i Z
ri t

( V ) VC *
g !
q gzZ ( m8) Vx3 X (
]gz (insuline hormone) } 0Z +k
h
b' [ Zzz Z 7]gz
am
20 19
E
[ Zz Za6kZ @
Yc X @
n3ZkZZ Yq z E 6V L Lgh
58E @ ' Q c
X Z
C
E E G3{E
Q t @
3{
~ VzLgLg Zzz X @
y M *
kZ 5 ZkZ DA }E $ x Z Lgh
' G Y ( ] }G3{ )

zz
LgLgh
' ZkZ nx Z ~zzT CY ( *7) y
J u)g f ( V) VC*
g !
q g !
q |z V

X Q ~LE
&kZ~Vz X @
Yc

oa
Urinary Systemx ~g Zg Z :$ MgzZg yp~ y
X C]{V 1* ~
{z| kZ

ZvgzZ: VkZgzZ}
Z ~x ~g Zg Z :$ M V 1*
wi [ M c t X @
Y lymph vessels ~ ~ m $ M
ZVC *

M
@M 6U g Z- +
Y 1 ( y G4) Vz
5G
Z 1- ^ L Lg}- $ MX CY J
{ Vz- $ M C ( .)

X X X V- , ZZ~k
X X D Y0
(C ~x G
4&Dx Z
G

r.
{
V Z
~k 6, x Z
Z x 6 kC1 c
n~ V

D
{
V ! V
Y , qg sZ e~
q `gzZ5 .

(pelvis) 9j
X ykZ { c
i

(ganglion semilunare) e
{- h x Zx
by
(greater splanchnic nerve piercing L ~ Z @
o c 5- - M ~( M Kg 3- {n2- ~%1- ;k
4- - m=x Zx
crus) E Z kZ {z
5gzZ
0E b y Z Zz *
Z} ( ZXA 6- gzZ
is X Vc

n

(Receptaculum chyli)

L ~ Z @
o c ~^kZyZgzZ^Y^ IV Z
&n{z *
LE
te

(greater splanchnic nerve piercing

crus) ~^kZZ x Zx ~g Z Z nTX N Y0


ri t

(ganglion semilunare) {- h B% Z e ~ Z% LE
& ZX Y 0 LE
&{z @

am
22 21
gX D Y 0
Z6Vz$ ~A | l A #-F peritoneum & G
F
G (ascending colon)
y ~i Z
@
T12 @ }L} # }L, g !
J J x Y (descending colon) y z4

zz
)g f V-z ! !
Z (kZ t {Z x kZ Vz X L3 (inferior vena cava) gz,k
sh i
E
X @ V @ Y M~ (aorta) yc
Z

oa
t h
E
@
perinephric 58E ~ Vqz ! l
Z {C ' (renal vein) gz
~h
x b} f Vz G4<XG
(
Vzt paranephric gzZ (renal artery) ~y c

M
(renal agenesis) ~-T :Vz
c gZa X C
6 nephric c gzZ kidney jZ ~ ~ m
renalis ZgzZ @ Y {

@' 6gZa Vz
T X YzfgzZ Y t D Za ~ yp Zz ^ J/G
Z Y Zy & Zg }
4E X

r.
YZ~ Z~Vz
zzZa ] zZ B 0 Z yp ( c
yY c g- m{g) Z b
Z ~gz)Zzg
X `g {~^[ %

D
xmi
X Anatomy ~D= H_OgzZ] MZ%Z] P =Vz
{z z
~T c

e
ni X (nephrology) DZ Y
g Z- #{ s ZZ Vz~A| l
g}
by
Z C Z
v5 N gx M}
v12 6 ~y
Z ~y
Z

Vzc Z~T C# Z^ZX @


zg0 150 yizgzZ
x Z @Ycn(spleen) wD{
0 V! gzZn{V ZX D Y0 Y
+
E
(convex) [ G
X @
E
4h$ cg Y @
5E
G
Z(concave) !cg +
Y t (adrenal) ; @
Y c
0N
gqZ6}u ! }
X
C
n

Vz
Z hilum ; @ J qZ~} +
C
G
Y cg! x Vz
}g ! X @M ~ ` Zy
Z 4 zq
g ; T @ Z Zg
te

gz Zz% ypgzZ 4Z ~y c
C Z `g { ~h yc Zz Y yp~ Zz ~ ^] !
t) @ {
N ! VZ t ] ! Z ~
ZgzZ q

D 4Z [ Z ~} X 14) gzZ 13 ~1- ^J/G


4G
& ) Y{@x
($
ri t

Zt h '
Z (retroperitoneal) t :}
{ t D
am
24 23
CB{" )u z gzZC^~yxg ( 162- ^) ; Cg Z% * Vz
V[ %
Zz Y J ZgzZ

E
Kgh
^ I~(arcuate artery) V c yc
' V6(
m{ZC X ureter c
q

zz
3c
Kgh
' V c
yZ[ ZX C^ gzZ {" CY ~gz9 x *
gzZ ZZ2- ^fK{kZ
E
{
G3 Z ] zZ c ~g"~"X
(cortical radial arteries) 3c s z8 ~2- ^ )z z }
g {6Z F

oa
X @Y3c (interlobular) Z }
gzZ q n n Z X @
B (renal cortex) {" ) ;g M ~ ^
{E
g Zz + X C 3c
% ~y
M {z 3c 3
Z t gzZ
G ; C ]6c
}gzZ2- ^) (renal medulla) z

M
+F Z }
Zz + Y yp C M' (afferent arterioles) 10 Zg
VZOZ 20 @ YY~^ 6X ( M ZzV8
g
5Vy Z Cyp~ V
X (1) @
4E
-G
E
(glomerular capillaries) ] c x pB{"6
@ zZ LZx ZOZC 6(pyramids)
E

r.
~(efferent arterioles) g +t Q @
Y fypZ
V X @
Y X @
) }u x ZOZC Y (lobe) q Z }
Z d kZgzZ
yp{"~] c 6g +t @ Z}

D
X C Z qg !
g !
q YM Z (16) @
q 0.7 ( @
Y (papilla) G Y g0
cg +
(venules) Vah
gz Z @
h gz f Y + Y w :Zz[ Z ypt } (q `g { ZCZ~(calyx) {!\
Z] LgLgtQX ) @
+{zX @ Yw J/G
Y `+ gz,k
$ gish i VgzZ @

e
~
Y MJ
g
Y (pelvis) nj; w Z e Z CZ ~ {
V X (6) @
[%
by
gzWgzZ C d
(juxtamedullary nephrons) y X @
Y`~VZ@ q
5 Zg(7)
X C 5(vasa recta) zZ+ Y{" {zBgm oa]
4E
-G 9 5Vz
4E
-G
w :Zz ] c
J E 5Q gzZ ) V G 4E
5E5F E
) ] c w
Z Z8p] Z &
ypy c
& CZ
~y c Z}
q
C
n

V- Y3 Zg g*yp
} ~yctX ( 121- ^) C c q
Z (abdominal aorta)
te

Cerculatory Systemx
CY ~ V c Kgh 4Z ~(hilum) G
' .G$Ec

E E
,gzZy f ZN Z 5.7Q 3ct X @ Y (interlobar arteries) 3c
m{Z 58E
ri t

Zz,h ,gzZy f ZVc


gzgzZ3c ! Z ]G
am
26 25
EE E
GB|!ypx : {V !
gzZ @ GE
(B) B|!yp~ Vzs: { V Z x CWq Z @ Y w ~ p Z x ; ( [: ` )
E
@ (B( Z ( P )
1g: ) s )q w X @ (pump) B|!yp~
GE

zz
E
6 4)'ZD Y#
zZ G ~V {zzh {Vzt+
' YN ! gzZN Z X Sgv%x @ w ( Zz
Za i ZI
X @ Y (ventricle) EG ${ Zz +
4E Y kZgngzZ (atria) yf Z{ wdZz=

oa
,q
gzZ @ ZgzZ y f Zq
Z + gzZ ,q
Y N ! ZgzZ yf Z q Y N Z c
Z + zx
Z , +
c Zgq Y KZ yf Z + X @
YC Y# ~ V {ge w V- x KZ YY P M ^ C* B; w
Z c
q Z

M
[g ~ p Z x ; @ Z 6c ZgkZ gzZ @
(valve) x oq 5 )g f Zg f yxg~ ( {) sBt X @
'
Z'
Z ~ #
q
tx g kZM
Zypt @
X zg {i Zzg )
( h Zc )n kZg eZ @ q Sh M (oblique) b gzZ Z U +
3g~ Y N !

r.
^] X @ Y
cg ( +
g8E

D
Z e 0g ~ g Zl ~(. (venous blood) yp ~h
gz x Do:^]E xmi
} ~gz)gzZ [
E
@M : Zzf~yf ZN ZD` M (cardiac muscle) ] W58E @ Z w
] W nm{q
Y M ~,N Z Z @
x o ) @
e
g* (tricuspid valve) x oQgzZ xYH{@xgp ] WyZ
A ~: M ] t @
by
{ ypkZ,VZ[ ZX ( D} 6&Z J/G 4]Z Z ] x bSZgzZ D } a
YY Hg3u Zz (Z q c
E& 4)g8E
X ~Vz X @Y(syncytium) CjZ fZV} % Z G
z q
(
ypZz s qx M ~Vz HF
QgzZ @M :Zz~ yf Z N ! .F gmZ ; C n G ZzM ~C Z6w +
Y z
n

(pericardium)

zx oz ) @ )g f(bicuspid valve) x oz
Y M~pzN ! Z: { w6g zg0
CWq ZX s ~ p Zx gmZ @
Y
te

[ ZX ( D} 6z Z f kZ
)g f(aorta) Z,V! Vzt X: {V !
ZgzZ V Zq
q ~ ( V { ) s Z Zz)gfg Z-
Z @
X : Zzg fx M~x ypkZ X @ c Zg yxg Z gzZ D Z]
7Zg c 6g }uz q
Z {
ri t
am
28 27
Zt; C]gzyp{gx M s fLZw
yc

( g )] o f kZ Y @ Y @
V c Z z Zz
(coronary) Y @
q V c
)

zz
Y q
( Zz + ~ x gzZ ~ w Sypl
Z s) 3q ( C~]g ` @Rwt
6
yp ) zgzZw~p
6] Z~ ( * g ypl kZgzZ C
3q ypl
iw
*
gzZ A

oa
X Zg Z (valves) ] o 4G
J/G &^J/45l
GG yp{gx M)gzZ {gx M~x
EE
wx P v%x @ Za i Z I (B) GB|!q
Z w Z y 6zZ 6

M
w Z
@ -- * X -- 1 DiZ%zPq
iX 2gzZ A Z mZ Lg
Respiratory System
gzZx ypkZ @ ;gwz yp VzgzZx t
it n ZgzZ @
~wx {z ~] C ZzY 0 Y
~Vzg Z0

r.
X @
; gB~Vz
@
Y c
B (respiratory system) wx @
6
Z Zzh
z
nZ i w gzZ (diastole) o ]
Z w w

D
kZg Z =DX @ ] Zi w nyxg ypgzZ Z ~
* eZgzZ
G E X (systole)
} gzZ] E
-8 E
X 4}N gz{ ?E
5G x &u *
~x (
e
i
G/G
4F ] WyZgzo ]
Y`~,N ZgzZ @M :Zz~ yf Z N Z yp{gx M) x
Z
by
@
~ T{z ( respiration :~ m Z . fp ! ) w~ ] P Z
- o$E
G
~ Z VG5kZ z 0g gzZ @
v~ V~ E x M Z s
Y`~,N !
@ yp{gx M Vz
gzZ @M :Zz~yf ZN !

n

gzZ Tg ~g z ~g YZ! 4Z xZ {4Z kZ ~ ] X @


Y
D i] WyZgznZ
5kZz0g 0
6Bglucose x Mty Zgz kZ
te

Za *Z gzZ G .EZ c
@ B ~ VzJ/G
Y c 5h
4G x M yp{g x M HG M ~,N Z
Yw[ 4Z CkZZz x M X C
& p @

ri t

b Z wCZ CBkZ6gx ~6 C{ Za
@ B ~x x M yp{gx M Zc
Yc M~,N !
am
30 29
l^eri ^ve y
] g Zh ~y ~ Z X CY g (Z
M ~ x M V- @
ew 4Z~5 Zgu * ~wj gzZD
~]g Zx M ZzY0

zz
Y
E$" Z (1) X D Zz iZ%yZgz Y J ]
4
gG
) external ) w z kZ gzZ CY [_
~ yp Vz EBE M

oa
-Go$E
lZR V E C 5 Zgypx M {zkZQ (2) ; @
B Y ( respiration
6% Z t @
wzg0 ~ ] yp Z V gzZ BJ
Y H [_

M
s Z <G
X-dZ x Mt ~ y
M
[ ZgzZ (3) ; @
Y c
B(internal respiration)
` wC Z C Za ATP gzZ CYwEZ~[ 4Z ~ M ~ ]

r.
) ` X (cellular respiration)

D
Nervous Systemx )w
~
]] o ^ of ^ve
(centeral nervous system) e
x ~
% w! M
by
Y central nervous system ~ ~ mZx ~
jZX @ % w~g g
x Z} (ztX @
~
%zt x tzz ~
% n ^ve
[ j Zuz gzZ (brain) r q
Z ~ X
p
n

(spinal cord)
w
xq
Z eg F3 Z c
[ jgzZ @
Z 3g~~ 7 zZ r X @
Y6
+ B ! n}
te

X CY M~Vz$~A| lgr ~]g p c


ri t

(peripheral nervous system) x 1


c 4}EG
G3E $[
am
32 31
xq
n C Y{-n ZgzZ r & @
Z + @ Zx Y
Y pheripheral nervous system ~ ~ m
@ ) q x kZ CY F
Y ( gx Zwc Z~ *
Vz$~A | lg| (+
Y
~ Z x Zgx t X PNS Z6ggzZ
%z (Zq

zz
q gzZ r ] D Y~x x Z g @
q gzZ r X Z @ gzZB; 6gw V)
Y ( V0
Y+ Z Y x
q gzZ r gzZ~
X Dx g D D J x *
c
X x YjZzz

oa

i f0i D Y 0
x ~g Z0
Y ~Mq
Z gzZ r X [ jgzZ r D x Z z ~ x ~
% 6

f0i bkZgzZ x Z ( {)zO*w
* 3;)w dZ x Ypnerves c
X eg F3 Z c
[ Z Zz [ j

M
X @ Zq
x q Z~Vzg Z0Y~M J/G
4G
5x Z~gzC [ Z 6gZgzZ D12 ~ Z
r [ Z {z
Dz g Z0
Y kZ n
g 7wg Z0 Y {0
i: Z Zi M Zx ta eg F3Z [ Z {z @
Z Y (cranial nerves)

r.
}uzq Z~: Mx Z ~gz] ! tZ E<XVgx tf) X C31 ZZgzZ @
Y (spinal nervers) [ Z
Zz x Z wdZ Z Zx y Z C]gzx ,Zq

D
Z fn ZgzZ (somatic nervous system) x ~
c zgzZn Zw dZyZgzZno1%~: MV
] Z]gz X @
Y somatic nervous system ~ ~ mZx ~
@
Y kZ bT}~ i Z0
g Z0 Z ZgzZ}x zx C
e
n ] c
Z@ @
Y ~jZ ~ p kZ m somatic
by
Y J/G
(nervous x ~ Vzg Z0 5kZgzZX"
4G U
gzZq{Z f0i X YYx JjZ~p Zy M Y0
( pBendocrine system ) x v @
Y c
0( system vgzZ () ] W @
6[ Z yZgzZ VyZr x t
uZg Zzg~ kZBBp
g { M wj zn Zg Z0
YgzZ @
{ngzZ} Zx {zX DwzNV K
P M )
n

X @
Za Yx I MjZ @
X @ wzN ( {)z
te

t YY H~ VZ{ M ~_Qx (autonomic nervous system) x g p


c Y~i Z0
x ~X{zx lZZz~X $ Z F p x g p
X } Y~~}g !
ri t

Q c
Xp | H p wdZ
gzZ Z x
~ ~ 7 z+F o Y V- ;x y
Z
am
34 33
X( [YHy kZi Z `g { p CP1-
*
Z (centeral nervous system) x ~
c %

zz
& x mZ~ (energy) *
Z ~txE (peripheral nervous system) x 1
c

;) ] ~ t Dy V- x gzZ X @
c
' Y p ! X 2

oa
ZgzZ CY0
~ wDZ Z'~]X @
U Zz Za ( {)z (somatic nervous system) x ~
c

gzZ Cg Zw '
; wDZ ZFx Zz WZk in ZQgzZ * Z zz x g p
(autonomic nervous system)c

M
} (z* Z x lZx 6g~
GI
Z x lZ {)z $
X x Zz n ZgzZ * @ x *
ZC
( nZ%Z ) n% (Zq
6n% ~-ggZ {'

*
Z 2- gzZ (kinetic energy) *
Z w1- YY H~ Vz CY zDZg g* Z ~ Vz~ T
t gzZ CY M ^zg ~ yZ c

r.
X (potential energy) *
Z6gzZ @
; g M ` @
7*c g ( ~ ~g FkZ ) Z-Z c
zz c ^zg
jZ f Z @

D
7 * Z ~ ] G 4D @
5G3E Y 0
*
~ Z w *Z ~x SI Chronic n%kZ ~ ~ mZ X @
Y chronic '

* '
Z t h X @ Y gZlscalar t@' 0G
g ZlG4)\jZzz Z C Hg (Z COPD g "Z eZgzZ obstructive pulmonary disease

H:* Z t Z% E e
CY tg Zl(conserved) E qZ Zt 4 IV- 7n%c
q q
: Z] Z t X @
Y
Zz ~ nZ%Z ~
by
V- vp Z !
YYHv~n~uznq
Z *
Z sjZ +:gzZ YY gzZ ( b r o n c h i t i s ) = ~ X $

Z ~] M
X Sgxg Zl * {)z(emphysema)
X f.
mi p
M
x$
n

Z Z ~ T n% (Z q
3-q +Z ~ x c
Z n% ~-g g Z { '
blood plasma ~ ~ mZ& @ M { ~ yp
Y x$
te

gzZg M wz i Z CY0
Z
M = x + [ M ;
~Vs~X x$ %p Zz b~ mZ x$
MX
(productive cough)

[ Zv=gzZ YH * { &7z C M
Z )Sg ~g YJ
` J
ri t

gkZblood plasma x$

y MgzZ d Ma p @
Y c
B
am
36 35
G
$
Tg ~g Y ] ) 6, Zg0
Z ] ( Vzg Z0
Yx gzZ ) y
Z/x H Y H~ V} (z ZgypX Vzi[ NZ eZ
Z @
zq
] M M
V VZ0gzZ [ ZgzZX D Y 0 :
yY J Tg D] yp~ TgzZ @
z Zuz @
6]

zz
Z f ]~DNA 6 + F
q f 0
Z i ` MZ
X x$
] ] b ~{q
2 ~/ b
Z _ Y E
)7

oa
N Yf~n]on Z ) Sg q ~ c
E
h 43 )7
l oi^n E
y xg G~
0 %gzZ G~ Z% T YY )7Z{

M
( ]gzZg)3;:!- E G
0 5{x hZZ~T C } gZzY
(organelles) ] G
GG 38
[ 4L]Z ~ G Cg g *
L LZ {z @ Z Z f M fw dZx ] {0
i V; z YY 6gzZ @
Y cyto-plasm Z~ ~ mZX D Y

r.
!vgzZ}%{g g f ] gzZ g ~g Y(vital metabolism) Hh plasm plasma jZ cyto cell p Zz t

D
(osmotic homeostasis) [ E4G
5G5L_Z ~ feZ6gX g D ] w zg Z plasm "Z t] !
q
f . Z~x *
)7X
E
E
'
gZ 0
i fg Z0
Y kZ /G7 {0 i s: @M t ~ ^x f kZ Zg ~~] Rzg Za pJ/G 43X e * Z
Y H~

4H
e g
X i fp s Ddn~ (ZgzZ ;g Y Hg (ZZ fcytoplasm V
by
5_ 4G
5_ZgzZ fx ZwdZx {y6zZ
g mGZ c
p 5G
[ E X C7kC
GG
c
)Z gzZ @ ~gz xg 4h! yi Z ugzZ ui *
Za
q
]

xg 0i mZ 0 '
g:g Z yi Z ~wj zgzZ zg0
Z LZ3zz^a
Y] p ?8{wdZ ~ G
n

] c
X @ L38F Y
x gZ0
eZ f,, Y x lZZg c )tZzG /7EX @
Yw
q c
g CU A%~y
M q
Z 0
it @M ~f w ~}g !

te

X m]C
Za B i M 0
Y ]Zg p s ] 6
i ^+
Z ] %gzZf p
yi Z q '0
gg Z i KZ] V- Z
ri t

y (Z p ?gzZ C ~h
]] !
kZgzZ @
Y q z
am
38 37
t
%]) ; @ Zdecomposition
ZzgzZq {)z QngzZ M 0g Xz>*
x M ;P ~ X)t gzZ C ]gz
Z bSZ l X rigor mortis c
Z6 Z~ Y *
Z
Lg [ E4G
5G5_Z 3 Tg} M B] M~3J Z (

zz
(lactic acidosis) Y - Da*
"ngzZ * g
ATP ~ X D Zyxg yp c
)i c zgzZg0
Z3 cg0
Z G3gzZ
zz Z6 Vz ! `g X (
Z!ngzZ |z ") Z Z
Sg M t J ]gz! n ] %gzZ6
Lg @

oa
I
Z
$
-oG
c Z Z f M ~(fibrils) V F
* BG g ZY D Y D Jg () ] W BgzZ CY 0
F
i 3YK tgzZVzC gzZ 0
i
x X uzgx Z Z!{ Za zzn"gzZ Lg7!ATP 7 c
x * ) J 7
Z L~6 C r
q t Z eX g Z0
Y

M
1 @
t
Y Zzh ' qz] 4 @ 2 ht]) 6g t C]| 7kZ1 Z kZ( ,Z x
t
]) th X CYVx !Z ~pt~ Zz[ M x
' ] 12 @
c 9 X =]._bh
@ ] ` M ~i Z0
Zi Zg

r.
w CWg Z0
YkZ]gzZ @
6]g Zwzgwj *
Zz F
K
g~ H0i

D
X 6 *
V.6 Z4Z H]
Zb
mZX g6 Y (livor mortis) ]tgi Z ~pgzZq Z]i Z 7^nmfi l ] e
9
( }%{) g V G3E}!Z] Ctzz

-I$ g;z6c e (decomposition)
G
E$ :!-
by
@ F oG Z Zz)yp
0 .A q
Y (fibrinogen) @G G algor ) ]z'
~ 1kZ @]g Zwzg w ]
Y
30 ]zz,
&_yp460 @
gzZSg7! b ( Yu ]i Z ) ]z'kZgzZ X @
Y ( mortis
Z Za gV ~ V-zz ypt zg @ Z ) ]>Z gzZ ( z) j Zg Z
6Z ( zg0
n

] 2 ]1t X DY ptig Z @
Y ]tig ZjZzz ]>Zc
# lgzZ]g Zwzg Zz]k]l]g Zw
te

X @
YV6 ] 12 @
Z KZJ
8 gzZ @ Y Zz X {)z
G -!
^ ni ^ . k c Za 3 E$ l ~ Vzg Z0
Y ( G 5.G
ri t

5G ) g Z0
am
40 39
X Y1 (harvest) ] :!-
. h l^ {gzZ Y (] c
gzZw]I F ]
ih ` M

zz
Yg! ZgzZ *
* Y Wc
xg *
f] ! ~gz` M1X @
wZi ZgzZ (CPR) ~ glZZ w
Y H Y ug
]c
> [ f v%(lethargy) x ZgzZf( Z6 ][ Z ~B; ] 1+4 (defibrillation) yg

oa
(cnofusion) q*
0
*
c
* zM Y
.
le Y (c iVz {y 6
] c zZ[ ZY k
!
Za .6Z p
] )~ gzZ *
0
e.Z Z E
<X D] *kZY M : Zz 0 i Y ug gzZ w zz

M
4E
J/G& ZgzY!gzZY gzZPgzZ @
Y (Clinical death) ]~ku MlwgzZkZ
(death rattle) ]>Z}u* ?
Y Zy
y
~ (life Y c
] ( g Z0 Z ~ wg ] zz 1g
y

r.
YZQ (foot) xgzZcB;
* Zg J
X YYc s] Msupport)

D
Yg Z% c
* * 8
Yw$ (extremities) Vzu c
g6 s (coroner) c
q ` M zz ] ; z !
Z Z zgq
*
YwzN c 4}EG
G3E $6VgzZ6V M ] C c
(Brain death) ] { z @
~}g !
]
{%6g ~
*
e
yp
Y ! @
nZZ g Z
Yc q Z sgzZX @
4G
q Zz J/G & ) Ya *
] !
'~ r
by
^r] oi^n @
Z Y Ztt [ Z X ( mZ q

qz Y wY Vp CP Zz Zz ]~ y Z y Z ]1X CY s M c
g '~ r
q Y{ q

G
Vp Zz E$ i ZQgzZ *
! Y[ Zy
G
E$n ZQgzZ C " c 6g *
i * EZsgkZ f
xc
n

EG
z)V p ZzJ
4120 @ 15 X CYJ V=p Zz~J e B+ ' ~
q c X @ ~ q
te

I
\
][ B & @ spc 8 g l ( [ M6zZf i @
6ZZ T ] !
g C kZ M !
(electroencephalography)
E
A+Z c
] )E ]{z'& @]g Zwzg weZgzZ (pallor mortis) ` M q Z f kZ * z
g]X EZ c
g *
Y
ri t

Y
G
cgTf~g 0 kgzZ _ F
~g k Z
am
42 41
g Ygz ZZ ]g c
} ]Z ] W{z (sphincter) ] Z^{zn ZX @
Y
Z [ Z~ Cc
F Z 5
[ Z~ kF D Y e , ._ ]gzjZgzZ V
i Z' c Zg~

zz
] ZZ ] ZZ ] ZZ ] ZZ tig ZQ X ( Y ~
w]>Z gzZ m{g) M !
MC Z {ngzZ [ %
Zb
R g ) V- yp G
c 4)g8E
C M ~ ~p]
~g OZn% Z -~z M Z
ii

oa
3,512,000 2,678,000

3,346,000 ( )0 2,643,000 ~z[,k


i {zn Z X @Y WQgzZ sp8 g ~ ( D + Y 0
ge
t
] 24 Zn ZQgzZ YV c {J] 12 * ])
Z c
Y
zD
~-gn%' ~g OZn% o$E

M
1,829,000 2,484,000 -E
EG G
c Z X D qzhYh }%{ Z
$ ~ izg q @Y ~
~z[,k
i w Z
g Z~
1,180,000 1,793,000
p 1- D z ~ kZ 4 Vc
g UM 3
yu Vz
n%V c

r.
gzZ32- gzZVz%{ Cg Z%g0 Z p V p(autolytic)
938,000 1,381,000

q
gz%] U w CZnZ%Z -o8E j c

D
669,000 1,217,000
[ ZX {)z ] Z(fungi) ] c +G
c zZz Za ! Zy

657,000 {nyu 1,103,000 c
U gzZ ! l
e*Zzg mZ @
Y qz *
x6g zg0
Z
\h Z Zz
635,000 ypg ] 1,021,000
e
( ! K)
zD
zx lZZX $ ' gzZ D Y7
zz {)zc
by
571,000 ( ! K) 748,000 ~- gn%' o{Y {1gzZ)
P] zZ @ ! ZgzZ
Z zg0

499,000 p 674,000 ( {)E


0{8 '
{gg Z ~
~| KZJ
w c
{ F] zZ gzZ @
Y{g !
J e~izg
X Y
q
n

y
M b
:!- l] h^f] p^n
te

(telomere)

z c
' Y telomere ~ ~ mZ;y
-o8EZg @
] )G M b
Cc g z ZZ(leading causes of death) ]>Z [ Z ~
F
z* {g Z Z @ ~ sf X Z ~ k
2001 . m F
ri t

Bx Zw dZZ D} c
} Z+ Z ~ e6( s ZZ )Vzu
b 5 gzZ
am
44 43
{ c
g ! i &~ y q
Z ` Zy
Z
Z V- Z 6g X x Z x ] )G
g !
3Z C vp Z !
-o8E gzZ} Z+Z ~ eB
Z ; gB(urgency)
X YY Z+
D{g kZ@ZgzZ CY
Y ] ! ZZ @

zz

Z` gg zu ]BV-c
X Y-
Z] *
ZZ

i CY wEZ fVzg Z0
Y ~q
, Z b Z Z`
6g @&'
]CE

oa
~ ~ m X D ]
Z Z` t : Cc
Z Z$ F6g {
% x *
C @&'
6(programmed cell death) ] CE
CY bacterium ~ ~ m ~ zgZ uZz , @
Z gzZ)N` Y bacteria ] ,Z i{q Z @
Y]+Z (cells) ]

M
X ) * g ZV` ^Y ^ IgkZ CY ~ J/G
5
4G
E
M f Z gzZ V M
Y A : M g Z0
Y x , Z ]kZ ]ta gzZX e*
f(mechanism) D M b ( /G7

r.
EG
gp C Z ]gz ( gp )
D Y B (microorganisms) ] x* (decomposition) $[c ^a ~] C Z

D
k]Zz gzZ Zzi Iz6wzZ ] *
Z ] c
c ;~ yZgzZ
Z` C M g Zz % gzZ K
FZ ] kZ gzZ C Za zz necrosis gzZ
KZVY @
~| `g {} ]
Y c Z kZ ] zZ k]
ZzX @ Y ]C(programmed) E @&'Zzz S(mechanical)

e
X D7(cellular) Ck]Zz J/G 5J
4G u b & Z. *
Zgt M V- Y Z~ p Z { X
by
Y (bacteriology) ] xN`
@ c DD_Z`
Z` p] ZzYg "
X @
~f q
X c Z (microbiology) ] y
p] Z &
w Z
zwDZ
# Z Z% (diarrhea)
V M ~T C n%, Zq c
n

w Z
X : D Y 0
~ ^C Z`
V-
Y c Z~}g !
^ @
c (~KZ6 tgzZ @M { c
gx i Z' i c
g !
g ! c
te

(feces) i Z'

3 w DZ ZZ` 4)g8E
G YY H 1--- k ~t { i Z0
Z eZ (electrolytes) V F
G
5'Vz Z 0
~ V M6g~ zz CMZ%Z kZ
ri t

E
] !
Z Zzz ^Z`
i kZt x * ZX ?~p Z y M X @Y ~g FV2 c w ZX C [ Z E
C+Z *
E
am
46 45

x y
<X7azgzZ Z`
^ZZ E Zy
Zzk0 Z
y
E.
0
(C c
* t c
gZ0
I
l
G4
Y(ubiquitous) 5 Z Wz Y! q
Z Z`
X ~~Z Z ._Z C M~

zz
~ F
C
z.Z` V- ] !
M X D ( } ) )xc
Z c D Y (cocci) ] Zgc gzZ @
Y (coccus) {gcZ ---- ~zw

Z X D Y 0
Z z s: ~ y jn
~(habitat) - X CY

oa
ZX D Y0
Vzi Z0 ~J
~g ZlMZ` (-
Mz{n)
Z zg0
Z () (bacilli) ] V gzZ @ 0{Z ---- c s
Y (bacillus) G

DZ` { c
i Z] LZ y Z~y Z ._
Zq X CY

M
] c
u @
Y (spirochette) tuZ ---- ug Z F-#F
normal ) N`
4E
GG3E 7
&Z !
~g F c
g {z Z ~ y Z CG

X @
,ZZ` Y (nonpathogenic) nL)] zZ c( flora X @ qZ p
YHw EZ~

r.
ZD Za (infection) ~zznZ%Z N Y4Z
Z~y
Z 63qZsta 6gp C ZZ~Z`
ZZ #
Z D LgZt Y p (

D
X @
Y Zz Za n%(pathogenic) nL q Z Z E
<X Dg Z0
Y
Z`
X M J
10 ~0 ZgzZ hz 40 ~x Z
{Bq
*g8E
g
Z`
e
mZ RNA *g8E
( body) soma gzZg6g#
*g8E g
yz` Zc
z` Z @
Y 0~ ZT6gx #
*
by
X
x *
kZ ~ ~ m
ZgzZ @ Z;
Y ribosome ~ ~ m c
5
B= 1000
1
c
5 soma gzZ ribo 6 mZRNA bzg Zzz
g#
z` = 1000
( yz` ) B1
Zig OZgzg0Z3x ] KgX CY ] Kg *g8E
n

c ^ gX
( i V )Z`
N
gqZX ( 1 --- k
ZZ`
) D Z#
tgzZ @ g)g f
t (expression) Z Y ~'
te

yz` 50 @8 ( ~ Z ) Z`
J Z (q
ZgzZ N yz`
g kZ c
X C Mt ~]g] yZgz3 F
Zz] Kg
D1s{Z`
V~k
'
6th X Y
ri t

F
~
%Zg X Sgyz` P@ VJ
1 Z ha1 $ yz` 200 MZ~]g+Z
am
48 47
X @
( Zzzi ! Kg ^q
Z F
~
%(Ribo Nucleic Acid) F
~
%Zg
Z Zz
L q V Z ( m o n o m e r ) j ~
gzZ

zz
q
Z` Z ~g F! Y! K6gx ; ( 76k )
Z @
zq jX @
Y c
0Z ] ~ ]g?} ((macromolecule)
g0

g eZ
hKZ ~g Ft Y H: `
7 ~ ~& ZX C Za zz } Z +Zg M b} Z +Z ~ eX meZ f,, Z uZz

oa
E I
{i Z0
kZ ._gz ZZ ) {,zzmZw C ZgzZ Chg @
Y (nucleotide) kU
~ ] ~
%58E (polymer) {g 3$q
Z

?X @ 5
kF Z ( { c
h Z
mZ ~ X CY i M ~ e~} Z +Zg M @ +F
tt p
Z~RNA gzZ DNA X

M
n%~zq Z TB ~x scn% $ Y V- p~p Z X CY0
Zg-(c Z )iZg
{gzZiZg( ( ]q
E
G
C Za zz (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) { 3!c
qZ ~} Z+Z ~ egzZ} Z+Zg M
t

r.
E
{ 3!X Cg Z%~Vz6 i Z0
G
gx 1 $ Z WZ6{gzZ V- } Z + Zg M X x lZ VF
~% Vz} Z + Z ~ egzZ} Z +Zg M

D
(aerobic) ZgzZ u)(non-spore forming) gz6)q
c Z ? (double stranded) :zf} Z + Z ~ e~}
%3tB
EA
X @Ycu6 ~g Zg (acid fast) . @
s ~ (single stranded) :q
X
~z e
by
t @
Y n% Zz Za microorganism ~ ~z +Z ~ e E { c
58E @ OH q
i {z Z~iZg] Zz Y0
~} Z +Zg M

ygzZ )~~ m
ZjZX k]ZzgzZ Z Yc gp
;* ] iZg ) @
Y iZg M ~ ejZ f Z @
H s(mZ~~} Z

Y infection ( ~zg Z ( DNA fs


z
n

X @
@
Yc
0
(U) Zg- x {gzZq
Z( (T) }c
~DNA tt gzZq
Z

te


X( Zy^J/G4G
& )
shakila Bk
i6s ;
z ) :zf? } Z +Z ~ e ( Zz zi !
ri t

Z ) :q
q ? } Z + Zg M
.q
X wEZMgzZ Ze Z @
Y plasma ~~ m
Z;;
am
50 49
z {i Z ) Q @
Y 4Z ~ g !
Z ]x i [[ V]Zz]x i [[
q c
M Z@
y! -|g i ~~ m
gzZH plassein *
i*` Z
CgzZ ZKZ~t M MQX Lg ~f (~
Z~ ~g d x|^gzZ% J ekZQ1;q
g !
6g~
p)X

zz
3T- x * ] Cyptyv{ c
i @ X @
i Y`@
sf `g] EZZn ZX c M~Vp btQgzZ
X Yf~zz, @
Y] CD4 ] CyZ 4G
J/G & @ Z(ionized) g Z g!
f c Z wEZ eZ ~ ] G
q 4
3E
5G

oa
Z g @
~ g x] CD4 yp k]Zzii
gzZ @ Zt Z
(plasma physiscs) ]G 4
5G3E
E E$
G G
fZ] s V-g F~y ZzzZgzZ CYC ZZ 5_e c
F {C $ Zz}6~(display technology) ] c i{C
E

M
G
E J/G
4G
G
gg Z Z ~ x Z nCD4 ] CY CY
gzZ D
tZ - (plasma display) {C $ & f

Zgx X CY fZ D Y
Z~ !
k]Zz blood ) ) yp ) J/G
4G
& fn Z D] G 4)g8
E
z {z yp

r.
gzZ CJ
200 zz HIV t Z
Y {gJ q
g ZD Z n Z plasma)

VFt~] Cm{ggzZ]

D
X @
Yc !%ii
ZkZ @ wEZ6
~~z M ZgzZii ~ J/G
4G
& Zz Y cyxg {
0 Z ]
t Z %gzZ G~g0
E$E
Y4Z~k]ZzHIV x *
I
j
G
Z ( ~z) Zq
E 5
Z HIV e ~ 4G
& f ~}
(cytoplasm)
by
{ n] K~ ZZgzZ @
@ Y{g~xk] Zazz
Zz ~z M ZX @ (nucleoplasm) %J/G %]
EE
I5$
s V ux lZP EjGZx lZZs:zz, Lg { w( J h q
Z Zz Y c
0
~| Vzg Z0
Yx ] @
mz ] *
Z

CYC Zz~fZ] (protoplasm) zZ J/G


4G
&
n

E
I5$E
~ ( ~z) EjGZ c
k]
Zz HIV
Z @ z kZ AIDS
Y )i|o
te

CY0
# ~sf `gBBgzZ ( y M )ii 4G
Z J/G & J/45y*~i Z0
GG Zy M6
kZ
200 Z] K
ri t

YkZ c
J k]
Zz ~z M Z ] Z W Z)i |o
ZgzZ] ii
am
52 51
ZmZ Y0
n%kZp YZ~ {WO YY
i qx }g F ~z (Z
YY H fZ ] ~
OZgzgzZ ] C ] c g 7 D J
i C V; mY c Z Vz x lZP @ Za ~g F zz fZ ] sgzZ

zz
z ZP i Z0
zDNA ] c Z6 !
gzZ W.P ky
e y u x lZ P (herpes zoster) * $E' ~z M ~z
zi c
gzZ6 kZgzZ ~iZ% C! Z1 g[ x{ i M
gzZ x x tJ X {)zkaposi sarcoma

oa
I5E$E -
Y3g~}%iOZgz;` i ] c
@ ]
ih ( EjGZ ) ~zHIV Z 6Z KZ q
Zt J/G
4E
CGV- ii
Z
X | ( g ` gzZ[ x ii
,yZ Yc Z {zQ gZ fZ ] s V- g F
Za ~g F 6gx Z`

M
ypzz ~z M ZY qz *
g F D7.
Za V c
Z~ Z
X tZ~X$ ZZ] mZ X D 0 gz$y ZD`J
7VZ` ukZ] T-

r.
1gzZ {g
HIV 6gx pX: C Z n% c
Y
# Z
] z] Zg
Z z ] Z ( ii
!%gzZ n%]j X ] Zg

D
Z ) ~z z] !
~gzZs ZV
q
$ Z._ q K
G-E
6gx
Z inZ%Z, Z Zz Za
!
e
x Z Z {zn% Z% ]
kC!% D] Z W
DmZgzZ @
e
by
DZaV c gF{z Lgp ] y*-~}g !
kZ X @
Y Symptoms ~ ~ m ZjZ C
E
*
Y| ( Yxg(lymph nodes) Vz- .
* 4G
J/G &6
(Symptoms)
gzZ 5 ~ug g
( ~D ) Z
Z {zn% Z% ] Zg
Y7kC!% D] Z W
@
n


Z y*-~ }g !
] Zg x6 ? !%(Doctor)
kZ X @
te

~yiz 4G
J/G & (Signs)
;~gzZ3 ii X T n%u *
ri t

H Z ZX xi *
D
C qZ ii
Z
^zx
am
54 53
&
5~
; ( -- ifrazk
Z E
in Z )i Z $E
VggzZ (semen) EE~ Vz% ( D o )ni6
!
vaginal secretion ~~ m
Z nZ%Z *%x lZZ

zz
yp{ WO ~V\ M
gugzZ?
n Z ( 1 yZgz ~ ) uc
[ M (saliva) [ 4Z~ HIV
? @

oa
X7@ZY zv HIV k]
b nZ%Z ( ~z) ! Z ] !
Zz ii
y\Z .
w EZ ( b)u
Z B; Vzq {w EZ mZ c
gjZ ] ! { W

d O

M
~ w@ yp
7mZ I J m Z )(blood transfusion) x-Z { c
w >F iX t [ Z Z4Z~n ZX @
Y74Z~
( @
Z ~ ~,i M k]
pX Z q z {g Gi Zz ~z M Z

r.
)g f|z Za i Z c
] z yZgz y ZgzVLZjZ 'g{ WO z kZ ._{ i Z0
hz&~* ~g7 ZgzZ [ ~ * ~g7 t[ Z
Zq
v

D
$ (World Z
^@gzZ {x Z Z ~ 2006 ~gX 2~ n% kZ Z
(3)t Z ~ 1981 y 5 ._ g z ZZHealth Organization)
ii

{%---- x *
Z6 Zg Z Zz z x *
b Z kZe Zk hz 2
2005 sX`uh Z zkZ~g Y

J
by
sp----
c
,5 ~X uh Z
yZX a g ZD Z33 24 ii
Z~
ZZg s] ZZ q
E
wqZZz Y 0 ~ )7] ~Z { %~ ] ~ ] Tg~ j Z~
E
C Z G~
47E
J/G CY 0GqZ bkZ ) @ Y
G
z Z - Z X ; g W
p g (Antiretroviral) ] c J
O%C Z
] ~ Z
n

\+AI
C ~ Z (lipid bilayer) ]6z G~ @ I q
t tZ z ZyZ
] c
X 7e~ x gJ
te

A+ \
~C
X C0 z ]6z G~ %
Z w( Zz
ZVggzZ Vz%
ri t


[% {g c( ] YZy
Z ) ] Zi Z
am
56 55
4
gG
(external wz kZ gzZ CY [_
~ yp Vz EBE M Zz Y c
0
~ Vz Y~ Z (nucleolus) [
% ] Vzg Z0 %
-BGo$E
V E C 5 Zg ypx M {z kZQ (2) ; @
Y respiration) gzZ @x Z x ~g (ribosomal RNA) *
0 gZ g ~ T @ Z
q

zz
Z t @
w zg0 ~ ] yp Z V gzZ BJ
Y H [_ m{q Z~}g ! YHo1%V Z ~f (ribosomes) ] Kg
kZX @
x Mt ~ y
M
[ ZgzZ (3) ; @
Y c
B(internal respiration) G
E
7Gn
0{ZgzZ CY0 kZs ' } /7E;t] !
%gzZ G

oa
wCZ C ZaATP gzZ CY w EZ~[ 4Z ~ M ~] X @
YH7g
X (cellular respiration) Y~q
g Z0

M
pe k^q o i
x Z, Z Y 0i ~ w Zi M q
Z6gLZ3u Zz q
Z

)VhF] PwL)
. YYH X @
Y~q

r.
^ve w

D
i oe ~ T{z ( respiration :~ m Z . fp ! )w~
]P Z
o$E
-E
G
i p^ ~ Z VG5k Zz 0g gzZ @
v~ V~ x M Z s
e
n ^ve gzZ Tg ~g z ~g Y Z! 4Z xZ {4Z kZ~ ] X @ Y
by
i 1 Za * 5kZz0g 0
Z gzZ G 6Bglucose x MtyZgz kZ
Y w[ 4Z CkZ Zz x M X C
& p @
^fi on+
b Z wCZ CBkZ6gx ~6 C{ Za
n

n+ o o^m
y
] g Zh ~y ~ Z X CY g (Z
M ~ x M V- @
te

nfi oi
4Z~5 Zgu * ~wj gzZD
~]g Zx M ZzY0
ri t

l^eri ^ve (1) X D Zz iZ%yZgz Y J


Z ]
am
58 57
k`q ^ ^n i
x KZ YY P M ^ C*
q B; w
Z c Z o,_e^ 1e ^ve

zz
Zg f yxg ~ ( { ) sBt X @
' q
Z'
Z ~ #
)nkZg eZ @ q Sh M (oblique) b gzZ Z U+
3g~ YN !
] n

oa
X @ Y
cg ( +
n
Do:^]E xmi

M
E ]`j]
(cardiac muscle) ] W58E @ Z w
] W nm{q
t ^ve
x YH{@xgp ] Wy Z
A ~: M ] t @

r.
) `
Z] x bSZgzZ D } a
YY Hg3uZz (Z q c
E&
}

D
X @Y(syncytium) CjZ fZV}
4)g8E
% Z G
(pericardium) z q
gmZ ; C n G ZzM ~C Z6w +
Y z X Dz
Z [Zz Y 0 Y(lungs) }
~ Vzg Z0
EG
Z: { w6g zg0
CWq ZX s ~p Zx gmZ @
Y e ~ggs Z X x Z wg Z0
Zt ~ y Y )g f
by
Vzt X: {V!
ZgzZ VZ q
q ~ ( V {) s Z Zz)g fg Z-
Z @ X DN !
gzZN Z~(thoracic cage)
X @ c Zg y xg ZgzZ D Z]
7Zg c 6g }uz q
Z {
EE E
GB|!ypx : {V ! gzZ @
(B) GEB|!yp~ Vzs: { V Z x CWq Z @ Y w ~ p Z x ; ( [: ` )
n

E
@ (B) Z ( P )
1g: ) s )q w X @ (pump) B|!yp~
GE
te

E
4)'ZD Y#
6 zZ G ~V {zzh {Vzt+
' YN ! gzZN Z X Sgv%x @ w ( Zz
Za i ZI
ri t

X @ Y (ventricle) EG ${ Zz +
4E Y kZgngzZ (atria) yf Z{
wdZz=
am
60 59
4G
J/G &^J/45l
GG yp{gx M)gzZ {gx M~x ,q
gzZ @ ZgzZ yf Z q
Z + gzZ,q
Y N ! ZgzZ y f Zq Y N Z c
Z +
E
P v%x @ GE
Za i Z I (B) B|!q
Z w Z y 6zZ 6 Z , +
c Zgq Y KZ y f Z + X @
YC Y# ~ V {g e w V-

zz
w Z
@ -- * X -- 1 DiZ%zP q
iX 2gzZ A Z mZ Lg [g ~ p Z x ; @ Z 6c Zg kZ gzZ @
(valve) x oq 5 )g f
gzZx ypkZ @ ; gwz yp VzgzZx t
itn ZgzZ @ tx gkZM
Zypt @
X zg { i Zzg )
( h Zc

oa
X @
;gB~Vz ^]
nZ i w gzZ (diastole) o ]
Z w w g8E
Z e 0g ~ g Zl ~(. (venous blood) yp ~h
gz x

M
X (systole) } ~gz)gzZ [
@M :Zzf~yf ZN Z D` M
(
G/G
4F ] Wy Zgzo ]
Z Y M ~,N Z Z@
x o ) @ g*(tricuspid valve) x oQgzZ

r.
Y`~,N ZgzZ @M :Zz~ yf Z N Z yp{g x M) x
@ { ypkZ,V Z[ ZX ( D}6 &Z J/G 4]Z

D
X ~Vz
Y`~,N !
@ yp{gx MVz
gzZ @M : Zz~yf ZN ! ypZzs qx M ~ Vz HF
QgzZ @M :Zz~y f ZN !
(
.F
D i] Wy ZgznZ
B ~ VzJ/G .EZ c
e
M ~ ,N Z
zx oz ) @ )g f(bicuspid valve) x oz
Y M~pzN !
by
@
Y c 5h
4G x M yp{g x M HG [ ZX ( D}6
)gf(aorta) Z,V ! z Z f kZ
X : Zzg fx M~x ypkZ
@ B~x x M yp{gx M Zc
Yc M ~,N ! Zt; C]gzyp{gx M s fLZw
yc

n

D13mE l^^ f kZ Y @ Y @
V c q V c
) Z z Zz
(coronary) Y @
te

Y q
( Zz + ~ x gzZ ~ w Sypl
Z s) 3q ( C~]g ` @Rwt
6
yp ) zgzZw~p
6] Z~ ( * g ypl kZgzZ C
3q
ri t

+ ] ^n ^< ^
am
62 61
E
V- c 6nmq
cg c Z c
GqZ i+z>*
n ZQgzZ @
Y Z X Zg Z (valves) ] o
{z~T D Y M ~K FZ6GkZ bkZgzZ @ vB
Y c _Z

zz
T ) G
c
| 0./ 4)g8
A G E
@ Z4Z[ ZX6gel c
Y Zg Z*w(Zq )y @ (chemical) 6 (Z q Z ~ Z (mitogen) _Z
C(antibodies) ] x*
s ( Y X @
E
q
V- c
g Z /G7 M
E
(mitosis) x _Z ~ /G7

oa
{%wC_Z Z w Z +Z ~ V ] x_Z
VZg ( s i g n a l t r a n s d u c t i o n ) {g
wt a gzZ @ Z Zg {%w C_Z
(enzyme) {%{ q {%w C_Z ~ X D !z g Z (pathways)

M
(mitogen

(kinase) {%w {% {%{gzZw w~ x *


n Z f kZ @
Y Hg ~ Vz%{ t ] gzZ@ZJ
CC [ ZX @
_Cactivated protein kinase)
h VsVz bZ ~x * Zn Z YY 6gzZ @
~ m Y
w~ Zw Z Zz zg~] {%wC!
Z~] Zg
%q {gt

r.
c Z ase gzZ kinetic c
}%{ q w~ Z kin V @
Y kinase g
X

D
Mitogen-activated protein ~ ~ m Z Z x| enzyme
Z Z X @ ]
X @
Y kinase I
c {g 3$Zg (protein) G
] Lg D] polymer c 0 .A
_Z ~ Z {%{ t YY c Z ! l x *
{i Z0 nZ 6 e Y Z Z ] jyZgzZ
@ p (monomer) j B V-
by
W
ZkikZ c
@ V- c
wd)g fn Z M @
0
(mitogen)
q X
o Z @
_Z (mitogen activated) _Z jZ 9
[f0@E

Z (protein kinase) {%w Cz Zuz x *
n ZX @
Y Zz g Z
n

Zg [f r Z c 0 ~ p Z { c
[fE E
(western blot) [f 0@
{z c
(kinase) {%w (proteins) ] g sx n Z~
te

Z Zz Y wEZ ~ V/~ e
i Zq ?gzZ ] C
~ kZgzZ ] y{ ct J/G 5,h
4G ' p Z y ZX @ Z WZ6]
i Z0
~ kZX CY wEZ f | .2H
( EE
G "z6
) ] (technique)
.'gzZ 9 gN] q Z {`g
ri t

X Ye
Z Z] )g f(gel electrophoresis) y'g '
)y
am
64 63
i Z6 Ce
c ZZg (Staining) ~g Zg c
.q + @
Y (MAPK) <
gzZ (MAP kinase) {%w\ x *
jZ Z
kZX CY w EZ]{~V/f_gzZ ZC @
wz (stimuli) ] ~yz ZzY mitogen {%w\ t X

zz
E
(organelles) ] G Z ~yzg6jq
E $
C 5 x Z ~yzg] ] E
{ CG C mz Z
- o yzgt X @
Z Zg Z~ sp~ ] Zg ZZgzZ
X( |gpm{g)_ YYgCkZ ~Q c Z ~
(gene expression) X Zgz ] Zg
gzZ M

oa
l^fj 1 ^] 2 {)z(apoptosis) rdgzZ (cell differentiation) ~ (mitosis)
g )y
= Stain ( 8 J/G
X M 5
4G

M
= Staining ( ~g Zg )+ M @
gZY'
= Stained ( { f8
g )yC *
( / electrospray ionization c^ - M }4Z zZ ( M @
g ZY '

r.
[Z (ions) y M (macromolecules) L] )g fg ZY '~Z

D
inflammation jZ ~ ~ m Y [ <G
Z gzZ @ X-LZ ~ z li (mass e G3 [; g iq
Z ( (ionization) M @
)
n{z C g, Zq
Z gZ0 Z Z% li~X
Yq X @
YHw EZ~spectrometry)
quXg~gkZ @ ( s n ZB c
C ^a
) c e ] Z
by
X CVc ] ]g ZwgzZ gzZ ] (radiobiology) ] I ] Z ] Z
i!c
$GE
o-E
g6 c c Zt CY V- p[ Z~ p Z ?
^a q ] "Z q
Z Zz q Z ] Y % ~f ] G 4
3E
5G
&

{0i ~g @ g (localized) C (Z q
Z zZ Za ~ g d(interdisciplinary)
n

+gzZ (ionizing) +~ kZ gzZ @


Y c
(dilute) gjZ c
( @ ) c
c (injurious) 3 F'x (non ionizi ng) q Z
te

(electromagnetic G
(wall off) g Z-Q c
~g { n mZ @ mZ @
gzZ ( Y ) X @
YH_] Z W x Z C ~g @
Z6 wspectrum)
ri t

] ~
X QVc 0 z(acute) ~ q LZXn Yz
~kZ6

( ] ) +
am
66 65
'
t h X @
Y Alcoholic Hepatitis jZ~ ~ mZX --- li Y (dolor) Z~;(pain) --- g
X @
Y (calor) {g Zw~;--- ]g Zw

w q
X [ Z B Zx * Z eZ X @

zz
Vz x *
z ~ zg Z n% ~kZ f Z @ 5a
Y E X (rubor) ~;(redness) --- qu
X q Z X (tumor) xgz~;(swelling) --- X

oa
E
0 y Zh~ ;(loss of function) --- g *

5[ Z B Z
E (function G L

[ Z B Z X @
Y laesa)

M
`gn N Y 0 Zz] x {z~ {W
] Zg 7i t :{E
OC
Y H
~T m"Z{z z hepatology c 4X3/
45G
5G
F

r.
|Y c
(nausea) ya~ZX * q
}g ! Z kZgzZ
nZ%Z z wdZ ( {)z {{gzZ ~zZ#o{g Z%)
Z )g~

D
Y!
( 7i p+ X CY ~
gg
[ Z
~x y!
i c
e
(jaundice) yk
Y Hg (Z J/G
@ 5+Zq
4G Z~ hepatitis c
QN 4X3/ [ G
5G 5;XZ
by
( *
Y| ( ))B F
i ck]
[ Z ~ zz (toxin) [ ZC
(hepatomegaly)
Zz ~ T
ascites ~~ mZ&*
Y0
~(istisqa) Z
XZa (inflammation)
*
Y WO c
V
q r (etilal-e-dimaghi) w IZ
[ Z B Z

n

(encephalopathy)
te

() yp+Z (macrocytic anemia) x ~L E li Zz Za wEZ [ Z ~ p Z x jZ


&LX M

@
Y~LjZ fZX] } (
6
8E
4)g
_|gpypG cli @ Y (altihab) [ Z X C Z mZgzZ (kabid)
ri t

X
C c
i] C(leukocytosis) C~M Zz Za zz Z --- Z% E
5[ Z B Z Z E
< inflammation
am
68 67
Z#1 kZ c
{g Z%~ kZ (cholelithiasis) --- ~zZ# VzyZ ] ~ yp (thrombocytopenia) ] CG -Er
E E
D YZa () ~~VC* yp3niG 0Bx )yp
0B-- D G

zz
IG
g$
ni~(tashamma) --- . n%Zzzzv {zZ w@ 7 g E 47EZ (liver function tests) ] Zg E
5G 47EZ ~ *
5G
Y 0
cirrhosis ~ ~ mZjZ * Kg Kg c
}-gzZ $zz ZgzZ <XX x Z% ~ E
Z E 5X mZ ] Zg E 47EZgzZ "Y c
5G * ()

oa
@
Y gwdZ T *
B@ 7Y{z Z% --- ] Zg E 47EZ ~ E
5G 5---

[ x lZ mP V`
Ze ZR (fatty liver) --- [l
B Z) Z [ Zy
n{ i Z0 c

M
8E
4)g
KZ g G n%Zz Za zz 6g~gz)~ j

IG
X CY{i? w$ Z BGg$
--- Z%~ p Z { j
Z --- t
] q 3

r.
E5[ Z Zz Za zz ( Z * )k]Zz--- E
5[ Z]Zz ~ nZ%Z Zzp
Y V- jZ~ p Z ?gzZX 'T Z ZZt
@ g
z Z Z --- E 5[ Z C c
z Z

D
[ Z Zz Za zz w EZ ] c ~ ~ m
Z jZ X * {e nZ%Z }uz Zz p
| g ] Z n%
`
~ Z g
jX Differential Diagnosis
6
[ Z
e
i yZgz ~g F
Zz fn%kZ6gm{ ZnZ%Z RXmZ Z Z
by
gzZ x Zg M * ~ 0
g(Zg i Zz Za X` @ YH
6] c
Z@ ~ sf nZ%Z}uzP Zzp g] QQ kZ cE

5[ Z B Z
6 z Z Zzi Z0
] c Z WZ6 X i J/G g *
5z`
4G jnZ%ZyZjZgzZ
YH
n

@ ] c
Z z ZgzZ}gtZNn% E 4
mZY Z {AXgG{g Z%--- & (cholecystitis) {g Z%[ Z
te

G4$
n%(methylprednisoone) yi
h 6b-G z Z
~ ] c x (bile) Z#tgzZ C c
] [ Z {g Z%X @ ^
gm{z
B Y~~]g
(glucocorticoid) ]~"Zzt $ QQ E

5[ Z B Z
ri t

$
am
70 69
n Z D Yj{z V6T Cuq Z ] w IE
h
E ~
Zz ]] yZ)g f) @ x q Z h 4)'Z {z
+ M LZ G IE
T x *
n% c Z~ / hepatic failure ~
+Z q h

zz
z i Q c
Y E
nkZ [ Zg7 J5 Za c{ ~DNA ~ X CY d @ Z M
LZ Y x Z w dZ LZ~
V- @
wX @ Y (programmed cell death) ]CE @&'
]] ~ x Zx (metabolic) [ 4ZgzZ (synthetic)
Z Yx *

oa
(genes) ] U pgzZ uzg t ]
Zgz h IE
X @ Y~ h
G!
E3
X @
yu

M
] CY* 4)E
G
'
'
ZgzZ Tg Dx] {y u@' n Z E
? Z Za ~ ] E- o $ Y yu, Z yu
CGgzZ] @
@
Ya *
z * p ] ~ ]g! Zy
( *
b & Z . ) x
Z; y u zZx *
primary liver cancer ~ ~ m g eZ p

r.
Z bSZ f
q q ] yu_(_(Z
Z~^{z gzZX
Z {z ] ( g Z nmZ ) y u 6X @
{ q Y
(tumor) xgz ; 4 M ~ z

D
n Zzz xgz kZX @Y g c
E" Z Z E
{z y u <X @
Y c
@ Zu~{ }uz
Ye
CZa VZy v {zn ZgzZ @
7!]gzG3E
6] w g Z
yu~ U M J
jZ gzZ Z Za ~V M c {}uz
V
yp{ t
(nerve) Y Za Z~bZ
!
e X @
Y
by
gzZ D Y Z x Z LZ ] t ] zZ YY s g *
yutgzZ D YVJ Zv D^)g f .c
VgzZ yp (g )yu
X @ Zq
: Z ~ 6g~
mi nZ%Z, Z Zz hg Z0 yu
Y c
n

mi of X @
: ~g Y KZg g (normal) w] Z ]
o$E
te

@
-E
G
Y (abnormal) !)+Zq Zy u._p?yu , q z * gzZ Z KZ ~g g!gzZ N 0
(grow) Z ~ # g
4}EG
3E $ H{ .ZZ
X z?~y*kZ6
Z` Za yu
gX @
iz zug {]Z(control systems) V x ,

G
ri t

E
$ ^i
_| (bkZ ] E CGwvgzZ_ (autonomous) g Up
-o
am
72 71
r c
( gzZ c {
'
z{z{Zp ); gZztV ~{kZggZ z!
y uXn ug * U (stimuli) E4$ Zzq
0E kZ
yue Z ] ZgzZ Y e q
c Z ] ~gz)V;z (cancerous ] uZD_C~ y u ] { z ~{

zz
X @
Y ~(genetic material) } OZgz] uyZX @
* Y cells)
pe ] ^] OZgz ! gzZ Y (genetic) OZgz @
Q c [ Za gz

oa
Z 6
q ] z ] ? yuX C x lZ ~
z yu ] !6Z ~ ] u , Z X Y ( e p i g e n e t i c )
x lZ ~(zt yu M V- ~p Z { X @Y H Z}uz wzZ $
--- Y @ Z &~ X D B (transformed cells)

M
GE
6 G $E {zq
4h
5E Z C p ~& y un%~Z
hgzZ * 5$ --- gzZ (invasive) ]iz--- z (cell division) ~1"
GG

D6{ c . yu{z}uz D ByuJgzZ D


i z $e (metastasis)

r.
X sf `gx lZ~f ZQgzZx lZ ~
ztyuX D Byu~ gzZ ^n e ^

D
x lZsf `gQ Z ----- yu (benign) J
X $ 7q ] Za ~g] tgzZ
ZJ ] Zg
(adenoma) )z gzZ D Y%~/{ q
Z6 ~g7 0
i KZ] Z Tg
(cystadenoma) )zt
e }g 6gx bkZgzZX D Y Za ] 6 ._ ]gz(Z
47EZ
by
-7
(papilloma) ) .G J/G D Yg~1._ ]gz}g 6g]
E
(polyp) 5]
G 1 Za3 * C ]gz /G7 6 Z Y%{z CY ~g7 0
gzZ @ i
E
C58E Cx lZ ~f zQ Z ----- y u (malignant) ~
| gzZ @
Y Za 6 ] ; z~x kZ~]gyun%X @
Y
n

x lZ ~fztV u~ @ K
Yc F ~kZgzZ
g Z] n Z D Y- D Za zz ] 6 { c
i gzZ% ]gz
te

X sf `g LZ {z 4 f * ]gzX] {zBB
Y% i gzZ g 7!
~g D y u, Z Zg t( c a r c i m o m a ) - - - : u Z[ ZX D Y bq
tYHg Z 7D%ts* z
6
ri t

(KZ ] {g *
Z6gzZN Y- CY Zz] !
] 6zz Z
am
74 73
] U gzZ _ sZ" u normal c
ZgztQ c !expression) X Vg Z%] (epithelial)
E
mZp M ] U Zgz 6 Zz g Z%zz ( {)z { ) ~pOZgz D y u , Z t( s a r c o m a ) - - - ) .A

zz
] @ ZZ ~ VgVz X V *
M' q ~ X Vg Z%] (mesenchymal)
G-E
X ] u c
1" ~ Z: u D M ~ x| Z8: ugzZ yu p z d

oa
] U
~ ] (tumor suppressor genes) ---- xg Z " Zgz ] !
}p? ) Z g. tz!
kZp Cn~
qZ yu
X ] U
ZgzZz! u] * u
DgZa V(tumor) gzc X D YA 6
gw }uzq
Zp Z: ugzZyu ( ~

M
( (carcinogens) ) Z(cancer promoting) yu Z d ] PZ%Z
l{xg Z " Zgz , Z D _C~ ] yF
] U ~ ] U
Zgz (pathology) ] MZ%Z Z%(pathophysiology) ] PZ%Z

r.
Zgz Zz ! u yut Z
] U
l{ xg Z " gzZ
C yuX C(physiology) ] P ) {c
)YZa
] CgzZ (cell biology) ] ~~ ] PZ%Z

D
X D Yzg] * kZY0 %] u N Y (molecular
E
{ c
zz j D ] ZF i VpOZgzt Zz ~ ] u ] Z WZzwdZZz zgY Za ] ugzZ_ boilogy)
_
Y sp(nucleotide) kU ~ qZ (DNA) *
Z s c
%q
GG3^I
e Z%Z yu _ ] yu6g ~
Z Zz Za 6Vz
@

by
X {)z(single nucleotide polymorphism) MkU%u Zz DNA ~gF q CyuX @
Y ] P
E
C ] yF } OZgz Zz6e Wz G4h${z] ZE
5E zgq
! (genetic) OZgz t C M ~z Zz Za ~
+E
~kZz Z c *
Y(deletion) sv z +G -oBE
6gwV GG3J&x
(methylation) ) OZgz!
tQ c
E
gzZ ( {)z{ ) Y
n

Z ~X C +Z ] yF
q P Zz ~ Vz OZgz {zn ZX *
Y 4Z u~ y Z Y Zj ] U Z X Y ~ ]g ( {)z
Zgz
E
te

E +E
c
B
c
0
xg ZX Zgz ( d )6X C M EG ~ /G 6~w FF +G
J 4 7 -o X YYH~x lZz] U
Zgz_C~Za ]
E
-B|$
(genomic amplification) G OZg] zZ ] yF+Z @ Y ] U
Zgzt ] U
Zgz Zz Za xgz (onco-genes) ---- xg Z ] U
Zgz
ri t

Xgene c fp (genome) X Zg OZgV @


X Zgz * Y (gene Zgz ~ 6g ~
] U
X Zgz j M
am
76 75
l^n$] ^e Z ~ T Ctranslocation c
q ngzZ q Z ] yFOZgz
E
+ E
nkZ @ -oBE
Y`6+G }uz vgenetic material c -oB+E
{ OZgz*G
@
DNA * Z ] { Zgz~ Z ] { Zgz!
Y ]g+Z q E

zz
-o B+E HE
X spc
W
E
OwdZVN Zgz% Za{ ch ~qZ (Philadelphia chromosome) G G
+ 5 wVggzZx q Z F
E
+ E
+
VN Zgz ;b~ VN ZgzwdZnkZa
(genetics) ] { ZgzZzg c s +G-oBE
, z22 KZ abl X Zgz +G -oBE
,z9 ~T $ Y~

oa
D sp6~p~ ( K
F
(nucleotides) ] {U
%) qZZ w dZ bcr-abl Z ~) @
X Zgz!)q Y k bcr X Zgz Y6(q) zi !

zz Z spwdZVN Zgz Tg ! qZZ @' ! nZ%ZZgzZ C0 gx CZ {z C Za G
7 0.A P ZgzkZgzZ @ z
Y0

M
DNA
J
wVq
GG3&x Z Z F
nkZ X @Y ] { Zgz !
jZ (Chronic ~ nZ& yuq
' Z yp k
: wdZ!)z
J
6
GG3& x (bases) Z DNA ~ ~pkZ @ B GG DNA g Z%~
5J" x X @
Y myelogenous leukemia)

r.
c
0
(G) Z(C) V @
6Z y Z (ZX @
Y Zz 4 Z gzZ sv
SNP ~ V=p Zz 6V e Lg~ ] u

D
Vz 6 (promoter) i Z d s} Z + Z ~ e ] , Z Z @
Y P ZgzzzX YY Hg {)z(insertion)
Zz ~c
4G
A-E5 _
(CpG G F
k b Zq
b Z f Z VD Y0 ~]gg Bq Z~^ P Zgz q e Lgt Y0 :
Z ] yF Za ] u
Zz ~( p r o m o t e r ) i ZE!L
J
e
Zz 6i Z d( kZ gzZ CY w EZ island)
gzZ Vg GG3& x PZgz zz T $
by
Za y ul{] U
Zgz Zz ! uy u C u *
gzZ C W
(silencing) ]jX Zgz {zQ c O(expresstion)
0Z
X $ Zz~{kZPZgz] yF
mRNA $ gzZ Yg ez
tQ c

^ l
^ni^nu p x Z wdZ mLZ ] Zz
PZgz kZ~ ]g+ZgzZ @

n

4G
X (cell biology)] CJ/G & fy*6] ~
X g7.
te

Zi c
(Z )q 47EZ
Z ~(genetic material) Z OZgz J/G D , Z (viruses) ] {z ] ;z x !
zgq
M~z] u
0:
X M
ri t

6wdZ wLZ ] CZz


zz n Z @
Y Zz
am
78 77
Y v z) V
Za ~ ( Vzg Z0 gzZ ] ; P *
Z ` M ] ! Y J/G
sp+ /7Ewg Z CZ M M3{zgzZ D 0
47Eu G {g7
OZgz V-g F y u wgzZ c
w$
8 g nZ%Z Zz 5 ) w F._ Vzi Z0
( 15 @
x kZ X M Z ~ ~pkZ 4

zz
X ZZ {C" ~zuZg Z[ Z (genetic) Y ~ V { 6gx 1 C _ Za ] :Su c
~
c x z!
~ yu c yu ] Zg E
YY H 7 47EZ Zz
5G

oa
E 47EZ
gzZ neoplasm ~ m
Z t @
Y xi E ~ z c ZZyZ Zzzz ( !)X YYc 7 eZ] Zg E 5G

yu6gx Z%kZgzZ @ ~w EZ~V gVz neoplasia


Yc x y gkZ] uV=p C
y Zs$

M
ZX @
Vs~ c
Y C xi E ~ Z ( E X CY
sf zgq 6}@x |y
] , Z n Y H |
Z ] q gzZ

Y h
] F
g neoplasm Y F
~ X M ] :S
C

r.
Z plasm Bneo E
neo D Y ~ /!x *
n Z~ ~ m
Z Y@ ~!~~yZ
X $
Y@ ~p~^gzZ# ~

D
~ pX @M ~ x| | c
^ plasm gzZ 6 c
h]
X $ %yZ
E
X ; g YH[ NZ ZVfkZ c J/G 5kZa
4G gzZ^ /G7p
X CYg Z%Vp~#

@&'
]CE e X M] :S(differentiated) { m
X |
KZ] , Z
G
E-!
(specialized) B KZ] , Z
by
{
x *
C @&'
6(programmed cell death) ] CE
@ ] (anaplasia) m
c
gzZ (dysplasia) m
~ yZ
] , Z i{q Z @
Y ]+Z (cells) ]
Y
X $
g ZV` ^Y ^ IgkZ CY ~ J/G 5
n

) * 4G
/7E ^ l
^ni^nu oi^^
]kZ ]ta gzZX e*
f(mechanism) D M b ( G
te

EG 4G
] C J/G & f y*6] C
(decomposition) $[ c ^a~] C Z
(molecular
ri t

X biology)
C M g Zz % gzZ K
FZ ] kZ gzZ C Za zz necrosis gzZ
am
80 79
Y f kZrdjZ~zg ZX {)z *
@ ] {0
Y? igzZ * p
Y% c
@ Y ]C(programmed) E @&'Zzz S(mechanical)
*
Y eZgzZ o drd w ~ m
@ Z J/G 5J
4G *
u b & Z. Zgt M Z~ p Z { X
V- Y

zz
Yo dzz e Y HwEZ ] ; zz VZ e
t wzZX @ p] ZzYg "
X @
~Vsv~z] o dtzgzZ w apo t @ Z
{ i Z0 iZ
C

oa
x Z @ Y H Z Vsv o drdjZ Z E
@ <X @
w EZ F ~DNA ] + Y ]g~Z (apoptosis) C iZ
X: Za ( p c @&'nq
) \ M LZ ] , Z (programming) E Z {

M
I
xg Z G!Zgz zZ ts:zz kZgzZ Y Zz ~X DwEZ J/G 5
4G
g m(Genetics) ] { Zgz y*t
gzZ DNA ~ kZ KZ gzZ x lZ Z Z g Z0
Y N Y x Z wdZ LZ {z

r.
X 6] c
Gene V7
X( {)zy u){C

D
@ Z (proto-oncogene) xg ZX Zgz zZ
Y X Zgz gene bq [^a Z! ]kZ(death) ]nkZ ]
&
~ ] X Zgzt ._ wX @
Y c
0 YvgzZ y
~ ] Vzg Z0 Z x Zx t E*
;g Y c 'q
Z {!V Y CY Zzzz ) c
Zp Lg x Z ( z gzZ] ) wdZ{%izg LZ
~ e L e Zzz Zz Y Za g0
q /7EZz %gzZ
Z LZ {z M 7^a 6G
by
mZzz mZ Y Za Fc
| F
mutation ~ K Z } Z +Z ]CE @&'] CnkZzz Z @ ; g% ~/{
xg ZX Zgz zZV- Y c
ZsptgzZ CYsp
X Zgz*q X @
YHg ~(programmed cell death)
X @ Y onco-gene c I
xg Z G ) P Zgz6 kZ Zz
!Zgz ( c ni t
n

x *
6onco-gene c !
xg ZX Zgz*tZz Za ~p DNA c
Vapo
%apo + ptosis kZ ~ ~ mZ
te

b Zz ] !
t V X Y0 Z
Za (onkos) xgz C @ ptosis gzZ @M Vs Y Z c
Y Y
gzZ CYwEZw yu b Z (tumor) xgzZ~ ~gz
ri t

v p Z !
c
*
Y Z ] {0i * Z Z apoptosis
Y
am
82 81
X @
Za yu @
! Zxg ZX Zgz YYHy V-] !
X Zgz(Zq V
c PZgz Zz Za Vpy u ~ ] gzZ
xg Z X Zgz c
X

zz
X @
Y onco-gene ni q
~} Z +Z ~ e] Zg (onco-genes) xg Z] U
Zgzt I
%p Z&proto-onco-gene xg Z G
!Zgz zZ

oa
X Dg Z%(genes) ] UZgz = proto wzZ zZ
] U Zgz EE
Zgz zZD Ysp~xg Z] U .28E
G PZgztgzZ
c = gene ( 0 mZp OZgz )X Zgz

M
X D B proto-onco-genes c
xg Z = onco ( 0xgzxgz)xg Z
ku^ o ZZ Zg c
X Zgzt zz (proto) zZB x *
nZ

r.
YYiZ%J ] u ] x ~^+
YN Z ! Zy
Zzz Fc
X Zgzx X Zgz *q
~} Z +Z ~ en Z~gzZ @

D
V-,Z 4 @
1 ZZ ~ ^kZX xg Z X Zgz gzZ wzZ xg Z X Zgz zZ B V- X
(onco-gene) xg Z
DNA ~}
%kZgzZ ( cu) {
Z~ T ---- 3q
%q Z X @M6%z (onco-gene)
c
ZC
X Zgz q p ] LgFQ? } Z +Z ~ eC X
c3
e l^ p
by

g z6
X @ c0.A bm{q
G Z~tgzZ @
Y gene }uz qZ~ Vg] q Z xgzgzZ yu~ ] MZ%ZzD
Z~} Z +Z ~ e ----
{q 3 Z (xg ZX Zgz zZ q
c Z 5,{e{eZX yu Z% xgz~ y*kZ CY wEZ w
/G
G
Vg Z Z T gzZ A, G, C Z g en Z Z (( : {ga N PZgz
g )c X m] , Z
n

X( : {gaZ (
HC
) Z1" ~ ZKZ ] ~ T n% (Z q
* Z6g~
yu
te

N Z ~ xg ZX Zgz zZ ---- Zz Za ~ K
F
xg ZX Zgz zZ Z Za zz~DNA ZZ1"tgzZ qz
fZ @
@ Z6x a
Z { (A) 2i
Y sp(C) }gzZ q zz ] yF V NZgz @
~(genes) c Y n%(genetic) OZgzq
Zyu
ri t
am
84 83
E
F
K ~ ( w ) } Z + Zg M gzZ /c
(bases) Vz Zz Y 0 X Zgz * Zz Za ~pkZgzZ @
Y mutation { ~ ~pkZ
YA G C T ~ } Z +Z ~ eDZ ~p Z { c
@ X C X @
B onco-gene c
xg ZX Zgz

zz
E
( T ~} Z +Zg MY DZA G C U ~} Z +Zg M } Z +Z ~ e] zz{ Z yu] 1"
---- xgzc
@
Yc
0
U Zx " kZ ZgzZ @
Y1" ] Y Za xg ZX Zgz~

oa
@
Yc~ } Z+Zg M Zg- Z%U
0 YyuZ @
X @ Y0] q
Z~
Ny*} Z+Z ~ e\ M fs
M z T gzZ C G A ] $]

M
} Z+ Z ~ e x *
Y P Zgz Zz Za xgzZg xg ZX ZgzC
X @ 6
kZgzZ Deoxyribonucleic acid Zg DNA
Zx *
Zb xgz Z%onco V Onco-gene ~ ~ m
?X y u c ZZ

r.
V-w zg Z ZgzZ p ( 3 [
@ N
E c
) c Zt CY V- pxg ZX Zgz p
X Zgz (Zq

D
Nq z2*
Y*
Y De = mZp u~ ] 4 ] +Z F
KZ
|
x M oxy = X J ( kZg Z%
] *
( x * e
Z )iZg ribo =
]nq Vzg Z0 Z Zg oncogenes M
Y x V V-
by

( 3) { %nucleic = genes Cgy Z (ZgzZ CY Za genes 6g Cg~ ]
E
g{! Z!)F
( Zzp acid = zz Zz Y Za ~ K
gzZX { kZ @ Fc

|
VX ----- F
~ DNA ~zg Z c
%Zg x MN----- x * [ Zg Z%V NZgzugzZZakZ
X M
n


{% 3 Z% E iZg Zzp x Mq
g C Z Z%Zg M ~ e n]j
te

x Mq
C YV- s
Z $ z DNA ~zg Z c ZgzZ
F DZda
_}uz(sequence) DZ
Zg iZg F~ } Z + Z ~ e Z% (sequence) DZ~ ] Cm{ggzZ
ri t

q(gum arabic) ! 0
g
%Zzp
am
86 85
Z6gLZ ] c
} t ? } Z +Z ~ e Zz B c
X Zgz WZ Y Z ! ! 0
fp ( a r a b i n o s e ) i E4E
3G " ]q
5G Z Zz
Zg g~?} Z +Z ~ e Dg z6x lZ Zz m Z q (acacia) Z} 7 ZzY 0
X @ ~(sub-sahara)

zz
EE.G ZgX DEE
28E 28E
.G {m{e{efg z6x lZ
c [^n 1a c] m] pJ
} Z +Zg MtQgzZD} Z+ Z ~ e {z RNA mfz6q
Z igHTML Zz M 6gi Z' ( {0
b i8E
g ) R

oa
@
z6
DNA 0 g / Codes
i CQ 6}i bZ D g :uZz)
('
@ 4L&E
B (transcription) c hG } Z+ Zg M} Z+Z ~ e {y 6zZ
Z / ~C i) tzg gzZ ]g z ^ ~C g Z0
Y X D Zzg

M
@ x *
Yc (translation) F z6} Z+Zg M kZQgzZ
H4E
5G 4E
5G g OZgz {7 g0
7)' Z} Z +Z ~ e~ ] n Z Zg ( phenotype
x Z gY `gnx *
D{ Z&~X ZgzC / genotype OZgz i: YZt 0
i ~g7
~ } Z +Z ~ e
( e
YJ

r.
X & Y `gy [ 1E
",
NG3G 6+hZ ~z Kq
Z +Z s OZgzigzZ ~C
z t iX @
B

D
+Z ~ e)g f(sequence) K
F
[ ELZt(promoter) i ZE!L
N ip)Zg e c
~C 62
hZ f LZ6g)Zg e Zz M
@
] z} Z+Zg M} Z X OZgzi2
hZ
fn ZgzZw V
( 8 )} Z+Zg M)g fK
F
[N
ELZt(encoding) ~F
e c] m] pJ ] DnqE $]
by
@
c
(trait) { ,-Zz @
Y Z Ozg ( ] U
Zgz:`X Zgz)
@
} Z+Zg M)g fK
F
[N
ELZt(stop) ] U V Z Ozgt X Cv zZ {)z 8
Zgz c g M ] { Y u
? @
V} Z+Z ~ e V- w VmZX C~]gg q Z6 s} Z+Z ~ e ) EE28E
.G )
n

Z Zz Y c
q 0
~ k]Zz} Z +Z ~ egzZ Vz
Yx } Z +Z ~ e
%] g Z0 q
Y c Z|0
! Y ~
VzLg Lg J $
{
te

kg`gzZ Xz>*
Xzg [
; x M 0g (macromolecule) L? gzZ } Z +Z ~ e J } (Zz
VzLg { bSZ
,Z Y ] ! / Elements ( K:uZz) 6
] X
ri t

X YY ( X Zgz)

t ~ ] (eukaryotic) Z @
Yc
0
{%Cc Z~X]
F
q
am
88 87
X z M} Z+Z ~ e3q
Z Z E
<XDh
Z `zi Cc
F
Z ~ ] yZp @
q Y c
0
~ (' ziz ) ] )G-o8E } %
J"
tu ]g? ~]ZuZzq
Z} Z +Z ~ e (prokaryotic) g 7{
&L n
Z LZ E %

zz
D B (helix) E7L D ` c z ~ } Z +Z ~ e q
Z X @
~
t X (double helix) `z'
E7L } Z +Z ~ eZz ZgzZ +Z ~ e D ( ] )G iz~}
-o8E )' %] Z x

oa
X C ~ a Z ` Zzi}uzq
)g fh Zt t M E7Vz .nIG
( E
G F Z] )G
45_Z ) q C -o8EX p ( EE2H
.G"z6hgzZ ) } Z

] t ] m^ X D Y 0 -o8E
] )G 46 ~3 ( g * Z Cm~
) Ay

M
4)J' (G) 2Z (A) 2i
gzZ (T) EG
E
Z ; 58E DZ g e ~ } Z +Z ~ e ? } Z +Z ~ e @
7{ % ~ X ( c
) ]

Z Z$

@
Y (C) Y (chromatinic body) 6; @
X @ ]gq
Z

r.
+Z ~ e @ N
Y[
E
E 58E @
6V Z ~f? } Z + Z ~ e k^q o ] k] o c] m] pJ

D
p ] (%)jLg? ( ,G -7)g I
3$Z(q
Z} Z f ~} %3pZgzZ?sZ q Z} Z +Z ~ e
@%] Lgh
' & ( Z:` )jC
} Z+Z ~ e V Z0X @
7 CG#-Fq
e~]gg Z F + M LZ
Zf 3.

m^ m] o 1 6n ^2 e } Z +Z ~ e~3q
Z s._ yZgzZ l xM
by
~} Z+ Zg MgzZ (deoxy ribose) iZgx M q z2~} Z+ Z ~ e ;] X C z
&@ Zw

CBiZg `zi ) V Z ~
( / base pair {h } Z + Z ~ e f (t

gzZ @
kZ Z B[E D ?zq
Zp~ : M {h
gzZ]t [ Z ,Z Y ~ : Mh @
Z `zi yZ} Z +Z ~ eC Y HwEZ
n

-
@ 0 N
? Z E @
Y q Z[ E 0.34 M ( Cq
Z J/G
4E
CGn ) {h
`gi q
ZgzZ Y VZ
te

+ H ']
5.G ;
0 )q 4)J'gzZ
Zm EG ZgzZ (zVZ1g Z q
~} Z + Z ~ e3q Z
q
Z = Z ) C
qq q
G
ri t

ygk;
) q
Zm2ZgzZ2i
Z 6x109
am
90 89
%YgzZ"(~ Z] jZ +Z s]g|
C G gzZ
*gA T q
Z
%Y] ZX C
&wzN c g~u
p og Zl q E7) S} Z + Z ~ e a
Z ( `z' ~ : M g gg Z
N
Et [ Z

zz
y u) gzZ q
c Z ~ g _(x G" Z Y H: wzNg Zl
5E S} Z + Z ~ ep)g f*gXzgi zn ZgzZ D zi !
; t t M zi !
X @ Z
60 ( xgzc
g Zzg 6 D ~] ; zv 0
tzzq +ZX D
F
K

oa

0.A 53 8 t Zz
zg% Y] , Z6gm{G 53 8 D(hydrophobic) k
[ M D b +
Y zg0
Z SZ
Z
Z} Z +Z ~ e Zz VYX Zz F ~DNA X
c X ng](hydrophilic) q 4 Yz z]
[ M +

M

3kZ Ct 53 8 X yu 1 G
Z "]
G3E 0.AgzZ (gene) X Zgz fv x Z~ y*kZ
p Z(protein) G
Z
~] J Y3gzgJ zkZ
} Z+Z ~ e T X Zw EZ fVz p53 Y i g Z

r.
*
. t ] zZ X ,:
gjZ ] M Zz
g} Z +Z ~ e P Zgz gene
Y x *
p53 Z~ ] Vzg Z0 Z p53
+Z q

Y p3kZ k0 0.A ) p53 & @g (protein) G

D
-+ 53 8 ~]g+ZgzZ @ c
Zh b&Z yu~] G0.tA gzZ ( G 0.Aq
Z x *

X @
7{g eZ yu p53 Zzp53 G 0.tA zzZgzZX x Zx ! u
Original words: The p53 tumour-suppressor gene
e 1" ] X Zgzc gX CY~w Zz! u
t6
p53 f x Zux +F 4}EG
by
integrates numerous signals that control cell life and death. c
X Zgzt * Zt X @
( wzN ) G3E $
As when a highly connected node in the Internet breaks (programmed cell death) ] CY'~ p Z { c
apoptosis
down, the disruption of p53 has severe consequences. X CwEZ mechanism
n

E
Zz~1] z] /G7 Zz! uy u]68 :F ^
te

Z ~ ,
x e Zz *ZzgM q Z
Z V- X C3k ] Zg Cc Zt M
X Zgz (Zq y V- ]F 8 ~p Z y M
g }J@ 8 Y
Y{]F
X C 53 z6kZ X Cg p53 ( G
0.A ) z6q
Z x *
Z ~ ]
ri t
am
92 91
3k!t Zz Za ( SV40 Zg ) k]
}EG g ] !
Zz c t V ni q
zz yiz n Z ; D Y c Z ~ ]
| protein q protein
gene tY # Zgsw p ~x *
P Zgzp53

zz
g 5kZ ] !
p53 {c tqZ h
' [2] X
protein53 yiz C G
c

z6kZ Zg 53 gzZ X @
0.A c p53 z6 x *
Z
k]Zzv c
SV40 6 X { c
i ~] yZ] x g Zlc
i g Z X C 53kD @ S C
C

oa
53 8 [ ZX YZz Za yu p53 VgzZX[ q
SC Z-12 0g Y 0g zZ e q
Z -- zZ e =kD
G +G
sz^~ z z K Y u Vzg G gzZ _ M ~!e
cloning mZ {z G3 B .~ X @
zVZz12/1

M
ZmRNA 53 8 ZC gzZ +gzZ ~1983
q cDNA { q ^ ,m
p53 mRNA kZ [3] [ x~
DwEZ }E.g8E X @
Y* sfzgq p53
Y V*

r.
Y` Zc] C~ ikZq p53
X @ TP53
G+G

D
* ZmZ O{q
q cDNA Zs53 8 g G G3B p
0.A ) Tumor Protein 53
( xgz G
1E
KZ Dq ! x~kZ~1984 M Z e G4G"y
5F! gzZ T e TRP53
~Yz]
[4]X ~ `
Zz}h gq
e
Z
m^i
by
Za yuq
Z b p53 X @
V 6} ^
YkZ qt 4G
& fy*-6
p53 J/G
g @ Yq
qkZ{ ^ Z

p53 g @6
zZ fy *Z mZ ? Zz! uy u Zz
g ~g g! 6Z yuV] Zz~; 1970
X my* G +G
PZgz~ V]
genes c g ] !
Zzc t Vzg G ~gz ZgzZ
G B
n

3
A 45_
-F
G
GE 3k!Z X h x ~ ]
}EG Z Dg ] +Z
te

45_
-F
G
~Z ( / CpG SitesQY 8 ) ZG
~ (DNA) * AE
k]Zz y Z ] ( n Z k] Y T c
Zz ~g Z0 Z VY
) antigen
ri t

Z6VD] c
(C) q Z{z Zz Y 0 n Z gzZ A e- e ~1979 X Dg (antibody) }E.g8Es ]
am
94 93

0.A kZgzZ (protein) G
Zz G Z (Ras) kZg~ ] C
0 .A q ~
C| DNA 6gzZ @
Y c
0 Z
? (G) Zq

x *
kZ yZ0 {gzZ yZ0
{ G0.A kZ {zn ZX @ Y (gene) Pg Zz )gf i (p) z]q Z ~ : M (nucleotides) ] {U
%n Z

zz
HE
X x Zx Z ~ ] G P Zgz kZgX @
0.A kZg Zz Y *
Y (p) Zy xg G gzZ C kZ Zt eZ D} a
4]q
G
Zt (kinase signaling pathway) g] Zg ~g
~g Z q
Z ~ Y CpG kZzzZ' ?
X @

oa
~ ] zz ZgzZ @ VNZgz Fh
wzNVZg ' Qg] Zg ( X Zgz) p73
X @ Z5 ZgkZ
Yg] Zg ~g gene +Zq ~} Z +Z ~ e~] Vzg Z0
Z ZzY0 Y P73

M
~g Z " p53 PZgz c
Z Zz ! uyugzZ q
Z X Zgz c
E +
'
gg Z
kZgzZX YJ e /G7] G
5B kZgt)g fwdZ LZ `
}h ?gq
Z t mZgzZ H|
Mourad Kaghad jZ X B
g

r.
p] [ Zy
3kgzZo1%~: MZ sgzZ ] tb ~1997 ~
:._p Z LZn ZX

D
X @
_C~ZwzNk] gzZg66 Original words: We describe a gene encoding p73, a
protein that shares considerable homology with the tumor
] ] ^ suppressor p53. p73 maps to 1p36, a region frequently

~DNA LZ gene c Z~ ] Zg kZg


X Zgz (Z q
e deleted in neuroblastoma and other tumors and thought to
contain multiple tumor suppressor genes.
by
Za y u @ ZY Za h ~ K
Y M ~ ^+Zq F
Vzh Z genetic codes J/G 5 p73 gy P Zgz q
4G Z :F

gzZ @
Z
Y Zz y u kZjZzzkZX k
! Z
gt]{p53 G
X 0.A Zz! uyu ;G Z C
0.Aq
X ujZ Y0ZzZay ut yu nq
Z ( t) C61p36 ( xz ) p73
n

: u yu ( t) w gzZ @
Y c
0
~ ~ V uv
q {sv
te

~ x lZ ~
z (cancer) yu~ Z (carcimoma) : u q V NZgz Zz! u
X @
( ] C )kZg
ri t

CY g (Z f yuZz g Z% ] (epithelial) ~g q
Z
am
96 95

g(Z * fNeoplasm 6gx ~zg Z Neoplasm Dy u, ZtgzZ @ Y (sarcoma) y .An~
~uzX
E
G-
( * q
Z c Z| (bkZ ] X @
) xgz q Y xgzZgzZ @
Y H7 gzZ y u p z dX V g Z% ] (mesenchymal)

zz
Z% xgz~ ]g+Z M
V- c Y y u
X @ kZp Cn~
qZ yu~Z: u D M ~x| Z8: u
X Cy u ] !
Zp Z: ugzZ y u ( ~ }p? (Z g.
q t z!

oa
xg Z X D YA 6
gw }uz

Hc
g6g, ZqZ~Z @ x *
C 6xg Z xgz

M
EG E G
E-# E#-
(necrosis) ? ( ] u c
? X @ )xgz? OZgz 4G
liJ/G & fw EZvxgz 0yuy*t

Y ( Zv 1) k+Z~D ( ~zg ZgzZ )


@ V- c
@
w EZ fgZ ZzY Za 6
~Vsx xgz

r.
X @
Y tumor necrosis factor ~ ~ m
Zxg Z X Zz6g zz ^a (ZX @
Bxgz *
Y wY6g~gz) { M

D
~] C y Z0 { c Z (factors) t "Z
q
{z ~VgVzzz Z~Z`
Q c
gzZ Y
?7E
x ogzZ [4] D Yt(cytokines) WZ [ Z7gzZ w dZ xgz X @
Y [ Z c Za \gzZ lg { qu 6{ { W
liZ @ O
-B9
gpGE gzZ (monocytes) ] Zz~X D(secrete) i Z e
Z ] X Tumor ~~ mZ
by
X Vc
x *
(macrophages) wEZ~x| Zzxgzc
@ %k~z
^j] '
lif,h mZ *
Y M xgzzz liX X X X *
Y wY
gzZ @
Y Hg (Zg "Z TNF fkZ~b}p~ mZ6gx X q ZzZa zzlixgz bkZX m
Z~] 0
n

kC]gz Z Z E q
<X ( ) {zZ VC 7q
Z ~Zt 6 !
Za ] 6 zz X X X X % C5
%] c

te

zg ZX @ TNFs @M ~ wEZ s BTNF


Y c gzZ Y1" Z"(gzZ ] Z
@ 6gx (Z \ Zz
Z
Z ]gz ~ Z ]
ri t

gzZ y @ Y Hq)g f] )Z bZzZ g "Z eZ~ ~ ~ m


Z 5kZ ] X Y ` @
am
98 97
s Z kZ M(kZp U x LZkZgzZ n g & c
TNF M -----
X g----- g "Zzg Z eZ}ggzZ Zz xgz
I GG3I E
GG3& CPgzZ ZgzZ "
U
0C ZxVz yZ
& CP~ : M G Xg=

zz
Hui ZV*
X Y TNF LT gzZ TNF TNF ; yZ k^m
] y
xg Z Cgi n v i v o Zz g Z% +
Y x o

oa
q
~ T c Z ] ( Mi c ro bi ol o gy :~ mZ ) ] y
William ~ 1890 Iw s Z 1(anti-tumoral)
Z ] c
E

. @ y
YH_] x* ZZzYi Z
0C Zq
G (~1968X [y Z0 *
Coley

M
gzZ ] xN`
] G
5G
E
Z Z D~ T b S Wz q
5Mycology k] Zt (lympho-toxin) t ( ] c
(& c
g (cytotoxin)
E

. ~uz G Z~1975kZX [5]ZwEZg"Z LT fn ZgzZ
0C ZgzZq x *
c
9-BE

r.
xg Z cg 5kZ ;g Za ] gp G M ~ cg
]o
x *

D
! Hg(Z TNF g"Z eZgzZ
{gX [6] c tumor nacrosis factor
Z gzZ ] ( Immunology :~ m
Wz q Z Dc
Z ) ]o E
G E Va {z c g6
SkZ KZ G 0C Zx Vz `g ~ y



. @ YH_VUx x - ZVzg Z0 Yx ~T c
x o e & + L-929 ] C!


(fibrosarcoma) ) .A 7g~V zV
( @ ~ y Z ) y uq
ZgzZVankZ y un
Z
by
g
Z g Z0
] 1 M , Z g0 Y ( Immune system :~ mZ ) x o Vz ! {gX n~fq

Z y u(sarcoma) ) .A p] Z & tgzZ @ x *
Yc
@ q c
Z Ds nZLgzZ ] gz V- g F nZ%ZqZ G.EI
G
i$ y Z Z
~ 1984 Q c Z
g Z ( LT gzZ TNF )
E
n

G
Ip Z ogzZ oX @Y cx - ZZzz Z GG3I& Z !y xg Vz y Z Z s Z M ~ (encoding)
te

Y y V- px oX D Y q Nc
{zt $ Z ~ t GG3I
& ZkZgzZ CY 0 (sequential homology)

] owz(sessile) ZZzh o~ T @
z~ x (lymphotoxin) t ( wZ , q LZ(TNF) g c
M
ri t

p) gzZ (self) p ~ Z ~ ] ogzZ


x kZ X D B] g] t @
Y M ~UkZ)g f
am
100 99

x Z, Z Y 0i ~ w Zi M q
Z6gLZ3u Zz q
Z @ Yu zkZx tX @ q p)gzZ *
* (nonself)
p ] Z
Zz Zi q
Z @ Y(unicellular) ~q
Y g Z0 Z eZgzZ 4Z ~ ? c
z ` Zy Z c
{ (antigen) }EG
3k!p) Z

zz
Y~M, Z @
] ~Vzg Z0 Y(multicellular) ~MVzg Z0
Y g Z0 Y X sf `g] gzZ ~wdZkZ{
ZZx kZX
VJ
Z $
V1g Z P C Z~ q Z Z Z Z ] ~

oa
X D Y 0 q
] ( 000000 000000 100) [7g ZD Z n ~ ] c (cellular biology)] C(cell biology)] ~
c
Z
X { i Z0 c gJ
Zsg Zlt Zg Zz
uq Y H_ ] ~ T D C q
@ Z V x *
6 ;(cytology)

M
Z
3 Vq E
5{~yZ|
yZQgzZ (organelles) ] G ] ~_kZX
Y
gzZ ( cu ) HZP Z'{ E&g c
E yCX ~ c
Zz gz6] X [ ^ D (functions) w dZ LZ LZ
X

r.
gzZVg " ] ZzY 0
D# ~x Z C (!) DNA
3
Z ( g ZwdZ LZ LZ )}uzq

D
Z |
zg0 Z Z {zn Z
Vzg Z0
S gzZ| Yx ( Cell :~ m :g. :! )3
Z . c
YYH~V Z c } (&6g~ /7E Vq
G Z1 C
E 3tQ1 YY Hg Z CPz!~
x Z {0
ix 36g .
3 (cell membrane) C
Z /G7gzZ C}=
cg0
(3yz) c z3yzg
e ) wdZx {z3q ZX X @ p V Z CPgzZ !~fh ' p] Z &
by
CZ]
Dg g G Y x Z ( {)zwgzZ6z ` Zy
5 ] g Z0
/G Z %zt
(cytoplasm) 3c

X

(nucleus){ %
1- x lZ ~ Y @ ^] +
z ] ~ X Z ^kZ $
n

Y N !
X 3{ ~g Zq
c Z
2- gzZ
Z Z$ Z
te

& &
i p E.>E {g f Z(obligatory) E
.>E |gpk Z k]Zz
iq cu] ~ T gp k
Z ] X [ ^
q
'
ri t

~x Z Ck]ZzX i xggZ~3J/G 4G5p


gg Z 0
ik] Zz
X ; g{ % Zz!q fg 8
Z~3C g
am
1 02 10 1
I E$E
5J4G
]G "
5E c - I kZgzZ HZg k]
M * ZzX @ j
G 5
Za ( E Z ) GJ3G
" z

q
~ T c Z ] ( Ecology :~ m 5JG
Z ] G "L :! ) ] G
4L5E 5J4G"
5E +Z ~ e 3g Z0 Y}uz st gzZ M g 70 i Z f M k] i x|
Zz X C

zz
& 5F
I4G &

. @ YH_wj gzZ}uzq
Z Vzg Z0
Y Cyzg E .>EZ f Z M ( EjG g )g ZKZ wEZ} Z +Zg M c }Z
E
4G"
5F {z ~ V] Zz X @
Y (obligatory intracellular parasites) ] G 5 5
G
EjF

oa
GE
m 4-4] -Bt )g f ) C 7~ C
g ZKZ gzZ ( z6 G ) IFC )G
{ntZz `g { {n {%{ Ze .q Z (pepsin) ) }E4X J
E E
Z gzZ (prokaryotic) Z "LZ E
&L k] ZzX (Z~ ZKZ )
~ Z gzZ @
0.|4X
*|4X gzZ (peptone) G Y c
0~(gastric juice) E E

M
I5$
EB+G
X D Za ( ~g F) EjG
Z Z$ Z ~ ] bVz (eukaryotic)
* - pepsin X x Z x (catalysis) G (peptide)
E
.
/ ] { :` ) V]
Zz Zz Za " z ~ ( c
GJ3G ) ]
X D ( ) }E4X)Zzp) fp peptein

r.
X @
Ybacteriophage)

D
Peptide
E g Z
Zi z c
Z z6 0
[ M X @Y ] %,Z (peptide) *|4X
E @ z )~p~ mZp OZgz
Y g Z ( C Zz~ VBB
YY }Lg(peptone) G 0.|4X~ p Z { y ZX VqF Z
X D{{~zb gzZ Lg] (peptones) ] G
Ee
5.|4Xp GG
X
by
YY V- ( p d: { M s) Y H qzn ] ! Z
[ 4L]Z

gzZ @Mzg G
E E
0.|4X} ( yZ yZQgzZ D *|4XF
Z ZZz ~ Vzg Z0 Y x Z% (metabolism) [ 4Z
G
$ G
$
] 6X D e] 6g C ] 6
n

~~ m ZX D] } ( } (gzZ @Mzg ] Q G
E
0.|4X kZZc ) )
G
Z{z~
$
{zgzZDZzyZgz] ) 6 ~y~
te

ide Bn Zpept peptone peptide


c

E
*|4Xzg ZX @ Z Zg ide
Y HwEZ f ] % 6q yZgz Za * Z
Z )g f hY h ] % 6
ri t

E
X CY] )|4X X VDZz
am
104 10 3

k]
Z ZD Peptone
E
C ~ T %(microbiology) ] y
Zz k]Z Z D Zz q a; ~zb 6g ~
0.|4X
(peptone) G

zz
_zsf `g~}g !
: V]Zz Z ( ) ] ~Zt p =6 mZgzZ @
) }E4Xq Y ] %
V]Zz
| L ; Zz )g f ( {)zF
] zZ gzZ )}%{ *

oa
(pepsin)

)V]Zz
~ X Dq B M ] BV- c
6g ] & q~
*
ZanZ%ZgzZ (infection) + ,6 ] V]Zz fp peptein I kZgzZ peptos y!
i *
- ~Z peptone

M
culture ] E 4G
5E5L_S gzZ isolation ci !
Z X D(digest) p)
w EZ~` zZ ] C

r.
) z|
~ ~ mZ; @
B] C_6R(molecular) C ]

D
4G
X J/G & ~
)V]Zz J/G 5y*-6~
4G )V]Zz gzZ] { Zgz {z6gzZ] DtX @ Y Molecular biology ~
E
) p Za +
H ,~ ] x lZZZV]Zz u~ G Z ] C6g~
/7 q { .Z ] 6 C
X @
e : Y Y gm{~VyZ C_ g D MZgzZKVZ
DNA 6
by
k]ZzZ z*g~: M V] CgzZ RNA
X
k] ZzCmE
E
-
] y

A
k]Zz E
n

q
~ T c Z ] Mi c ro bi o l o gy ) :~ mZ ) ] y

E
-E
G
k]
Zz -
te


. @ y
YH_] x*
E
5
5G
]G gzZ ] xN`
] G
5G
E
Z Z D~ T b S Wz q
5 Mycology k] Zt
ri t

E E
q
c Z ] Parasitology) :~ m
Z . ] G 5Z D:! ) ] G
5G L5
5G
. ~uz
am
1 06 105
Zahormones c Z 1- ; @
] Z0Ztq z y 6zZ
Z V!
Y { i Z0
. @ yxgVzgzZV !
YH_Cb! y ZVJ~T
(endocrine {Zx x Zgz Z @
YZ (glands)
Zz xM

zz
EG
4} $
3E
wdZ (controling) G ~] Z0Zt] !
~uz 2- @
Yc
B system)
Osw{szw~ m ZS gzZ TK6q
~C Zx M
(nervous x ! Z ~
Z zz Z gzZ D } Zz x Z
. @
YHC

oa
E
4}G$
3E
G 6 g~
[ Z Zz kZgzZ r Y @ b system)
M
x ! ZgzZ {Zx x ] Z0ZzzZgzZ x Z wEdZ
G-4)E K6 CJ)c
] :S(univalent) q Z M
~)q

M
$
X @YHg ~(regulatory systems) ] G6 g
gzZ {
jZgzZK6 - 1" z8
tX @ g"gzZ q
^ne ^
= zg [ - Xzg [
; ) zg Z * ; @
Y Hydrogen ~ ~ mZ

r.
g yi Z wj z wj zg0 Z LZVzg Z0Y x y Z
X M @ = XgzZ 0
Zz0( *
$E
-E

D
G.G Z ~ x g Z0
q Y p ~gz f n Z gzZ @ ~gz
E ) M = zg Z
( Zz 0
+F Z z J/G -E
5 Za G.G
4G $kZ ~ g Z0
Y X CY 0
)Xzg [
( Zz0 ; = ~ m
(regulation)
Z
VzzZ c Zx ZuzgzZ x r ~y Z ;D Y 0
zg0 ]
e ( )= 0
0 Y
by
6 g~
x r YYV- Y~i Z0 Zy MgzZ {
ZX @ x
{0Z
{ ( )gzZ ! ~g ] Z W Zn Z @ Z (short term) G
x 6i Z0 5.Z
x Z Cx lZx ] @
mgzZyZyZZg ( {0Z :u Zz)] Z0Z
x 6Vz
(long term) G 5.Zsx Vzz zg0 Z D Z J/G 5]
4G
n

E
yp G/7 D} 6 Zz(secrete) i Z Z ]
ZgzZ D J/G 5] { M ( )gzZ M ~ w dZn ZgzZ x Z
4G
te

gz ( ` Zy Zx LZgzZ D Y~x D^)g f


Z ) i Z
X Tgg Z '
i Z 7J/G
gzJ 5
4G
5x r Z Zz Za {0Z vgzZ
Z ] i Zg
[ Z LZ J/G
f c
(endocrine glands)
gzZ ' 4G
ri t

X @
Y Hormones ~~ m ZZX D (control) G3E 4}EG
$w dZ
am
108 107
~] LZx VzzZ c Z @
w EZ] 6
of the blood stream.
zg0
kn o 1eri Y ( ] Z0Z : ) { 0ZVz 6 yZgzZ @
X @ wEZVz 6
Zz nq

zz
& g6(secretions) ] Zi Z Z KZ ft
oq^ o]
I kZX D J {ni Z Z CZy
!
gzZ @ Y (pancreas) {{~
z LZ ] Z0Ztzz zZZ @
Za ~zX{0Z

oa
ZgzZ @ 4}EG
YHG3E $ x ! ZZgi Z Zt w P. Pavlov zg
x Zw dZ LZgzZD Y6
gZ ~)g fl
yp
X {^ [ Z {z f~ 'Vz ! {g J/G 5"
4G U
6 { `g { Xz, ZX D BZzt zz SZ Z
4}EG
$ r t wt~}g !

M
X D J }ngzZV M ] G3E
Y Zz Y g}
Q ( P M gzZ {n) N Y- +
Z[ Z Hw VrZ kZgzZ
{{ M Zg* {n~ V M
6 { `g { ZgzZ @
Y (exocrine glands) z Yg {Vzz, Z
(Z1n7] Zi Z Z ._w{z[ Z Z E<X _ {G3E
4}EG
$ r a

r.
X (enzymens) }%{yZ @
Y7hormone c
{0Z] %
U[ Zr gzZ7Z
tZ~V M}nVrZZ

D
X ZZZzY 0
3~wzZ^x Vzz~i Z
c Z
~
Z ._ wLZ [ Z {{ Z s Z
;g Za (secretions) ] Zi Z
m^i
!
gzZ c gJ Z T s Z Z ( q
[ Zt sq Zt X
M r Z t Z ~X Za ] Z6 + Y ~uz e E. gzZ W. Bayliss ~ '~1902
] P+ C ] Z0Z
by
gzZ X H|
ZzwEZ b ZkZ~1905 Starling
4}EG
3E
(control) G $ {{ q H+Zy
M Q ^ [ Z Zz
c
._p Z LZn ZStarling
kZ {{ !
] ! Y Z]
r zz T i Zg H{z? g
n

z {zgzZ M ~ -
ZkZ M g* {n Z[ Z
{i Z0
Z
yZ)g f yp M
g 7Z 6' 4
g ;' c
X X X\ 6t
ZZz
te

i] ZyZ ?Y Z e ~ V M (secretions) ] Zi Z
ZaWZ7ZVD Y Y J
X* ZyZV g tV
Z
4}EG
G3E $ {{ Hs Z ] !
kZ ] !'
h Zz Y {
ri t

These chemical messengers ... or 'hormones' as we


Z ! ZZz M ~ i Z0
M (gzZ 7}g Z ' Z {z Zz
Zg}g may call them, have to be carried from the organ where
they are produced to the organ which they effect, by means
am
11 0 1 09
X C._g & uq
Z ;@ zzZgzZ DG3E4}EG
${{ (chemical signals) }g Z 6Zz
yzg Zg7 )g fmRNA
rough ) Vz0Z nkZ w G3E4}EG Z 6 y Z z!
$ { kZ Vzg ^ [ Z

zz
(pre pro hormone) {0Z 7x6x ( endoplasmic reticulum pZg } 6t x] !
t ] !'
h QgzZ X Lg ~g Y ._
CY6g Zg Z- -
~ypt V Dg ( `g {)i Z
)gfn Z[_ M

oa
D Y ZF
Zpre x { 0Z7xkZn ZQgzZ B q :Z Y M ~ - M ZjZgzZ J {{ D^
@
Y`~6Z5 v(pro homone) { 0Z7ZzY{g !
gzZ Z kZ VrZ x Z G3E
(secretion) i Z 4}EG
$ mZB

M
F Z Zz{ ( pro ) 7 ~ kZ Y~6Z 5 X( Zy6 hormone ~1905 ~
c
zZ 6)
E
!
C bkZgzZ D Y Z
/G7 (hormone) } 0Z ZzY{g ! n,]
n^i

r.
X @
Yc Z~yp
(secretion) i Z Y ~ 6 Cz] Zg (synthesis) ;@
%~g Z0

D
l]n,] ;]n9] C] Z0ZX ~] * ~Vz7 t @
ZgzZ @ Y
Z Zp D [
q ZgZ @ ZgZ
Y {0Z,Z {0Z [ '
,h ZgzZ g Y `gny *Z, @
Z;@
Zg Z
;@ 4G
J/G & X ~gz *
Y Hm ZZ f ) sgzZ {{
e X 6 m] %6 yZ
] ,x *
by
ZgZ
[ l]n,] oi^a oi^nv
l]n,] ^] c {z D VF
C Z hormones c ] Z0Z {z
E
@Y ] Z0Z Z Z D ] Amine } 0Z, Z gzZ Lg 5G
4h${zQ c
E M~ ^] (protein) G 0.A } (
n

E "8 ZggzZ+ E
3E 3E
"8 Z(thyroid hormone) {0ZgBVq E
X + G G ZPZ CZ V~ ^G 0.At ~ ^] (peptide) *|4X
ZX M
te

E E
X ] ,m Z f,;@
Z C Z6g~ a gzZ X @Y C )|4XZ6V~ ^*|4X ZgzZ
ri t

kn o ]] Z ~ ] f kZ ( D F
Zt ) C q
Z |

am
11 2 11 1

X g ZzZa Xz7Zh
! ' gzZ ,Z Zz ] ~ Vzg Z0 Z
Y Zg (secretion) i Z
^ri] o Y HwEZ~x J/G
] Z0ZX @ 5g Z0
4G Y (excretion) ` Zy Z

zz
4}EG
LZ{ G3E $pKZ {0Z ~T @
Y q g Z,Z q g Z t f tY D `g { wi Z ZqZ ~ Vzg Z0
Y
E
E
{{ {0Zt ;(insulin) +k
Z
Zzzi Z
{0Z g6g w VX
b regulation of c Z ^
GG3.$ i Z o Z gzZ X n
g w i 7

oa
k ~ yp Z
@ Z
i Z z kZ ] g
( p a n c r e a s ) X @
Y secretion
ypv~ ] {0Zt g Zl f(kZgzZ g| (g Zl (glucose) Z @
ZzZ~ 4}EG
YHG3E $V- ~g Z0 Z
Y] Z0Zi Z

M
zz W
g Z kZ +k
g ._ wg Zl]~
kZ [ Z X
b 5uq kZ eZ ( ;gZ~ c
)g f(receptors) ] G ) g
'
h gzZ _ ]~ yp[ ZY @ Z eZ ]
Y i Z `g { {0Z/ @
kZ {zgzZ V g } x Z9 Y ] yZ

r.
]gz (insuline hormone) } 0Z +k h
b [ Zzz Z 7]gz
' ZgzZX Z~g ZzZa } m
~gz)~gZlZ~ Z 0
kZ

D
c 4}G
q gZ t G3E $ bkZ @ Z eZ gzZ Sg 7
Y M 6R w i Z } 0Z kZkCk Z kZ ] {z ( g Zz ~ w EZ c )Z
X @
Y negative feedback @ 4}EG
B (feedback) q g Z ~ ] P G3E $ nkZ X ~g ZzZa

Do^] ^eE l]n,] ] e X


by
(HORMONES) ] Z0Z Zz Y 0 zsf `g
Y
~ Vzg Z0 ^ri] kf%
1 D Y 0 Yv ] Z0Z ( 7x ) CC
~ Vzg Z0 x lZ Z (positive feedback) q g Z ]g q g Z { y 6gzZ
X HA%G $E
Z
zkZ yZZ !Zz zz ] Z W
c Z LZ { Za ~ {0Z
Z X CB
n

jZ~]g+Z Hi Z Z {zXZ( Z W
g ZzZa KZi Z0 Z6c
]
z
(List of Hormones)]Z0Z
te

E
(Luteinizing hormone) {0Zt {!wVq Z mZX Y q g Z
wdZ ~
{Z {0ZZ E34$
@ Z W
i Z0 (ovary) GE
Z6 Za zzXz7Z z(ovulation) !
ri t

Gland Z
Main function name Hormone name
am
1 14 11 3
d
q `gzZXz7Z Z `
{0Z d {0ZggzZ"7
q <X+LZ {0Zgwg
stimulates follicle and Anterior Follicle stimulating Thyro tropin releasing
stimulates prolactinand TSH Hypothalamus

zz
estrogen pituitary hormone hormone
E E
(ovulation)!
Z X1 Z {0Zt {! {0Z ~"
q <X+LZ {0Zgw {"
H 4 Y
gzZXz7Z :~X 2
k stimulates
yz G z6
.2 Anterior Cortico tropin releasing
G

oa
pituitary Luteinizing hormone adrenocorticotropic Hypothalamus hormone
{0Z/:~/X 3
q hormone
E
z] ;@ Z { 0Z% {0Z d
q gzZt {!
` <X+LZ {0Zgw

M
stimulatesLuteinizing Gonado tropin
Anterior Hypothalamus
Growth hormone hormone and releasing hormone
pituitary
Follicle stimulating hormone
()|zgzZ F
y Z "7

r.
{ 0Z%
q <X+LZ {0Zgw{0Z%
Anterior
Za

D
Prolactin stimulates Growth Growthhormone
pituitary Hypothalamus releasing hormone
hormone
E IG E
] Z0Z ~LlL G3@
zq Z { 0Z ~" {0Z% <X+LZ { 0Zgw ~
stimulates synthesis and
secretionofadrenal corcical
Anterior
pituitary hormone
e
Adrenocorticotropic
Inhibits Growth
hormone Hypothalamus
Somatotropin
releas-inhibiting
by
hormones
A\I
hormone
?? Z g "7 <X+LZ "7
Anterior
beta lipotropin Prolactin-inhibiting
pituitary inhibit Prolactin Hypothalamus
n

factor
t Z;@
q Z {0ZtZ3 {0Zg
q Z {0Z g
te

stimulates melanin Anterior Melanocyte


stimulates Thyroid Anterior Thyroid stimulating
synthesis pituitary stimulating hormone
hormone pituitary hormone
ri t
am
11 6 11 5
mZp~6~ U
3
W / yzgZ/ |z ` Zy
Z c
s @~ z
E
Posterior
Testis Testosterone milk ejection Oxytocin

zz
pituitary
}!Ca+2 }!

PO4 g 4 {0Z g 4 y Zgz[ % {0ZwbZg
Para-thyroid Parathyroid E
g([ Z E
C+Z 0
Posterior Anti diuretic

oa
gland hormone E pituitary hormone
}! 4
reabsorption of water
Ca+2 `
d a
* during urine formation
g x M wEZV-A g {
kiw

M
Calcitonin
Parafollicular A\I
] ]g ZwZa
Thyroid
cell of ; 3 gland Thyroxine

x ! ZIZa
thyroid

r.
E
+Na ~ "~ yzgZzZ
zgq6
! g~
g {
kiw

D
Adrenal
cortex Aldosterone
4G
J/G &/f,d Thyroid
Triiodothyronine
E .E 5
5G
gland
"n [ Z E
GLE CE+Z Ca+2 M }
wzG 4hG
G ;z
zg [ E
[ Z]
yZ OZ Kidney e
1,25-dihydroxycholecalceferol
fZ" {
[r"~]
by
gluconeogenesis, Adrenal
+ A\I anti-inflammatory cortex Glucocorticoids
;ypF ;ypi ) {{
g +k
b
Immunosuppression
E4
ypF
Z ( ] Insulin F Z ~6{
zlgz6 G3E$
kiw
n

Pancreas
(beta cells) _C~ Ovary Estradiol
te

E4
G3E$
E
( gz {!) yzgZi Z
luteal phase of
ri t

menstrual cycle Ovary Progesterone


am
118 117
+A\I
~zgZgzZ ~! ftoxicology tg (ZzzgzZq
ZX ypF ;ypi Z ) {{ ]x i
NgzZ @M ( ] x Q c
t ] ! gzZ ) ] A ( ] Glucagon

zz
U
toxin Z " c
t toxic + logy p] Z &
toxicology
Pancreas
(alpha
poison ftoxic ~zg Zz ! gzZ 4 f cells)

oa
E g8 -I
o!
Z Zz
gzZq ~
kZ @ i f
oC
ZaX[ ZX Lg gzZXz7Z~t {!L E
kiw *G Z
;@ .H 4Yz6
2kG Human chorionic
toxinology a xe
.] ! Y toxinology &D
tgzZ @ yz G Placenta gonadotropin

M
o ] A Z ] c
+ f kZ f kZ toxin + logy -I
o! E-4E -I
5*Go!
{ 0Z%gzZ"7yZgz *G CG E Z
Z p ] c 0 toxic atoxicology X
gzZ [1] x c mZp Placenta
Human placental
lactogen

r.
X YYHg (Z ( D?] Z WZ0)] xw zg Z eZ fkZ
( ]A)

D
N
zc
& ] x Z {0i @ i (Z q
{ (poisonous) C Z (toxin)
~gza @
gzZ @ m{q
z b Z~V-!gzZV]{i @ GG gzZ Cq
(conjugated protein) Cy.! c Zt 6gx gzZ @
Za ~
x * kZ ~ uZgp
kZ X Za nZ~ zb
z b e YYc
0 g nv gzZ peptide p @
Z ? N
~^q 6
by
3g vitamin N
X zc
&
X
^] wqp @ i ~zgZgzZ!
w EZ f(poison) C
gx lZ J
Yc gx lZ Z & c
[ ZX _ Yc N YY H[ NZ ftoxin f kZ { c i fpoison
n

z i C
x lZ Z 0
X sf `g~yZ_
s iQ g g ?
c ZX CY (toxins) xmZgzZ
te

(Vitamin A) Z& w
oq .~zg Za p
ZgzZ bZ e g p Zy df
ri t

(Vitamin B) [& @
x4 * Z] V z yZ Z E<X
g (Z Di Z0
am
120 1 19
Z_ 6 CgzZ C M ~z ~^{e
.gzZo1%e
.q
Z (Vitamin C) ` &
Z q
Z K (chemical reations) Z6 Zz ZgzZ ( Vitamin D) &

zz
X (Vitamin E){ &

ZM Z] Zzw EZ~ |
~| ] iC
]c

oa
p] Z &
VzC Q ] {0
i c
] x x YHg ] c
i ; ( Bi ot e chno l og y :~ m i C c
Z ) ] c i C
] c
Z CY ~
q Z Z] Cy Z{ M X
) ~ i Z0 p ~T b c ] gzZ (technology)
DZzq uZ Z!

M

YYH~Vz} (zZ~
) M V- v Z !
. @ Y HwEZ 0 x Z {0
i ] c
i
E G
uZzgzZ V6g Zq
Z ] , Z ;(monomer) j G +
G3B Dg (Z]] i~ ] Y%Z ]
mZgzZ ] Z Z ] c

r.
XF gw VX DLg~#
Z6 tC V? (Convention on Biological {x Z Z X CY
q C t x
I
Z ] jLg] , Z ;(polymer) {g 3$

D
iq iC._Diversity)
: V- p] c
i VF gzZ V
Z6g wV D} (t C Z c
] x*
{0ix C f Cc i(Z Z% ] c
iC

GG3J& x

e
X ] (protein) ] w EZ ~ ~g ) sg rmc
@ J/G 5F
4G Z c g ZzZa ] Z fp
by
X
J
c Z b Zq
Z (methylation) GG3& x
Biotechnology means any technological application
C , Z q that uses biologi cal systems, li vi ng organisms, or
q
bx
{z Z ~(substrate) } g ~ T CY w EZ J/G 5
4G derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or
n

processes for specific use.


6 C 6_ Z, ZX YZ CH3 R (methyl group)
Y 6 C
te

.~] CgzZ] { Zgz


gZe
X
J B (Biochemistry) 6 C_ IF6 ]
D%t X @
} Z +Z ~ e
ri t

GG3& x Zg ] X @
] gzZVzC q
x c
> Z yxg6gzZ]
am
122 121
I J
@ {g 3$Z @
Y polymer c V ZjyZ? Z (gzZ @
0 Y DNA ~ T (Zq
Z (DNA methylation) } Z +Z ~ e
GG3& x
J
X 6Z y Z (Z X @ 6(bases) Z
Y Zz (methylation) GG3& x

zz
I
{g 3$ } Z +Z ~ e ] , Z
Z @
Y c
0
(G) Z (C) V @

mZ gzZ @
I
Y {g 3$ ] Zz
(monomers) Z ~ ]gg Bq Z ~ ^Vz 6 (promoter) i Zd s

oa
5_
4G
-AF
I
X polymer Z~~ mZX C] Zg 3$ gzZ CY wEZ (CpG island) G Ek b Z q
b Z f Z V D Y 0
J
J/G
4G5,h ' mZ ) C u *
gzZ Vg GG3& x Zz 6i Z d(kZ
]{ Zgz

M
-AF5_
4G 5_
4G
A-E

d GEV ] {z M V- X ( m] , G F
k gzZ yu
b
(genes) V NZgz (Genetics) ] { Zgz
zg ZgzZ wdZ Z | 4G
A-E5 _
V ] ] yZ(gene) X Zgz {k G
b FZV Zzg @ d
V- ~i Z0
ZgzZq ~f q
ZpmZX c Z] tgzZ @ Y_ 45 _ 45_ 45_

r.
A-E
G A-E
G A-E
G
4)g8 G FjZ ( 6(gzZ {ec ~}k G
b F {z{ Zp )CY0 F
K Z G
q F
{z] $
Y
E
YH_ VUZVNZgz G
yZ @ c
Z z p Zz M ~CpG X @

D
Y 0 Y (CpG sites)
i OZgzi) ~ zZ mZp=gi
Zz ~ V NZgz ( ~C
E E X @ Zz
C
@
Y H_ O nZ%Z y ZgzZ nZ%Z Zz { (mutation) {
x| ZgzZs
t e
zp Z Zz~ZZX
l^n$]^e ] kn^%n
J
by
Y@ YF Z Zz Zz~EE
+ Zq .G V NZgzq
28E DNA
ZGG3& x
Z Zz Za ~ VN Zgz t(Genetic diseases) : nZ%Z OZgz E
x V NZgz% Za { c
h ~ qZ DNA *
(heredity) (Zgz Za i Z I t X nZ%Z Zz gZ%zz
] { Zgz!
~ y! spc
i ] { ZgzV=p+Z $ W
O
n

X (acquired) Zai ZgzZ Y


(Epigenetics)

X @
Y
Z Zz Za ~ VN Zgzt(Hereditary diseases) : nZ%Z (Zgz
te

(heredity) (Zgz Za i Z I t X nZ%Z Zz gZ%zz j


ri t

X nZ%Z ZaZ fZgzZ @


jyZ V Dg ? Z(q z~ ]g Zq
Z 0 Z ] {z
am
124 123
m DNA ~ Z [ { i Z0
Z y 6zZ 6i Z d l^ni^nu p
Zq^
(transcription factors) Z i Z d c ] yZ X @
Y ] q
zg~T c Z ] ( Photobiology:~ mZ )] ~g

zz
I
(RNA polymerase) }%{g 3$} Z +Zg M ( Z)t Qgz Z M
| ~}%ikS Z&;@ YH_dyxgVzg Z0
M. @ YgzZ

~) ! Z V- f
q z c ^ +
Y kZ .D M

oa
yZgz (translation) F
~ CY g mRNA
iZE!L
X CwEZ~~g ]
i DNA Zg (promo ter) i Z d~ ] { Zgz z ] C

M
Y E
i Z dgzZ @
)] | { G
4h$t~(prokaryotes) Vz
5E
Z Z$
I Z Zz Y c
q Y (5'end) }u'5 (upstream) '
0
+ i6(gene)
CY }%{g 3$} Z+Zg M q ZB 5 (transcription) c ^
I kZ c i J/G
%n ZgzZ @ 4G Z @
x cz (Z

r.
g 3$} Z + Zg M gzZ @
{{ t ~(eukaryotes) Vz Z E
H7wd6g g genes 6Y Za ( (mutation) { ) { ~

D
(factors) ZgzZ ] F~ ]gg Zz (DNA) i Zd }%{
X Y7g (proteins) ]
gM
V-c
YY
X Du
km^ o ^
ni ^ ^ 1 ]
e pgzZ D-
ZgzZ7 zF
~ p) i i Z d
by
4}EG
gzZ ; gG3E $ {z; @
Yc
0
'
i6 P Zgz kZ i Z dq
zZ! Z6g
Z D promoter i Zd~ ] C
gzZzg 7 ZE-
Z M PZgz Z (sites) Z zg0
c^ Z i Z dkZ
i @' xbZgzZ *tX Zz e
n Zwg1 @
(Transcription

X( C ZZ RNA V c
) D Y g p Start Site)
X i d{zgzZ YY ]{~ wEZ {%izggzZx ~zg Z gzZ q
Z fp
n

] y ZVD Y0 'i @ ZZt] y Zi Z d


YHC
Z i i dbT
Z i i Z dbZ ^q
X ^gzZq
te

V D Y 0
E
+ - (downstream) k
CG Z M
i q z c ^
X {)zmgzZiD M~zgZ p ZgzZPfp i
6
zZZ `zi 100 -100 6gw VX @ ~ ZZ
Y HC
ri t

m]
am
126 125
m CZ eZ f / anatomy = y
) yz~ K y u Y '
X+ i
( V ) VC *
g !
q gzZ ( m8) Vx36] WgzZzZg y X ( ^ 1 ]

zz
E
Q c X Z
E
6V L Lgh
58E @ ' C J/G 5 c ^
4G Zz+F g qZ{q
Z eZ x Zzp Z i Z d
E E G3{E
Q t @
3 {
DA Ex Z Lgh
} $ ' G Y ( ] }G )
3 { i Zd[ ] kZ X @
Y c g w i
B (core promoter) i Z d]

oa
( *7) y
J u)g f ( V ) VC* g !
q g !
q |z V X @ sfzgq~{ZzYB
~gz*
X @
Yc
@ Z M
Y H TSS g "Z (Transcription Start Site) c ^

M
:$ MgzZg yp~y
X C]{V1* ~
{z| kZ
:$ M V1*
wi[ M c t X @ $ M
Y lymph vessels ~ ~ mZVC* E
+ -'
CG iZ `zi - 34

r.
L Lg}- $ M X CY J
{ Vz- $ M C ( .) (binding site) J/G 5{%{g I
4G 3$} Z+Zg M
~x G
G I

D
X D Y 0
(C 4&Dx Z
G .EI
G Z rRNA I: {%{ g 3$} Z +Zg M
i$ VN Zgz Zz c ^

` G
$Lg Z X @ (encoding)
G
Y%Z q
Z Zz Za ~ &Zpnq ( e c l a m p s i a ) e
` g Z @ .EiI$ VNZgz Zz c ^
G
I
Z mRNA II: {%{g 3$} Z +Zg M
by
Zz ~ 6g x C ( c o n v u l s i v e )
! Zz N X
EiIG I
)i | ` g Z - ` g Z 7 &) Vpq ( h y p e r t e n s i o n ) . Z tRNA III: {%{g 3$} Z +Zg M
G $ VN Zgz Zz c ^
@
gZ%6zg ( @
Y (preeclampsia/eclampsia syndrome) X
n


(preeclampsia) ` g Z 7 n Y (Z ] zZ ; $ yu
y
te

jt ~ }g !
` %Z Zz ~ kZ X V Q *
] ] u~yunkZX @ Yy u CY yyu
E E
7zz gzZ {z @ EG& o$
ri t

xi * -G
(differential diagnosis) '|
6g3B VX D Za ~ E(breast) y
y
am
128 127
G 7E
] ~6 3J"gzZ [ ZagzZ @
IE Y zygote c @ G
/ "
T $ U Z ` g ZX {)z(epilepsy) %gZa
ZCyYq
E /7E~63
() /G7~6 { gzZ (W) G MV- Z E <X @
\ 5 ) proteinuria gzZ (edema) Xypg ]!
( ] ~[ % ~

zz
G G
Y \ !
~ e Zz M + gzZ V @ Q @ \ 5
B@ 3 * Zz g g `
X @ Zz] {)z
ogzZ ~g ] Zg
< g* iZ%Z{y n ] ~ } Z +Z
c ]G 45E
5E
G 4E
7

oa
X embryo ~ ~ mZ jZ
% (_) ] c gzZ (^ Zz 5E
) < ] G 5E
4G4E
7
G
@ 36 Zz ] !
yZgz [ Z kZ f . t V 6X @
E BE
wEZ Z Dfn Z~ ! @
E4
G 5 Y Embryology

M
{ ~
/7E6 kZ f kZ X] Zz M +Y { gzZ3
a~
%~ G 6 ( ] *
V Zz Zz ] @ Y ~ D%kZ C
m ) Vzg Z0 x *
6z jZ f ZgzZ @
c z ] Zz M +
Y k Y { gzZ 3
y Z G 4)g8
E 4E
DkZ EG

5BEZ D; M V- X @ Y H_

r.
) { gzZ 3
~6 Zz M t ( V gzZ \ ! @
Y 3diploid CY q M iZ% ] zZ mZgzZ ZZ Vzg Z0
Yx

D
X Dhaploid c
64] X
I
B-o!3c
G
V E gzZ { c
ZZ 0
/
i kZ ( g Z0 4E
Y J/G Z )<
&q
z ( } & z~ { gzZ3
E"

G
Z c z{ Y (Z
) zG3E
0 A z~]g+ZQ ( N YB3
Z

e Za ~gzZ / !
-EI
oG!
Zg ) CY~ : M(gametes)
by
) N Y {[ Z sexual reproduction $ gi X D ] , Z Zz
6 J/G
c
, Z f
VZza ! ) z 0
Za V ( VZza lgz6~ N Y Y
($
G
ZpX D B (dizygotic) A zV VDz
z[ Za G
@
n

kZQgzZABq z ( \ 5} &
Z Z { gzZ3
) [ Z G
Yy
(cell) 3g Z0 ZtM
V- @ ~p Zy M
te

, Z , <z Z Z 0
VZza Y~ Vzt\ 5
lgz6
G X CZZ 0
M~*kZg Z0
i mZ c YkZ @

X @Y (monozygotic) A q
V
ri t

~(fertilization) [ Z ; CYV- p-mZ


Zz
am
130
File G:\Drug Index\1.gif not found.
129

q) <
c wEZ f a V ZZg Z0
Y Zg (embryo) <

zz
X D Y
~
yxg V Z mZ @
Y { kZ~
<~ ] @
m

oa
6gx jZ
Za Z7* 0
6 ogzZ @
Y] q Yc~]gZ
0
*Zzg G
Y6ZgzJ
@ VZZyZ(zygote) @ <~] * Z

M
p @
Y
Dg Z%J

VCc
F n Z
t a
E [ Z <~ ( ._ p ] * Z
Z ) y
* Z~ } )|!?Z E<X [t

r.
q ) ~ [ kZ f n Z Yk wEZ eZ
q Jx !Z ,^ M ~ V (fertilization)
Z ;
gzZ sexual intercourse ~ ~ m HwEZ ~ Q c
gzZ

D
9
5.j
(foetus) G Za ,^ MgzZ @
ZJ Y Hw EZ f
zg p?gzZX @ Y copulation Q c coitus ~ ( pz) -I
o!
4)g8 Y~: M(gametes) V E BG 3 gzZ { c
c [ ZX @
/ Y
Z (Z
E
Vz G
Z c
q mc Zg nkZ y xg Z Zi z c
) z
X @
Y M ~}%ikZA q Z ~6 e / 3g ) /
t ( b ] * Z 6g Cg @
Z Z ) ~ V Y
by
X @
~ ( uterus
5. 9
G
{Y kZneuron Zg 0 ] y*t
n

c g0
5{8 Zz
G Z 3g~(conception) x
Y@6gZz~ ^] !
(product)
gzZX $ {
t @ % eZ6gx ~T
<6 ZZ ,z9 {z Z {z~ V a
te

(embryo)
zz Z @
Y c
0
s ZZ} %z{z neuron c 3{Zga
y E 9
Za ZZ ,z9 kZgzZ @
Y c
B fetus c
G5. @
Y %
Soma ~ ~ m
ZX @
Y prekaryon
%jZ
ri t

9
5.j
X @
YG
ZJ
X @
Ycell body 3jZth
'
am
132 131
B gz Z A 6RBC ] cu yp Z @
VX/
AB \z
\z
AZ Vz~)i Z Dantigen
antibody ~ e ! XAZVz Y ~zg system Z 29 yp
T $ z kZ
Z

zz
X 'YY 0
7 Dw EZ { c Rhesus ) Rh ( gzZ ABO ~ 0
i i {%izg~
XAZVz6
RBC ] cuyp Z @

O \z VX/ Rh O gzZ AB, B, A D \z
g e yp~ ABO X

oa
X CYY 0 AZVz~)i ZD7antigen
antibody ~ e !
J Mt T ~negative c Vzg e yZ
positive \z
X C6
' RBC ] cuyZyp antibody ~ e !
AZ A AZ .D Y0\z

M
:
k h agglutinate ! antigen XAZ A
7ZgzZ @
X C ] cuB \z
antibody ~ e !
AZ B AZ bZX

r.
9Rh ^mRhesus

D
RBC ] cu yp Z @
6 V X
positive \z
antigen XAZ Rhesus
AZ Rhesus AZ ~)i Z} L @
X CYY 0
e
7antibody ~ e !
antigen XAZ B gzZ A 6Vcuypg Zzg Z \z
c
by
RBC ] cu yp Z @
6 V X
negative \z
Rhesus 7antigen XAZ Rhesus
AZ ~)i ZgzZ @ @ )
6
AZ natural Cg~ e !
AZ Rhesus AZ X CYY 0
7antibody ~ e !
AZ antigen XAZ A 6
AZ~)i Z @ RBC ] cu
n

Yyp positive i negative


ZzzX C7~ e ! V7J
X$ an ZVnq CYY 0
antibody ~ e !
AZ B
te

{ M CY 0 ~ e ! 7 Z ~g
AZ Rhesus AZ ~ kZ [ Z1@ XAZ B 6RBC ] cu yp Z @
VX/
B \z
Z ~g ZC yY6
X $ Yyp positive CY Y 0
antibody ~ e ! antigen
AZ A AZ~)i Z @
ri t

u ] 9Rh ^mRhesus V7J


X$ an ZV nq
am
134 133
] cu{w ZgzZ ~ e !
AZ KZ !% @ yp!%Z
Yc
.@7{Ya ~y {\z
positive Z
q
{ c
AZ {wZgzZ ] cuLZ !% @ i { Z ~g yxg {z { Zp @
7{Ya ~ y { \z
negative q
Z

zz
{ Z ~gyxg~ e !
X @ nq\z negative q
ZZ
1X negative c
^ \z positive
LL1 yp CZ eZp 6 @
!%Z Y c , z
ypz!%C 47Ecua ciyZgz a\z
V J/G positive y {

oa
) Bo Z (yp \z
n Z1 YYc }uz : [
yp \z
:
antibody ~ e ! ~ ypy Zgz
AZ Rhesus AZ~ V
Z
Z VJ
V y Zgz Zz ~ wgzZ ) $ a n Z V nq (

M
7yp \z
%Z Y Y c positive !% \z
negative zzX k gzZ h ] cua D 0
: lgz6~
yp negative !%\z
X YYc positive Z } a\z
positive
Zy {\z
negative

r.
} yp7Z1 M }uz !%\z
yp V \z AB V @ RHEOGRAM ) ( bZ ~ e !
Y c AZ Rhesus AZi Z
AZp V gzZ { n] cu a {4Z ~ yp

D
7
M Rhesus


\z}uz p1 M
} ypV Zz\z
}uz v\z
O V kZy Zgz Zz~wbSZX Sg7]gz~ e !
AZ
. Yyp \z
O s!%\z
Y} : yp A \z
7wJyp
O M
e X Lg7{a D 0
lgz6
~
by
y
Z \z
B gzZ B \z
y
Z \z
A
y{\z negative Zaa\z
positive
Z
Y:gzZ a \z n Z : bZ ~ e !
positive ZC AZ Rhesus AZt
o e ^n j {%y Zgz
X Y`k(
n

@
Y c
0
]{ A positive gzZ O positive \z { c
~ F i
\znegative {z 4f&Zp\z
negative
te

X kZ c Z @
nq [ AB negative \z
negative a bSZ X , ~
gzZ V \z %
YE43
k $] X 5GXgp] Z
ri t

AB c
A, B . @
O \z
V O \z
Vz ZgzZ !Z
Z Transfusion ^j]
am
136 135
'
t h X @
Y (low risk) ~ ~ mZjZX {tgzZ @
. Y7
GE
g 38 ZZ
X M V; X Y 7O \z Vz ZgzZ !
a AB \z Z
Z

zz
G . YAB
L gzZ B,A
G
(cardiac arrest) L Y ug P / w ~VO }uzgzZ AB \z
q
Z ~ ZgzZ !Z
Z

oa
@
Y arrest c
Yug c
Ys (tawaqquf) X B c
fA c
a X Y7O c
AB \z

zz&wgtX
X $ @
negative \z
V negative \z
Vz ZgzZ !Z
Z

M
wn~w (cardiac asystole) --- nZ
gzZ C7 negative a ZVpositive + -Zz
X M Z1 .

CPR s D7defibrillate kZ X CY {g Ss6ECG BVg *


[ Y Z1 Lg q
zf Z 0

i ~g \z y , z
ZC

r.
Bq
x Z Zq
atropine gzZ adrenalineZ40 &C gzZTg D !%bone marrow transplant gzZ liver transplant ~X

D
-G
4<XG# w$
X \z


. @ YHwEZ pace maker 6 : ~4 kZ . G
E4 $ GE
" ] Ww~kZ (ventricular fibrillation) --- yg -GE
F
K g 38 Z
. D defibrillate kZX @
7B M ypzz, D i
0 e wEZ f( k] ZzgzZ c
) V Z`
GE
y Z6gx ~ ] g 38 Z
by
-4 $ 3E
E "
45E GE
u GEE
kZ (pulseless ventricular tachycardia)--- G Z Zx|6g 38 ZX60
gzZ @ Za ~g F X @
Zh YH
gzZ M x Zg MjZ: @yp: ~ kZ P ! Z w ~
0 q '
Zt h X @
Y (high risk) ~ ~ mZjZ X {t
mZ
GE
kZV. D defibrillate kZX CYC
Zf ] ! X Mg 38 Z
n

E4E
$ GE
7Tq~n~uz (ventricular tachycardia) u -G g 3 8 Z -
te

* mZ O ( d e f i b r i l l a t e ) yg w Zzi Z gzZ C f ( k] ZzgzZ c


) VZ`
GE
yZ6gx ~ ] gp g 38 Z -
ri t

X CY (synchronized cardioversion) GE
Z Zx|6g 38 ZX c
60Z Za ~g F X @ YHwEZ
am
138 137
E4E
$ EE "
45E
X (cyanosis) -G 3G gzZ (fibrillation) yg (coarse) c
(fine) s ECG

t X @ (DC Shock) rxc Z X @


Y c Y ^
u

zz
Y l" g0
eZ ~ VP gzZ @ Z 7-8 y
Z c
ECG %X $ sp~}uzq ZwgV!zgqy Zgz
~ V(cardiac monitor) ELZ%
G
X e *
qz Zg ` n kZ @
Y e*
* Y% r
eZ)X @ ~ VgVgzZ Y Y H7t

oa
} z !%, Za kZ Y M 7~Za YC
X CYT(pulse) E 3E
"

kZ ece /Zz(CPR) Z ~ g C
V ;z
z kZ l^nff

M
. YX y Y m
c
LZy {zbkZ . &
z R ( Vc ] ; z ~g ~(aetiology) ] G
g F w $ 5_ mZ
4E
5E
~gzVZzg z n )g (ypZz x M J
r t s@ ` 1{)znoradrenaline gzZ adrenaline N Zz ZgzZ ) {)z f Z ^g ;

r.
X { c
@ i 6w (normal) 8! { eZ yZgz(anesthesia) k y
G
C c M Y Z e 0g x M N Zz " X

D
Pulmonary Ventillation *
x M~Vz V F5' i CO2 [
Cardiac Compression or Cardiac B jw
* ypg ] c Y { c
* i yp ) C c 7 ( (electrolytes)
i N

e
Massage {)z ze 5H 9 *
5E Y ]g Zw `g (acute hyptotension)
zzmZ
by
wEZ b Z ABC c ` z
Cardiac Arrest 6gx X $
X C Y ni

i ? ^zg ~5 Zg H Airway A
y ! (carotid pulse) E3E
"
C6y qyZgz
X CY T
n

E
Vomitus { {~X buzg3 Zg
yp c
{)z* CE6y ZggzZ
gzZ C M 7i Zz M P w X Q7(femoral pulse) q~E
te

? [ug H Breathing B ) ni c6M ( ni { i @ ZX CY(pupils) c


uV\ M
qy
? T H Circulation C gz C 7(arterial bleeding) s 4c
s 4~h kZ
ri t

(venous

g 7q6y
gzZ ; g^7z ! Z
Airway t Zgi& @ %Z bleeding)
g !%gzZ CY ug X $
Y 78 8
am
140 139
yZgz ZX e b qz Zg *
Cardiac Massage gzZ b
Zh
MX M n Z ' @
e q :Z wgVzuz i Zz M

zz
tc xRhythm w)g fCardiac Monitor c
M e* ECG

I/V Canulla Z yZgz ZX Fibrillationc


7I/V Line Asystole

oa
Atropine V%, Z 6gx X Y ] ; gzZ N Zz @
e b
LLX D Y bZ Sodium Bicarbonate gzZ Adrenaline

M
c Z X D Calcium
Pulseless Ventricular Tachycardia

X e b DC shock 100-360 Joule Fibrillation

r.
gzZ Umbu Bag , z
1 Y Y c
y M gzZ4 { c
i Endotracheal tube

D
Z X @
V: x
Z X e Z ~ J
n Z u * !% gzZ

e } Cardiac Massage M q
ZpX }q
Z V M z c Resuscitation
ZuzgzZ
by
Zs
q ZChest Compression 0
C
{z ;g Resuscitate
ZX } izCompression 15 C
qgzZ q z )P {g !
z wResuscitation 410-20 ] zZ
n

( N Zz Zz% eb6 Y kC{g!


V%Z6kZX $ z Pulse
te

{)zDopamine, Dobutrex, Noradrenaline ) 5 ~ \g e


7
X $ ]gz
ri t
am
142 141
"
E z

] Z0Z C )|4XzC

zz
ZgZ
] Z0Z [
+ z
] Z0Z Z

oa
$E
E ]
GG3.
Z
i Z
pd
q g Z
y!
i/p

M
q g Zt
p C G 4Z
5G3E

=y
`sZ

r.
x Zx
] c'
Mh
Urinary Systemx ~g Zg Z

D
Z
=
=
_
e
^
[|Z
by
ypbZ
]P
Cerculatory Systemx


] y$ Z

( I *
Z ) =
Zyzg
n

Endocrine System x ~i Z
w dZ
Zyzg
te

x ~i Z
wx
zYg {zZ
ri t

Respiratory System
g @
w
am
,z iD
g)*
X ,c ]i YZ'
Zz
S[kZX 1

zz
X YwgZ)*
]i YZ bes gzZ-Z0 Zz
S[kZX 2
X Y 4zbegzZ)*

oa
]i YZiDZ Ds@'X 3
y*zyk ;Z[tg ZzX 4
X_#

M
r.
kgW?
D

Z 0 kg V
d
z Z kgWzg Z ( *Z} Z ) Z ! ! *Z +
HZ Y ?`
e

Y e! Ze6
X $ qbpzvgzZ0kgxg
by

d
http://kareema.vvs.ir:V z
5.G'
G
moazzamhaidari92@gmail.com : Z
n
te
rit
W

S-ar putea să vă placă și