LAB-MANUAL

IV Year VIII SEM ECE

8EC5A
R.F.Febrication Lab LAB

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS &

COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
S.NO Name of the Experiment

Design and fabricate stripline and measure their S- parameter and

1
characteristics impedance.

Design and fabricate Micro-stripline and measure their S- parameter and

2
characteristics impedance.

Design and fabricate slot lines and measure their S- parameter and
3
characteristics impedance.

Design and fabricate Coplanar lines and measure their S- parameter and
4
characteristics impedance.

Design and fabricate Low Pass filter and measure their S- parameter and
5
frequency response.

Design and fabricate Band Pass filter and measure their S- parameter and
6
frequency response.

Design and fabricate Wilkinson Power Divider and measure their S- parameter
7.
and frequency response.

8. Design, fabricate and measurement of RF amplifier using microwave BJT.

Index

DOS
1. Student should get the record of previous experiment checked before starting the new
experiment.

2. Read the manual carefully before starting the experiment.

3. Before starting the experiment, get circuit diagram checked by the teacher.

4. Before switching on the power supply, get the circuit connections checked.

5. Get your readings checked by the teacher.

6. Apparatus must be handled carefully.

7. Maintain strict discipline.

8. Keep your mobile phone switched off or in vibration mode.

9. Students should get the experiment allotted for next turn, before leaving the lab.

Approved By

PRINCIPAL

AIET

DONTS

1. Do not touch or attempt to touch the mains power supply wire with bare hands.
 2. Do not overcrowd the tables.
3. Do not tamper with equipments.
4. Do not leave the lab without permission from the teacher.

Approved By

PRINCIPAL

AIET

INSTRUCTIONS TO THE STUDENTS

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS
Maintain separate observation copy for each laboratory.
Observations or readings should be taken only in the observation copy.
Get the readings counter signed by the faculty after the completion of the experiment.
 Maintain Index column in the observation copy and get the signature of the faculty
before leaving the lab.

BEFORE ENTERING THE LAB

The previous experiment should have been written in the practical file, without
which the students will not be allowed to enter the lab.
The students should have written the experiment in the observation copy that they
are supposed to perform in the lab.
The experiment written in the observation copy should have aim, apparatus
required, circuit diagram/algorithm, blank observation table (if any), formula (if
any), programme (if any), model graph (if any) and space for result.

WHEN WORKING IN THE LAB

Necessary equipments/apparatus should be taken only from the lab assistant by
making an issuing slip, which would contain name of the experiment, names of
batch members and apparatus or components required.
Never switch on the power supply before getting the permission from the faculty.

BEFORE LEAVING THE LAB

The equipments/components should be returned back to the lab assistant in good
condition after the completion of the experiment.
The students should get the signature from the faculty in the observation copy.
They should also check whether their file is checked and counter signed in the
inde
 Experiment 1

Objective:
To design the Strip Line at 1.5 GHz

1. Calculate the length and width of Strip line at 1.5 GHz

To simulate the Strip Line

1. Specify the Strip Line parameter

2. Define the geometric modal
3. Define the material data and boundary conditions
4. Run the simulation
5. Analyze the simulation results.

.
Requirement:
1. Computer facility
2. EMgine Simulation Software

Theory:
Stripline is a transverse electromagnetic (TEM) transmission line that was invented in the 1950s
by Robert M. Barrett of the Air Force Cambridge Research Centre. Strip lines are essentially
modification of the two wire lines and coaxial lines. These are basically planar transmission lines
that are widely used at frequencies from 100 MHz to 100 GHz. Figure 1 shows the cross-
sectional view of the strip line structure.
 Fig 1: Strip line transmission Line

As seen in fig1, a strip line consist of a central thin conducting strip of width w which is greater
than its thickness t, placed inside the low loss dielectric (r) substrate of thickness b between
two wide ground plates. Usually the thickness of the metallic central conductor and the metallic
ground plane are the same. The dominant mode for the strip line is a TEM mode shown in fig 2,
and the field are confined within the transmission line with no radiation losses. The width of the
ground planes is at least five times greater than the spacing between the plates there by
avoiding any vertical side walls at the two transverse end. There are practically no fringing
fields after a certain distance from the edge of the center conductor. For b /2, there will be
no propagation in the transverse direction.

Fig 2: TEM mode of strip line

However, there are certain disadvantage of strip lines is that the circuit is not accessible during
development for adjustment and tuning and also it is difficult to mount discrete and active
components (like transistors, diodes, chip resistor, circulators, chip capacitors etc.)

Simulation Procedure:
Geometric Construction

This tutorial will take you step by step through the construction of your model, and relevant
screen shots will be provided so that you can double-check your entries along the way.
Download the given link of emGine Environment. Go to emGine in the program file and
double click to open the simulator.

Once you have started emGin, go to file and click on new project a dialog box will open to
give the appropriate name for the new project. You should set the units in mm, GHz and s and
press ok.
Simulation

Results:
S-Parameters Results

The S-parameters magnitude in dB scale can be plotted by

clicking on the Results: dB folder

The smith chart can also be seen from Smith chart folder.
The computed electric field E-field at 1.5 GHz of the Strip line

Precautions:

Follow instructions carefully.

EMgine software should be properly
installed.
 Experiment 2

Objective:
To design the Microstrip line at 1.5 GHz

1. Calculate the length and width of Microstrip line at 1.5 GHz

To simulate the Microstrip line

6. Specify the Microstrip line parameter

7. Define the geometric modal
8. Define the material data and boundary condition
9. Run the simulation
10. Analyze the simulation results.

.
Requirement:
3. Computer facility
4. EMgine Simulation Software

Theory:
Transmission lines in microwave circuit are normally used to carry information or energy from
one point to other and as circuit element for passive circuits such as filters, impedance
transformers, couplers, and delay lines. Passive elements in conventional microwave circuits are
mostly distributed and employ sections of transmission line and waveguide. This is because the
sizes of discrete lumped elements (resistors, inductors, and capacitors) used in electronic circuits
at lower frequencies become comparable to the wavelength at microwave frequencies. However,
when the size is lumped elements are reduced to dimensions much smaller than the wavelength,
they are used in microwave frequencies.

Multiconductor structures that support TEM or non - TEM modes of propagation are commonly
referred to as transmission lines. Waveguides or dielectric rods or their derivatives support the
non TEM mode of propagation. The TEM transmission lines are characterized by four basic
parameters, the characteristics impedance Zo, the phase velocity v p, the attenuation constant a,
and peak power-handling capability Pmax, in terms of physical parameters (such as the geometric
cross section) and properties of the dielectric and the conductor materials used.
 An extensive variety of transmission and waveguide structures are used at microwave
frequencies. Figure shows cross-sectional views of commonly used structures. Half-wavelength,
quarter-wavelength, or smaller sections of these lines from the basic building blocks in most
microwave circuits.

Figure 2: Transmission structure for microwave circuits.

Characteristics of Planar Transmission Lines

For a transmission structure to be suitable as a circuit element in MICs, one of the

principal requirements is that the structure should be planar in configuration. A planar
geometry implies that the characteristics of the element can be determined from the dimensions
in a single plane. As shown in Fig., various forms of planar transmission lines have been
developed for use in MICs. The strip line, microstrip , inverted microstrip line, slot line, coplanar
waveguide, and coplanar strip line, are representative planar transmission lines. The circuits
realized using any one of the aforementioned transmission lines or combinations of them have
distinct advantages, such as light weight, small size, improved performance, better reliability and
reproducibility, and low cost, as compared to conventional microwave circuits. They are also
compatible with solid state strip chip devices. Integrated circuits employing these structures at
microwave frequencies have been widely discussed in the literature.

Microstrip

Unlike the strip line, the microstrip line (shown in Fig3) is an inhomogeneous
transmission line, since the field lines between the strip and the ground plane are not contained
entirely in the substrate. Therefore, the mode propagation along the microstrip is not purely TEM
but quasi-TEM.

Figure 3: Microstrip line configuration

Extensive literature dealing with the analytical and numerical solutions of this medium
exists. Of these solutions, the quasi-static approach is perhaps the simplest but has a limited
range of validity, while the full-wave approach is complete and rigorous. In the quasi-static
method, the nature of the mode of propagation is considered to be pure TEM, and the
transmission line characteristics are calculated from the electrostatic capacitances of the
structure. It is found that this analysis is adequate for designing circuits when the strip width and
the substrate thickness are much smaller than the wavelength in the dielectric material. In the
quasi-static approach, the transmission characteristics are calculated from the values of two
capacitances: one is Ca, for a unit length of the microstrip configuration with the dielectric
materials replace by air, and the other is C, for a unit length of the microstrip with the dielectric
present.

Figure 4: The variation of characteristics impedance with W/h at different values of effective
dielectric constant

Inhomogeneity
In microstrip line, some part of the electromagnetic wave is propagated through substrate and
some part through air above it. Since the substrate and air both have different dielectric constant.
So wave propagates with different velocities in both medium. This inhomogeneity in the medium
produces a discontinuity in the electric and magnetic field. This make the analysis complicated.
To simplify the analysis, we define the effective dielectric constant of the microstrip line which
is the dielectric constant of an equivalent homogeneous medium. Due to this inhomogeneity,
microstrip line support a quasi TEM wave because electric and magnetic field both have
component in the direction of wave propagation. As the frequency increases, the effective
dielectric constant also increases. This results in the decrease of phase velocity. So micostrip line
become dispersive at high frequencies. Similarly characteristic impedance of microstrip line also
either increases or decreases or first decreases then increases with increase of frequency.
 Figure 2: Field distribution pattern in Microstrip line

To design the microstrip line, we have to calculate the width and length of the microstrip
line.

Procedure is given as following:

Given Parameters:

Frequency f = 1.5 GHz

Substrate Thickness d = 1.1 mm

Substrate Permittivity r = 5.5

Characteristic Impedance z0 = 50

Geometric Construction Steps

This tutorial will take you step by step through the construction of your model, and relevant
screen shots will be provided so that you can double-check your entries along the way.
Download the given link of emGine Environment. Go to emGine in the program file and
double click to open the simulator.
Simulation

Finally to start the simulations go to solver and press Simulation button to start the
calculation. A progress bar will appear in the status bar, displaying some information about
the solver stages.
Results:
S-Parameters Results

The S-parameters magnitude in dB scale can be plotted by clicking on the Results: dB folder

The smith chart can also be seen from Smith chart folder.
The computed electric field E-field at 1.5 GHz of the Microstrip Line.

The computed electric field H-field at 1.5 GHz of the Microstrip Line.
.
Precautions:

Follow instructions carefully.

EMgine software should be properly installed.
 Experiment 3

Objective:
To design the Slot Line at 3 GHz

1. Calculate the length and width of Slot Line at 3 GHz

To simulate the Slot Line

11. Specify the Slot line parameter

12. Define the geometric modal
13. Define the material data and boundary conditions
14. Run the simulation
15. Analyze the simulation results

Requirement:
5. Computer facility
6. EMgine Simulation Software
 Theory:
A slot line structure is a planar structure. It consists of a dielectric substrate, in which a slot is
etched on the metallization of the substrate. The other surface is without any metallization. The
series and parallel elements can be connected without much difficulty in this type of substrate.
The structure is thus complementary to that of the microstrip. The slot-line configuration
(shown in Fig. 1) is useful in circuits requiring high-impedance lines, series stubs, and short
circuit and in hybrid combinations with microstrip circuit in MICs.

Approximate electric and magnetic field distribution in the structure are shown in fig. 2. It can
be seen that the magnetic field has a component in the direction of propagation as well. Thus the
mode of propagation is TE mode and not the TEM mode. The main features of slot line are as
follows.

1. The slot transmission line has a simple geometry that is compatible with microwave
integrated circuits.

In a slot line, both the conductors are in one plane, and therefore shunt mounting of the
component (active or passive) across the line is very convenient.

In the cross section of the line, at some region the magnetic field is circularly polarized. This
feature can be used in the design of several ferrite components such as resonance isolators.

Slot line configuration is useful in circuits requiring high impedance line, series stub, and short
circuit and in hybrid combination with microwave circuits in MICs.

A slotline on a dielectric surface and electric and magnetic field distribution in the slot line are
shown in following figure..

Figure 1: (a) Slot line on a dielectric substrate (b) Slot line configuration
 Figure.2 (a) E-field distribution in cross section. (b) H field in longitudinal section

Introduction and Model Dimensions

In this tutorial you will learn how to simulate planar devices. As a typical example for a planar
device, you will analyze a Slot Line. The following explanations on how to model and analyze
this device can be applied to other planar devices, as well.Geometric Construction Steps. This
tutorial will take you step by step through the construction of your model, and relevant screen
shots will be provided so that you can double-check your entries along the way. Download the
given link of emGine Environment. Go to emGine in the program file and double click to open
the simulator.
Simulation

Finally to start the simulations go to solver and press Simulation button to start the calculation.
A progress bar will appear in the status bar, displaying some information about the solver stages.

Results:
S-Parameters Results

The S-parameters magnitude in dB scale can be plotted by clicking on the Results: dB folder.
The smith chart can also be seen from Smith chart folder.
The computed electric field E-field at 2.67 GHz of the Slot Line

The computed H-field at 2.67 GHz of the Slot Line.

Precautions:

Follow instructions carefully.
EMgine software should be properly installed
 Experiment 4
Objective:
To design the Coplanar Waveguide at 1.5 GHz

1. Calculate the length and width of Coplanar Waveguide at 1.5 GHz

To simulate the Coplanar Waveguide

16. Specify the Coplanar Waveguide parameter

17. Define the geometric modal
18. Define the material data and boundary conditions
19. Run the simulation
20. Analyze the simulation results

Requirement:
7. Computer facility
8. EMgine Simulation Software

Theory:
A representation of coplanar waveguide is shown in figure1. At first glance, it resembles
microstrip construction. It has a single circuit board, just like microstrip; it has the circuit traces
on the top of the board, just like microstrip; and it has air over the top of the circuit board, just
like microstrip. When you look at it a little closer, however, you see some very distinct
difference. In microstrip construction, there is a circuit trace on the top of the board material of a
certain width and thickness. There is also a complete ground plane on the reverse side of the
board. In a coplanar waveguide, there is still a circuit trace on top of the board that is a certain
width and thickness, but there are also ground planes on both sides of the circuit trace and, as can
be seen in figure 1, there is also ground plane on the bottom of the circuit board. Ground plane
on both sides of the circuit trace is where this type of transmission line structure get its name. A
conductor surrounded by ground guides the electromagnetic wave down the transmission
line.
 Figure 1: Coplanar Waveguide Structure

A coplanar waveguide is a planar transmission structure for transmitting microwave signals

(f>300MHz). A conventional CPW on a dielectric substrate consists of a center strip conductor
with semi-infinite ground planes on either side as shown in Figure 1. This structure supports a
quasi-TEM mode of propagation. The CPW offers several advantages over conventional
microstrip line: First, it simplifies fabrication: second, it facilitates easy shunt as well as series
surface mounting of active and passive devices: third, it eliminates the need for wraparound and
via holes, and fourth, it reduces radiation losses. In addition a ground plane exists between any
two adjacent lines, hence cross talk effects between adjacent lines are very week. As a result,
CPW circuits can be made denser than conventional microstrip circuits. These, as well as several
other advantages, make CPW ideally suited for MIC (Microwave Integrated Circuits) as well as
MMIC(Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuits) applications.

The coplanar waveguide (CPW) proposed by C. P. Wen in 1969 consisted of a dielectric

substrate with conductors on the top surface. The conductors formed a center strip separated by a
narrow gap from two ground planes on either side. The dimensions of the center strip, the gap,
the thickness and permittivity of the dielectric substrate determined the effective dielectric
constant (eeff), characteristic impedance (Z0) and the attenuation (a) of the line. This basic
structure has become known as the conventional CPW.
 Figure 2 Field Distribution in Coplanar Waveguide

Figures 2 and 3 illustrate the computed electric field and magnetic field, respectively, in the cross
section of the coplanar waveguide. It is observed that the electric-field lines extend across the
slot while the magnetic-field lines are perpendicular to the air-dielectric interface in the slot. The
electric and magnetic field in the right half of the structure are in a direction opposite to the
electric and magnetic field in the left half of the structure. Furthermore part of the magnetic-field
lines encircles the center conducting strip separating the two slots. Hence it should be possible to
realize CPW circulators whose function is dominated by the transverse magnetic field
component. The longitudinal view in Figure 2 shows that in the air regions the magnetic-field
lines curve and return to the slot at half-wavelength intervals. Consequently a wave propagating
along the structure has an elliptically polarized magnetic field. Hence it should be possible to
successfully exploit the elliptically polarized magnetic field in the design of CPW resonance
isolators and differential phase shifters.
 Figure 3: Computed magnetic-field distribution in the cross section (x0 plane).

Geometric Construction Steps

This tutorial will take you step by step through the construction of your model, and relevant
screen shots will be provided so that you can double-check your entries along the way.
Download the given link of emGine Environment. Go to emGine in the program file and
double click to open the simulator.

Simulation

Finally to start the simulations go to solver and press Simulation button to start the calculation.
A progress bar will appear in the status bar, displaying some information about the solver stages.
Result:
S-Parameters Results

The S-parameters magnitude in dB scale can be plotted by clicking on the Results: dB folder
 Precautions:

Follow instructions carefully.

EMgine software should be properly installed.