CHAPTER 3

Evaporation
Transpiration
Infiltration
Basic Concept
 Learning Obj. & Outcome

EVAPORATION (E), TRANSPIRATION (T) &

INFILTRATION (I)
EVAPORATION (E)
 EVAPORATION (E)

Evaporation is the process by which

water is transformed from the liquid
phase to vapor phase ( transferred from
the land and water masses of the earth
to the atmosphere
 EVAPORATION (E)

Meteorology Factors Affecting the E

Sun
Radiation

Wind

Humidity
Relative

Temperature
 EVAPORATION (E)
Estimating Evaporation

Commonly use Expensive

Estimating Evaporation
Estimating Evaporation
 Estimating Evaporation

E P

G
Example 3.1
Solution 3.1
 Estimating Evaporation

This method use solution by entering all

resources and thermal energy losses and
let evaporation as the only wanted variable.

The energy budget method illustrate an

application of the continuity equation written
in terms of energy. It has been employed to
compute the evaporation from oceans and
lakes.

The accuracy of estimates of evaporation

using the energy budget is highly dependent
on the reliability and preciseness of
measurement data.
Estimating Evaporation
Estimating Evaporation
Estimating Evaporation
Estimating Evaporation

Mass transfer
equations are based
primarily on the
concept of the
turbulent transfer
of the water vapor (
by eddy motion)
from an evaporating
surface to the
atmosphere.
 Estimating Evaporation
Water temp

Daltons eq. Air temp

Mayers eq.

Dunnes eq.
 Example 3.2

ea = vapor pressure x relative humidity

63O F

87O F

Mayer
 Example 3.2

Dunne
 Example 3.2

63O F 0.58

87O F 1.29
Estimating Evaporation
Estimating Evaporation
 Estimating Evaporation

Case A where the pan is sited on a short

green (grass) cover and surrounded by
fallow soil; and Case B where the pan is
sited on fallow soil and surrounded by a
green crop.
 Estimating Evaporation

1
E= (Qn + E a )
+

Qn + E a
E L = 0.70
+
 TRANSPIRATION (T)

Transpiration is the process by which

water moves through plants and
evaporates through leaf stomata, which
are small openings in the leaves.
TRANSPIRATION
TRANSPIRATION
 Estimating Transpiration
TRANSPIRATION

Table 3.2

Table 3.3
Estimating Transpiration

Example 3.3
Estimating Transpiration

Example 3.4
 Estimating Transpiration
Table 3.2
Example 3.4
Estimating Transpiration

Example 3.4
 EVAPOTRANSPIRATION (ET)
Evapotranspiration (ET) is a term used to describe the
sum of evaporation and plant transpiration from the
earth's land surface to atmosphere.

Potential evapotranspiration (PET @ ETP) is a

representation of the environmental demand for
evapotranspiration and represents the
evapotranspiration rate of a short green crop,
completely shading the ground, of uniform height and
with adequate water status in the soil profile. It is a
reflection of the energy available to evaporate water,
and of the wind available to transport the water vapour
from the ground up into the lower atmosphere.
Evapotranspiration is said to equal potential
evapotranspiration when there is ample water.
EVAPOTRANSPIRATION (ET)
EVAPOTRANSPIRATION (ET)
 Estimating ET

Thornhwaite Method Penman Method

to combine the mass transfer

to calculate potential
and energy budget theories.
evaporation (PET or ETp)

Holzman equation is a good

example of a mass transfer widely used and good result

S SA
x H + E0 H + 0.27 E0
ET = GI x k x E p x

Et =
+
ET =
+ 0.27
AWC
 Example 3.5

Vp = 38.04 for
ea

E0 = 0.35 (es ea) (1 + 0.0098 u2)

 Table 3.1
Example 3.5
Figure 3.7

20.02
22oC
33oC
38.04

Evaporation free surface:

E0 = 0.35 (es ea) (1 + 0.0098 u2)
Example 3.5
 Example 3.5

or
330 N

Figure 3.8

= 1.2, R @ RA= 16.56 and B = 17.69.

Example 3.5
Example 3.6
Example 3.6

Figure 3.7
 Example 3.6

500

75.5 15.7
Example 3.6
INFILTRATION (I)
INFILTRATION (I)
 INFILTRATION (I)

Infiltration is that process, by which precipitation moves downwards

through the surface of the earth and replenishes soil moisture,
recharges aquifers and ultimately supports stream flows during dry
periods.

The maximum rate at which the Infiltration rate

ground can absorb water

The volume of water that ground can hold Field capacity

The maximum rate in absorb water at a Infiltration capacity

certain type of soil and in a given time
INFILTRATION (I)
INFILTRATION (I)
 INFILTRATION (I)

fo
Infiltration capacity curve

fc saturated

t
INFILTRATION (I)

Characteristics of soil

Soil surface

Fluid Characteristics
INFILTRATION (I)
 INFILTRATION (I)

Double ring infiltrometer Tension infiltrometer

INFILTRATION (I)
INFILTRATION (I)
 INFILTRATION (I)

Green Ampt Model Horton Model

INFILTRATION (I)
EXAMPLE 3.7
EXAMPLE 3.8
EXAMPLE 3.8
 INFILTRATION (I)

The average infiltration rate

The average rainfall above which

the rainfall volume

Derived from the rainfall

hyetograph with the edge of the
resulting runoff volume
 INFILTRATION (I)

Initial loss

The amount of rainfall in excess of

the index

P-R
Index =
te
EXAMPLE 3.9
 EXAMPLE 3.9

Ignore P1 and P8

Rainfall excess = Rainfall index

1.0 -0.55 =
0.45

*Repeat the > t e calculation until index value < rainfall

EXAMPLE 3.10
 EXAMPLE 3.10

Assume and trial t e = 6hr

Then reduce t e until effective

That portion of rain fall that contributes directly
to runoff

The amount of rainfall in excess of the index

 Summary
As a conclusion in this unit, many regions of the world, annual ET
significantly exceeds annual precipitation. As a result, plans for water
resources development and use must fully recognize the impact of ET
losses on the gross precipitation supply. Such estimates are especially
important in regions where irrigated agriculture is practiced. A number
of approaches to estimating ET have been developed. They generally
fall into the following classes : theoretical, based on the physics of the
process ; analytical, based on energy or water budgets; and empirical,
based on observations.

In this topic, we studied that infiltration is a significant component

of hydrologic processes. Soils have varying capacities to infiltrate
water. Influencing factor include characteristics and surface of soil, and
fluid characteristics. Activities that change the soil surface or alter its
properties also have a modifying effect.
Summary