Physics 73 Hour 2-5 Fudolig

1
Thermodynamics
Physics 73 Lecture
Physics 73 Fudolig 2S AY 14-15 (Thermodynamics)

2
Chapter 17

3
Hour 2
Describe how temperature as a physical quantity
is measured.
Explain what is thermal equilibrium and how it
is determined physically.
Illustrate how the zeroth law is used to define
temperature and design temperature scales.
Mathematically and physically describe the
relationship of various scales

4
Temperature
Measure of hotness and coldness
Different from heat
Quantification: use of temperature scale
involving change in measurable properties in a
system

5
Physics 73 Fudolig 2S AY
14-15 (Thermodynamics)
Thermometers
Colored liquids: change in Liquid thermometers

height
Gas: change in pressure Gas thermometers
Conducting wire: change in Thermocouple
resistance
6
Wake up Quiz!
List two types of liquid thermometers.
Ethanol
Mercury
7
Thermal equilibrium
Interaction between two bodies causes no more
further change in the system
Used in measuring temperatures of objects
Body temperature (fever)
Laboratory experiments
How do you manage to keep things warm/cold?

8
Insulators
Use of insulators slow interactions between two
systems
Ideal insulators permits no interaction
between two systems
Possible to achieve no thermal equilibrium
Ideal vs real

9
Wake up! Wake up!

Why is it better to store hot beverages in
thermoses instead of plastic bags?
Thermoses provide better insulation than plastic
bags.
10
Zeroth law of thermodynamics

If system C is initially in thermal equilibrium
with both systems A and B, then A and B are also
in thermal equilibrium with each other.
Thermometers can be seen as system C.
Two systems are in thermal equilibrium iff they
have the same temperature!

11
Temperature scales
Celsius Temperature Scale
Fahrenheit Temperature Scale
Kelvin Temperature Scale
Rankine Temperature Scale like Kelvin, but for
Fahrenheit

12
Celsius temperature scale

Scheme dependent on the boiling point and
freezing point of water
Set zero freezing point. 100- boiling point
Divide the interval by 100 to equal, smaller
intervals (degrees)
Commonly used in everyday life (weather
reports, body temperature)

13
Fahrenheit temperature scale

Commonly used in the US.
Set 32 freezing point. 212- boiling point
Divide the interval by 180 to equal, smaller
intervals (degrees)
Degrees of Fahrenheit represents only 5/9 of a
one degree change in Celsius temperature scale.

14
Conversion of celsius to fahrenheit

If theres 7-UP, theres 9-Pepsi.
9
= + 32
5
Using simple algebraic manipulations
5
= ( 32)
9
100C = 212F
15
Wake up! Wake up!

Grab your calculators! Convert the following
temperature readings (C to F or vice versa)
120 C
-2.50 F
100 C
Answers: , 248F, -19.2C, 212C

16
VERY important!
C is not the same as C!
C
temperature
C - temperature interval
10 C 10 C

17
Kelvin temperature scale

Deals with the absolute zero temperature
There are no negative Kelvin temperatures, unlike
Celsius and Fahrenheit T.S.
Called the absolute temperature scale
Absolute zero temperature (0 K) can be

extrapolated from gas thermometer data
Extended linear plot of Pressure vs. Time

18
Kelvin temperature scale: absolute

zero
From http://www.ux1.eiu.edu/~cfadd/1360/19Temp/Absolute.html
19
= + 273.15
= 273.15

20
Wake up! Wake up!

Convert the following temperatures to Kelvin
0 C
-459.67 F
Answers:
273.15 K
0K
21

The scale can be defined by using only one point
(unlike two points for C and F T.S.)
Lucky state: The triple point of water (T = 0.01 C)
Reproducible
Can be measured precisely
2 2
=
1 1
Ratio used for a constant volume gas thermometer.

22
My own temperature scale

How do you create your own temperature scale?
Basis temperature
Develop equation of a line
23
We reflect.
Breathe in Breathe out
24
Next meeting: hour 3

Read Sec. 17.4(Thermal Expansion)

25
Thermal Expansion
26
Announcements
I have opened our UVLe class.
Course: Physics 73 Fudolig
Passcode: iwillpassphysics73
I have uploaded your:
Syllabus
Problem Set 1
A submission bin for the Problem Set answers
will open on Saturday (due Wednesday 8AM)
27
Hour 3
Describe a simple model for the linear and bulk
expansion of objects upon absorption of heat
Calculate for the expansion of solids due to
changes in temperature
Calculate for the thermal stress experienced by
solids due to changes in temperature
28
Thermal expansion
Most objects expand as temperatures rise.
Thermometers
Opening jars
Important in considering infrastructural
designs, measurement etc.
29
Thermal Expansion: Applications

Image from
Image from
http://www.wonderwhizkids.com/resources/content/imagesv4/
http://img.directindustry.com/images_di/photo-
physics/work+sheets/thermal+phy/thermal+exp/summary/img
g/expansion-joints-bridges-38983-3474893.jpg _los.jpg.pagespeed.ce.2apzng5cLT.jpg
30
Thermal expansion
We consider two cases
Linear Expansion (Length)
Volume Expansion (Volume)
31
Linear thermal expansion

Suppose that an initial temperature T0, an object has
length L0.
Once temperature changes by an amount T, the length
also changes by L.
Directly proportional
In equation form:
L = 0 (1)
Therefore, the new length L after the change in

temperature is given by
L = L0+ L =0 1 + (2)
32
Linear thermal expansion

is known as the coefficient of linear
expansion
Units: K-1 or C -1
We will only consider cases that the material
expands in the same manner in all directions
Note that Equation (1) is an approximation valid
for small temperature changes (less than 100
degrees)
33
Wake up! Wake up!

If an object has holes, what will happen to the
hole when the object is heated?
Answer: The hole will expand, not shrink. Every
dimension changes in the same way as
temperature changes.
34
Linear Thermal expansion

Here are the values of for some of the most
common materials:
Material
Aluminum 2.4 x 10-5
Brass 2.0 x 10-5
Copper 1.7 x 10-5
Glass 0.4---0.9 x 10-5
Steel 1.2 x 10-5
35
Linear thermal expansion: Example

An aluminum ( = 2.4 105 1 ) rod and a
brass ( = 2.0 105 1 ) rod were measured
to be 100.000 m at 25 . If the temperature of
the two rods is raised to 50 , which of the two
rods will be longer? By how many meters?
Since Al rod has higher , the Al rod will be

longer
Difference: = 0 T = 4.75
102
36
Wake up! Wake up!

A surveyor uses a steel ( = 1.2 105 1 ) measuring tape
that is exactly 30.000 m long at a temperature 10C. What is
its length on a hot summer day when the temperature is 45
C?
L0 = 30m, T = 35 C, = 1.2 x 10-5 (C) -1
L = L0+ L
L = L0 T
L = L0(1 + T)
L = (30m) [1+ (1.2 x 10-5 (C) -1)(35 C)]
L = 30.013 m
(fun fun fun!)
37
Volume expansion
If solids and liquids increase in temperature,
volume will also change.
For not too great temperature changes, change
in volume is linearly proportional with change in
temperature.
V = V0 T
where is the coefficient of volume

expansion.
38
Volume expansion
For solid materials, can be related to . Consider
cube initially with side length L0 such that V0 = L03.
Increase in temperature leads to increase in side
length dL. As a result volume also increases by dV.

lim =
0

(Tantatan!)

Relationship: =3
39
Volume expansion: Example

A glass flask with volume 200 cm3 is filled to the brim
with mercury at 200C. How much mercury overflows
when the temperature of the system is raised to 1000C?
The coefficient of linear expansion of the glass is 0.40 x
10-5K-1. (Hg= 18 x 10-5)
Note that mercury expands faster than glass.

Overflow = dVHg dVglass . Its that simple! dV can be obtained from
dV = V0 dT
Note that 3 = and dT = 80C!

40
Volume expansion: example

dVHg = 3HgV0dT = 3(1.8x10-4 C-1)(200 cm3)(80
C) = 8.64 cm3
dVglass = 3glassV0dT = 3(0.4x10-5 C-1)(200 cm3)(80
C) = 0.19 cm3
Overflow = dVHg dVglass = 2.9-0.19 = 8.45cm3

41
Thermal expansion of water

Water exhibits exceptional behavior at the
temperature range 0C and 4C.
Water DECREASES in volume (ZOMG!)
Water has its greatest density at 4C
Why is this important?
42
Thermal stress
If we hinder an object from expanding or
contracting, tensile or compressive stresses
develop
These stresses are called thermal stresses
Should be accounted for in infrastructural designs
Note that stress is a form of pressure, not force!
43
Thermal stress
Thermal stress is given by

. . = =

Y Youngs Modulus (recall Physics 71)

A cross-sectional area
44
Now. We reflect.
45
Next meeting: Hour 4

Read Sections 17.5 and 17.6 (Y&F)!
46
Heat and Calorimetry

47
Announcements
Enroll in our UVLe class.
Course: Physics 73 Fudolig
Passcode: iwillpassphysics73
Index cards!
48
Heat
Energy transfer that takes
place solely because of
temperature
difference
Always in transit
Recall: Heat vs.
Temperature
Joule: temperature rises
proportionally with From http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-
03MvYOqgdD0/Tig_GIhFNvI/AAAAAAAAEhs/JWlK7LjciPo/s640/untitled.bmp
amount of work done

49
heat
Units: Joules (J)[SI unit], calories (cal), food
calories (Cal), British thermal unit (Btu)
Energy to raise the temp. of 1 g of water from
14.5C to 15.5C = 1 cal
Conversions:
1 cal = 4.186 J
1 Cal = 1000 cal = 4186 J
50
Heat
The amount of heat, Q, needed to change the
temperature of a material (mass m) by T is
given by
Q = ( )
Where c specific heat

What is specific heat?
51
Specific heat
Heat energy needed to raise the temperature of 1
kg of substance by 1 degree.
cwater = 1x103 cal/KgK = 4.184 kJ/KgK
Relatively high compared to other materials
Good for storing energy/coolant
Molar heat capacity: heat capacity per mole
Measurements are usually done at constant
pressure
52
Example
How much heat is needed to raise the
temperature of 3 kg of copper by 20 C? (cCu =
0.386 kJ/kgK)
= = 20
=
= 3 0.386kJ/kgK 20 = 23.2
53
Wake up! Test your Mad Skillz!

A 2-kg aluminum (cAl= 900 J/kg-K) block is
originally at 10C. If 36 kJ of heat energy are
added to the block, what is its final temperature?
Note to Friday Migs: Mag-boardwork ka.

Tinatamad ako magsulat. Ang sagot ay 30 C.
54
Calorimetry
Measuring heat
A way to determine the specific heat of a
material
Uses a calorimeter to measure the heat leaving
an object.
Types: Bomb and Styro Ball
55
Calorimetry: Main Takeaway

Heat released by object = heat absorbed by
calorimeter.
Qout + Qin = 0
Assumption: object-calorimeter system is
isolated from surroundings
56
Calorimetry: Example
A geologist working in the field drinks her morning coffee out
of an aluminum (cAl = 0.910 kJ/kg-K) cup. The cup has a mass
of 0.120 kg and is initially at 20.0C when she pours in 0.300
kg of coffee (ccoffee= cwater = 4.190 kJ/kg-K) initially at 70.0 C.
What is the final temperature after the coffee and the cup
attain thermal equilibrium?
Qcoffee+QAl = 0
mcoffeeccoffee(Tf 70.0 C) + mAlcAl(Tf 20.0 C) = 0
70.0 + (20.0)
Tf =
+
Tf=66.0C
Its all fun and games until

57
Wake up! Wake up!

You heat 600 g of lead shot to 100C and place it in an
aluminum (cAl= 0.900 kJ/kg-K) calorimeter of mass 200
g that contains 500g of water (cw = 4.184 kJ/kg-K)
initially at 17.3C. If the final temperature of the mixture
is 20.0C, what is the specific heat of lead?
Refer to boardwork!
Solve for QPb, Qw, and Qc using mcT.
Heat given off by lead is absorbed by water and Al
container
Final answer: 0.128 kJ/kg-K

58
Phase change
Takes place at a definite
temperature
Temperature remains
constant during transition!
Accompanied by absorption of
emission of heat, change in
volume and density
"Argon ice 1". Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons -
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Argon_ice_1.jpg#mediaviewer/File:Argon_ice_1.jpg
59
Phase change
Heat not used to change temperature, but to
change phase
Ice to water
Water to steam
Melting Iron
Melting/freezing: Latent heat of fusion

Boiling/Condensing: Latent heat of vaporization
Sublimation: Latent heat of sublimation
60
Phase change
From
http://www.physicstutorials.org/images/stories/phaseofc
hangeofwater.png
61
Latent heat of fusion, Lf

Associated with melting/freezing. Varies for
different materials
For water: Lf = 3.34 x 105 J/kg
Heat needed DURING melting/freezing
Q = mLf
Positive: melting
Negative: freezing
Note that there is NO change in the temperature of
the system during melting/freezing
62
Latent heat of vaporization, LV

Associated with evaporation/condensation.
Varies for different materials
For water: Lv = 2.256 x 106 J/kg
Heat needed DURING
evaporation/condensation
Q = mLv
Positive: evaporation
Negative: condensation
63
Phase change: Example

A physics student wants to cool 0.25 kg of Diet Pepsi
(mostly water), initially at 25C, by adding ice initially at
-20C. How much ice should she add so that the final
temperature will be 0C with all the ice melted if the heat
capacity of the container may be neglected.
Ice gains heat, Pepsi loses heat.

All ice melts -> Phase Change!
Qcola = mcolacwT = (0.25 kg)(4190 J/kg-K)(-25C) = -2.6
x103 J
Qice = micecice tice + miceLf
Qcola + Qice = 0.
Final answer: 6.9 x 10-2 kg
64
Phase change: seatwork

A heavy copper pot of mass 2.0 kg (including the
copper lid) is at a temperature of 150C. You pour
0.10 kg of water at 25C into the pot, then quickly
close the lid of the pot so that no steam can escape.
Find the final temperature of the pot so that no
steam can escape. Find the final temperature of the
pot and its contents, and determine the phase
(liquid or gas) of the water. Assume no heat is lost to
the surroundings.
MAGBOARDWORK KA SIR. WAG TAMAD.

65
Galawang pro!
Note: The final temperature should not be greater than
100C
Check the amount of heat lost by the copper lid as the

temperature goes down to 100C
QCu = mCuccu(150 - 100)
Check the heat needed to make the water reach 100C.
Which is larger?
Final temp = 100C!

66
Now. We reflect.
67
Next meeting: hour 5

Read Section 17.7 (Mechanisms of Heat
Transfer)
68
Mechanisms of Heat Transfer

69
Clarifications
70
Clarifications
71
Hour 5: Mechanisms of Heat Transfer

Enumerate and differentiate the three ways
thermal energy may be transferred.
Describe emissivity and blackbodies.
Solve for heat current in conduction and
radiation.
72
Heat transfer
How fast is heat flowing from one body to
another?
Vs. previous hours
Describes the difference between conductors
and insulators
73
Heat transfer mechanisms

Conduction
Convection
Radiation
From http://www.mech.northwestern.edu/images/courses/377-HeatTransport.jpg
74
Conduction
Heat transfer within a body between two bodies
in contact
Neighbor to neighbor
Domino effect
Heat transfer needs a temperature gradient
75
Conduction: heat current

Heat current, H, describes flow of heat.
Units: Watts (W)

Proportional with cross-sectional area and
temperature difference
Inversely proportional with length
76
Conduction: heat current

We have the following equation
( )
= =

k is the thermal conductivity of the material

If T = T(x),

= =

NEVER FORGET HOW TO DIFFERENTIATE!

77
CONDUCTION: HEAT CURRENT

Thermal resistance is related to thermal
conductivity
Applications: Buildings and stuff

Analogy: Electric current
78
Conduction: example
A steel (k = 50.2 W/m-K) bar 10.0 cm long is welded end to
end to a copper (k = 385 W/m-K) bar 20.0 cm long. Both bars
are insulated perfectly on their sides. Each bar has a square
cross-section, 2.00 cm on a side. The free end of the steel bar
is maintained at 100C by placing it in contact with steam,
and the free end of the copper bar is maintained at 0C by
placing it in contact with ice. Find the temperature at the
junction of the two bars and the total rate of flow.
Boardwork! Note that the rods appear to be in series,

therefore Hsteel = HCu
Find T in junction
Determine H.
Answer: Tjunction = 20.7C, Hsteel = 15.9 W
79
Wake up! Wake up!

Suppose the two bars are connected in parallel,
but separated according to the figure below. One
end of each bar is maintained at 100C and the
other end of each bar is maintained at 0C. What
is the total rate of heat flow in the two bars?
A = 4cm2, L=20.0 cm
100 C 0 C
A = 4cm2, L=20.0 cm
80
Wake up! Wake up!

Suppose the two bars are connected in parallel,
but separated according to the figure below. One
end of each bar is maintained at 100C and the
other end of each bar is maintained at 0C. What
is the total rate of heat flow in the two bars?
Bars are now in parallel

Htotal = Hsteel + Hcopper

= (373.15 273.15)( + )

Final answer: 87.0 W
81
Convection
Transfer of heat by mass
motion of a fluid from one
region to another
Use of blower/pump: forced

convection
From http://blog.mightyleaf.com/wp-content/uploads/Boiling-Water-Tea-Kettle-A.jpg
82
Convection
Not as simple as conduction
Due to complexity of fluids and fluid motion
Heat current due to convection is directly
proportional to surface area
Viscosity of fluids slows natural convection near
stationary surface
Heat current due to convection is found to be
approximately proportional to (Tsurface - Tfluid)5/4
83
Radiation
Transfer of heat by EM waves
Light
Infrared
X-rays
Biggest example: the sun!
No medium, no conduction
No fluid, no convection
Radiation is the way!
84
Radiation
Normally all objects emit energy by EM
radiation
Red-hot and white-hot
85
Radiation: heat current

Heat current increases very rapidly with
absolute temperature (T4)
Absolute temperature -> Kelvin!
Heat current also depends on the surface
emissivity, e.
0<e<1
Dull black surfaces have e very close to 1.
86
Radiation: heat current

Heat current for radiation is given by
H = AeT4
Where =5.670400 x 10-8 W/m2-K4 Stefan-

Boltzmann constant
87
Radiation and absorption

We radiate, but we absorb as well
Net heat current = Hmaterial Hsurroundings
Hnet = Ae(Tm4 Ts4)

88
Radiation: example
If the total surface area of the human body is 1.20 m2 and the
surface temperature is 303 K, find the total rate of radiation of
energy from the body. If the surroundings are at a
temperature of 293 K, what is the net rate of heat loss from
the body by radiation. The emissivity of the body is very close
to 1, irrespective of skin pigmentation.
Hnet = Ae(T4-Ts4)
= (1.20 m2)(1)(5.67 x10-8 W/m2-K4)[(303K)4- (293K)4]
Hnet = 72W
Hnet>0: body loses heat

89
Radiation: applications
Medical field
THERMOSES!
Blackbody
Good emitter, good absorber
Reflectors
Poor absorber, poor emitter
90
Now. We reflect.

Physics 73 Hour 2-5 Fudolig

Încărcat de

Informații document

Descriere originală:

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Physics 73 Hour 2-5 Fudolig

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

1

Physics 73 Fudolig 2S AY 14-15 (Thermodynamics)

Physics 73 Fudolig 2S AY 14-15 (Thermodynamics)

Physics 73 Fudolig 2S AY 14-15 (Thermodynamics)

Physics 73 Fudolig 2S AY 14-15 (Thermodynamics)

Colored liquids: change in Liquid thermometers

Physics 73 Fudolig 2S AY 14-15 (Thermodynamics)

Physics 73 Fudolig 2S AY 14-15 (Thermodynamics)

Wake up! Wake up!

Zeroth law of thermodynamics

Physics 73 Fudolig 2S AY 14-15 (Thermodynamics)

Physics 73 Fudolig 2S AY 14-15 (Thermodynamics)

Celsius temperature scale

Physics 73 Fudolig 2S AY 14-15 (Thermodynamics)

Fahrenheit temperature scale

Physics 73 Fudolig 2S AY 14-15 (Thermodynamics)

Conversion of celsius to fahrenheit

Using simple algebraic manipulations

Wake up! Wake up!

Answers: , 248F, -19.2C, 212C

Physics 73 Fudolig 2S AY 14-15 (Thermodynamics)

Kelvin temperature scale

Absolute zero temperature (0 K) can be

Physics 73 Fudolig 2S AY 14-15 (Thermodynamics)

Kelvin temperature scale: absolute

Kelvin temperature scale

Physics 73 Fudolig 2S AY 14-15 (Thermodynamics)

Wake up! Wake up!

Kelvin temperature scale

Ratio used for a constant volume gas thermometer.

My own temperature scale

Next meeting: hour 3

Physics 73 Fudolig 2S AY 14-15 (Thermodynamics)

Thermal Expansion: Applications

Linear thermal expansion

Therefore, the new length L after the change in

Linear thermal expansion

Wake up! Wake up!

Linear Thermal expansion

Linear thermal expansion: Example

Since Al rod has higher , the Al rod will be

Wake up! Wake up!

L0 = 30m, T = 35 C, = 1.2 x 10-5 (C) -1

where is the coefficient of volume

Volume expansion: Example

Note that mercury expands faster than glass.

Note that 3 = and dT = 80C!

Volume expansion: example

Overflow = dVHg dVglass = 2.9-0.19 = 8.45cm3

Thermal expansion of water

Y Youngs Modulus (recall Physics 71)

Next meeting: Hour 4

Heat and Calorimetry

amount of work done

Where c specific heat

Wake up! Test your Mad Skillz!

Note to Friday Migs: Mag-boardwork ka.

Calorimetry: Main Takeaway

Its all fun and games until

Wake up! Wake up!

Final answer: 0.128 kJ/kg-K

Melting/freezing: Latent heat of fusion

Latent heat of fusion, Lf