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Article in International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems March 2014
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijepes.2013.11.005
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Electrical Power and Energy Systems 56 (2014) 228234
a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
Article history: In this paper a three-phase autotransformer is represented by inductance matrix for short-circuit studies.
Received 11 August 2013 The inductance matrix consists of winding self-inductances and corresponding mutual inductances
Received in revised form 28 October 2013 between windings. For single phase-to-ground fault the inductance matrix model results are compared
Accepted 6 November 2013
to symmetrical components results, commonly used to analyze unsymmetrical faults in three-phase
power systems. The inuence of a delta connected tertiary winding on un-faulted phase voltages and
asymmetrical fault current distribution is analyzed.
Keywords:
2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Autotransformer
Inductance matrix model
Short-circuit
Symmetrical components
Tertiary winding
1. Introduction occurrence of tertiary lead faults since only two connections from
the phases, forming one corner of the delta that is grounded, are
The autotransformer is a power transformer in which one wind- brought out of the transformer.
ing, known as the common or parallel winding, is shared between In Ref. [4] three winding transformer model for short-circuit
the high voltage (HV) and the low voltage (LV) circuit. As a part of studies is presented. The model takes into account off-nominal
the power transmission system, in service the autotransformer is tap positions and the phase shifts among the windings.
exposed to various voltage and current stresses. Short-circuit A systematic approach to solving power system faults using the
currents cause thermal and mechanical stresses of transformer three terminal Thevenins equivalent circuit is presented in [5] and
windings, while the ground fault occurrence in network with an demonstrated in case of symmetrical and unsymmetrical faults.
isolated neutral point may result in un-faulted phase voltages sig- Papers [6,7] describe the autotransformer models for load-ow,
nicantly higher than operating voltages [1]. As a consequence, an short-circuit [8] and transient recovery voltage analysis [9]. High-
internal winding fault can occur and eventually lead to insulation frequency autotransformer model derived from the results of a
failure [2,3]. lightning electromagnetic pulse test is presented in [10]. Ref. [11]
The autotransformer zero sequence impedance highly depends describes the inuence of a delta connected tertiary winding on
on delta winding presence. For this reason, delta winding is com- voltages and currents during fault conditions.
monly used to provide a low impedance path for third harmonic The contribution of this paper is the development of autotrans-
currents and to reduce current and voltage imbalances caused by former inductance matrix model for short-circuit studies. Model
asymmetrical loading, but also for other purposes such as to con- was developed and veried in Matlab/M-le [12]. The application
nect compensation. Delta connected tertiary winding is usually of this model could be useful when performing short-circuit
sized for at least one third of the rated power and having the low- system studies needed for autotransformer dimensioning and
est rated voltage. The tertiary must withstand the effects of a protection relay setting [13,14]. The inuence of a delta connected
short-circuit fault across its external terminals, as well as those tertiary winding on un-faulted phase voltages and fault currents
due to earth faults on the main windings. An embedded delta ter- was analyzed.
tiary winding, sometimes referred to as a stabilization winding,
improves the availability of the transformer by eliminating the
2. Three-phase autotransformer model based on inductance
matrix
Corresponding author. Tel.: +385 1 6129 714; fax: +385 1 6129 890.
E-mail addresses: dlipovic@koncar-institut.hr (D. Filipovic-Grcic), bozidar.
In autotransformer the HV circuit is composed of the common
lipovic-grcic@fer.hr (B. Filipovic-Grcic), kosjenka.capuder@siemens.com winding and the series winding while the LV circuit is composed
(K. Capuder). only of the common winding [15].
0142-0615/$ - see front matter 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2013.11.005
D. Filipovic-Grcic et al. / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 56 (2014) 228234 229
U 2r1
L1 100; 1
x I 0 Sr
Fig. 2. Test circuit used for determination of Mp3.
where I0 is the magnetizing current in percent of the rated current,
Ur1 is the rated voltage of HV winding, Sr is the rated power and x is
the angular frequency.
Afterwards, the self-inductances LS of the series winding, LP of
the parallel winding and L3 of the tertiary winding are determined
from the following expressions:
2
U r1 U r2
LS L1 ; 2
U r1
2 Ur1 ukr13
U r2
LP L1
U r1
; 3 3 100
U 2r3
L3 100 3; 4
x I0 Sr1
where Ur2 is the rated voltage of the parallel winding and Ur3 is the
rated voltage of tertiary winding.
Mutual inductance MSPbetween series and parallel winding can
be determined from the test circuit shown in Fig. 1. LV winding is
short-circuited and voltage is increased on HV side until rated cur-
rent Ir1 is reached.
The phase angle of the applied voltage is assumed to be 0 and
current Ir1 lags by 90 since the load is purely inductive. Value of
the current through parallel winding I2 is unknown but the direc-
tion is opposite to Ir1. The Eqs. (5) and (6) are derived from the test Fig. 3. Test circuit used for determination of MS3.
The Eqs. (11) and (12) are derived from the test circuit shown in Kirchhoffs voltage law equations for HV side phase A are given
Fig. 3. in (16) and (17).
U r1 ukr13 U A1 IAL1 IAS Z AN1 IAS jxLS IAP jxLP IN Z N IAP jxM SP
p Ir1 xLS LP 2M SP I3 xMS3 M P3 11
3 100 IAS jxM SP I3 jxM S3 I3 jxMP3 16
M S3 MP3
I3 Ir1 12
L3 U A1 IAL1 IAS Z AN1 IAL1 Z AL1 IN Z N 17
ukr13 is the rated short-circuit voltage of a transformer referred to Analogous to (16) and (17) the equations are derived for phases B
rated apparent power Sr13 between HV and tertiary winding. By and C at HV. Kirchhoffs voltage law equations for LV side phase A
including Eq. (12) into (11) MS3 is determined (13). are given in (18) and (19).
s
U r1 ukr13 L3 U A2 IAL2 IAS IAP Z AN2 IAP jxLP IN Z N IAS jxMSP I3 jxMP3
M S3 L3 LS LP 2MSP p MP3 13
3 100 xIr1 18
ZHVN
Zero X02
sequence Z LVN X01
network X03
0-system
Fig. 5. Equivalent scheme of single phase-to-ground fault on HV side of three-phase Fig. 6. Single phase-to-ground fault on HV side modeled using symmetrical
autotransformer. components.
D. Filipovic-Grcic et al. / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 56 (2014) 228234 231
U A2 IAL2 IAS IAP Z AN2 IAL2 Z AL2 IN Z N 19 The per unit short-circuit impedances are calculated by Eqs. (29)
(31).
Analogous to (18) and (19) the equations are derived for phases B
and C at LV side. ukr12
X HV=LV 29
Two more equations are derived from Kirchhoffs current law: 100
ukr13
IAP IBP ICP jxM P3 IAS IBS ICS jxM S3 3I3 jxL3 20 X HV=TV 30
100
ukr23
IAP IBP ICP IN IAL1 IBL1 ICL1 IAL2 IBL2 ICL2 21 X LV=TV 31
100
2 3 2 3 2 3
U A1 Z AN1 0 0 0 0 0 Z AN1 X S X SP 0 0 X P X SP 0 0 Z N X S3 X P3 IAL1
6 7 6 7 6 7
6 U B1 7 6 0 Z BN1 0 0 0 0 0 Z BN1 X S X SP 0 0 X P X SP 0 Z N X S3 X P3 7 6 IBL1 7
6 7 6 7 6 7
6 U C1 7 6 0 0 Z CN1 0 0 0 0 0 Z CN1 X S X SP 0 0 X P X SP Z N X S3 X P3 7 6 7
6 7 6 7 6 ICL1 7
6 7 6 7 6 7
6 U A2 7 6 0 0 0 Z AN2 0 0 X SP Z AN2 0 0 Z AN2 X P 0 0 ZN X P3 7 6 IAL2 7
6 7 6 7 6 7
6 U B2 7 6 0 0 0 0 Z BN2 0 0 X SP Z BN2 0 0 Z BN2 X P 0 ZN X P3 7 6 IBL2 7
6 7 6 7 6 7
6 7 6 7 6 7
6 U C2 7 6 0 0 0 0 0 Z CN2 0 0 X SP Z CN2 0 0 Z CN2 X P ZN X P3 7 6 ICL2 7
6 7 6 7 6 7
6U 7 6Z Z 0 0 0 0 0 Z AN1 0 0 0 0 0 ZN 0 7 6 7
6 A1 7 6 AN1 AL1 7 6 IAS 7
6 7 6 76 7
6 U B1 7 6 0 Z BN1 Z BL1 0 0 0 0 0 Z BN1 0 0 0 0 ZN 0 7 6 IBS 7
6 7 6 7 6 7
6U 7 6 0 0 Z CN1 Z CL1 0 0 0 0 0 Z CN1 0 0 0 ZN 0 7 6I 7
6 C1 7 6 7 6 CS 7
6 7 6 7 6 7
6 U A2 7 6 0 0 0 Z AN2 Z AL2 0 0 Z AN2 0 0 Z AN2 0 0 ZN 0 7 6 IAP 7
6 7 6 7 6 7
6U 7 6 0 0 0 0 Z BN2 Z BL2 0 0 Z BN2 0 0 Z BN2 0 ZN 0 7 6I 7
6 B2 7 6 7 6 BP 7
6 7 6 7 6 7
6 U C2 7 6 0 0 0 0 0 Z CN2 Z CL2 0 0 0 0 ZN 0 7 6 7
6 7 6 Z CN2 Z CN2 7 6 ICP 7
6 0 7 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 X S3 X S3 X S3 0 3X 3 7 6 7
4 5 4 X P3 X P3 X P3 5 4 IN 5
0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 I3
22
Positive-sequence currents of HV and LV side are determined by Eq. 4.2. Inuence of tertiary winding on un-faulted phase voltages for
(43). different grounding impedances
Z 1HVN
I01 I 45
Z 0HVN Z p X 01
X 03
I02 I01 46
Z 0LVN X 02 X 03
I03 I01 I02 47
4. Calculation examples
Table 1
Autotransformer data.
Tap Ur1 (kV) Ur2 (kV) Ur3 (kV) ukr12(%) ukr13 (%) ukr23 (%)
+ 439.87 231 13.0 9.47 10.94 9.46
0 400 231 10.5 11.63 13.92 10.66
371.75 231 8.76 14.14 17.02 12.14
Fig. 8. Phasor diagram in case of neutral grounding impedance ZN = 10 X.
Table 2
Calculation results.
Tap position Current Current values for inductance matrix model (A) Current values for symmetrical components model (A) Difference (ppm)
High tap I3 24308.1585 24308.1909 1.33
IAS 3406.4256 3406.4283 0.80
IAP 710.6559 710.6554 0.76
Principal tap I3 23137.1589 23137.2034 1.92
IAS 3194.4801 3194.4835 1.06
IAP 515.5074 515.5073 0.13
Low tap I3 22225.8374 22225.8968 2.67
IAS 2980.4587 2980.4629 1.39
IAP 356.1546 356.1552 1.68
D. Filipovic-Grcic et al. / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 56 (2014) 228234 233
Delta connected tertiary winding acts as short-circuit in zero se- 4.3. Inuence of tertiary winding on asymmetrical fault current
quence network and therefore reduces zero sequence impedance. distribution
As a consequence, the un-faulted phase voltages will be reduced.
The following example illustrates the effect of tertiary winding In case of an asymmetrical fault current ows through tertiary
on un-faulted phase voltages for different grounding impedances. winding. The following examples, calculated with inductance ma-
The single phase-to-ground fault was analyzed and the autotrans- trix model, show the inuence of tertiary winding presence on HV
former was represented with inductance matrix. and LV side currents.
Fig. 7 shows the voltage phasor diagram in case of isolated auto- Figs. 912 show ampere-turns diagrams for asymmetrical faults
transformer neutral. Black dotted line indicates the half-circular on autotransformer with and without tertiary winding. Black dot-
path of neutral point potential with respect to ground impedance. ted line represents translated ampere-turns phasor I3N3 which is
The results show that tertiary winding reduces overvoltages in equal to difference between parallel and serial winding ampere-
un-faulted phases by 28.6% in case of isolated neutral. Fig. 8 shows turns. It can be seen that tertiary winding presence reduces the
the voltage phasor diagram when ZN = 10 X, to illustrate the condi- currents in un-faulted windings, but increases currents in faulty
tion when neutral point is neither directly grounded nor isolated. ones.
IAPNP=IASNS IAPNP=IASNS
IASNS IASNS
IASNS=IBSNS=ICSNS
IAPNP IAPNP
ICSNS
IAPNP=IBPNP=ICPNP
ICSICP0 ICPICS=0 ICS=0
IBSNS ICPNP
ICPNP IBSNS
I3N3 I3N3 IASIBSICSIAPIBPICP0
I3N3 IBPNP IBPNP=IBSNS
IBPNP
IBPNP=IBSNS
IBSNS
IBPNP=IBSNS IBSNS
IBPNP=IBSNS ICSNS IAS=IBS=ICS=0 ICSNS
IBPNP IBPNP
ICSICP0 ICPNP ICSICP0
ICPNP
I3N3 I3N3
IASNS IASNS
IAPNP I3N3 IAPNP
IAPNP=IBPNP=ICPNP
IAPNP=IASNS IAPNP=IASNS
IASNS=IBSNS=ICSNS
IASNS IASIBSICS0
IAPNP=IASNS IAPNP=IASNS
IAPIBPICP0
IASNS
IAPNP IBSNS=ICSNS IAPNP IAPNP=IBPNP=ICPNP
IBSICSIBPICP0
IBS=ICS=0
IBPNP=ICPNP
IBPNP=ICPNP I3N3
I3N3
I3N3
(a) (b) (c)
Fig. 11. Ampere-turns phasor diagrams for single phase-to-ground fault (phase A) on HV side supplied from: (a) HV and LV side; (b) LV side only; and (c) HV side only. Blue
markings refer to case without tertiary winding. (For interpretation of the references to color in this gure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)
234 D. Filipovic-Grcic et al. / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 56 (2014) 228234
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