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METHODOLOGY
Many different equation solver options are available in SAP2000. The different solver
options typically give identical results for most of the analysis examples. For a few
numerically sensitive problems the different solver options may give slightly different
results. The results presented in this document are those obtained using the Advanced
equation solver running as a separate 32bit process on an Intel(R) Core(TM) i7 CPU
with the Windows 7 Professional 64-bit operating system.
ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA
The comparison of the SAP2000 validation and verification example results with
independent results is typically characterized in one of the following three ways.
Exact: There is no difference between the SAP2000 results and the independent
results within the larger of the accuracy of the typical SAP2000 output and the
accuracy of the independent result.
Acceptable: For force, moment and displacement values, the difference between
the SAP2000 results and the independent results does not exceed five percent
(5%). For internal force and stress values, the difference between the SAP2000
results and the independent results does not exceed ten percent (10%). For
experimental values, the difference between the SAP2000 results and the
independent results does not exceed twenty five percent (25%).
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PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 14
The percentage difference between results is typically calculated using the following
formula:
SAP2000 Result
Percent Difference = 100 -1
Independent Result
SUMMARY OF EXAMPLES
The example problems are categorized into nine groups based on the structural elements
used or design type in the example. Table 1 defines the nine groups, illustrates the
example problem numbering system used for each group, and identifies the summary
table used for each group.
As shown in Table 1, Tables 2-1 through 2-9 summarize the validation and verification
examples for each of the nine categories. Tables 2-1 through 2-9 include the example
number, the problem title, a summary of the program features tested and the method of
independent verification.
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PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
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Hand calculation
using the beam
deflection formulas in
Table 3 item 1a and
Rotated Local Frame local axes rotated from global axes
1-004 Table 3 item 2a on
Axes Use of AISC sections
pages 96 and 98,
respectively, in Table
3 in Roark and
Young 1975.
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PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 14
Hand calculation
Prestress tendon with parabolic tendon profile and
using basic principles
Prestress different eccentricities at the two ends and the unit load
1-009 Applied To Prestress tendon modeled usings loads
method described on
Frame Objects Prestress tendon modeled as elements
page 244 in Cook
Prestress losses
and Young 1985.
The use of end offsets in frames, including
Hand calculation
Non-rigid offsets
using the unit load
Partially rigid offsets
1-010 End Offsets method described on
Fully rigid offsets
page 244 in Cook
The effect of end offsets on the frame static analysis and Young 1985.
results
Hand calculation
No Tension using the unit load
and No Tension and compression limits for frame objects method described on
1-012
Compression End releases page 244 in Cook
Frame Objects and Young 1985
together with statics.
Hand calculation
Eigenvalue analysis of a frame with unequal moment based on formulas
Eigenvalue
1-014 of inertia values (I22 I33) for bending modes presented on page
Problem
Automatic frame subdivision 313 of Clough and
Penzien 1975.
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PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 14
Hand calculation
Vibration of a Static nonlinear analysis using the P-Delta option to using vibration theory
1-017 String Under provide tension stiffening presented on pages
Tension Modal analysis of frame for eigenvalues 506 though 510 of
Kreyszig 1983.
Hand calculation
Bending, Shear
Calculation of bending, shear and axial deformations using the unit load
and Axial
1-018 in a rigid frame method described on
Deformations in
Frame property modification factors page 244 in Cook
a Rigid Frame
and Young 1985.
Hand calculation
using formulas
presented in Article
Buckling of a Buckling analysis of a rigid frame
1-019 2.4 on pages 62
Rigid Frame Automatic frame subdivision
though 66 of
Timoshenko and
Gere 1961.
Response
Spectrum Modal analysis of frame for eigenvalues and time Comparison with
Analysis of a periods example 13.11 on
1-020
Two- Response spectrum analysis page 521 of Chopra
Dimensional Joint masses 1995.
Rigid Frame
Comparison with
results published in
Bathe and Wilson
Bathe and
1972 and
Wilson Modal analysis for eigenvalues
1-021 comparison with
Eigenvalue Line mass assignment to frame objects
results from another
Problem
computer program
published in
Peterson 1981.
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PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
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Comparison with
results from another
ASME Three-dimensional frame analysis computer program
1-023 Eigenvalue Modal analysis using eigenvectors published in
Problem Joint mass assignments Peterson 1981 and in
DeSalvo and
Swanson 1977.
Response
Three-dimensional frame analysis Comparison with
Spectrum
Modal analysis using eigenvectors results from another
Analysis of a
1-024 Rigid diaphragm constraint computer program
Three-
Joint mass assignments published in
Dimensional
Response spectrum analysis Peterson 1981.
Moment Frame
Response
Three-dimensional frame analysis Comparison with
Spectrum
Modal analysis using eigenvectors results from another
Analysis of a
1-025 Rigid diaphragm constraint computer program
Three-
Joint mass assignments published in
Dimensional
Response spectrum analysis Peterson 1981.
Braced Frame
Hand calculation
using the unit load
method described on
Moment and Static nonlinear analysis of a frame structure using page 244 in Cook
1-026
Shear Hinges moment and shear hinges and Young 1985
together with basic
deflection formulas
and superposition.
Hand calculation
using the unit load
Construction Nonlinear static analysis using the construction method described on
1-027 Sequence sequence loading option page 244 in Cook
Loading Frame end releases and Young 1985
together with basic
deflection formulas.
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Comparison with
results published in
Moving load case
1-030 Moving Loads Appendix A of
Multi-step static load case for vehicles AASHTO 1990 and
hand calculation.
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Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
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Hand calculation
using the unit load
Membrane analysis using shell elements method described on
Plate bending analysis using shell elements page 244 in Cook
Straight Beam
Effect of shell element aspect ratio and Young 1985 and
2-002 with Static
Effect of geometrical distortion of shell element from using formulas from
Loads
rectangular Roark and Young
Joint force loading 1975. Results also
published in MacNeal
and Harder 1985.
Hand calculation
using the unit load
method described on
Curved Beam Membrane analysis using shell elements
page 244 in Cook
2-003 with Static Plate bending analysis using shell elements
and Young 1985.
Loads Joint force loading
Results also
published in MacNeal
and Harder 1985.
Hand calculation
using the unit load
method described on
Twisted Beam Membrane analysis using shell elements
page 244 in Cook
2-004 with Static Plate bending analysis using shell elements
and Young 1985.
Loads Joint force loading Results also
published in MacNeal
and Harder 1985.
Hand calculation
based theory in
Rectangular Plate bending analysis using shell elements Timoshenko and
2-005 Plate with Static Uniform load applied to shell elements Woinowsky-Krieger
Loads Joint force loading 1959. Results also
published in MacNeal
and Harder 1985.
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PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
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Hemispherical
Three-dimensional analysis using shell elements Results published in
Shell Structure
2-007 Joint local axes MacNeal and Harder
with Static Joint force loads 1985.
Loads
Hand calculation
using equation 185
Plate bending analysis using shell elements
Plate on Elastic on page 275 of
2-009 Area object spring assignment
Foundation Timoshenko and
Joint force loads
Woinowsky-Krieger
1959.
Hand calculation
Cylinder with Three-dimensional analysis using shell elements using item 1b in
2-010 Internal Surface pressure load applied to shell elements Table 29 on page
Pressure Joint local axes 448 of Roark and
Young 1975.
Plate Bending Plate bending analysis of shell elements when shear Results published in
when Shear deformations are significant example shown on
2-012
Deformations Area object stiffness modifiers page 376 of Roark
Are Significant Frame distributed loads and Young 1975.
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Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
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Hand calculation
Temperature using formulas
Temperature gradient loading for shell elements
Gradient presented in item 8e
2-014 Area object local axes
Through Shell of Table 24 on page
Joint local axes
Thickness 361 of Roark and
Young 1975.
Hand calculated
Plate bending analysis of shells
Orthotropic using theory
2-015 Orthotropic material properties
Plate presented in Chapter
Area object stiffness modifiers
6 of Ugural 1981.
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Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 14
Hand calculation
using the unit load
method described on
Membrane analysis using plane elements
page 244 in Cook
Straight Beam Effect of plane element aspect ratio
and Young 1985 and
3-002 with Static Effect of geometrical distortion of plane element from
using formulas from
Loads rectangular
Roark and Young
Joint force loading
1975. Results also
published in MacNeal
and Harder 1985.
Hand calculation
using the unit load
method described on
Curved Beam
Membrane analysis using plane stress elements page 244 in Cook
3-003 with Static
Joint force loading and Young 1985.
Loads
Results also
published in MacNeal
and Harder 1985.
Hand calculation
based on theory in
Timoshenko 1956
Analysis using plane stress elements and based on
Thick-Walled
3-004 Analysis using plane strain elements formulas in Roark
Cylinder
Plane surface pressure load and Young 1975.
Results also
published in MacNeal
and Harder 1985.
Hand calculation
Pore pressure loading for planes
3-005 Pore Pressure using basic
Joint pattern
principles.
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PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
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Hand calculation
based on theory in
Thick-Walled Analysis using asolid elements Timoshenko 1956.
4-002
Cylinder Asolid surface press ure load Results also
published in MacNeal
and Harder 1985.
Hand calculation
based on equations
Rotating Analysis using asolid elements presented in Item 8
4-003
Annular Disk Asolid rotate load on page 567 of
Roark and Young
1975.
Hand calculation
Pore pressure loading for asolids
4-004 Pore Pressure using basic
Joint pattern
principles.
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Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 14
Hand calculation
Solid object bending with and without the using the unit load
Straight Beam incompatible modes option method described on
Effect of solid object aspect ratio page 244 in Cook
5-002 with Static
Effect of geometrical distortion of solid object from a and Young 1985.
Loads
cube Results also
Joint force loading published in MacNeal
and Harder 1985.
Hand calculation
using the unit load
method described on
Curved Beam Solid object bending with the incompatible bending
page 244 in Cook
5-003 with Static modes option
and Young 1985.
Loads Joint force loading
Results also
published in MacNeal
and Harder 1985.
Hand calculation
using the unit load
method described on
Twisted Beam Solid object bending and twist with the incompatible page 244 in Cook
5-004 with Static bending modes option
and Young 1985.
Loads Joint force loading
Results also
published in MacNeal
and Harder 1985.
Hand calculation
based theory in
Rectangular Plate bending analysis using solid elements Timoshenko and
5-005 Plate with Static Surface pressure load applied to solid objects Woinowsky-Krieger
Loads Joint force loading 1959. Results also
published in MacNeal
and Harder 1985.
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Hemispherical
Results published in
Dome Structure Three-dimensional analysis using solid elements
5-007 MacNeal and Harder
with Static Joint force loads 1985.
Loads
Hand calculation
based on theory in
Analysis using solid elements
Thick-Walled Timoshenko 1956.
5-008 Solid surface pressure load
Cylinder Results also
Joint local axes
published in MacNeal
and Harder 1985.
Prestress tendon with parabolic tendon profile and
Hand calculation
different eccentricities at the two ends
using basic principles
Prestress Prestress tendon modeled using loads and applied to
and the unit load
5-009 Applied to Solid solid objects
method described on
Objects Prestress tendon modeled as elements and applied to page 244 in Cook
solid objects
and Young 1985.
Prestress losses
Hand calculation
Buckling analysis of solids using equation 2-4
5-010 Buckling Joint force loads on page 48 of
Active degrees of freedom Timoshenko and
Gere 1961.
Hand calculation
Temperature using equation 1.3.4
5-011 Temperature loading for solid elements
Load on page 9 of Cook
and Young 1985.
Hand calculation
Plate bending analysis using solid elements using equation 185
Plate on Elastic Solid object surface spring assignment on page 275 of
5-012
Foundation Solid object automatic mesh Timoshenko and
Joint force loads Woinowsky-Krieger
1959.
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Software Verification
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Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 14
Comparison with
Multi-linear Multi-linear links defined link force-
6-002 Displacement-controlled nonlinear static analysis
Elastic Link deformation
characteristics.
Gap element links
Force-controlled nonlinear static analysis
Nonlinear modal time history analysis Hand calculation
Nonlinear direct time history analysis using the unit load
6-003 Gap Element Frame point loads method described on
Joint force loads page 244 in Cook
Joint mass assignments and Young 1985.
Ramp loading for time histories
Hand calculation
Hook element links
using standard
6-004 Hook Element Force-controlled nonlinear static analysis
thermal expansion
Frame temperature loads
formulas.
Damper element links
Damper Hand calculation
Linear link elements
Element Under using equation 3.2.6
6-005 Nonlinear modal time history analysis
Harmonic on page 70 in
Nonlinear direct integration time history analysis
Loading Chopra 1995.
Joint force loads
Damper links with linear velocity exponents
Comparison with
Frame end length offsets
experimental results
Joint mass assignments
SUNY Buffalo from shake table
Modal analysis for ritz vectors
Damper with tests published in
6-006 Linear modal time history analysis
Linear Velocity Section 5, pages 61
Nonlinear modal time history analysis
Exponent through 73, of
Linear direct integration time history analysis
Scheller and
Nonlinear direct integration time history analysis
Constantinou 1999.
Generalized displacements
Comparison with
Damper links with nonlinear velocity exponents
experimental results
SUNY Buffalo Frame end length offsets
from shake table
Damper with Joint mass assignments
tests published in
6-007 Nonlinear Modal analysis for ritz vectors
Section 5, pages 61
Velocity Nonlinear modal time history analysis
through 73, of
Exponent Nonlinear direct integration time history analysis
Scheller and
Generalized displacements
Constantinou 1999.
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Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 14
Comparison with
Plastic kinematic links
Plastic defined link force-
6-009 Displacement-controlled nonlinear static analysis
Kinematic Link deformation
Link gravity load
characteristics.
Comparison with
results from the
Rubber isolator links
computer program
Linear links
SUNY Buffalo 3D-BASIS-ME (see
Zero-length, two-joint link elements
Eight-Story Tsopelas,
Diaphragm constraints
6-010 Building with Constantinou and
Modal analysis for ritz vectors
Rubber Reinhorn 1994)
Nonlinear modal time history analysis
Isolators published in Section
Nonlinear direct integration time history analysis
2, pages 5 through
Generalized displacements 23, of Scheller and
Constantinou 1999.
Hand calculation
using formulas and
Frequency
Frequency dependent links theory presented in
6-012 Dependent
Steady state analysis section 3.2 on pages
Links
68 through 69 of
Chopra 1995.
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Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 14
Comparison with
Uniform load applied to cable nets
Prestressed results published in
7-003 Concentrated load applied to cable nets
Cable Net Section 4.6.3, Table
Nonlinear static analysis
4.4, of Tibert, 1999.
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PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 14
Example 3 of
Allowable Stress
AISC Ex001 Bending of a wide flange member
Design Manual of
ASD-89 Ex002 Compression of a wide flange member
Steel Construction,
9th Ed.
Examples 1, 2, and 3
Bending of a wide flange member
CSA S16- Ex001 of the Handbook of
Combined compression and bending of a wide flange
09 Ex002 Steel Construction to
member
CSA S16-01.
Examples 1, 2, and 3
Bending of a wide flange member
CSA S16- Ex001 of the Handbook of
Combined compression and bending of a wide flange
14 Ex002 Steel Construction to
member
CSA S16-01.
Combined compression and bending of a wide flange
Ex001 member
EN 3-2005 Ex002 Bending of a wide flange member Hand calculations.
Ex003 Combined compression and bending of a wide flange
member
Compression of a wide flange member
Ex001
IS 800- Bending of a wide flange member
Ex002 Hand calculations.
2007 Combined compression and biaxial bending of a wide
Ex003
flange member
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Software Verification
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REVISION NO.: 14
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As illustrated in Table 3, the program features matrices are presented in tables 4-1
though 4-6. These tables are shown on the following pages.
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Masses 1-020, 1-022, 1-023, 1-024, 1-025, 6-003, 6-006, 6-007, 6-011
Panel zones
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Hinges 1-026
Automatic frame subdivide 1-006, 1-013, 1-014, 1-015, 1-017, 1-019, 2-016
Distributed load 1-001, 1-003, 1-008, 1-015, 1-016, 1-018, 2-012, 2-016
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Software Verification
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REVISION NO.: 14
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Software Verification
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REVISION NO.: 14
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Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 14
Nonlinear transient modal time 6-003, 6-005, 6-006, 6-007, 6-010, 6-011
history
Nonlinear direct integration time 6-003, 6-005, 6-006, 6-007, 6-010, 6-011
history
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