Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Yokichi Tanaka
Togai Infralogic, Inc.
5 Vanderbilt
Irvine, CA 92718
714-588-3800
INTRODUCTION
1.o
Fuzzy logic was invented by Dr. Lotfi Zadeh at the
University of California at Berkeley in 1965. In Degree of
very simple terms, fuzzy logic allows situations or Membership 0.5
problems to be described and processed in lin-
guistic terms such as hot or heavy instead of 0.0
precise numeric values such as 1 40 degrees or
5 6 7
180 kg. Because of the many advantages of
such a linguistic system, the areas of application Figure 1. Crisp set for tall
of fuzzy logic have spread from consumer elec-
tronics to industrial control, information process-
ing, financial analysis and much more in just the
1.o
past few years.
Degree of
Membership 0.5
FUZZY SETS
0.0
The basis of fuzzy logic lies in fuzzy set theory,
5 6 7
and the key component of fuzzy set theory is the
Figure 2. Fuzzy set for tall
notion of fuzzy sets. With traditional sets (or
crisp sets), a given element is either completely
in the set or is not in the set at all. With fuzzy
sets, a given element can be partially in a set. Using the crisp definition of tall, a person who is
The degree to which an element belongs to a set 59 would not be tall at all, whereas using the
is called the degree of membership (or degree of fuzzy definition, this same person would be tall to
truth) in the set or the alpha value. The following a degree of 0.375. If the degrees of membership
figures illustrate the difference between the crisp in both cases were to be described mathemati-
set tall and the fuzzy set tall. cally, for the crisp set, it would be:
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And the degree of membership for the fuzzy set
would be: John is tall AND John is old
Just as multiple traditional logic statements can In this example, a and b are input variables,
be manipulated and combined using AND, and mixture is an output variable. The above
O R , and NOT operators, so can fuzzy logic would qualify as a valid rule in both the traditional
statements. The fuzzy logic operators are com- sense as well as in the fuzzy logic sense. The
monly defined as follows. differentiating factor between the two would be
whether the sets red, green, and dark are
fuzzy sets or not. If they are fuzzy sets, then the
a AND b = min(a, b ) AND must be treated as a fuzzy operator, and
a OR b = max ( a , b ) there needs to be a way to process the THEN
NOT a = 1 - a part to a fractional degree. To illustrate this point,
the above rule will be first treated as a conven-
tional rule and then as a fuzzy rule.
It is worth noting that the above definitions are
generalized extensions of the conventional defini- Suppose a is red and b is blue.
tions, and that the set of fuzzy sets is a super-set
of the set of crisp sets. Using these definitions of Conventional
fuzzy operators, the following statements can be
evaluated in the fuzzy logic sense, also. Clearly, the statement a is red is true, and b is
green is false. Therefore, the premise is false,
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and the consequence becomes insignificant. that under any circumstance, no multiple contra-
dicting rules are simultaneously true. However,
Fuzzv in a fuzzy logic rule base, due to the partial
degrees of truths, it is common for multiple con-
The statement a is red would be true to a tradicting rules to take on non-zero values (or to
degree very close to 1. Since blue is similar to fire). This gives rise to a need of some mecha-
green, the statement b is green would be true to nism in resolving/mediating such conflicts. The
a degree of, say, 0.5. Then, using the min func- consolidation of conflicting information is called
tion (fuzzy AND construct), the premise evaluates the output composition, and the interpretation of
to 0.5. This value, sometimes referred to as the this resultant composition is called defuzzifica-
rule alpha, is used to indicate the significance of tion.
the rule, and hence, the significance of the con-
sequence. The sequence of steps (fuzzification, rule evalua-
tion, and output composition) leading up to
With traditional logic, the rule is insignificant, defuzzification is called the fuzzy inference. Dis-
because b was not green; although, it was tinction is usually made between fuzzy inference
close to green. With fuzzy logic, the rule has 0.5 and defuzzification since various inference meth-
significance. Its consequence, mixture is dark, ods and various defuzzification methods can be
will, thus, have non-zero significance. This rule, used with each other.
although, not completely true, will still be able to
convey some information to the recipient.
x is hot 0.7
x is warm 0.5
y is large 0.6
y is medium 0.4
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Let the output membership functions be defined Figure 6. Max-dot inference method
as follows.
SLOW FAST
Centroid
Figure 9. Centroid defuzzification method
SUMMARY
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