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Italic peoples

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The Italic peoples were an Indo-European ethnolinguistic group identified by speaking Italic languages.

Contents

1 Classification

2 Origins
3 History

3.1 Copper Age

3.2 Early and Middle Bronze Age

3.3 Late Bronze Age

3.4 Iron Age

4 See also

5 References

6 Bibliography

Classification
The Italics were all the peoples who spoke an idiom
belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European
languages and had settled in the Italian peninsula. The
first Italic tribes, the Latino-Falisci (or "Latino-Veneti",
if the membership of the ancient Veneti is also
accepted), entered Italy across the eastern Alpine
passes into the plain of the Po River about 1200 BC.
Later, they crossed the Apennine Mountains and
eventually occupied the region of Latium, which
included the area of Rome. Before 1000 BC, the Osco-
Umbrians followed, which later divided into various
Indo-European language tree (diagram) according to
groups and gradually moved to central and southern
Gray and Atkinson (2003); Italisch=Italic
Italy.

The Italics were, therefore, the set of all Indo-Europeans present exclusively in Italy in antiquity, not Indo-
European peoples who were present also in other areas of Europe, such as the Cisalpine Gauls (a Continental
Celtic people) or the Messapians (related to the Illyrians).
The term is sometimes used improperly, especially in nonspecialised literature, to refer to all pre-Roman
people of Italy, including those not of Indo-European lineages, such as the Etruscans, the Raetians and the
Elymians.

Origins
According to David W. Anthony, between 3100
2800/2600 BCE, a real folk migration of Proto-Indo-
European speakers from the Yamna culture took place
into the Danube Valley. These migrations probably
split off Pre-Italic, Pre-Celtic and Pre-Germanic from
Proto-Indo-European.[1] Hydronymy shows that Proto-
Germanic homeland is in Central Germany, which
would be very close to the homeland of Italic and
Celtic languages as well.[2]
Indo-European Migrations. Source David Anthony
The origin of a hypothetical ancestral "Italo-Celtic" (2007), The Horse, The Wheel and Language
people is to be found in today's eastern Hungary,
"kurganized" around 3100 BC by the Yamna-culture.
Subsequently, the Urnfield culture, also native of the Hungarian plain, expanding to the west would have
brought this people in Bavaria and in Austria, where it evolved in the Proto-Celtic people, while the proto-
Italic people would have formed from the "Italo-Celtic" tribes who remained in Hungary, then penetrating in
Italy during the late 2nd millennium BC through the Proto-Villanovan culture.[3]

This hypothesis is to some extent supported by the observation that Italic shares a large number of isoglosses
and lexical terms with Celtic and Germanic, some of which are more likely to be attributed to the Bronze
Age.[4] In particular, using Bayesian phylogenetic methods, Russell Gray and Quentin Atkinson argued that
proto-Italic speakers separated from proto-Germanic ones 5500 years before present, i.e. roughly the start of
the Bronze Age.[5] This is further confirmed by the fact that Germanic language family shares more
vocabulary with the Italic family than with the Celtic language family.[6]

History
Copper Age
Remains of the later prehistoric age have been found
in Liguria and Lombardy (stone carvings in Val Altar of Domitius Ahenobarbus known as the Census
Camonica). The most famous is perhaps that of tzi frieze. Marble, Roman artwork of the late 2nd
the Iceman, the mummy of a mountain hunter found in century BCE. From the Campo Marzio, Rome
the Similaun glacier in South Tyrol, dating to c. 3300
BC. During the Copper Age, at the same time as
metalworking appeared, Indo-European people
migrated to Italy. Approximatively four waves of
population from north to the Alps have been
hypothesized on the basis of archaeological
evidence.[8] The Remedello culture is associated by
some with the first identified wave of Proto-Indo-
Europeans who entered Italy and took over the Po
Valley.[9]

Early and Middle Bronze Age


From the late 3rd to the early 2nd millennium BC,
tribes coming both from the north and from Franco-
Iberia brought the Beaker culture[10] and the use of
bronze smithing, in the Po Valley, in Tuscany and on
the coasts of Sardinia and Sicily.

In the mid-2nd millennium BC, the Terramare


culture[11] developed in the Po Valley. The Terramare Samnite soldiers from a tomb frieze in Nola, 4th
culture takes its name from the black earth (terra century BCE; The Samnites were descended from the
marna) residue of settlement mounds, which have long Sabines, who were descended from the Umbri.[7]
served the fertilizing needs of local farmers. They
were still hunters, but had domesticated animals; they
were fairly skillful metallurgists, casting bronze in
moulds of stone and clay, and they were also
agriculturists, cultivating beans, the vine, wheat and
flax. The Latino-Faliscan people have been associated
with this culture, especially by the archaeologist Luigi
Pigorini.

Late Bronze Age


From the late 2nd millennium to the early 1st
millennium BC, the Late Bronze Age Proto-
Villanovan culture, related to the Central European
Urnfield culture, dominated the peninsula and replaced
the preceding Apennine culture. The Proto-
Villanovans practiced cremation and buried the ashes
of their dead in pottery urns of a distinctive double-
cone shape. Generally speaking, Proto-Villanovan
settlements have been found in almost the whole
Italian peninsula from Veneto to eastern Sicily, Italy in 400 BC
although they were most numerous in the northern-
central part of Italy. The most important settlements
excavated are those of Frattesina in Veneto region, Bismantova in Emilia-Romagna and near the Monti della
Tolfa, north of Rome. The Osco-Umbrians, the Veneti, and possibly the Latino-Faliscans too, have been
associated with this culture.

In the 13th century BC, Proto-Celts (probably the ancestors of the Lepontii people), coming from the area of
modern-day Switzerland, eastern France and south-western Germany (RSFO Urnfield group), entered
Northern Italy (Lombardy and eastern Piedmont), starting the Canegrate culture, who not long time after,
merging with the indigenous Ligurians, produced the mixed Golasecca culture.

Iron Age
In the early Iron Age, the relatively homogeneous Proto-Villanovan culture shows a process of
fragmentation. In Tuscany and in part of Emilia-Romagna, Latium and Campania, the Proto-Villanovan
culture was followed by the Villanovan culture. The Villanovan culture is closely associated with the Celtic
Halstatt culture of Alpine Austria, and is characterised by the introduction of iron-working, the practice of
cremation coupled with the burial of the ashes in distinctive pottery. The earliest remains of Villanovan
culture date back to approx. 1100 BC.

In the region south of the Tiber (Latium Vetus), the Latial culture of the Latins emerges, while in the north-
east of the peninsula the Este culture of the Veneti appeared. Roughly in the same period, from their core
area in central Italy (modern-day Umbria and Sabina region), the Osco-Umbrians began to emigrate in
various waves, through the process of Ver sacrum, the ritualized extension of colonies, in southern Latium,
Molise and the whole southern half of the peninsula, replacing the previous tribes, such as the Opici and the
Oenotrians. This corresponds with the emergence of the Terni culture, which had strong similarities with the
Celtic cultures of Hallstatt and La Tne.[12] The Umbrian necropolis of Terni, which dates back to the 10th
century BC, was identical under every aspect, to the Celtic necropolis of the Golasecca culture.[13]

See also
Golasecca culture
Villanovan culture
Roman Republic
List of ancient Italic peoples

References
1. David W. Anthony - The Horse, The Wheel and Language pg.344
2. Hans, Wagner. "Anatolien war nicht Ur-Heimat der indogermanischen Stmme". eurasischesmagazin. Retrieved
20 July 2016.
3. David W. Anthony - The Horse, The Wheel and Language pg.367
4. Douglas Q., Adams (1997). Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture. Taylor & Francis. pp. 316317.
5. "Language evolution and human history: what a difference a date makes, Russell D. Gray, Quentin D. Atkinson and
Simon J. Greenhill (2011)".
6. "A Grammar of Proto-Germanic, Winfred P. Lehmann Jonathan Slocum" (PDF).
7. Salmon 1967, p. 29.
8. J. P. Mallory, Douglas Q. Adams, Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, Italic languages pg. 315-319
9. Remedello culture map (http://nuke.costumilombardi.it/Portals/0/k%C3%A0%20cartina%20Remedello%20300.jpg)
10. p144, Richard Bradley The prehistory of Britain and Ireland, Cambridge University Press, 2007, ISBN 0-521-84811-
3
11. Pearce, Mark (December 1, 1998). "New research on the terramare of northern Italy". Antiquity.
12. Leonelli, Valentina. La necropoli delle Acciaierie di Terni: contributi per una edizione critica (Cestres ed.). p. 33.
13. Farinacci, Manlio. Carsulae svelata e Terni sotterranea. Associazione Culturale UMRU - Terni.

Bibliography
Villar, Francisco (1997). Gli Indoeuropei e le origini dell'Europa. Bologna: Il Mulino. ISBN 88-15-
05708-0.
Devoto, Giacomo; Buti, Gianna G. (1974). Preistoria e storia delle regioni d'Italia. Florence: Sansoni.
Devoto, Giacomo (1951). Gli antichi Italici. Florence: Vallechi.
Pigorini, Luigi (1910). Gli abitanti primitivi dell'Italia. Rome: Bertero.
Moscati, Sabatino (1998). Cos nacque l'Italia: profili di popoli riscoperti. Turin: Societ Editrice
Internazionale.
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Categories: Italic peoples

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