Chapter 19

Blood Vessels
Blood is carried in a closed system of vessels that begins and

ends at the heart
In adult, blood vessels stretch 60,000 miles!
The three major types of vessels are arteries, capillaries, and
veins
Arteries carry blood away from the heart (O2 rich, except
pulmonary)
They branch, diverge, fork
Veins carry blood toward the heart (O2 poor, except
pulmonary)
They join, merge, converge
Capillaries contact tissue cells and directly serve cellular needs
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Generalized Structure of Blood Vessels
Arteries and veins are composed of three tunics
tunica interna, tunica media, and tunica externa
Lumen central blood-containing space
surrounded by tunics
Capillaries are composed of endothelium with
sparse basal lamina

Generalized Structure of Blood Vessels
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 19.1b
Tunics
Tunica interna (tunica intima)
Endothelial layer that lines the lumen of all vessels
Continuation w/ the endocardial lining of the heart
Flat cells, slick surface
In vessels larger than 1 mm, a subendothelial connective
tissue basement membrane is present
Tunica media
Circularly arranged smooth muscle and elastic fiber layer,
regulated by sympathetic nervous system
Controls vasoconstriction/vasodilation of vessels

Tunics
Tunica externa (tunica adventitia)
Collagen fibers that protect and reinforce vessels
Contains nerve fibers, lymphatic vessels, & elastin
fibers
Larger vessels contain vasa vasorum (capillary
network) that nourish more external tissues of the
blood vessel wall

Blood Vessel Anatomy
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Table 19.1
Elastic (Conducting) Arteries
Thick-walled arteries near the heart; the aorta and
its major branches
Large lumen allow low-resistance conduction of
blood
Contain elastin in all three tunics
Inactive in vasoconstriction
Serve as pressure reservoirs expanding and
recoiling as blood is ejected from the heart

Muscular (Distributing) Arteries and Arterioles
Muscular arteries distal to elastic arteries; deliver
blood to body organs
Account for most of the named structures in lab
Have thickest tunica media (proportionally) of all
the vessels
Active in vasoconstriction
Arterioles smallest arteries; lead to capillary beds
Control flow into capillary beds via vasodilation
and constriction

Capillaries
Capillaries are the smallest blood vessels (microscopic)
Walls consisting of a thin tunica interna, one cell thick
Allow only a single RBC to pass at a time
Pericytes on the outer surface stabilize their walls
Tissues have a rich capillary supply

Tendons, ligaments are poorly vascularized
Cartilage, cornea, lens, and epithelia lack capillaries

Vascular Components
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 19.2a, b
Types of Capillaries
There are three structural types of capillaries:
Continuous
Fenestrated
Sinusoids

Continuous Capillaries
Continuous capillaries are abundant in the skin and muscles
Endothelial cells provide an uninterrupted lining
Adjacent cells are connected with tight junctions
Intercellular clefts allow the passage of fluids & small
solutes
Brain capillaries do not have clefts (blood-brain barrier)

Fenestrated Capillaries
Found wherever active capillary absorption or filtrate formation
occurs (e.g., small intestines, endocrine glands, and kidneys)
Characterized by:
An endothelium riddled with pores (fenestrations)
Greater permeability than other capillaries

Sinusoids
Highly modified, leaky, fenestrated capillaries with large
lumens
Found in the liver, bone marrow, lymphoid tissue, and in some
endocrine organs
Allow large molecules (proteins and blood cells) to pass
between the blood and surrounding tissues
Blood flows sluggishly (e.g. in spleen) allowing for removal of
unwanted debris and immunogens

Capillary Beds
A microcirculation moving from arterioles to
venules
Consist of two types of vessels:
Vascular shunts metarteriolethoroughfare
channel connecting an arteriole directly with a
postcapillary venule
True capillaries the actual exchange vessels

Blood Flow Through Capillary Beds
True capillaries: 10-100/bed
Branch from, then return to, the capillary bed
Precapillary sphincter
Cuff of smooth muscle that surrounds each true capillary at
the metarteriole and acts as a valve to regulate flow
Blood flow is regulated by vasomotor nerves and local
chemical conditions
True bed is open after meals, closed between meals
True bed is rerouted to skeletal muscles during physical
exercise

Capillary Beds
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 19.4a
Capillary Beds
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 19.4b
Venous System: Venules
Venules are formed when capillary beds unite
Postcapillary venules smallest venules,
composed of endothelium and a few pericytes
Allow fluids and WBCs to pass from the
bloodstream to tissues

Venous System: Veins
Veins:
Formed when venules converge
Composed of three tunics, with a thin tunica media
and a thick tunica externa consisting of collagen
fibers and elastic networks
Accommodate a large blood volume
Capacitance vessels (blood reservoirs) that contain
65% of the blood supply

Venous System: Veins
Veins have much lower blood pressure and thinner
walls than arteries
To return blood to the heart, veins have special
adaptations
Large-diameter lumens, which offer little
resistance to flow
Valves (resembling semilunar heart valves), which
prevent backflow of blood
Venous sinuses specialized, flattened veins with
extremely thin walls (e.g., coronary sinus of the
heart and dural sinuses of the brain)
Vascular Anastomoses
Merging blood vessels, more common in veins than
arteries
Arterial anastomoses provide alternate pathways (collateral
channels) for blood to reach a given body region
If one branch is blocked, the collateral channel can supply
the area with adequate blood supply
E.g. occur around joints, abdominal organs, brain, &
heart
E.g. poorly anastomized organs are retina, kidney,
spleen
Thoroughfare channels are examples of arteriovenous
anastomoses

Physiology of Circulation: Blood Flow
Actual volume of blood flowing in a given period:
Is measured in ml per min.
Is equivalent to cardiac output (CO), considering
the entire vascular system
Is relatively constant when at rest
Varies widely through individual organs

Blood Pressure (BP)
Force / unit area exerted on the wall of a blood
vessel by its contained blood
Expressed in millimeters of mercury (mm Hg)
Measured in reference to systemic arterial BP in
large arteries near the heart
The differences in BP within the vascular system
provide the driving force that keeps blood moving
from higher to lower pressure areas

Resistance
Resistance opposition to flow (friction)
Measure of the amount of friction blood encounters
Generally encountered in the systemic circulation away
from the heart
Referred to as peripheral resistance (PR)
The three sources of resistance are:
Blood viscosity
Total blood vessel length
Blood vessel diameter

Resistance Factors: Viscosity and Vessel
Length
Resistance factors that remain relatively constant are:
Blood viscosity:
Internal resistance to flow that exist in all fluids
Increased viscosity increases resistance (molecules
ability to slide past one another)
Blood vessel length:
The longer the vessel, the greater the resistance
E.g. one extra pound of fat = 1 mile of small vessels
required to service it = more resistance

Resistance Factors: Blood Vessel Diameter
Changes in vessel diameter are frequent and significantly
alter peripheral resistance
Fluid flows slowly

Fluid flows freely
The smaller the tube the greater the resistance

Resistance varies inversely with the fourth power of vessel
radius
For example, if the radius is doubled, the resistance is 1/16
as much

Resistance Factors: Blood Vessel Diameter
Small-diameter arterioles are the major
determinants of peripheral resistance
Fatty plaques from atherosclerosis:
Cause turbulent blood flow
Dramatically increase resistance due to turbulence

Blood Flow, Blood Pressure, and Resistance
Blood flow (F) is directly proportional to the difference in
blood pressure (P) between two points in the circulation
If P increases, blood flow speeds up; if P decreases,
blood flow declines
Blood flow is inversely proportional to resistance (R)
If R increases, blood flow decreases
R is more important than P in influencing local blood
pressure
F = P/R

Systemic Blood Pressure
Any fluid driven by a pump thru a circuit of closed
channels operates under pressure
The fluid closest to the pump is under the greatest
pressure
The heart generates blood flow.
Pressure results when flow is opposed by
resistanceeg. Systemic Blood Pressure

Systemic pressure:
Is highest in the aorta
Declines throughout the length of the pathway
Is 0 mm Hg in the right atrium
The steepest change in blood pressure occurs in the
arterioles which offer the greatest resistance to
blood flow

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 19.5
Arterial Blood Pressure
Arterial BP reflects two factors of the arteries close
to the heart
Their elasticity (how much they can be stretched)
The volume of blood forced into them at any given
time
Blood pressure in elastic arteries near the heart is
pulsatile (BP rises and falls)

Systolic pressure pressure exerted on arterial
walls during left ventricular contraction pushing
blood into the aorta (120 mm Hg)
Diastolic pressure aortic SL valve closes
preventing backflow and the walls of the aorta
recoil resulting in pressure drop
lowest level of arterial pressure during a
ventricular cycle

Pulse pressure the difference between systolic and diastolic
pressure
Felt as a pulse during systole as arteries are expanded
Mean arterial pressure (MAP) pressure that propels the blood
to the tissues
Because diastole is longer than systole
MAP = diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure
E.g. systolic BP = 120 mm Hg
E.g. diastolic BP = 80 mm Hg
MAP = 93
MAP & pulse pressure decline w/ distance from the heart
At the arterioles blood flow is steady
Capillary Blood Pressure
Capillary BP ranges from 40 (beginning) to 20
(end) mm Hg
Low capillary pressure is desirable because high
BP would rupture fragile, thin-walled capillaries
Low BP is sufficient to force filtrate out into
interstitial space and distribute nutrients, gases,
and hormones between blood and tissues

Venous Blood Pressure
Venous BP is steady and changes little during the
cardiac cycle
The pressure gradient in the venous system is only
about 20 mm Hg (from venules to venae cavae) vs.
60 mm Hg from the aorta to the arterioles
A cut vein has even blood flow; a lacerated artery
flows in spurts

Factors Aiding Venous Return
Venous BP alone is too low to promote adequate
blood return and is aided by the:
Respiratory pump pressure changes created
during breathing suck blood toward the heart by
squeezing local veins
Muscular pump contraction of skeletal muscles
surrounding deep veins pump blood toward the
heart with valves prevent backflow during venous
return
Smooth muscle contraction of the tunica media by
the SNS

Factors Aiding Venous Return
Maintaining Blood Pressure
Maintaining blood pressure requires:
Cooperation of the heart, blood vessels, and
kidneys
Supervision of the brain

Maintaining Blood Pressure
The main factors influencing blood pressure are:
Cardiac output (CO)
Peripheral resistance (PR)
Blood volume
Blood pressure = CO x PR
Blood pressure varies directly with CO, PR, and
blood volume
Changes in one (CO, PR, BV) are compensated by
the others to maintain BP

Cardiac Output (CO)
CO = stroke volume (ml/beat) x heart rate (beats/min)
Units are L/min
Cardiac output is determined by venous return and neural
and hormonal controls
Resting heart rate is controlled by the cardioinhibitory
center via the vagus nerves
Stroke volume is controlled by venous return (end diastolic
volume, or EDV)
Under stress, the cardioacceleratory center increases heart
rate and stroke volume
The end systolic volume (ESV) decreases and MAP
increases
Cardiac Output (CO)
Controls of Blood Pressure
Short-term controls:
Are mediated by the nervous system and
bloodborne chemicals
Counteract moment-to-moment fluctuations in
blood pressure by altering peripheral resistance
Long-term controls regulate blood volume

Short-Term Mechanisms: Neural Controls
Neural controls of peripheral resistance:
Alter blood distribution in response to demands
Maintain MAP by altering blood vessel diameter
Neural controls operate via reflex arcs involving:
Baroreceptors & afferent fibers
Vasomotor centers of the medulla
Vasomotor fibers
Vascular smooth muscle

Short-Term Mechanisms: Vasomotor Center
Vasomotor center a cluster of sympathetic neurons in the
medulla that oversees changes in blood vessel diameter
Maintains blood vessel tone by innervating smooth muscles
of blood vessels, especially arterioles
Cardiovascular center vasomotor center plus the cardiac
centers that integrate blood pressure control by altering
cardiac output and blood vessel diameter
Vasomotor fibers (T1-L2) innervate smooth muscle of the
arterioles
Vasomotor state is always in a state of moderate
constriction

Short-Term Mechanisms: Vasomotor Activity
Sympathetic activity causes:
Vasoconstriction and a rise in BP if increased
BP to decline to basal levels if decreased
Vasomotor activity is modified by:
Baroreceptors (pressure-sensitive), chemoreceptors
(O2, CO2, and H+ sensitive), higher brain centers,
bloodborne chemicals, and hormones

Short-Term Mechanisms: Baroreceptor-
Initiated Reflexes
When arterial blood pressure rises, it stretches
baroreceptos located in the carotid sinuses, aortic arch,
walls of most large arteries of the neck & thorax
Baroreceptors send impulses to the vasomotor center
inhibiting it resulting in vasodilation of arterioles and veins
and decreasing blood pressure
Venous dilation shifts blood to venous reservoirs causing a
decline in venous return and cardiac output
Baroreceptors stimulate parasympathetic activity and
inhibit the cardioacceletory center to decrease heart rate
and contractile force
Short-Term Mechanisms: Baroreceptor-
Initiated Reflexes
Declining blood pressure stimulates the
cardioacceleratory center to:

Increase cardiac output and vasoconstriction
causing BP to rise
Peripheral resistance & cardiac output are

regulated together to minimize changes in BP

Short-Term Mechanisms: Baroreceptor-Initiated
Reflexes
Baroreceptors respond to rapidly changing
conditions like when you change posture
They are ineffective against sustained pressure
changes, e.g. chronic hypertension, where they will
adapt and raise their set-point

Impulse traveling along
afferent nerves from
baroreceptors:
Stimulate cardio-
Sympathetic
inhibitory center
impulses to
(and inhibit cardio-
heart
acceleratory center)
( HR and contractility)
Baroreceptors
in carotid
sinuses and
aortic arch Inhibit CO
stimulated vasomotor center
R
Rate of vasomotor
Arterial impulses allows
blood pressure vasodilation CO and R
rises above ( vessel diameter)
return blood
normal range pressure to
Homeostatic
Stimulus: Im range
ba
Rising blood la nc
pressure e
Homeostasis: Blood pressure in normal range

Im Stimulus:
ba
la nc Declining
e
blood pressure
CO and R
return blood Impulses from
pressure to baroreceptors: Arterial blood pressure
homeostatic Stimulate cardio- falls below normal range
range acceleratory center
Cardiac (and inhibit cardio-
output inhibitory center) Baroreceptors in
(CO) carotid sinuses
Sympathetic and aortic arch
impulses to heart inhibited
Peripheral ( HR and contractility)
resistance (R)
Vasomotor Stimulate
fibers vasomotor
stimulate center
vasoconstriction
Short-Term Mechanisms: Chemical Controls
Blood pressure is regulated by chemoreceptor
reflexes sensitive to low oxygen and high carbon
dioxide levels
Prominent chemoreceptors are found in the carotid
and aortic bodies
Response is to increase cardiac output and
vasoconstriction
Increased BP speeds the return of blood to the
heart and lungs

Influence of Higher Brain Centers
Reflexes that regulate BP are integrated in the

medulla
Higher brain centers (cortex and hypothalamus)
can modify BP via relays to medullary centers

Chemicals that Increase Blood Pressure
Adrenal medulla hormones norepinephrine and
epinephrine increase blood pressure
NE has a vasoconstrictive action
E increases cardiac output and causes
vasodilation in skeletal muscles
Nicotine causes vasoconstriction: stimulates
sympathetic neurons and the release of large
amounts of NE & E

Chemicals that Increase Blood Pressure
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH, aka vasopressin)
produced by the hypothalamus
causes intense vasoconstriction in cases of extremely low
BP
stimulates the kidneys to conserve H2O
Angiotensin II
released when renal perfusion is inadequate
The kidneys release of renin generates angiotensin II,
which causes vasoconstriction

Chemicals that Decrease Blood Pressure
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) produced by the
atrium and causes blood volume and pressure to
decline along with general vasodilation
Nitric oxide (NO) is a brief but potent
vasodilator
Inflammatory chemicals histamine, prostacyclin,
and kinins are potent vasodilators
Alcohol causes BP to drop by inhibiting
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Long-Term Mechanisms: Renal Regulation
Long-term mechanisms control BP by altering
blood volume
Increased BP stimulates the kidneys to eliminate
water, thus reducing BP
Decreased BP stimulates the kidneys to increase
blood volume and BP

Kidney Action and Blood Pressure
Kidneys act directly and indirectly to maintain
long-term blood pressure
Direct renal mechanism alters blood volume
Indirect renal mechanism involves the renin-
angiotensin mechanism

Kidney Action and Blood Pressure: Direct Renal
Mechanism
Increase in BV causes an increase in BP
This stimulates the kidneys to release H2O which
lowers BV which in turn lowers BP

Kidney Action and Blood Pressure: Indirect Renal
Mechanism
Declining BP causes the release of renin, which

triggers the release of angiotensin II
Angiotensin II is a potent vasoconstrictor that
stimulates aldosterone secretion
Aldosterone enhances renal reabsorption
resulting in increased BP and BP

Kidney Action and Blood Pressure
Monitoring Circulatory Efficiency
Efficiency of the circulation can be assessed by
taking pulse and blood pressure measurements
Vital signs pulse and blood pressure, along with
respiratory rate and body temperature
Pulse pressure wave caused by the expansion and
recoil of elastic arteries
Radial pulse (taken on the radial artery at the wrist)
is routinely used

Palpated Pulse
Measuring Blood Pressure
Systemic arterial BP is measured indirectly with
the auscultatory method
A sphygmomanometer is placed on the arm
superior to the elbow
Pressure is increased in the cuff until it is greater
than systolic pressure in the brachial artery
Pressure is released slowly and the examiner
listens with a stethoscope

Measuring Blood Pressure
The first sound heard is recorded as the systolic
pressure
The pressure when sound disappears is recorded as
the diastolic pressure

Alterations in Blood Pressure
Normal BP at rest: 110-140 mm Hg (systolic) &
70-80 mm Hg (diastolic)
Hypotension low BP in which systolic pressure is
below 100 mm Hg
Hypertension condition of sustained elevated
arterial pressure of 140/90 or higher

Blood Flow Through Tissues
Blood flow, or tissue perfusion, is involved in:
Delivery of oxygen and nutrients to, and removal
of wastes from, tissue cells
Gas exchange in the lungs
Absorption of nutrients from the digestive tract
Urine formation by the kidneys

Velocity of Blood Flow
Blood velocity:
Changes as it travels through the systemic
circulation
Is inversely proportional to the cross-sectional area
E.g. Fast in the aorta
Slow in capillaries
Fast again in the veins

Velocity of Blood Flow
Autoregulation: Local Regulation of Blood
Flow
Autoregulation automatic adjustment of blood
flow to each tissue in proportion to its

requirements at any given point in time
Blood flow through an individual organ is
intrinsically controlled by modifying the diameter
of local arterioles feeding its capillaries
MAP remains constant, while local demands
regulate the amount of blood delivered to various
areas according to need

Blood Flow: Skeletal Muscles
Capillary density & blood flow is greater in red
(slow oxidative) fibers than in white (fast
glycolytic) fibers
When muscles become active, blood flow to them
increases (hyperemia)
This autoregulation occurs in response to low O2
levels
SNS activity increases causing an increase in NE
which causes vasoconstriction of the vessels of
blood reservoirs to the skin and viscera diverting
blood away to the skeletal muscles
Blood Flow: Brain
Blood flow to the brain is constant, as neurons are
intolerant of ischemia
Brain cannot store essential nutrients
Very precise autoregulatory system,
E.g. when you make a fist, blood supply
shifts to those neurons in the cerobral motor
cortex
Metabolic controls brain tissue is extremely
sensitive to declines in pH, and increased carbon
dioxide causes marked vasodilation
Blood Flow: Brain
Myogenic controls protect the brain from damaging
changes in blood pressure
Decreases in MAP cause cerebral vessels to dilate
to ensure adequate perfusion
Increases in MAP cause cerebral vessels to
constrict so smaller vessels do not rupture
MAP below 60mm Hg can cause syncope
(fainting)

Blood Flow: Skin
Blood flow through the skin:
Supplies nutrients to cells in response to oxygen
need
Helps maintain body temperature
Provides a blood reservoir

Blood Flow: Skin
Blood flow to venous plexuses below the skin
surface:
Varies from 50 ml/min (cold) to 2500 ml/min
(hot), depending on body temperature
Is controlled by sympathetic nervous system
reflexes initiated by temperature receptors and the
central nervous system
Does this via arteriole-venule shunts located at
fingertips, palms, toes, soles of feet, ears, nose, lips

Temperature Regulation
As temperature rises (e.g., heat exposure, fever, vigorous
exercise):
Hypothalamic signals reduce vasomotor stimulation of the
skin vessels
Blood flushes into capillary beds
Heat radiates from the skin
Sweat also causes vasodilation via bradykinin in perspiration
Bradykinin stimulates the release of NO which increases
vasodilation
As temperature decreases, skin vessels constrict and blood is
shunted to deeper, more vital organs
Rosy cheeks: blood entrapment in superficial
capillary loops
Blood Flow: Lungs (Think Reversal)
Blood flow in the pulmonary circulation is unusual
in that:
The pathway is short
Arteries/arterioles are more like veins/venules
(thin-walled, with large lumens)
Because of this they have a much lower arterial
pressure (24/8 mm Hg versus 120/80 mm Hg)

Blood Flow: Lungs
The autoregulatory mechanism is exactly opposite
of that in most tissues
Low pulmonary oxygen levels cause
vasoconstriction; high levels promote
vasodilation
As lung air sacs fill w/ air, capillary beds dilate
to take it up

Blood Flow: Heart
Small vessel coronary circulation is influenced by:
Aortic pressure
The pumping activity of the ventricles
During ventricular systole:
Coronary vessels compress
Myocardial blood flow ceases
Stored myoglobin supplies sufficient oxygen
During ventricular diastole, aortic pressure forces blood thru the
coronary circulation
During exercise, coronary blood vessels dilate in response to
elevated CO2 levels

Capillary Exchange of Respiratory Gases and
Nutrients
Oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and metabolic
wastes diffuse between the blood and interstitial
fluid along concentration gradients
Oxygen and nutrients pass from the blood to
tissues
Carbon dioxide and metabolic wastes pass from
tissues to the blood
Water-soluble solutes pass through clefts and
fenestrations
Lipid-soluble molecules diffuse directly through
endothelial membranes
Capillary Exchange of Respiratory Gases and
Nutrients
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 19.15.1
Four Routes Across Capillaries
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 19.15.2
Fluid Movement: Bulk Flow
Fluid is forced out of capillary beds thru clefts at
the arterial end, with most of it returning at the
venous end of the bed
This process determines relative fluid volume in
blood stream and extracellular space

Capillary Exchange: Fluid Movements
Hydrostatic pressure is the force of a fluid pressed
against a wall
Direction and amount of fluid flow depends upon
the difference between:
Capillary hydrostatic pressure (HPc)
Capillary colloid osmotic pressure (OPc)

Capillary Exchange: Fluid Movements
HPc pressure of blood against the capillary walls:
Tends to force fluids through the capillary walls
(filtration) leaving behind cells and proteins
Is greater at the arterial end of a bed than at the
venule end
HPc is opposed by interstitial fluid hydrostatic
pressure (HPif)
Net pressure is the difference between HPc and
HPif

Colloid Osmotic Pressure
The force opposing hydrostatic pressure (HPc)
OPc created by nondiffusible plasma proteins,
which draw water toward themselves (osmosis)
E.g. serum albumin
OPc does not vary from one end of the capillary
bed to the other

Net Filtration Pressure (NFP)
Hydrostatic-Osmotic Pressure interactions
determine if there is a net gain or loss of fluid from
the blood, calculated as the Net Filtration Pressure
(NFP)
NFP all the forces acting on a capillary bed
Thus, fluid will leave the capillary bed if the NFP
is greater than the net OP and vice versa

At the arterial end of a bed, hydrostatic forces
dominate (fluids flow out)
At the venous end of a bed, osmotic forces
dominate (fluids flow in)
More fluids enter the tissue beds than return to the
blood, and the excess fluid is returned to the blood
via the lymphatic system

Circulatory Shock
Circulatory shock any condition in which blood
vessels are inadequately filled and blood cannot
circulate normally
E.g. hypovolemic shock: large scale blood loss
Blood volume decreases causing an increase in
heart rate resulting in a weak pulse
Vasoconstriction occurs enhancing venous
return

Circulatory Shock
Vascular Shock:
Blood volume is normal, but circulation is poor as a result
of an abnormal expansion of the vascular bed caused by
extreme vasodilation
Results in rapid fall in blood pressure
Most common cause is anaphylactic shock
Body-wide vasodilation due to massive histamine
release
Neurogenic shock: failure of ANS regulation
Septic shock (septicemia): severe systemic bacterial
infection


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Blood Vessels

Blood is carried in a closed system of vessels that begins and

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Tissues have a rich capillary supply

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Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

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Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

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Fluid flows slowly

The smaller the tube the greater the resistance

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Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

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cardioacceleratory center to:

Peripheral resistance & cardiac output are

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Homeostasis: Blood pressure in normal range

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Reflexes that regulate BP are integrated in the

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Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

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Declining BP causes the release of renin, which

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flow to each tissue in proportion to its

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