Intended learning objectives

At the end of this session you should be able to:

 add, subtract, multiply and divide fractions
Basic Maths  convert fractions to decimals and decimals to
fractions, multiply and divide decimals by
multiples of 10
 change a fraction to a percentage, find a
percentage of a number, increase/decrease a
Session 1: Basic Arithmetic number by a percentage
 round whole numbers and decimals
 use ratio and dividing in proportion
 understand the order of arithmetic operations and
use some basic calculator functions

1. Fractions (simplifying and expanding) 1. Fractions

(multiplying and dividing)
numerator If we multiply (or divide) BOTH
numerator and denominator by the Multiplying fractions Dividing fractions
denominator same number we dont change the
value of the expression
2 3 23 6 3 1 2 1 5 5
= = = = =
7 4 7 4 28 14 9 5 9 2 18

simplifying or
expanding
cancelling down

6 2 ( top and 3 6 (x top and
multiply numerators
invert second (to get
= =
9 3 bottom by 3) 4 8 bottom by 2)
multiply denominators the reciprocal) and
multiply by first

simplify

1. Fractions 1. Fractions (rewriting)

(adding and subtracting)

You may need to rewrite any mixed fractions as improper
fractions BEFORE performing these operations
2 1 2 7 1 5 14 5 14 + 5 19
mixed fraction to improper fraction
+ = + = + = = 4 1 (4 2) 1 (4 2) + 1 8 + 1 9
5 7 5 7 7 5 35 35 35 35 4 12 = + = + = = =
1 2 (1 2) 2 2 2 2

Find common denominator
improper fraction to mixed fraction

Expand both fractions 7 (2 3) + 1 (2 3) 1 2 1

Add or subtract numerators = = + = + = 2 13
3 3 3 3 1 3
 2. Decimals 2. Fractions/Decimals in Pictures
1
= 0.25

Converting decimals to fractions: 4
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
7
0.7 = , 4.61 = 4 61100 , 7.949 = 7 9491000
10 1

Convert fractions to decimals by dividing
numerator by denominator: 1/2 1/2
1 1/3 1/3 1/3
= 1 8 = 0.125
8
1/4 1/4 1/4 1/4

Multiplying a decimal by a multiple of 10:
3.27x10 = 32.7, 3.27x100 = 327, 3.27x1000 = 3270
1/6 1/6 1/6 1/6 1/6 1/6
1/10 1/10 1/10 1/10 1/10 1/10 1/10 1/10 1/10 1/10

Dividing a decimal by a multiple of 10:
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
43.110 = 4.31, 43.1100 = 0.431, 43.11000 = 0.0431 5
= 0.833
6

3. Percentages 4. Rounding

Percentages are fractions out of 100 and can be written as
decimals 9 161
9% = = 0.09, 161% = = 1.61 Thousands Hundreds Tens Units
100 100
7 2 8 4

Converting a fraction to a percentage:
3 3 3 100 3 25
7284 rounded to the nearest ten is 7280
100 = = = 75%
4 4 4 1
7284 rounded to the nearest hundred is

Percentage of a number:
30 3 3 60 3 6 7300
30% of 60 = 60 = 60 = = = 18
100 10 10 1

Increase/decrease a number by a percentage:
e.g. To increase 5 by 60% 6
Rounding decimals is similar e.g. 3.854
= 3, 5 + 3 = 8
60
2 rounded to 1 decimal place is 3.9
60% of 5 = 5 = 6 5 = 6 5 = or
35
100 10 10 = 3, 5 + 3 = 8
5

5. Ratios and proportion 6. Order of operations

A and B are in the ratio 1:2

Do calculation from left to right obeying ordering:

1+2=3
 Brackets (innermost 1 )
st
A 1 2
5 of A and of B  Exponents
3 3
 Multiplication and Division

15ml in ratio 1:2  Addition and Subtraction

B 10
 1 15ml = 15 ml = 5ml of A
3 3 E.g. 5 + 40 (5 (12 3)) = 5 + 40 (5 4)
2 2 15 = 5 + 40 20
 15ml = ml
3 3 = 5+ 2
25
= ml = 10ml of B =7
1
 7. Applied problems 8. Topics in Term 1 modules using

30ml of drug solution consists of two thirds drug A basic maths skills
(costing 10p per ml), a sixth of drug B (costing 50p per
ml) and rest of volume made up with water (no cost) STATISTICS: EPIDEMIOLOGY:

How much does the whole solution cost?
Incidence

Frequency
 A 2 30ml = 20ml 20ml 0.10 / ml = 2.00
Point prevalence
3
Relative (percentage)
1 frequency (proportion)
 B 30ml = 5ml 5ml 0.50 / ml = 2.50
Risk ratio
6
Arithmetic mean

Standard deviation
Rate ratio
 Total cost = 2.00 + 2.50 = 4.50

Confidence intervals
Odds ratio

p-values
Mortality rates

How much water is required?

etc
etc
30ml 20ml 5ml = 5ml or 1 2 1 = 1 1 30ml = 1 30 ml = 5ml
3 6 6 6 6

Intended learning objectives Key messages

(achieved?)
If we multiply or divide BOTH numerator and
denominator by the same number then the value of the

You should be able to: fraction stays the same
 add, subtract, multiply and divide fractions
To multiply fractions together we multiply the top
 convert fractions to decimals and decimals to multiply the bottom numbers
numbers together and _______
fractions, multiply and divide decimals by together
multiples of 10
To divide one fraction by another we invert the one we
 change a fraction to a percentage, find a multiply by it
are dividing by and then _______
percentage of a number, increase/decrease a
number by a percentage
To add and subtract fractions we first need to rewrite
the fractions so that they have the same
 round whole numbers and decimals
denominator
____________
 use ratio and dividing in proportion

Percentages are fractions out of ____
100
 understand the order of arithmetic operations and
use some basic calculator functions N.B. For next session: http://www.lshtm.ac.uk/edu/studyskills.html
(subheading Maths and Numeracy Skills)