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ISSN 0302-069X

GEa4cxmAL

cKIFtRELATIoN
Original

NUMBER
o
!23 PARIS
APRIL
1995

PROGRESS REPORT OF THE

INTERNATIONAL GEOLOGICAL CORRELATION
PROGRAMME (IGCP)

GEOSCIENCE IN THE SERVICE

OF SOCIETY I
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CONTENTS

Page

Report of the twenty-third session of the IGCP Scientific Board . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

List of participants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Opening address by the representative of the Director-General of UNESCO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Address by the President and the Secretary-General of IUGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Address by the Director of the Division of Earth Sciences of UNESCO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Report by the IGCP Secretary for 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Adoption of the agenda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 12
Assessment of annual project reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Review of the National Committee reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Reports from co-operating organizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 12
(1) Thirtieth IGC, China, 1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
(2) UNESCO, World Heritage Centre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
(3) Association of geochemistry and cosmochemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
(4) Man and the Biosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
(5) INQUA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
(6) Deposit Modelling Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
(7) Ninth Latin American Geological Congress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Future objectives and Statutes of IGCP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Chairmans concluding remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Scientific Board Working Groups for 1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Suggestions by Board members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . 14
Dates of the next Scientific Board meeting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Decisions of the Board on IGCP projects and proposals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 15

List of IGCP projects active in 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Progress of IGCP projects in 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
New IGCP projects accepted and starting in 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Members of the IGCP Scientific Board (1995) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
IGCP National Committees (March 1995) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
IGCP contact addresses (March 1995) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
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Report of the twenty-third session of the IGCP Scientific Board

The Board assembled at UNESCO Headquarters, 1 rue Miollis, Paris, from 30 January to 3 February 1995.

The Scientific Board members present were

Sir G. Malcolm Brown, Chairman (United Kingdom)

I.O. Nyambok, Vice-Chairman (Kenya)
B.J. Skinner, Vice-Chairman (United States)
A.-M. Abed (Jordan)
R.G. Coleman (United States)
J.-J. Collin (France)
G. Gal (Hungary)
M. Iturralde-Vinent (Cuba)
R. Meissner (Germany)
S. Mora Castro (Costa Rica)
C. Mpodozis (Chile)
C. McA. Powell (Australia)
E. Roaldset (Norway)
M. Ramakrishnan (India)

Ex-officio members present were

G. Glaser, Director SC/ENV, representative of the Director-General of UNESCO

W.S. Fyfe, President of IUGS
R. Brett, Secretary-General of IUGS

Observers present were

D. Benson, Canadian National Committee for IGCP (Meeting Rapporteur)

P. Bouysse, CGMW, Paris (France)
A. Darnley, IAGC (Canada)
E. Derbyshire, International Union for Quaternary Research (United Kingdom)
C. Findlay, Geological Survey of Canada
M. Lamolda, Spanish National Committee for IGCP
J. Marton-Lefevre, International Council of Scientific Unions (France)
T. Ovenshine, US National Committee for IGCP
A. Prtan, Austrian National Committee for IGCP
M. Rssler, UNESCO, World Heritage Centre
T. Schaaf, UNESCO, MAB Secretariat
D. Vaslet, French National Committee for IGCP
Zhao Xun, Geological Society of China, Organizing Committee of 30th IGC
W. Ziegler, German National Committee for IGCP
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UNESCO, Division of Earth Sciences

F.W. Eder, Director

V. Babuka, IGCP Secretary
E. Bloem
S. Mailing
R. Missotten
F. Repetto
B. Rouhban
S, Cochrane-Tyurin
S. Laryea

6
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Opening address by the representative of the
Director-General of UNESCO
The meeting was opened by the Chairman,
Sir Malcolm Brown, who welcomed all present, and
invited the representative of the Director-General of
UNESCO, Dr G. Glaser, to address those assembled.
Dr Glaser expressed pleasure at the increased
emphasis by IGCP on environmental projects, chiefly
projects in the service of society. He expressed the
concern of UNESCO for increased co-operation
among the four activities involved in Environmental
Sciences, IGCP, IOC (Intergovernmental Oceano-
graphic Commission), IHP (International Hydro-
logical Programme) and MAB (Man and the
Biosphere) and for the success of the four
interdisciplinary projects on Coastal Zone
Management, Small-Island Environments, Biological
Diversity and Natural Disaster Reduction. However,
Dr Glaser stated that this emphasis on the
environment must not detract from the need for
continuing basic geoscientific studies on the
lithosphere, in particular to use these studies to
improve the geoscientific capacity of developing
countries.
He noted that the latest issue of Nature &
Resources (the UNESCO quarterly review of research
for sustainable development) is dedicated to a review
of IGCP for the years 1988-1993. This issue, prepared
largely through the dedicated efforts of Sir Malcolm
Brown and Vladislav Babuka, gives examples of the
many successful IGCP projects and of the dedication
of the scientists at the grass roots that have
contributed to the success. This was also recognized
in the excellent Review of IGCP but both the Review
and UNESCO stress that IGCP must be re-oriented
towards the Service of Society, a re-orientation that
must be achieved without changing the basic trends of
IGCP.
The Chairman, in thanking Dr Glaser for his
remarks, gave the Boards appreciation of his
knowledge of, and concern for the welfare of IGCP.
Address by the President and the Secretary-
General of IUGS
Sir Malcolm then introduced the President of IUGS,
Professor W.S. Fyfe, who addressed the meeting on
the current activities of IUGS. He reported on last
years ICSU meeting in Morocco that dealt with
long-range planning, in which context the work of
IUGS and IGCP is well respected. ICSU has
proposed a new initiative Partnership in Earth
Management and has begun to establish the structure
to manage it.
The report of the IGCP Review Committee was
well received by IUGS and UNESCO, and its
recommendations have been accepted. This report
with editorial comments by Sir Malcolm Brown
appeared in the latest issue of Episodes. Despite our
recognition of the need to be more involved in
environmental concerns, the public perception is one
of decreased importance of geoscience, and this at a
time of increasing threat to the earths resources. One
problem is the need for increased co-ordination of
our effort, including in particular the 13 different
environmental programmes endorsed by IUGS.
Geologists must do a better job of explaining our
science and its benefit to mankind. It is well
recognized that continuing population growth places
increased demand on the earths resources, for
example energy, water, waste disposal, soil for
agricultural purposes and minerals. Studies of
geofluctuations require exact science to enable more
precise prediction.
It is encouraging to note that Germany and the
United States have signed a new agreement on
continental drilling, a project that has already
provided valuable geological information, knowledge
of the deep biosphere and improved technologies.
It is important that IGCP continue its good work
and that it places increased emphasis on excellence
and to reward superior programmes with increased
funding.
Dr R. Brett, Secretary-General of IUGS, echoed
Professor Fyfes comments and expressed four areas
of concern. First, the IGCP Review Committee has
been universally recognized for its excellence and we
must be careful to heed its recommendations. Last
year, there was concern that the decentralization of
certain projects to UNESCOs Regional Offices
would detract from IGCP. However, there have been
no complaints about the Regional Offices, which
have been working well. The IGCP-Geoscience in
the Service of Society, must be wary that despite the
increased emphasis on the environment, we continue
to undertake basic science. There is an increasing
need to improve our public image to change it from
our perceived involvement mainly in mining and
petroleum exploration, and to sell the benefits of
basic science and academic geology.
The preparations for IGC in China are proceeding
well and there will be a considerable level of
contribution to the scientific programme by IGCP
projects.
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Address by the Director of the Division of Earth
Sciences of UNESCO
Dr F.W. Eder, Director, then spoke on the need for
advancing the knowledge of earth processes and earth
resources, and for mutual understanding of the
problems, both scientific and social among the family
of nations. We need to find geoscientific solutions as
a basis for better decisions concerning resource
development, environmental protection, natural
hazard reduction, laud-use planning and waste
disposal. At the same time we need to maintain the
health of basic science.
The Division of Earth Sciences will continue its
support of IGCP, a programme regarded as the
backbone of UNESCOs efforts in promoting co-
operative research in earth sciences. Priority is given
to the study of geological global processes as au
essential input to the geosphere-biosphere global
change system.
The Division of Earth Sciences is investigating
the development of earth science data-management
systems and related technologies with a view to
increasing the accessibility of geological information.
We are also involved in education and training
programmes in the developing countries and in their
integration with other UNESCO programmes.
Report by the IGCP Secretary for 1994
(V. Babuka)
1. Thanks to the outgoing members of the
Scientific Board
The retiring members are Professor R.A. Price
(Canada: Joint Chairman of the Board), Dr A. Kazmi
(Pakistan: Vice-Chairman of the Board), Dr A.
Bellizzia (Venezuela), Professor S. Karamata
(Yugoslavia), Professor L.K. Kauranne (Finland),
Dr I. Premoli-Silva (Italy), Dr A. Yu Rozanov
(Russia), Dr C. Schlchter (Switzerland) and
Professor Xie Xuejing (China).
The Secretary would like to express his
appreciation and acknowledgement for their six-year
active co-operation, hoping that they will maintain
their interest in IGCP.
2. New members of the Scientific Board
After the reduction of the membership to 16, two
vacancies were available for 1995. Out of
116 nominees, to be considered both for 1995 and
1996 vacancies, the new members selected, and
appointed jointly by the Director-General of
UNESCO, F. Mayor, and the President of IUGS,
Professor W.S. Fyfe, are: Professor Elen Roaldset
(Norway) for Working Group 1 (sedimentary,
8
stratigraphy, palaeontology); Professor C.
McA. Powell (Australia) for Working Group 4
(geophysics, tectonics, structural geology).
Eight members of the Scientific Board will
complete their six- year service in 1995: Professor
A.-M. Abed (Jordan), Professor R.G. Coleman
(United States), Dr J.-J. Collin (France), Professor
D.L. Dineley (United Kingdom), Professor I. Kushiro
(Japan), Professor R. Meissner (Germany),
Dr S. Mora-Castro (Costa Rica) and Dr C. Mpodozis
(Chile).
3. IGCP projects terminated in 1993
(recapitulation)
No.
234 Precambrian volcano-sedimentary complexes
in West Africa, I. Yac (Cte dIvoire),
M.A. Rahaman (Nigeria), 1989-1994
271 South American Paleozoic conodontology,
M.A. Hnicken (Argentina), M. Suarez Riglos
(Bolivia)
274 Coastal evolution in the Quaternary, O. Van
de Plassche (Netherlands), 1988-1992
275 Deep geology of the Baltic Shield,
R. Gorbatschev (Sweden), F.P. Mitrofanov
(Russia) (1989-1993)
276 Paleozoic of the Tethys, D. Papanikolaou
(Greece), P. Sassi (Italy), A.K. Sinha (India)
from 1991, 1988-1992, OET in 1993
279 Terranes in Latin America, F. Herv (Chile),
1988-1992, Active extension in 1993
280 The oldest rocks on earth, A. Krner
(Germany), 1988-1992, OET in 1993
281 Quaternary climates of South America,
J. Argollo Bautista (Bolivia), 1989-1993
282 Rare metal granitoids, P.J. Pollard (Australia),
Zhu Jinchu (China), 1989-1992
283 Evolution of the Palaeoasian Ocean, Xiao
Xuchang (China), N.L. Dobretsov (Russia),
R.G. Coleman (United States), 1989-1993
287 Tethyan bauxites, A. Dangic (Yugoslavia),
A. Mindszenty (Hungary), L. Simone (Italy),
1989-1993
291 Metamorphic fluids and mineral deposits,
W. Frank, W. Prochaska (Austria)
294 Very low grade metamorphism, R.E. Bevins,
D. Robinson (United Kingdom), 1989-1993
296 Quaternary in the Asia/Pacific region, J.L. Rau
(Thailand), V. ibrava (Czech Republic),
1989-1993
297 Geocryology of the Americas, A.E. Corte
(Argentina), Cui Zhijiu (China), 1989-1993
299 Geology, climate, hydrology and karst
formation, Yuan Daoxian (China), H. Hotzl
(Germany), J.W. Hess (United States)
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303 Precambrian/Cambrian event stratigraphy, 373 Felsic igneous systems in Eurasia, R. Seltmann
M. Brasier (United Kingdom), 1990-1993 (Germany)
344 Biosedimentology and correlation of microbial 375 Archaean/Proterozoic craton of West Africa
build-ups, C. Monty (France) M. Kone and J. Camil (Cte dIvoire)
353 The last interglacial period in the circum-artic, 377 Groundwater exploration technics in West
J.V. Mathews Jr., A.D. Vernal (Canada) Africa, C.A. Kogbe (France), K. Schoeneich
(Nigeria)
4. Project proposals received in 1993
(recapitulation)
5. Ongoing projects in 1994
(a) Out of 20 proposals received in 1993 and The list of ongoing projects has been distributed to all
assessed by the IGCP Scientific Board in 1994, participants. It comprises 52 active projects and two
10 were accepted: O.E.T. projects (Nos. 276 and 287).
No.
Distribution of projects according to the year of
346 Neogeodynamica Baltica, R.G. Garetsky and
termination:
E.A. Levkov (Belarus)
363 Lower Proterozoic of Sub-Equatorial Africa, 1994: 253, 286, 288,290, 293, 299, 302, 304, 308
M. Kanika (Zaire), S. Master (Zimbabwe) (nine); two O.E.T.: 276,287
364 Caribbean volcanic arcs and ophiolites, 1995: 301,306,314,315,317, 318, 320, 321,324,
G. Draper (United States) 325,328,339 (twelve)
366 Ecological aspects of the Cambrian radiation, 1996: 319, 322, 326, 329, 336, 342, 343, 349
A. Zhuravlev and R. Wood (United Kingdom) (eight)
367 Late Quaternary coastal records of rapid 1997: 335,341,345,348, 350, 351, 355, 356, 357,
change, D.P. Scott (Canada) 359,360, 361, 362, 378 (fourteen)
369 Peritethyan rift basins, W. Cavazza (Italy), 1998: 346, 363, 364, 366, 367, 369, 371, 374, 376
A. Robertson (United Kingdom), P. Ziegler (nine)
(Switzerland)
371 North Atlantic Precambrian (COPENA),
R.R. Gorbatschev (Sweden) 6. Projects due to terminate in 1994
374 Palaeoclimatology and palaeoceanography
from laminated sediments, A.E.S. Kemp No.
(United Kingdom) 253 Termination of the Pleistocene, J. Lundqvist
376 Laurentian-Gondwanan connections, V.A. (Sweden), 1989-1994
Ramos (Argentina), F. Herv, J.D. Keppie 276 Paleozoic of the Tethys, D. Papanikolaou
(Canada) (Greece), P. Sassi (Italy)
378 Circumalpine Quaternary correlations, 286 Early Palaeogene Benthos, L. Hottinger
C. Schlchter (Switzerland) (Switzerland), E. Caus (Spain), 1990-1994
287 Tethyan Bauxites, A. Dangic (Yugoslavia),
(b) Ten proposals were rejected, out of which A. Mindszenty (Hungary), L. Simone (Italy),
1989-1993, O.E.T. in 1994
three (Nos. 365, 370 and 377) were
recommended for resubmission: 288 Gondwanaland sutures and fold belts,
R. Unrug (United States), G.R. Sadowski
(Brazil), 1990-1994
No. 290 Anorthosites and related rocks, M. Higgins
352 Upgrading and application of SEDBA, Liu (Canada), J.-C. Duchesne (Belgium), 1990-
Baojun (China), N. Nishiwaki-Nakajima 1994
(Japan) 293 Geochemical event markers in the
354 Settings and origin of giant ore deposits, Pei Phanerozoic, H.H.J. Geldsetzer (Canada), Xu
Rongfu (China) Dao-Yi (China), 1990-1994
358 Chad transect, R. Erdimi (Chad) 299 Geology, climate, hydrology and karst
365 Proterozoic sedimentation, I. Fairchild (United formation, Yuan Daoxian (China), H. Hotzl
Kingdom), Song Tianrui (China) (Germany), J.W. Hess (United States), 1990-
368 Proterozoic events in East Gondwana, 1994
M. Yoshida (Japan) 302 The structure and metallogenesis of Central
370 Rifting events in Europe, I. Bilik (Hungary) African Late Proterozoic Belts, M. Wendorff
372 Mud volcanoes of the World, I.S. Guliev (Botswana), W.M. Katekesha (Zaire), 1990-
(Azerbaijan) 1994
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304 Lower crustal processes, B.J. Hensen the UNESCO NationaI Commissions and suggesting
(Australia), L. Ya Aranovich (Russia), 1990- submission of a summary annual report was
1994 distributed at the beginning of October 1994.
308 Palaeocene/Eocene boundary events. M.-P.
Aubry (France), 1990-1994 The following countries have reported Argentina,
Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Benin, Brazil,
Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, China, Costa Rica, Cuba
7. Extension requests by projects
Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France,
O.E.T. (on extended term) status has been requested Germany, Guyana, Hong Kong, Hungary, India, Iraq,
Italy, Japan, Kenya, Lithuania, Mongolia, Nepal,
by the leaders of IGCP Projects 288 and 308.
New Zealand, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Peru,
Poland, Republic of Korea, Republic of South Africa,
8. Publications
Russia, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden,
The English and French versions of Geological Switzerland, Thailand, Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine,
United Kingdom, Venezuela and Yugoslavia.
Correlation No. 21 (1993) were published in
September 1994 and distributed according to the
updated address list.
10. Finances
The manuscript of Geological Correlation No. 22
IGCP recognizes the rationale for increased
(1994) was submitted for technical editing in June
decentralization of UNESCO programmes to the
1994. After a careful editorial work and negotiations
regions. For the first time, over 30 per cent of the
with UNESCOs Control, Planning and Fabrication
IGCP budget was decentralized to the UNESCO
Unit, we succeeded to substantially speed up its
Regional Offices in Jakarta (four IGCP projects and a
publication. The English version of Geological
contribution to South-East Asian participants in
Correlation No. 22 was thus printed in January 1995,
IGCP meetings), in Montevideo (two IGCP projects
eight months earlier than ever before, with the
and a contribution to the IGCP regional meeting), in
innovative IGCP subtitle Geoscience in the service of
Nairobi (two IGCP projects and a contribution to
society on the publication cover. African participants in IGCP), in New Delhi
(contributions to Central Asian participants in IGCP)
Following the recommendation of the independent
and in Cairo (contribution to the IGCP regional
Review Committee in January 1994, the IGCP
meeting).
Scientific Board appointed its Chairman to prepare,
in co-operation with the IUGS President and
Also in 1994, the IGCP budget was cut but later
UNESCO, a special publication reviewing major
was fortunately restored to about 90 per cent of the
results of IGCP projects for the period 1988-1993. For
original level. Thanks to an additional contribution
this purpose, the widely distributed UNESCO journal
from the Director-General the UNESCO contribution
published in English and French, Nature &
to IGCP projects (US $190,300 for 50 projects)
Resources, has been selected and a special issue
remained on approximately the same level as in 1990
Nos. 3, 4 (1994) was published in January 1995. We
and 1991 (185,000 for 54 and 55 projects,
would like to express our sincere thanks to Professor
respectively).
Sir Malcolm Brown, Chairman of the Board and to
Professor W.S. Fyfe, President of IUGS, for writing No. of projects
Year UNESCO IUGS Total Average
this excellent review which illustrates so nicely the
Overall Funded O.E.T. + per
breadth, depth and applicability of the programme as project
nil
well as makes the subject intelligible also to non-
specialists. (all sums in US $1,000 units)

Episodes, the IUGS journal, continued publishing 1990 185.0 121.0 306.0 61 54 6+1 5.67
information on IGCP projects accepted and starting in 1991 185.0 137.0 322.0 59 55 3+ 1 5.85
1994.
1992 170.0 137.0 307.0 56 50 5+1 6.14

1993 173.0 147.2 320.2 60 56 4 5.72

9. Annual reports received from
IGCP National Committees 1994 190.3 137.0 327.3 54 50 4 6.54

IGCP National Committees exist in 97 countries and

IGCP Contact Persons in an additional 23 countries. Thanks to the reduced number of funded projects
A circular letter encouraging the IGCP National (50 in 1994) and mainly thanks to the lower overhead
Committee to actively keep and develop contacts with costs related to the reduced membership of the IGCP

10
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Scientific Board, the overall annual contribution per of Scientific Research and Technology, Egyptian
project increased to US $6,450. Ministry of Petroleum and Egyptian Geological
Survey and Mining Authority.
The distribution of funds in 1994 followed the
recommendations of the independent Review The IGCP Secretary reported on the present state
Committee and the IGCP Scientific Board, and and perspectives of the programme, as well as on the
funding was increased to high quality projects as preparation of new project proposals. Out of eight
shown below: preliminary proposals discussed during the meeting,
four were submitted in October 1994 and will be
assessed by the IGCP Scientific Board.
Category Range No. of projects
(US $) (b) The IGCP regional meeting for Latin America
High funding 8,400-9,800 10 and the Caribbean was held within the framework of
the 14th International Sedimentological Congress in
Medium funding 5,000-7,400 32 Recife (Brazil), from 22 to 24 August 1994. The
meeting was successfully organized by Mr F. Repetto
Low funding 4,000-4,500 8 of the UNESCO Regional Office in Montevideo
I I
(Uruguay), who also represented the IGCP
Nil funding 2 Secretariat.
(O.E.T.) 2 Representatives of National Committees attended
the meeting, in total 12 Latin American and
The following table shows the development of the Caribbean countries were represented. Two
percentage of direct contribution to IGCP projects by preliminary proposals for new IGCP projects were
UNESCO and IUGS. discussed. The frost is entitled Models of evolution of
belts, collisions of eastern Gondwana, the second
Variation of the sea level during the Permian in the
western Gondwana. Both proposals were welcomed
by the participants and a request was made to
continue their elaboration.

1988 62.5 37.5 12. IGCP regional meetings proposed for 1995
1989 56.6 43.4
(a) It is planned to organize an IGCP regional
1990 60.4 39.6 meeting of African countries in conjunction with the
1991 57.5 42.5 10th Conference of the Geological Society of Africa,
which will be held in Nairobi (Kenya), from 9 to
1992 55.4 44.6 13 October 1995. The meeting will be organized by
1993 54.0 46.0 the UNESCO Regional Office in Nairobi.
1994 58.0 42.0 (b) The subregional meeting of the IGCP National
Committee Representatives of the Alpine-Carpathian-
Though the percentage of UNESCOs contribution to Balkan region and surrounding countries will be held
the IGCP projects slightly increased in comparison in Vienna (Austria), from 29 to 31 May 1995. The
with the previous two years, funding continues to be organizers - the Austrian IGCP National Committee,
strongly dependent on the IUGS contribution will kindly provide an accommodation and per diem
(through generous funds from the United Kingdom for about 15 invited participants (one from each
and the United States). country).

11. IGCP regional meetings held in 1994

13. IGCP project proposals received
(a) The IGCP regional meeting for Arab States, held in 1994
in Cairo (Egypt) from 29 to 30 May 1994, was the No.
first meeting of the Arab region with a broad 347 Congelation of Ganges-Brahmaputra sediments
international participation of more than 60 specialists (Md Monsur, Bangladesh)
from seven Arab States and the United States. The 354 Economic superaccumulations of metals in
meeting was very well organized by the UNESCO lithosphere (Pei Rongfu, China and J. Kutina,
Regional Office in Cairo (Mr H. Helal) and co- United States)
sponsored (also financially) by the Egyptian Academy 358 Chad Transect (T. Erdimi, Chad)

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368 Proterozoic events in East Gondwana
(M. Yoshida, Japan)
379 Karst process and carbon cycle (Yuan
Daoxian, China)
380 Biosedimentology of microbial build-ups
(C. Monty, France)
301 South Atlantic mesozoic correlation (E.A.M.
Koutsoukos and P. Bengston,Germany)
382 Seismotectonics of the circum-Mediterranean
(Samir Riad, Egypt and Charles Tabet,
Lebanon)
383 Palaeostress, neotectonics and geodynamics in
circum-Pacific (R.H. Flndlay, Papua New
Guinea)
384 Spherulites in Europe (C.H. Detre, Hungary)
385 Problematic permafrost landforms (S.A.
Harris, Canada)
386 Causes and consequences of geochemical
perturbations (H.H.J. Geldsetzer, Canada)
387 Quaternary environmental changes in Asia
and the Pacific (V.ibrava, Czech Republic)
388 Development of methodology on the data base
application in geosciences (Zhao Pengda,
China)
389 Geoenvironmental evaluation of coastal belts
in Arab countries (Z.M. Zaghloul and Ferial
E1-Bedewy, Egypt)
390 Correlative Geology around the Aqaba-Levant
Transform (A. Hafez, M.L. Abdel Khalek,
A. Sehim and Z. Abdel Kader, Egypt)
391 Sand accumulations and groundwater in the
Sahara (Farouk El-Baz, United States and
Ibrahim Himida, Egypt)
392 Fossil fuels of Africa (R.M.S. Falcon, Republic
of South Africa)
Adoption of the agenda
The Chairman reviewed the agenda and requested
that the two Vice-Chairmen, Dr Skinner and
Dr Nyambok, chair the sessions on project
assessments and on national reports respectively. The
agenda was adopted as proposed.
He explained the preparation of a special issue of
Nature & Resources that he initially visualized as a
review of IGCP projects from 1988 to 1993 but
eventually concentrated on 19 of the 68 projects
active during this period. He has presented these
projects as examples of recent IGCP research under
three groupings: discovering mineral resources;
understanding earths environment; and interpreting
earth processes and evolution. Important
contributions to the success of this publication were
made by V. Babuka and F.W. Eder (Introduction and
Appendix), W.S. Fyfe (Chapter on the role of earth
sciences in society) and Howard Moore (UNESCO,
editor). Sir Malcolm prepared most of the issue from
information submitted by the project leaders, and was
12
greatly aided by Howard Moores assurance that the
geoscience information was of equal interest to a non-
geoscience audience. There is a need to publicize this
magazine and see its widespread distribution.
The Chairman requested that members of working
groups adhere to the Vice-Chairmans instruction and
called on Dr Skinner to outline the assessment of
annual project reports.
Assessment of annual project reports
Dr Skinner stressed that the same procedure be
followed by all working groups: (1) there be a
complete assessment, written in very clear terms that
the project leaders will understand; (2) there must be
two recommendations for each project, one of the
projects excellence and the other of the proposed
funding level.
There are eight projects ending this year and
18 new project proposals have been received.
All annual project reports and the new project
proposals were evaluated by the relevant working
groups and their recommendations distributed to all
members of the Scientific Board for their
consideration. The final decisions were made
following careful consideration under the
chairmanship of Dr Skinner. As suggested by
Dr Coleman, those projects that had been evaluated as
either poor or excellent were revisited to ensure a
consistent level of evaluation. A summary of the
recommendations is appended.
Review of the National Committee reports
Dr Nyambok requested that Board members provide
brief (half a page or less) comments on the individual
reports that they have reviewed. These comments are
to be discussed by the Board and combined into a
narrative to be sent to all National Committees with a
covering letter prepared by Dr Babuka. It is hoped
that this information will encourage improved future
reporting by National Committees.
Mrs Prtan of the Austrian National Committee
drew attention to the Regional Scientific Meeting of
IGCP Representatives of East Alpine-Adriatic-
Carpathian Regional and Neighboring Countries to
be held in Vienna from 29 to 31 May 1995, under
their sponsorship.
Reports from co-operating organizations
(1) Thirtieth IGC, China, 1996
Dr Zhao Xun had prepared a progress report on IGC
that was distributed to Board members. Further
comments were made concerning the very high
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interest in the Tibetan field trip, the Geohost
Programme, the participation of IGCP in the
scientific programmes, the acceptance of abstracts,
and the possibility of a special Chinese postage stamp
in recognition of the Congress.
(2) UNESCO, World Heritage Centre
Dr Mechtild Rssler discussed the difficulty in
assessing geological sites under consideration as
world heritage sites. The 370 locations suggested by
the Consulting Committee is much too lengthy, and a
tentative list of 50-100 sites would be preferred.
(3) Association of geochemistry and cosmochemistry
Dr Arthur Darnley made reference to international
collaboration in publishing A global geochemical
data base the final report of IGCP Project 259. He
noted the urgent need of ensuring that this and
similar reports receive sufficient promotion and
publicity so that the geoscience data they contain are
used properly by decision-makers. Dr Skinner stated
that often the best publicity is generated by the non-
geoscience user, for example the geochemical data
base by the medical professional engaged in
epidemiology.
(4) Man and the Biosphere
Dr Thomas Schaaf noted that there were several areas
of study in which increased co-operation between
MAB and IGCP would be beneficial: geomorphic
processes, desertification, palaeoclimate, remote
sensing and cartography, natural disaster reduction
and geochemical data bases.
(5) INQUA
Dr Edward Derbyshire emphasized the recent
increase in co-operative programmes with IGCP.
Discussion revealed a lack of extensive co-operation
between two groups investigating past climates, CLIP
and PAGES.
(6) Deposit Modelling Group
Dr Gabor Gal informed the meeting that the Group
was considering greater emphasis on resource
assessment and sustainable development. Workshops
will be held in Brazil and Albania in 1995. The
Board cautioned that the Deposit Modelling Group
should be careful that they do not expand their
horizons too greatly, but maintain their scientific
integrity.
(7) Ninth Latin American Geological Congress
Dr Repetto (formerly of the UNESCO Regional Office
in Montevideo) provided an update on plans for the
Congress, including information that the Ministers of
Mines of the region will hold a meeting at the
Congress.
Future objectives and Statutes of IGCP
Discussion of the proposed future objectives of IGCP
was led by Dr Skinner. These objectives reflect the
Review Committees report and the combination of
the previous Board and Scientific Committee into a
single Scientific Board. Minor revisions of the new
Statutes were adopted concerning reappointment to
the Board in exceptional cases, replacement of a
Board member who is unable to attend regularly, and
the appointment of UNESCO Director-General and
IUGS President or delegates as ex officio Board
members. The revised Statutes will be submitted to
UNESCO and IUGS for their official approval.
Chairmans concluding remarks
This has been a very successful meeting, in which
many views have been debated, both on policy and
science, and many decisions have been made in the
interests of IGCP activities and future developments.
This would not have been possible without the
support of UNESCO and IUGS, and the diligent
work, throughout the meeting, by all members of the
Board and IGCP Secretariat. I wish particularly to
thank the Director-General of UNESCO and his
representative at the meeting (Dr Glaser); the
President and Secretary-General of IUGS (Prof. Fyfe
and Dr Brett); the Director of UNESCO Earth
Sciences (Dr Eder); and the Secretary of IGCP
(Dr Babuka). Much paperwork was generated and
dealt with quickly and effectively by our Rapporteur
(Dr Benson), always strongly supported by Vladislav
Babuka and his technical assistants (Erik, Sally and
Sophie). Our two Vice-Chairmen undertook several
important duties which greatly improved the
procedures. Several observers were present this year,
and their valuable contributions have been recorded.
As I have said on previous occasions, the great
international prestige and success of IGCP reflects
not only the scientific quality of the projects but also
the quality of the Scientific Board in its maintenance
of high standards of selection and annual assessment
of each project. This review system is vital and needs
to be held annually if the standards of IGCP are to be
maintained (as also emphasized by the President and
Secretary-General of IUGS).
I wish to focus, in that context, on the eight
members of the Scientific Board who will be retiring,
each after six years of excellent service. They are
Dr Abed (Jordan), Dr Coleman (United States),
Dr Collin (France), Dr Dineley (United Kingdom),
Dr Kushiro (Japan), Dr Meissner (Germany),
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Dr Mora Castro (Costa Rica) and Dr Mpodozis Working Group 1: Stratigraphy, sedimentology,
(Chile). Their generous service to the cause of IGCP fossil fuels, etc.
has been exceptional, and we shall greatly miss the
benefit of their wisdom. I am sure their interests in, M.Iturralde-Vinent-Chairman
and value to IGCP will continue into the future. The E. Roaldset
reduced Scientific Board of 16 members has operated + 2 new members
very well in place of the separate Scientific
Committee and Board totalling 32 members. Two Working Group 2: Quaternary, environmental and
new members were welcome additions, i.e. Dr Powell engineering geosciences
of Australia and Dr Roaldset of Norway. Annual
reports and new project proposals have been assessed I.O. Nyambok - Chairman
carefully, and all the National Committee reports M. Ramakrishnan
have been reviewed with, for the first time, a written + 2 new members
feedback to each of the National Committees which
are to be commended for supplying the Scientific Working Group 3: Mineral deposits, petrology, geo-
Board with much valuable information. chemistry, etc.

The aim of IGCP, as discussed at the meeting, is B.J. Skinner - Chairman

to continue with its policy of encouraging scientists
from any country to submit project proposals that are
based primarily on good geoscience. However, the
meeting also stressed the need to expand IGCP
horizons in two major directions. First, to encourage
(especially via National Committees) proposals which
contain an appreciable element of Geoscience in the
service of society as required in the recommen-
dations of the IGCP Review report. Second, to
develop, through the respective UNESCO Secretariats
and the relevant National Committees, the
formulation of interdisciplinary projects involving
collaboration between IGCP, IOC (Intergovernmental
Oceanographic Commission), IHP (International
Hydrological Programme) and MAB (Man and the
Biosphere).
Towards the end of our meeting, I was honoured
by a meeting with the Director-General (Dr Mayor)
and the Assistant Director-General of UNESCO
(Dr Badran), accompanied by Dr Brett, Dr Eder and
Dr Babuka. The Director-General was generous in
his praise of IGCP, and gave his particular verbal
support to our new focusing on Geoscience in the
Service of Society and on the possibility of multi-
disciplinary projects involving the three other
UNESCO science programmes mentioned above.
In conclusion, I thank all those who have helped
in this successful meeting, and all our distant
colleagues whose input forms the basis of our
continuing, vigorous and impressive IGCP
programme.
Sir G. Malcolm Brown
G. Gal
+ 1 new member
Working Group 4: Geophysics, tectonics, structural
geology, etc.
C. McA. Powell - Chairman
+ 3 new members
Suggestions by Board members
I.O. Nyambok - Project leaders should be advised to
cite only those publications that acknowledge their
project.
G. Gal and M. Iturralde-Vinent-Care should be
taken that IGCP meetings be so identified, separately
from other meetings that members attended.
R. Brett and C.McA. Powell - Project proposals
should include a brief C.V. (limited to 2 pages, 8 key
publications and relevant scientific experience) of the
leader/leaders.
R. Brett and E. Roaldset - Project leaders should be
notified of the Boards concern about the distribution
of IGCP funds and they should give a very brief
statement of these expenditures in their annual report.
S. Mora Castro - A proposal for a more precise
allocation of funding levels was distributed. It was
adopted for use in future assessments.

Scientific Board Working Groups for 1996 During a discussion of the possibility of collaboration
with other UNESCO scientific programmes, the
The following alignment proposed by the Chairman Board suggested that the IGCP Secretary should
was adopted: advise his colleagues in UNESCO and also the IGCP

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National Committees of the need to formulate future 346 Neogeodynamica Baltica

proposals, where relevant. 348 The Mozambique and related belts
349 Desert margins and palaeomonsoons since 135
Sir G. Malcolm Brown - The assessment procedure kyrs. BP
for project annual reports, new project proposals and 350 Cretaceus environmental change in East and
National Committee reports is much improved. South Asia
However, Board members, in particular new Board 351 Early Paleozoic evolution in North West
members, must be advised of a deadline (15 January) Gondwana
for their assessments to reach the working group 356 Carpatho-Balkan plate tectonics and
leaders. metallogeny
357 Organics and mineral deposits
R. Brett - IUGS is presently examining options for 359 Correlation of Tethyan, circum-pacific and
ensuring the publication of Episodes after the expiry marginal Gondwanan Permo-Triassic
of the current arrangement with the British 360 Global geochemical baselines
Geological Survey. 361 East Asia activated zones
362 Tethyan and Boreal Cretaceus
Dates of the next Scientific Board meeting 363 Lower Proterozoic of the sub-Equatorial Africa
364 Caribbean volcanic arcs and ophiolites
Monday, 29 January to Thursday, 1 February 1996. 366 Ecological aspects of the Cambrian radiation
367 Late Quaternary coastal records of rapid
Decisions of the Board on IGCP projects and change
proposals 369 Perithethyan rift basins
371 North Atlantic Precambrian (COPENA)
374 Palaeoclimatology and palaeoceanography
The decisions of the Board resulted in the following from laminated sediments
status of IGCP projects in 1995. 376 Laurentian-Gondwanan connections
378 Circumalpine Quaternary correlations
The following projects are ongoing:
(43)
The following project is O.E.T.:
No.
288 Gondwanaland sutures and fold belts
301 Palaeogene of South America No.
306 Stratigraphic correlation in South-East Asia 308 Palaeocene/Eocene boundary events
314 Alkaline and carbonatitic magmatism
315 Rapakivi granites and related rocks (1)
317 Palaeoweathering records and palaeosurfaces
318 Marine polymetallic oxides New and resubmitted proposals accepted:
319 Global palaeogeography of the Late
Precambrian and Early Paleozoic
320 Neoproterozoic events and resources No.
321 Gondwana dispersion and Asian accretion 347 Correlation of Ganges-Brahmaputra sediments
322 Jurassic events in South America 354 Economic superaccumulations of metals in
324 GLOPALS: Global limnogeology lithosphere
325 Palaeogeography and authigenic minerals 368 Proterozoic events in East Gondwana
326 Oligocene-Miocene transition in the Northern 379 Karst process and carbon cycle
hemisphere 380 Biosedimentology of microbial build-ups
328 Paleozoic microvertebrates 381 South Atlantic Mesozoic Correlation
329 Neogene of the Paratethys 389 Geoenvironmental evaluation of coastal belts
335 Biotic recovery from mass extinctions in Arab countries
336 Intraplate magmatism and metallogeny 391 Sand accumulations and groundwater in the
339 Geomagnetic Equator Sahara
341 Southern hemisphere palaeo- and neoclimates
342 Age and isotopes of South American ores (8)
343 Stratigraphic analysis of peritethyan basins
345 Andean lithospheric evolution Total 52

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Proposed status of IGCP projects in 1995 Proposals received in 1994

Projects listed in 1994
I I I I
Com- No fund- Low Medium High Rejected Resub- Acceptance Acceptance Acceptance
pleted ing funding funding funding mission Low funding Medium funding High funding
Good Excel- Excel- Excel Excel-
Poor Fair Fair Fair Good lent Good lent Poor Fair G%y Fair Good lent Good lent
253 319 301 317 349 306 343 360 359 288 358 382 389 347 354 368
276 339 329 346 315 345 363 374 314 388 383 379 381
290 Termi- 318 348 366 328 392 384 380 391
293 m
z nated 320 350 378 335 385
299 286 321 351 336 386
304 287 322 336 357 387
302 324 361 371 390
355 325 362 376 I
326 364
. m 341 367
308 342 369
lTcIt.1
.--. i
1 6115 I 6 27 II 10 i

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List of IGCP projects active in 1995

(O.E.T. -on extended term)

No. Title, Project Leader(s), Duration No. I Title, Project Leader(s), Duration

288 Gondwanaland Sutures and Fold Belts 321 Gondwana Dispersion and Asian Accretion
R. Unrug (United States), G.R. Sadowski Ren Jishun (China), J. Charvet (France),
(Brazil) Shigeki Hada (Japan), I. Metcalfe (Australia)
1990-1995 1991-1995
301 Palaeogene of South America 322 Jurassic Events in South America
N. Malumin (Argentina), S. Benitez A.C. Riccardi (Argentina), J. Mojica
(Ecuador) (Colombia)
1991-1995 1992-1996
306 Stratigraphic Correlation in South-East 324 GLOPALS: Global Limnogeology
Asia L. Cabrera, P. Anadon (Spain)
Dang Vu Khuc (Viet Nam), Ph. Janvier 1991-1995
(France) 325 Palaeogeography and Authigenic Minerals
1992-1995 J. Lucas, L. Prvt (France)
308 Palaeocene/Eocene Boundary Events 1991-1995
M.-P. Aubry (France) 326 Oligocene-Miocene Transition in the
1990-1994 Northern Hemisphere
314 Alkaline and Carbonatitic Magmatism M.A. Akhmetiev (Russia)
L. Kogarko (Russia), J. Keller (Germany), 1992-1996
K. Bell (Canada) 328 Paleozoic Microvertebrates
1991-1995 S. Turner (Australia), A. Blieck (France)
315 Rapakivi Granites and Related Rocks 1991-1995
I. Haapala (Finland), R.F. Emslie 329 Neogene of the Paratethys
(Canada) N. Krsti6 (Yugoslavia)
1991-1995 1992-1996
317 Palaeoweathering Records and 335 Biotic Recovery from Mass Extinctions
Palaeosurfaces D.H. Ervin, E.G. Kauffman (United States)
M. Thiry, J.M. Schmitt (France) 1993-1997
1991-1995 336 Intraplate Magmatism and Metallogeny
318 Marine Polymetallic Oxides M.L. Zientek (United States)
J.R. Hein (United States), Dasgupta 1992-1996
(India) 339 Geomagnetic Equator
1991-1995 Nguyen Thi Kim Thea (Viet Nam),
319 Global Palaeogeography of the Late B.B. Elwood (United States)
Precambrian and Early Paleozoic 1992-1995
T.P. Crimes (United Kingdom), 341 Southern Hemisphere Palaeo- and Neo-
K. Seslavinsky (Russia) Climates
1992-1996 P.P. Smolka (Germany), W. Volkheimer
320 Neoproterozoic Events and Resources (Argentina)
N. Christie-Blick (United States), 1993-1997
M. Fedonkin, M. Semikhatov
(Russia)
1991-1995
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No. Title, Project Leader(s), Duration No. Title, Project Leader(s), Duration

342 Age and Isotopes of South American Ores 360 Global Geochemical Baselines
M. Zentilli (Canada) A.G. Darnley (Canada), J.A. Plant (United
1992-1996 Kingdom), A.J.. Bjrklund (Finland)
343 Stratigraphic Analysis of Peritethyan 1993-1997
Basins 361 East Asia Activated Zones
F. Cecca (Italy), J. Cavelier (France), R. Barsbold, O. Gerel (Mongolia)
E. Dudich (Hungary) 1993-1997
1992-1996 362 Tethyan and Boreal Cretaceus
345 Andean Lithospheric Evolution J. Michalik (Slovakia), H. Leereveld
R. Pankburst (United Kingdom), C. Rapela (Netherlands)
(Argentina), M.C. Gardeweg (Chile) 1993-1997
1993-1997 363 Lower Proterozoic of Sub-Equatorial Africa
346 Neogeodynamica Baltica M. Kanika (Zaire), S. Master (Zimbabwe)
R.G. Garetsky, E.A. Levkov (Belarus) 1994-1998
G. Schwab (Germany) 364 Caribbean Volcanic Arcs and Ophiolites
1994-1997 G. Draper (United States)
347 Correlation of Ganges-Brahmaputra 1994-1998
Md. Hussain Monsur (Bangladesh) 366 Ecological Aspects of the Cambrian
1995-1999 Radiation
348 The Mozambique and Related Belts A. Zhuravlev, R. Riding (United Kingdom)
S. Muhongo (United Republic of Tanzania), 1994-1997
S. Berhe (United Kingdom) 367 Late Quaternary Coastal Records of Rapid
1993-1997 Change
349 Desert Margins and Palaeomonsoons since D.P. Scott (Canada)
135 krys BP 1994-1998
E. Derbyshire (United Kingdom), 368 Proterozoic Events in East Gondwana
A.K. Singhvi (India), An Zhisheng (China) Deposits
1993-1996 M. Yoshida (Japan)
350 Cretaceus Environmental Change in East 1995-1999
and South Asia 369 Peritethyan Rift Basins
H. Okada (Japan) W. Cavazza (Italy), A. Robertson (United
1993-1996 Kingdom), P. Ziegler (Switzerland)
351 Early Paleozoic Evolution in North West 1994-1998
Gondwana 371 North Atlantic Precambrian (COPENA)
B.A. Baldis, F. Aceolaza (Argentina) R.P. Gorbatschev (Sweden)
1993-1997 1994-1998
354 Economic Superaccumulations of Metals in 374 Palaeoclimatology and Palaeo-oeanography
Lithosphere from Laminated Sediments
Pei Rongfu (China) A.E.S. Kemp (United Kingdom)
1995-1999 1994-1998
356 Carpatho-Balkan Plate Tectonics and 376 Laurentian-Gondwanan Connections
Metallogeny V.A. Ramos (Argentina), J.D. Keppie
E. Vt-Akos (Hungary), J. Lexa (Slovakia), (Canada), F. Herv (Chile)
S.N. Vlad (Romania) 1994-1998
1993-1997 378 Circumalpine Quaternary Correlations
357 Organics and Mineral Deposits C. Schlchter (Switzerland)
J. Paava (Czech Republic) 1994-1997
1993-1997 379 Karst Process and Carbon Cycle
359 Correlation of Tethyan, Circum-Pacific and Yuan Daoxian (China)
Marginal Gondwanan Permo-Triassic 1995-1999
Yin Hongfu (China), J.M. Dickins (Australia), 380 Biosedimentology of Microbial Buildups
A. Baud (Switzerland), Yang Zunyi (China) C. Monty (France)
1993-1997 1995-1999
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No. Title, Project Leader(s), Duration No. Title, Project Leader(s), Duration

381 South Atlantic Mesozoic Correlation 391 Sand Accumulations and Groundwater in
E.A.M. Koutsoukos, P. Bengtson (Germany) the Sahara
1995-1999 Farouk El-Baz (United States), Ibrahim
389 Geoenvironmental Evaluation of Coastal Himida (Egypt)
Belts in Arab Countries 1995-1999
Z.M. Zaghloul, Ferial El-Bedewy (Egypt)
1995-1999 Funded projects 51
O.E.T. 1 Total 52 projects

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Progress of IGCP projects in 1994
NOS. 253, 275, 288, 290, 293, 299, 301, 302, 304,
306, 308, 314, 315, 317, 318, 319, 320, 321, 322,
324, 325, 326, 328, 329, 335, 336, 339, 341, 342,
343, 345, 348, 349, 350, 351, 355, 356, 357, 359,
360, 361, 362, 367, 369, 371, 374, 376
No. 253 - Termination of the Pleistocene
(1989-1994)
Jan Lundqvist, Department of Quaternary Research,
Odengatan 63, S-113 22 Stockholm, Sweden.
Description: The project aims to study relationships
between the climatic, hydrological and environmental
changes characterizing the transition from the last
glacial to the present interglacial. The time period
covered is 18,000-8,000 BP, but the work is focused
especially on the time span 13,000-10,000 BP.
Achievements in 1994
Meetings
Several meetings have been held. Besides local
meetings in small groups, e.g. in the Peribaltic
Group, the following should be mentioned
- Stockholm, Sweden, 14-16 March. Workshop on
the past, present and future of the Baltic Sea.
Proceedings are being printed in Quaternary
International.
- Ushuaia, Tierra del Fuego, Argentina. Joint meeting
with the INQUA Commission on Formation and
Properties of Glacial Deposits, and the South
American Quaternary organization, SUDAMQUA,
on problems of the glaciation in Tierra del Fuego
and Patagonia. Contributions will be published in
Quaternary of South America and Antarctic
Peninsula.
- Netherlands, 14-18 April. Symposium of Work
Group 4, NASP, on the correlation between the
terrestrial, marine and ice-core records.
20
- Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom. Meeting of
the Working Group on Local Glaciers.
- Lanzhou, China, 20-30 July. Joint meeting of the
Working Group on Problematic Ice Sheets and the
INQUA Commission on Formation and Properties
of Glacial Deposits, with special reference to the
glaciation of the Tibetan High Plateau. The
contributions to this and the following meeting will
be published in Quaternary International.
- Stockholm, Sweden, 19-21 October. Joint meeting
of the Working Group on Problematic Ice Sheets
and the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences on
former glaciation in North Siberia.
- Lammi, Finland, 24-27 October. Final meeting of
the group leaders of IGCP Project 253 for
preparation of the final report, to be published in
Quaternary International.
Scientific results
Numerous results have been published in 1994 in
international journals (see publication list). From
these papers the following achievements should be
emphasized.
A number of curves and maps, illustrating the
environmental and climatic changes in the North
Atlantic region in 500 years time slices for the time
14,000-9,000 years BP were published in the Journal
of Quaternary Science. Together, they give a very
good picture of the influence of the large-scale shifts
of the position of the oceanic Polar Front during the
last glacial-interglacial transition. It is seen that the
influence of changes in the oceanic circulation system
was delayed in areas of close proximity to the main
ice sheets.
The changes between different spillways of the
glacial meltwater and the development of large ice-
dammed lakes on the North American continent have
been mapped and quantified. The quantification has
an especially great impact on our understanding of
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the influence of this water upon the oceanic
circulation system.
The co-operation with the Institute of Geology in
Petrozavodsk, Russia has resulted in a two-sheet map
in the scale 1:1 million of the Quaternary deposits in
Finnish and Russian Karelia. The map, which was
published by the Geological Survey of Finland,
implies an important step forward to full
understanding of the waning of the Scandinavian ice
sheet. It also means an opening of areas that were
earlier closed to international research, and has thus
also political aspects.
Good progress in the global picture of the
behaviour of local glaciers has also been made. It has
been demonstrated that they reached their maximum
extent much earlier than the Last Glacial Maximum
(LGM) as seen in the fluctuations of the large ice
sheets. The global picture of their independent
response to climatic fluctuations is important for our
knowledge of the processes behind the formation of
glaciers and ice sheets.
The effects of the Younger Dryas cold event have
been studied on a global scale. The response to this
climatic fluctuation, which is very strong in the North
Atlantic region, has been debated for a long time. The
facts collected within the project indicate that the
fluctuation affected the entire world, although less
intensely in most areas.
The discussions around the problem of former ice
sheets over eastern Siberia and the adjacent shelf has
given the impression that such ice sheets did exist,
although most probably earlier than the time period
studied in this project. The isotopic composition of ice
wedges has been found to be very informative in this
respect, indicating ice-free conditions in Late Glacial
time. Biostratigraphic data point in the same
direction. From the Tibetan High Plateau the general
impression is the same as that concerning North
Siberia. However, much research remains to be done
in both regions. It is hoped that this will be done in
the near future, since these issues have a very great
impact on the entire picture of global changes during
the last glacial-interglacial transition.
Publications
Most important are the geological map of Karelia and
the proceedings of NASP (WG 4) and Global
Younger Dryas (WG 7) subprojects which have
appeared as special IGCP Project 253 volumes of
Journal of Quaternary Science and Quaternary
Science Reviews, with the working group leaders as
guest editors:
- Journal of Quaternary Science, Vol. 9, No. 2, edited
by J.J. Lowe.
- Niemel, J., Ekman, I. and Lukashov, A (eds.):
Quaternary deposits of Finland and north-western
part of Russian Federation. Map 1:1,000,000. Two
sheets: Western Part and Eastern Part. Geological
Survey of Finland and Institute of Geology,
Karelian Science Centre of the Russian Academy of
Science. Published by Geological Survey of Finland,
December 1993.
- Quaternary Science Reviews, Vol. 12, No. 5, edited
by D.M. Peteet.
- Quaternary Science Reviews, Vol. 12, No. 8, edited
by M.J.C. Walker and J.J. Lowe.
Activities planned
Publications
The final report will be published in Quaternary
International in early 1995. It will contain: (1) a
summary of the entire project; (2) summaries
corresponding to the topics of the nine working
groups; (3) some individual papers. Each working
group will present their results in curves or maps of
environmental changes using the time slices 18-15,
15-13, 13-12, 12-11, 11-10 and 10-8 ka BP. Where
possible, even 500-year time slices will be used. A
draft of the report has already been prepared at the
workshop with the group leaders, held at the research
station at Lammi, Finland, in October 1994. Printing
is planned for early 1995.
No. 275- Deep geology of the Baltic Shield
(1989-1993)
R. Gorbatschev, Department of Mineralogy and
Petrology, Institute of Geology, Lund University,
Slvegatan 13, S-223 62 Lund, Sweden.
F.P. Mitrofanov, Geological Institute of the Kola
Science Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences,
Fersman Street 14, 184200 Apatity, Russia.
Description: The aim of the project was to create
integrated evolutionary and structural models of the
Precambrian Baltic Shield in north-eastern Europe. In
the course of that work, the examination of drill cores
and geophysical data also led to the modelling of the
Precambrian basement of the north-western part of
the East European Platform. The resultant image of
the European Precambrian was then used to discuss
intercontinental correlation of the Precambrian,
particularly correlation across the North Atlantic. The
basis for a new, now accepted project (IGCP
Project 371) was thus created. Throughout, emphasis
was on interdisciplinary and international co-
operation. In the latter years of project work, links
21
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with the ILP/ESF project EUROPROBE were
particularly important.
Final report
The formal duration of IGCP Project 275 was from
1989 to 1993, but the project continued some of its
activities until a final meeting in Nottingham from
13 to 17 September. The Nottingham meeting was
simultaneously the first meeting of IGCP Project 371:
Structure and correlation of the Precambrian in
north-eastern Europe and the North Atlantic realm
(COPENA) .
IGCP Project 371 is the successor to IGCP
Project 275 and substantially expands its scope, but it
also continues the work of the latter project in order
to bring the state of knowledge on the north-eastern
European Precambrian up to a level commensurable
with that on Laurentia.
With regard to Precambrian geology and the deep
structure of the ancient craton occupying the eastern
half of Europe, IGCP Project 275 has established
close co-operation with the relevant themes of
ILP/ESF project EUROPROBE, with the results of
IGCP Project 275 also serving as a basis for the
attendant deep-crustal profiling.
Several hundred scientists from about 20 countries
established contacts with IGCP Project 275, many of
them participating extensively in the projects work.
In alphabetical order, the participating countries
were: Belarus, Belgium, Canada, Czechoslovakia
(later the Czech Republic), Denmark, Finland,
France, Germany (originally both the Federal
Republic and the German Democratic Republic),
Ireland, Netherlands, Poland, Sweden, Ukraine,
United Kingdom, United States and the USSR
(subsequently Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, which
had regained their independence, and the Russian
Federation).
Scientific results
The principal achievement of the project is its
contribution to the creation of a new general picture
of the Precambrian crust in the ancient, north-eastern
half of Europe, including the Baltic Shield proper.
The studied area is sizeable enough to allow
inferences also with regard to the operation of
Precambrian plate tectonics. A general conclusion is
that as far back as can be seen, Precambrian orogeny
in the north-east European craton is explained best by
plate tectonic models, but the creation of new crust
episodically occurred at higher rates than those found
in the Phanerozoic. If suggested correlations across
the North Atlantic apply, the scales of orogeny at
least since the Palaeoproterozoic must have been
22
comparable to those occurring today. However, the
concept of cyclic orogenies following each other
appears untenable and the chronologies, dynamics
and causal contexts require revision. The evidence
now available from the European Precambrian craton
and the North Atlantic realm suggests that three
maxima of erogenic activity occurred in the Late
Archaean, the later part of the Palaeoproterozoic, and
close to the end of the Mesoproterozoic, respectively.
Each maximum featured several activity culminations
previously interpreted in terms of a succession of
separate erogenic cycles.
With regard to the overall crustal structure of the
Precambrian craton in north-eastern Europe, recent
results, particularly the palaeomagnetic ones, support
S. Bogdanovas hypothesis that the craton is built up
of three originally autonomous crustal segments for
which the names Fennoscandia, Volgo-Uralia and
Sarmatia have been introduced.
A reasonably comprehensive picture of age-
province distribution now exists for the
Fennoscandian crustal segment. In this segment, a
wide belt of crust formed by Palaeoproterozoic
accretion is the dominant component. Within that belt
there is general younging towards the present west.
While the Svecofennian crust of 1.9- 1.8 Ga age
occupies most of the eastern and central parts of the
accretionary belt, age data from part of the platform
basement suggest that massive formation of new
Proterozoic crust commenced more than 2 Ga ago,
that is earlier than known previously.
These new findings more than double the known
extent of the Svecofennian territory and, together with
other data, necessitate reappraisal of the character
previously defined
and delimitation of
Svecofennian, Gothian, etc., erogenic processes,
rather suggesting a succession of crust-forming events
controlled by plate movements that occurred semi-
continuously and with regional age variation between
ca 2 and 1.6 Ga ago.
The distinctly belt-like arrangement of lithologies
and structures indicates that the Palaeoproterozoic
accretionary domain in Europe may be a fragment of
a very large belt-like orogcn with possible
continuations in Scotland, South Greenland and
North America.
Similar trans-Atlantic correlation is suggested for
the Lapland-Kola Palaeoproterozoic mobile belt in the
northernmost extreme of Europe. This mobile belt is a
close age equivalent of the Svecofennian, but was
formed in a collisional environment and thus has a
substantially different genetic mechanism. In the case
of the Lapland-Kola belt, the suggested correlative
are the Nagssugtoqidian in Greenland and the
Torngat in Labrador.
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The general structural model developed by IGCP
Project 275 for the distribution of Palaeoproterozoic
and Archaean crust in the basement of the East
European Platform supersedes the still widely
circulated previous images where the Precambrian to
the south-east of the Baltic Sea is depicted either as
almost entirely Archaean or as a mosaic of numerous
Archaean massifs set in intervening Proterozoic crust.
In other parts of the Fennoscandian crustal
segment, the most important results are:
There exists no very old Early Archaean crust in
the oldest part of Fennoscandia. The Belomorian Belt
along the shores of the White Sea, is a Late Archaean
collisional feature and not one of the ancient nuclei of
the craton. The role of the oldest crust component was
performed instead by the Archaean province in
Karelia and Finland, but even here the oldest rocks do
not appear to exceed 3.5 Gain age.
The nature of the Archaean boundary in the
northern Baltic Shield has been established in
substantial detail using a combination of isotope
geological, geochemical, geophysical and structural
approaches. Similar progress has also been made in
regard to Palaeoproterozoic fragmentation and
reworking of the segment of Archaean crust situated
between the accretional Svecofennian and the
collisional Lapland-Kola domains.
For western Scandinavia, which represents the
youngest growth rim of the Baltic Shield, correlation
with North America within a Mesoproterozoic
continent has been proposed previously both for the
Grenvillian-Sveconorwegian orogeny, for Meso-
proterozoic anorogenic igneous activity, and for
orogeny in the latest Palaeoproterozoic, which was
apparently associated with the formation of a giant
igneous belt along the boundary towards previously
consolidated continental crust. IGCP Project 275
continued these studies within a special task group.
Some important results which together also
created a virtually new image of the geology in the
youngest part of the Baltic/Fennoscandian Shield
concern the precise timing of various erogenic and
anorogenic igneous and metamorphic events, the
PT-evolution as a function of time, the recurrent
recycling of Palaeoproterozoic crust during the
Mesoproterozoic and the nature and extent of
Grenvillian-Sveconorwegian effects in the older crust.
With regard to the latter, the discovery of a major,
previously unknown province of late Sveconorwegian
granulates proved particularly productive in
geodynamic modelling. Together with structural
studies, it contributed to the inference that a
substantial part of southern Sweden was once covered
by a thick pile of Grenvillian-Sveconorwegian thrust
nappes, and helped to modify the tectonic
interpretation of a swarm of large, suture-like zones
of shearing and faulting which characterize this part
of Fennoscandia.
In summary, IGCP Project 275 has produced a
new integrated structural, age-province, and
geodynamic image of the Precambrian crust in the
Baltic Shield and the Fennoscandian crustal segment.
This image is based on a multitude of mutually
constraining information from different geological
and geophysical disciplines. The results of the project
have far-reaching implications for future studies and
correlation with the rest of the Precambrian craton in
north-eastern Europe and with other cratons. Part of
such work has already been commenced by IGCP
Project 371 COPENA.
The new model for the first time also allows large-
scale assessment of the formation history and
consequently the nature of some of the major
structures of the buried platform basement and a
tracing of the continuations of ore-bearing and other
important rock provinces from the exposed shield into
the interior of the craton. Thus the classical sulphide
ore province of south-central Sweden and southern
Finland may well have equivalents in a wide, arcuate
structure extending from Estonia across Belarus into
eastern Poland, and the nickeliferous belts of the
Lapland-Kola region apparently continue far into the
buried basement in north-eastern Russia.
The new evolutionary model of a substantial part
of the ancient craton occupying north-eastern Europe
is therefore a fundamental source of information both
for large-scale assessments of the crustal environment
and for the understanding of the distribution patterns
of mineral resources.
The wide regional scope and comprehensiveness
of the results of IGCP Project 275 much exceed the
expectations at the beginning of project work.
Virtually all the objectives of the project have been
reached, with the minor reservation that the printing
of colour maps mostly proved too expensive, except in
a few cases of products issued by major institutes in
the former USSR.
Much of the geophysical information related to the
project was produced within the framework of major
independent projects which provided better time for
planning and the organization of funding than the
IGCP project, with its limited duration. Nevertheless,
IGCP Project 275 provided a forum for the initiation
and discussion of the EUROBRIDGE deep crustal
sounding along a profile from Sweden across the
Baltic Sea to Lithuania, Belarus and the Ukraine
(scheduled for 1994-1996).
23
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Meetings
Apart from providing a general forum for discussion
and exchange of results, the annual meetings of IGCP
Project 275 mostly had one or several themes of
particular emphasis. Thus the 1991 annual meeting
was a co-arrangement with IGCP Project 304, the
1993 annual meeting had its emphasis on the
Archaean crust and in connection with the
termination of IGCP Project 257 on mafic dyke
magmatism. The 1993 annual meeting had the
Svecofennian as a theme of emphasis in recognition
of the new exciting results also from the platform
basement, while the 1994 Nottingham meeting not
unexpectedly emphasized long-range correlation.
The annual meetings of IGCP Project 275, with
the number of participants in parentheses, were held
in:
- 1989: Apatity, Russia (60), the inaugural meeting
of IGCP Project 275.
-1990: Lund, Sweden (132), the second
International Symposium on the Baltic Shield.
- 1991: Oulu, Finland (114), a co-arrangement with
IGCP Project 304.
-1992: Petrozavodsk, Russian Karelia (79).
-1993: Turku, Finland (64).
-1994: Nottingham, United Kingdom (76), the final
meeting also initiating IGCP Project 371.
IGCP Project 275 also participated in and partly
co-funded participation in two or three meetings
annually arranged jointly with or by EUROPROBE,
IGCP Projects 257, 304 and 314. Some meetings of
IGCP Project 315 functioned as a substitute for a
granitic-magmatism task group.
Naturally there was also frequent IGCP
Project 275 presence at various major international
congresses and symposia.
Publications
Apart from publications in regular journal outlets,
IGCP Project 275 released a special volume of
26 papers in 1993 which was printed as Volume 64 of
Precambrian Research. Together with IGCP
Project 371, IGCP Project 275 is additionally
preparing a volume of papers relating to the final
meeting in Nottingham, United Kingdom. This
volume will be published by the Geological Society in
London, presumably in late 1995.
24
Because of their rapid dissemination of
information and fresh results, the abstract volumes of
major meetings of the project and of various other
international meetings have been very important in
the scientific life of IGCP Project 275.
The same can be said of many excursion guides,
which regularly gave up-to-date, relatively extensive
reviews of the areas visited and the problems
considered.
No. 288 - Gondwanaland sutures
and fold belts (1990-1999
R. Unrug, Department of Geological Sciences, Wright
State University, Dayton, OH 45435, United States.
G.R. Sadowski, Instituto de Geociencias, Universi-
dade de So Paulo, Cidade Universitaria, CP 20899,
01498 So Paulo, SP Brazil.
Description: The objective of the project is to achieve
improved understanding of the following problems:
(a) delineation of constituent cratons of the
reconstituted Gondwana Supercontinent (b) corre-
lation of Proterozoic mobile belts including fold belts,
sutures, shear zones and major faults and determinate
their continuity on the reconstituted Gondwana
Supercontinent (c) kinematics of Proterozoic mobile
belts: vergence of fold belts and thrust faults,
direction of tectonic transport, sense of movement on
transcurrent faults; (d) interaction of lithospheric
plates during the Proterozoic and the nature of their
boundaries; (e) repeated reactivation of large
Proterozoic pericratonic dislocation zones.
Summary of major past achievements of the
project
Over the past five years IGCP Project 288 organized
and co-organized 13 symposia/thematic sessions/
conferences, seven field workshops and three meet-
ings, on compilation and editing the Geodynamic
Map of Gondwana Supercontinent Assembly. The
assembly of the Gondwana Supercontinent has been
recognized as the important stage in global crustal
reorganization from the Mesoproterozoic Rodinia
Supercontinent to the Paleozoic Pangea Super-
continent. The role of the Laurentian craton in this
reorganization and its complex relationship with
Gondwanaland became apparent.
Studies of the Proterozoic mobile belts in ex-
Gondwana continents promoted by IGCP Project 288
brought important new data on geochronology,
magmatism, geochemistry, regional tectonics, terrane
identification and geodynamics, as well as on craton
reactivation, post-erogenic magmatism and shear
zones development.
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All papers presented in symposia/thematic
sessions/conferences have abstracts published. Two
books and numerous papers in leading scientific
journals have been published.
The project was affiliated with a large number of
activities organized by geological societies (including
a Penrose Conference of GSA), and geological
surveys in several countries, as well as with the IUGS
international symposia on Gondwana.
Achievements in 1994
General scientific achievements
The compilation of the Geodynamic Map of
Gondwana Supercontinent Assembly is advanced. An
agreement between IGCP Project 288, the Geological
Survey of South Africa and the Bureau de Recherches
Gologiques et Minires to publish the map has been
signed. The parties to the agreement will co-ordinate
their efforts to have the map ready for presentation at
the International Geological Congress session in
Beijing in 1996.
The principal scientific achievements in 1994
were:
A. delineation of terranes in the trans-Saharan
mobile belt and in the Dom Feliciano-Ribeira
mobile belts;
B. recognition of 1.0 Ga age of rifting in the
Borborema tectonic province of Brazil;
c . new data on Neoproterozoic events in the Pinjarra
mobile belt of Western Australia;
D. new data on correlation between the Central
Indian and the Albany-Fraser mobile belt in India
and Australia;
E. new data on foreland basins of Neoproterozoic
mobile belts in Namibia, South Africa and Brazil;
F. identification of a major Neoproterozoic suture
and passive margin of East Gondwana in
Madagascar.
Joint projects dealing with various aspects of
Gondwana Supercontinent Assembly are continuing:
A. South Africa-Brazil co-operation in foreland
basins;
B. Brazil-United States-South Africa co-operation in
Neoproterozoic mobile belts bordering the
Southern Atlantic;
c . Egypt-Sudan-United States co-operation in the
Nubian Shield
D. Japan-India co-operation in India and East
Antarctic
E. Australia-India co-operation in India,
Meetings
(1) Ninth International Gondwana Symposium
hosted by the Geological Survey of India from 10 to
14 January 1994 in Hyderabad (India).
IGCP Project 288 organized Theme VI:
Gondwanaland Sutures and Fold Belts of the
symposium. Fifteen papers were presented, abstracts
are published by the Geological Survey of India.
Abstracts of papers are published. The new data will
be incorporated in the Geodynamic Map of
Gondwana Supercontinent Assembly, and will form
the basis of new research projects.
(2) Crustal Section of Peninsular Gneiss-
Gondwana-Eastern Ghats, India (15-20 January 1994,
Hyderabad-Visakhapatnam).
The field workshop examined, along a north-
easterly traverse from Hyderabad to Visakhapatnam,
a crustal section of the Dharwar craton, Gondwana
sediments of the Godawari Valley, and the eastern
Ghats granulite belt.
(3) Proterozoic crustal and metallogenic
evolution, hosted by the Geological Society and
Geological Survey of Namibia from 28 August to
1 September 1994 in Windhoek, Namibia.
Discussion of the posters presented at the meeting
brought the recognition of the role of the -Angola
Shield as a rigid indenter controlling escape tectonics
of terranes along the large system of Neoproterozoic
shear zones in the South American orogens. This
resulted in the large difference in structural trends
between the South American and South-West African
Neoproterozoic orogens.
(4) Geodynamic Map of Goudwana Super-
continent Assembly Editorial Committee Meeting,
hosted by the Geological Survey of South Africa from
5 to 8 September 1994 in Pretoria, South Africa.
The objectives of the meeting were
(a) to review the handling of projection
transformations from regional compilation to the final
map;
(b) to review and edit regional compilation in
hand;
25
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(c) to determine details of the time schedule for
work in 1995-1996;
(d) to sign the formal agreement for printing the
map.
All the above objectives of the meeting have been
accomplished. The formal agreement between IGCP
Project 288, the Geological Survey of South Africa
and the Bureau de Recherches Gologiques et
Minires (BRGM, France) has been signed. IGCP
Project 288 is responsible for preparation of regional
compilations and data base, the Geological Survey of
South Africa is responsible for digital cartography
work, and BRGM is responsible for printing and
marketing the map. The Committee decided to have
the map printed and ready for distribution for the
International Geological Congress session in Beijing
in August 1996. The work schedule resulting from
this deadline has been accepted by the three parties to
the agreement.
(5) 12th Australian Geological Convention,
hosted by the Geological Society of Australia from
26 to 30 September 1994, in Perth, Western
Australia.
IGCP Project 288 was affiliated with the
Convention and organized the session
Gondwanaland Assembly in which seven papers
were presented. Scientists co-operating in IGCP
Project 288 also presented several keynote addresses
and papers in other thematic sessions of the
Convention.
New data were presented on the Neoproterozoic
and Paleozoic tectonic framework of Australia;
tectonics, structural geology and geochronology of the
Northampton Complex in the Pinjarra orogen and the
Albany-Fraser orogen of Western Australia.
Major publications
Book
- R. Trompette, Geology of Western Gondwana,
Balkema, Rotterdam, 350 pp., 1994.
Papers
- Rogers, J.J.W., Unrug, R. and Sultan, M., 1994.
Tectonic Assembly of Gondwana, Journal of
Geodynamics.
- Black, R., Latouche, L., Ligeois, J. P., Caby, R.,
Bertrand, J.M., 1994. Pan-African displaced
terranes in the Tuareg Shield, Central Sahara;
Geology, Vol. 22, pp. 641-644.
Participating countries (* indicates the countries
active in 1994): Argentina*, Australia*, Belgium*,
Botswana, Brazil*, Canada*, Chile*, China, Egypt*,
France*, Germany*, India*, Italy*, Japan*, Kenya
26
Namibia*, Nigeria*, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Senegal,
South Africa*, Sudan*, United Republic of Tanzania,
United Kingdom*, United States*, Zambia and
Zimbabwe.
Activities planned
The activities of IGCP Project 288 have been
extended to 1995. The purpose of the extension is to
maintain the organizational framework for work
necessary to complete the Geodynamic Map of
Gondwana Assembly project and to publish the map.
Regional compilations of the map prepared by
some 55 co-authors are 80 per cent complete and in
hand. Computer programs for on-line reading and
checking of raster/polygon data from data base
key/coding lists have been developed and tested. The
map project manager is working with the
procrastinating co-authors to have the regional
compilations completed on schedule.
No. 290- Anorthosites and related rocks
(1990-1994)
M. Higgins, Dpartement des Sciences de la Terre,
Universit de Qubec Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi,
Quebec G7H 2B1, Canada.
J.-C. Duchesne, Dpartement de Gologie, Ptrologie
et Gochimie, Universit de Lige, B20 Sart Tilman,
B-4000 Lige, Belgium.
Description: Anorthosite intrusions occur worldwide
in various settings. However, their mode of origin and
relationships with associated rocks and metamorphic
events is not clear. Furthermore, the tectonic setting
and the significance of age restrictions have not been
delineated. The objectives of this project are to
elucidate these problems by encouraging and co-
ordinating field and laboratory studies and exchange
of ideas on a worldwide basis.
Summary of major scientific achievements
Parental materials
There appears to be consensus that two sources may
have yielded the magmas parental to massive
anorthosite (a) Mantle-derived gabbroic magmas,
probably enriched by plagioclase flotation near the
base of the crust and probably contaminated by lower
crustal material. Associated intermediate and acidic
magmas are crustal melts. The magmatism may be
related to mantle plumes. (b) Plagioclase-rich rocks,
as well as the intermediate and acidic rocks
(the Anorthosite-Mangerite-Chamockite-Grmite or
AMCG suite), are lower crustal melts. The
anorthosite parental magmas may have been derived
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from melting basaltic rocks previously underplated on
to the crust.
Deformation
The intense deformation observed in many massive
anorthosites is not always produced during regional
deformation events, but may commonly be related to
emplacement of crystal mushes. Intense
emplacement-related deformation is seen in areas
such as Nain, Labrador and Rogaland, Norway, but
its importance in the Grenville province anorthosite
massifs may have been underestimated.
Magma chambers
Massive anorthosites and related plutons can be
divided into two groups on the basis of the quantity of
solids in the parental magma (a) low-solids magmas
fill the chamber and solidify in place with little
movement or solid-state deformation; (b) high-solids
magmas rise diapirically, in some cases guided by
vertical shear-zones, and balloon into their final
resting place. In this case there is much solid-state
deformation, especially at the edges.
Geochronology
High precision U-Pb geochronology of anorthosites
has advanced rapidly. Many anorthosite intrusions
have now been dated directly, instead of via
associated intrusions. These data indicate that in
many cases the close spatial association of anorthosite
with intermediate rocks and granites is also a
temporal association, although there may be a gap of
up to 30 Ma between the intrusions. However, there
are also a number of closely associated intrusions that
are not related temporally. This work has also shown
that complex sequences of emplacement and
deformation of several plutons may have occurred
during a short period of time, thus reinforcing the
idea that much deformation is related to
emplacement.
Isotope geochemistry
Isotope geochemistry of the AMCG suite has also
advanced rapidly in Pb, Sr and Nd systems. These
data show that none of the AMCG components are
uncontaminated mantle-derived melts: all contain
some component of lower crustal material. However,
some of the acidic and intermediate components
appear to have had short crustal residence times.
Experimental petrology
(a) Al-rich orthopyroxene (opx.) megacrysts are a
characteristic feature of many massive anorthosites,
and are commonly interpreted to indicate that parts of
the anorthosite crystallized at high pressures, near the
base of the crust. However, it is only recently that this
mineral has been calibrated as a geobarometer. These
experiments have also shown that the distribution
coefficient for Cr increases with pressure, thus
accounting for the high Cr contents of opx-
megacrysts.
(b) Melting experiments have confirmed that
anorthosite parental magmas may be produced by
melting of a lower, basaltic crust. However, a mantle
origin, followed by contamination will lower crystal
material was not ruled out.
Magma mixing and refilling
There is now much evidence for repeated refilling of
magma chambers with magma from a similar source,
or from totally different sources. The importance of
these effects was much neglected in the past.
Tectonic associations
It has recently become clear that some AMCG suites
are intimately associated with crustal sutures or
subvertical shear zones that were active at the same
time as the emplacement of the intrusions. Indeed it is
clear that some of the magmas must have risen up in
these shear zones or their offsets. Perhaps such crustal
zones of weakness are necessary to enable the AMCG
suite to reach the mid-levels of the crust, where they
are now usually exposed.
Association with rapakivi granites
This association has been confirmed by recent work.
It is possible that the long-lived and high heat output
associated with the emplacement of the anorthosite
enable the production of crustal melts and their
maintenance at high temperatures for a long time.
Field studies
The project has stimulated field studies in all parts of
the world. Anorthosite complexes in Siberia,
Mongolia, China, Japan and Madagascar have been
described for the first time.
Meetings
The project organized five international meetings on
three continents. The first meeting was held in
Bujumbura, Burundi, in June 1990. The second
meeting was held in New York State, United States,
in the autumn of 1991, on the twenty-fifth
anniversary of the first major international
anorthosite conference, and near to the original site.
It was the biggest so far, with over 90 participants.
The 1992 meeting in southern Norway was very
successful, and the location ensured participation of a
number of geologists from Europe. The fourth
27
 Optical Character Recognition (OCR) document. WARNING! Spelling errors might subsist. In order to access
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meeting was held in the Kola peninsula, Russia. The
field portion of the meeting will be organized in the
summer of 1995, for those who were unable to attend
the meeting in 1993. The final meeting was held this
year in Canada, at three different locations.
The 1994 meeting was convened to explore the
petrogenesis of anorthosites, rapakivi granites and
related rocks. It was a joint meeting of IGCP
Project 290 Anorthosites and related rocks and
IGCP Project 315 Rapakivi granites. The meeting
started with a thee-day field excursion based in
Chicoutimi, Quebec. The 23 delegates visited the Lac-
St-Jean anorthosite complex, probably the largest in
the world. They also examined many of the associated
plutonic rocks, as well as a deposit of the industrial
mineral wollastonite. An important part of the
excursion was visits to four different rapakivi
granites, including a very unusual peralkaline
rapakivi granite.
The scientific meeting followed in Montreal,
Quebec, at McGill University with two and a half
days of scientific sessions with papers in both
auorthosites and rapakivi granite petrogenesis, as well
as the links between these rocks. Thirty-six papers
were presented by participants from 13 countries.
There were 46 participants at the scientific meeting.
The final portion was based in Nain,
Newfoundland, and Labrador. Nineteen participants
visited the plutonic rocks of the Nain Plutonic suite
and their host rocks. This excursion differed
geologically from the first excursion in that the Nain
region has not suffered regional metamorphism and
deformation as at Chicoutimi.
Participating countries (* indicates countries
active in 1994): Australia, Belgium*, Botswana,
Brazil*, Burundi, Canada*, China, Denmark,
Finland*, France*, Germany, India*, Italy, Japan*,
Kenya, Korea, Malawi, Namibia, Netherlands,
Norway, Portugal*, Russia*, Senegal, South Africa,
Swaziland, Sweden*, Ukraine*, United Kingdom,
United Republic of Tanzania and the United States*.
Publications
- Carlson, R.W., Wiebe, R.A. and Kalamarides, R.I.,
1993, Isotopic study of basaltic dykes in the Nain
Plutonic suite; evidence for enriched mantle
sources. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences-
Jounal Canadien des Sciences de la Terre, Vol. 30,
pp. 1141-1146.
- Eklund, O., Frojdo, S. and Lindberg, B., 1994,
Magma mixing, the petrogenetic link between
anorthositic suites and rapakivi granites, Aland,
south-west Finland, Springer-Verlag, Vienna,
Austria, Vol. 50, pp. 3-19.
28
- Emslie, R.F. and Hegner, E., 1993, Reconnaissance
of isotopic geochemistry of anorthosite-mangerite-
chamockite-granite (AMCG) complexes, Grenville
Province, Canada, Chemical Geology, Vol. 106,
pp. 279-298.
- Frost, B.R., Frost, C.D., Lindsley, D. H.,
Scoates, J.S. and Mitchell, J. N., 1993, The Laramie
anorthosite complex and Sherman Batholith;
geology, evolution and theories of origin, Snoke,
Arthur W., Steidtmann, James R., Roberts,
Sheila M., Geology of Wyoming, Geological Survey
of Wyoming, United States. Memoir Geological
Survey of Wyoming, Vol. 5, pp. 118-161.
- Hamilton, M. A., 1993, Contamination of massive
anorthosite and Precambrian crustal evolution in
central Labrador; a combined trace element and Sr,
Nd and Pb isotopic study [doctoral thesis],
University of Massachusetts, United States, 206 pp.,
Univ. Microfilms, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
- Jensen, J. C., Nielsen, F. M., Duchesne, J. C.,
Demaiffe, D. and Wilson, J. R., 1993, Magma influx
and mixing in the Bjerkreim-Sokndal layered
intrusion, South Norway; evidence from the
boundary between two megacyclic units at
Storeknuten: Lithos, Vol. 29, pp. 311-325.
- Longhi, J. and Vander, A.J., 1993, The
monzonorite-anorthosite connection; the petro-
genesis of terrestrial KREEP: Proceedings of the
Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, Vol. 24,
pp. 897-898; Twenty-fourth Lunar and Planetary
Science Conference, Houston, TX, 15-19 March
1993.
- Longhi, J., Fram, M. S., Vander, A.J. and
Montieth, J. N., 1993, Pressure effects, kinetics and
rheology of anorthositic and related magmas:
American Mineralogist, Vol. 78, pp. 1016-1030.
- Martignole, J., Machado, N. and Nantel, S., 1993,
Timing of intrusion and deformation of the Riviere-
Pentecote Anorthosite (Grenville Province), Journal
of Geology, Vol. 101, pp. 652-658.
- Mitchell, J. N., 1993, Petrology and geochemistry of
dioritic and gabbroic rocks in the Laramie
anorthosite complex, Wyoming; implications for the
evolution of Proterozoic anorthosite [doctoral
thesis]: University of Wyoming, United States;
227 pp., Univ. Microfilms, Ann Arbor, MI, United
States.
- Moore, M., Davis, D.W., Robb, L.J., Jackson, M.C.
and Grobler, D. F., 1993, Archaean rapakivi granite-
anorthosite-rhyolite complex in the Witwatersrand
Basin hinterland, southern Africa [with suppl.
 Optical Character Recognition (OCR) document. WARNING! Spelling errors might subsist. In order to access
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data 9340). Geological Society of America (GSA),
Boulder, CO, United States, vol. 21,
pp. 1031-1034.
- Owens, B.E., 1993, Anorthosites and anorthosites;
contrasting plagioclase-rich rocks in the Archaean
and Proterozoic: Anonymous. Geological Society of
America, North-Central Section, 27th annual
meeting. Abstracts with Programs, Geological
Society of America, Vol. 25, pp. 71-72; Geological
Society of America, North-Central Section,
27th annual meeting, Rolls, MO, 29-30 March
1993.
- Owens, B.E., Rockow, M.W. and Dymek, R.F.,
1993, Jotunites from the Grenville Province,
Quebec; metrological characteristics and impli-
cations for massif anorthosite petrogenesis: Lithos,
Vol. 30, pp. 57-80.
- Owens, B.E., Dymek, R.F., Tucker, R.D.,
Brannon, J.C. and Podosek, F. A., 1994, Age and
radiogenic isotopic composition of a late- to post-
tectonic anorthosite in the Grenville Province; the
Labrieville Massif, Quebec Lithos, Vol. 31,
pp. 189-206.
- Platevoet, B., 1993, Cristallisation des units
cycliques du complexe de Peloso (Corse); taille des
cristaux, convection compositionnelle et temps de
cristallisation. Translated title: Crystallization of
macrocyclic units of the Peloso Complex, Corsica
crystal size, compositional convection and time of
crystallization: Comptes Rendus de lAcadmie des
Sciences, pp. 371-378.
- Valley, J.W., Charenzelli, J.R. and
McLelland, J.M., 1993, Oxygen isotope
geochemistry of zircon. Anonymous. Geological
Society of America, 1993 annual meeting. Abstracts
with Programs, Geological Society of America.
25 (6) pp. 204-205; Geological Society of America,
1993 annual meeting, Boston, MA, 25-28 October
1993.
- van Breeman, O. and Higgins, M. D., 1993, U-Pb
zircon age of the south-west lobe of the Havre Saint
Pierre anorthosite complex, Grenville Province,
Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences-
Journal Canadien des Sciences de la Terre, Vol. 30,
pp. 1453-1457.
- Velikoslavinsky, D. A., 1993, Position of the
anorthosite-rapakivi suite among other types of
igneous rocks: Abstracts with Programs, Geological
Society of America, Vol. 25, p. 87; Geological
Society of America, North-Central Section,
27th annual meeting, Rolls, MO, 29-30 March
1993.
- Yu, J. H., Fu, H.Q. and Wan, F.X., 1993, Bimodal
rock association of rapakivi suite and Proterozoic
rifting in northern Beijing, China. Abstracts with
Programs, Geological Society of America, Vol. 25,
p. 92; Geological Society of America, North-Central
Section, 27th annual meeting, Rolls, MO,
29-30 March 1993.
- Yu, Y. and Morse, S. A., 1993, (40)Ar/(39)
chronology of the Nain anorthosites, Canada.
Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences-Journal
Canadien des Sciences de la Terre, Vol. 30,
pp. 1166-1178.
No. 293 - Geochemical event markers
in the Phanerozoic (1990-1994)
H.H.J. Geldsetzer, Geological Survey of Canada,
3303-33rd St N.W., Calgary, Alberta, T2L 2A7,
Canada.
Xu Dao-Yi, Institute of Geology, State Seismological
Bureau, Beijing 10029, Peoples Republic of China.
Description: Earths history is punctuated by global
catastrophic events which are commonly documented
in the rock record by strong shifts of carbon, oxygen,
sulphur and strontium isotopes and/or by anomalous
concentrations of trace elements. These geochemical
changes have been attributed to abnormal events such
as asteroid or comet impacts, large-scale volcanic
eruptions and ice ages. The origin of some events has
been considered as extra-terrestrial if the horizon in
the rock record contains shocked minerals,
microspherules, high concentrations of iridium or
distinct ratios of selected platinum group elements.
Many of these marker horizons can be correlated
globally and are associated with mass extinction of
biota. These biotic turnovers were originally used to
establish major geological boundaries. Many global
geochemical events caused the depositional
environment to become anoxic leading to unusual
concentrations of elements and even to the formation
of valuable mineral deposits.
The objectives of IGCP Project 293 have been:
(1) to document and analyse geochemical
anomalies of synchronous global events;
(2) to identify changes of ocean chemistry and
their cause(s);
(3) to calculate the duration of synchronous
global changes and the intervals of post-event
recoveries;
29
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(4) to establish a stratigraphic framework for the
whole Phanerozoic based upon geochemical
signatures.
Major scientific achievements
The following is a summary of geochemical methods
applied to boundary research and the most common
interpretations presented during meetings of IGCP
Project 293 and in publications by active members of
the project.
Sulphur isotopes from sulphides and sulphates
- Sulphides - in the lower anoxic waters of stratified
basins bacteriogenic sulphide precipitates out of
solution and is preserved in dark sediments (shales
or carbonates) as disseminated framboidal pyrite
with high positive 634S values.
- Under oxygenated conditions bacteriogenic
sulphides form within the sediments during early
diagenesis; the 634S values are low and commonly
negative.
- Sulphates - values of 534S from gypsum and
anhydrite show very distinct secular trends; the i534S
curve has been extended into the Proterozoic and
displays an unexplained bulge with values of +30%
across the Precambrian-Cambrian boundary
interval.
Carbon isotopes from carbonates
Material from fossils with original low magnesium
calcite (LMC) skeletons, e.g. brachiopods,
foraminifers, belemnites, yield the most accurate
results; bulk samples are acceptable if the effects of
diagenesis can be shown to be negligible.
53C.w~ positive excursions: elevated values lasting for
one or more biozones. The analyses were made on
skeletal material formed in the upper water column.
- Lack of recycling of C into the upper water column
due to trapping of C in the lower stratified water
mass of basins.
- High productivity in the upper water column due to
increased nutrient supply by erosion of siliciclastics
from non-marine areas or by upwelling of deep
nutrient-rich waters along continental margins.
High productivity causes increased competition for
C resulting in higher values of 63C.
- Lower partial pressure of CO2 during glacial
periods, i.e. less dissolved CO, in upper water
column causes increased competition for *C. In
addition, polar ice is enriched in C due to
30
fractionation during evaporation of sea water which
in turn becomes enriched in C.
613&b negative excursions: commonly abrupt
decrease of values within a biozone or a fraction
thereof.
- Sharp biomass reduction of phytoplankton and
zoophtnkton; a lack of photosynthetic C uptake
due to decreased productivity causes C enrichment
in the upper water column; therefore, resulting
micrite and/or planktonic skeletal material is
enriched in C, i.e. expressed by a lower 53C value,
commonly coinciding with extinction events.
- Sudden massive influx of aerosols including CO2
derived from volcanism, volatization of impact rock
or cometary gas clouds.
Carbon isotopes from organic matter
Either total organic content (TOC) or kerogen are
used for analyses; the separation of kerogen
eliminates contamination by later organic substances
in TOC introduced during diagenesis or during
sampling and handling.
53Corg positive excursions.
- Increased productivity due to increased nutrient
supply.
- Lower dissolved CO2 content in seawater.
t53Corg negative excursions.
- Commonly expressed by a sharp decline due to
extensive biomass reduction and a gradual recovery
after the extinction event. Both marine and non-
marine 5*3C values appear to decrease, hence the
cause of the biomass destruction must affect both
the atmosphere and the hydrosphere.
- Higher dissolved CO, content in sea water.
Oxygen isotopes from carbonates
- Reliable 580 values for palaeotemperature
determinations can only be derived from LMC
skeletal material (brachiopods, foraminifers,
belemnites).
- Values of 6S0 from micritic or whole rock material
have nearly always changed due to diagenetic
overprinting; if the overprinting is uniform such as
in a closed system all values may display a negative
shift but the original trends may be preserved.
- There is a general increase in 60 values of 7
since the Cambrian suggesting a temperature drop
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of 36C since the Cambrian; since a sea water
temperature of 53C in the Cambrian is rather
improbable other factors must be involved such as a
change of the isotopic composition of sea water,
Strontium isotopes
The ratios of 87Sr/ 86Sr have been plotted for the
Phanerozoic with very distinct secular trends for the
Cenozoic and Mesozoic; the curve has now been
extended into the Proterozoic.
- Secular trends are very gradual.
- Abrupt trends have been interpreted as: sedimentary
breaks in the analysed section; sharply increased
weathering of the non-marine realm due to acid rain
from aerosols, due to massive contributions from
ejects material after a bolide impact.
Platinum group elements (PGE)
The presence of extra-terrestrial material from bolide
impacts can be detected by:
- locating melt rock, tektites and components in
suspected impact-generated breccia: (1) with initial
187
Os/186Os ratios of about 0.11 to 0.18; (2) with
relatively high Os abundance;
- analysing sediments such as boundary clays:
(1) with an Osmium/Iridium ratio of about 1.1;
(2) with a Ruthenium/Iridium ratio of about 1.0 to
1.5.
Trace element concentrations
They are commonly associated with anoxic sediments
(shales and carbonates). Several recurring scenarios
have been proposed for their origin.
(1) Global transgression of shelves during times
of increased mid-oceanic activity and volcanism
along plate margins. Aerosols and increased
evaporation rate on shallow-marine shelves create a
greenhouse effect, equable global climatic conditions
and reduced polar-equatorial circulation. Brines
collect as warm saline bottom waters in oceanic and
other basins and cause stratification of the water
column. The lower part is commonly anoxic and
becomes the site of bacteriogenic precipitation of
sulphides (interregional to global).
(a) Superimposed strong transgressive pulses
could flood shallow-marine shelves and shallow
basins with anoxic waters with the consequent
precipitation of sulphides (interregional to global).
(b) Bolide impacts into stratified ocean basins
could lead to instant oceanic turnovers and abrupt
flooding of shallow-marine shelves and shallow
basins with anoxic water causing global biomass
destruction (extinction events) and precipitation of
sulphides (global).
(2) Upwelling along continental margins
transports nutrient-rich deep water on to shallow-
marine shelves causing excessive carbon burial due to
phytoplankton blooms which may lead to anoxic
condition and the precipitation of sulphides
(regional).
(3) Increased weathering during regressive
episodes transports large nutrient supplies into
marine environments causing phytoplankton blooms
and increased burial of organic matter which in turn
may create anoxic conditions and the precipitation of
sulphides (regional to interregional).
Meetings in 1994
Geochemical Event Markers in the Phanerozoic,
Erlangen, Germany, 26-28 September 1994. The
Conference was the main annual and final event of
IGCP Project 293. The list of participants included 72
scientists from 20 countries. The scientific
programme consisted of 38 lectures, 16 posters and a
business meeting on 27 September 1994.
Pre-meeting field trip: six boundary sections were
visited. The Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary is exposed
in turbiditic and hemipelagic sediments of the Gosau
Basin in the northern Calcareous Alps of Austria.
The Ordovician/Silurian, Silurian/Devonian,
Frasnian/Famennian, Devonian/Carboniferous and
Permian/Triassic boundary sections are exposed in a
nearly continuous fossiliferous pre-Variscan sequence
and the Permian/Triassic boundary is located in post-
Variscan sediments of the Gartnerkofel Section.
Major publications
- Dressier, B. O., Grieve, R.A.F. and Sharpton, V.L.
(eds.), 1994, Large Meteorite Impacts and Planetary
Evolution; Geological Society of America Special
Paper 293.
- Embry, A. F., Beauchamp, B. and Glass, D. J., 1994,
Pangea, Global Environments and Resources;
Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists,
Memoir 17.
- Geldsetzer, H.H.J. and Joachimski, M.M. (eds.), in
preparation, Geochemical Event Markers in the
Phanerozoic; special issue of Palaeogeography,
Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. Papers from the
1993 joint Conference in Kielce, Poland, and from
31
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the 1994 final Conference in Erlangen, Germany,
will be combined in this volume.
Participating countries
Fifty-two countries were involved in this project from
1990 to 1994 (* indicates countries active in 1994):
Argentina, Australia*, Austria*, Belgium*, Bolivia,
Bulgaria, Belarus, Canada*, Chile, Peoples Republic
of Congo,
China*, Cuba, the former
Czechoslovakia*, Denmark, Egypt*, Estonia*,
Ethiopia, France*, Georgia, Germany*, Hungary*,
India*, Islamic Republic of Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel,
Italy, Japan*, Korea, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya,
Mexico, Mongolia, Netherlands*, New Zealand,
Pakistan, Poland*, Romania, Russia*, Serbia,
Slovenia, south Africa, Spain*, Sweden*,
Switzerland*, Syrian Arab Republic, United Republic
of Tanzania, Ukraine, United Kingdom*, United
States*, Uzbekistan, Viet Nam and Yemen.
No. 299- Geology, climate, hydrology
and karst formation (1990-1994)
Yuan Daoxian, Institute of Karst Geology, 40 Qixing
Road, Guilin, Guangxi, 541004, Peoples Republic of
China.
H. Hotzl, Department of Applied Geology, University
of Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Federal Republic of
Germany.
John W. Hess, Water Resources Centre, Desert
Research Institute, 755 East Flamings Road,
P.O. Box 1904, Las Vegas, Nevada 89132-0040,
United States.
Description: The objectives of the project are: (1) to
identify the global differences in surface and
subsurface karst forms, and to clarify the regularities
of their distribution; (2) to study the relationships
between karstification processes and the geological
climactical and hydrological conditions; (3) to identify
geological evidence (palaeokarst features, fossils,
isotope prints, etc.) preserved in the geological record
in different karst regions thus contributing to
palaeogeographic (in particular, palaeoclimatic)
reconstruction; (4) to apply the results to prediction
evaluation and exploitation of mineral resources and
to environment protection in various karst areas.
Achievements in 1994
The major results include world correlation on chalk
karst, glacial karst, environmental problems of karst,
and new developments in palaeoenvironmental
reconstruction with karst records.
32
(1) International correlation
Karst in Cretaceus chalk in southern England the
karst features in chalk under a humid temperate
climate as in southern England was compared to
those in similar porous carbonate rocks, but under a
subtropical or semi-arid climate. The results show
that the chalk aquifer is more or less homogeneous, in
contrast to the great heterogeneity of old-phase hard
compact carbonate rocks. However, Cretaceus chalk
in the London basin has few surface or subsurface
karst features, which are quite different from those of
the porous carbonate rocks in other parts of the world,
while big caves, underground streams, and many
surface features, such as dolinen and towers, are
available, having been examined during previous
excursions of IGCP Project 299. The reasons for such
a contrast are believed to be the consolidation of
porous carbonate rocks by calcareous cementation
under a warmer or arid climate, with higher
evaporation or an intensive carbon cycle, so that
waters are easily saturated with respect to carbonates.
The locally hard, compact lithological features in
porous carbonate rocks under arid or tropical
conditions are responsible for the survival of some
large karst features in the generally weak rocks.
Glacial karst in the Yorkshire Dales or Great
Asby Scar, United Kingdom: deep, sharp karrens are
widespread on the limestone pavement, but can
scarcely be seen in the Bruce Peninsula, Canada,
visited previously. It is believed that the medium- to
coarse-grained Silurian dolomite in Canada is not as
favorable to the preservation of karren as the
compact Carboniferous limestone of the United
Kingdom. Caves are well developed under the glacial
karst of the United Kingdom, but in the Bruce
Peninsula, caves are very few. It is considered that the
Pennine ridge in northern England, with a relief of
several hundred metres and acidic water from peat
covering limestone, have created favorable
hydrological conditions for cave formation, whereas
the relief in the Great Lake Region of North
American is slight.
(2) Environmental aspects
Water pollution: in some areas of southern England,
nitrate concentration in groundwater are now above
the acceptable limit (50 mg/1), e.g. Ogbounne and
Banbury. In the Peak District and Yorkshire Dales,
animal husbandry and the use of fertilizers and
pesticides in the catchment area of karst hydrological
systems have caused serious nitrate and phosphate,
faecal-coliform pollution in the subterranean streams
and karst springs in the Carboniferous limestone.
Environmental impact of quarries: quarrying has
removed some surface karst features and caves in
their entirety. Quarrying under the watertable is
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threatening a number of interesting karst hydrological
features. Smaller scale extraction for garden rockery
stone is a particular threat to the pavement in
numerous limestone areas of northern England.
Radon problems: in some caves in the United
Kingdom, the radon concentration is very high and is
a new problem for the health of cavers and cave
management, e.g. the Castleton Cave, Peak District.
(3) Palaeoenvironment reconstruction with karst
records
In the Creswell Crags karst area south-east of
Sheffield: several stages of karstification in the
Permian magnesium limestone are distinguished. The
earliest one can be dated back to the unconformity
between the Permian and the Triassic. A
multidisciplinary study at Robin Hoods Cave on
elastic sediments, vertebrate fossils, palaeo-
palynology, karst features (scallops) and flowstone
dating (165 ka-2.2 ka) has revealed the history of
climate change for the past 500,000 years. Several
stages of glaciation and interglacial have been
identified.
In the United States: G.A. Brook reported on his
work on high-resolution palaeoenvironmental data
from speleothem and elastic sediments in Drotskys
Cave, north-western Botswana. A 40 cm stalagmite
consists of alternating layers of calcite and aragonite.
Layer counts and radiocarbon ages indicate that the
calcite-aragonite pairs are annual layers representing
about 1,500 years of deposition. Ar-laser-induced
luminescence shows that there are more organic
substances in the calcite than the aragonite. The
calcite layer is accordingly presumed to represent the
warm wet season.
In Israel: A.S. Issar reported on the palaeoclimate
and palaeohydrology following the last glaciation
around Negev, southern Israel. The main conclusion
is that the maximum flows were during glacial
periods, which were characterized by higher rates of
precipitation.
In China: the work on the thin laminae in a
stalagmite taken from the Penglongdon Cave, 40 km
south of Guilin City, has been continuing with AMS -
C14 isotopic and geochemical approaches. The
palaeoclimatic changes during the past 36,000 years
are reconstructed with resolution up to 100 years. The
transition of the last glaciation to the Holocene, and
various events of rapid climatic change have been
identified.
Meetings
(1) IGCP Project 299 meeting in Oxford and
Huddersfield, United Kingdom, 11-23 September
1994, with a symposium on Changing karst
environments: hydrogeology, geomorphology and
conservation, and field excursions on chalk karst
near Oxford and glacial karst near Huddersfield.
(2) IGCP Project 299 workshop in Guilin, China,
4-19 October 1994, with a symposium on karst
hydrogeology and karst environmental protection, and
a field excursion on subtropical karst around Guilin.
New ideas and methodology in karst research based
on the four-year experience gained with IGCP
Project 299 were exchanged.
(3) Activities involving other IGCP projects,
IUGS or the major participation of scientists from
developing countries are proving rewarding.
No. 301- Correlation of Palaeogene
formations of South America (1991-1995)
N. Malumin, Benito Correa 1194 (1107) Buenos
Aires, Argentina.
S. Bentez, CEPE, km 6.5 va a la costas, Casilla
10829, Guayaquil, Ecuador.
Description: The aim of the project is to promote
detailed investigations and correlation of Palaeogene
formations especially on the western side of South
America in order to produce palaeogeographic maps;
biostratigraphic zonation schemes for temperate and
tropical latitudes based on microfossils; and high
resolution record of palaeoenvironments. Effects of
main global events in the Andean area will also be
studied.
The correct correlation of Palaeogene formations
is expected to help characterization of coal deposits,
evaluation of sources and reservoirs of hydrocarbons
in critical areas, radiolarites, diatomites and
phosphorites.
Achievements in 1994
First meeting, Puerto La Cruz (Venezuela),
14-16 March 1994, within the Simposio Bolivariano
de Exploracin Petrolera en las Cuencas Subandinas.
Second meeting, Trelew (Argentina), 5-7 April
1994, at the VI Congreso Argentino de Paleontologaa
y Bioestratigrafa.
Third meeting, Recife (Brazil), 22-24 August
1994, within the framework of the IXth Regional
Meeting for Latin America and the Caribbean,
IUGS-UNESCO, and the 14th International Sedi-
mentological Congress.
33
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Participating countries (*indicates the countries
active this year): Argentina*, Australia, Bolivia,
Brazil*, Chile*, Colombia*, Costa Rica*, Cuba*,
Ecuador*, France, Guatemala, Italy, Mexico*, New
Zealand, Peru, Senegal, South Africa, Spain, United
States, Uruguay and Venezuela*.
Publications
El Eoceno medio marino del Cono Sur:
Paleogeografa y foraminferos, by N. Malumin, XII
Congreso Geolgico Argentinp, Actas, October 1993.
Activities planned
Meetings
- Bogot Colombia (September 1995); at the
framework of the Congreso Geolgico Petrolero de
Colombia.
- Buenos Aires, Argentina (date to be confirmed).
Publications
- Palaeogeographic map and Palaeogene Stratigraphy
of South America.
In press
- Foraminferos paleocenos del rea carbonfera de
Ro Turbio, Prov. de Santa Cruz, Argentina, by
A. Carams.
- Paleogeografa del Daniano marino de Argentina y
biogeografa de los foraminferos bentnicos, by
N. Malumin and A. Carams, Revista de la
Asociacin Geolgica Argentina.
- Micropaleontologa de las Formaciones Jagel y
Rota, cuenca de Aelo, provincia de Neuqun, El
lmit Cretcico-Terciario, Direccin Nacional del
Servicio Geo1gico, Argentina, by C. Nez and
A. Concheyro.
- Special number of the Revista de la Asociacin
Paleontolgica Argentina, is in press with 15 papers
related to the Palaeogene, some of them are:
- Datacin palinolgica de un arco magmtico del
Palegeneo del NO de la Patagonia (Argentina),
by D.L. Melendi, L.H. Scafati and
W. Volkheimer.
- Anlisis tectono-sdimentario de la Formacin
Pampatar (Eoceno medio), Isla de Margarita,
Venezuela, by B. Casas E., J.; V. Moreno;
V. Joselys and Y.V. Franklin.
34
- Zonas de radiolarios del Eoceno medio del Grupo
Ancn, Pennsula de Santa Elena, Ecuador, by
M.L. 0rdez.
- Palaeoenvironmental reconstruction of the Sobral
Formation in Cape Wiman (Gorrochategui),
Seymour Island (Marambio), Antarctica, by
R.A. Snchez and S.A. Marenssi.
- Zonacin bioestratigrfica del rea Dorado-Kimiri
Aike sur, mediante foraminferos planctnicos
terciarios de la cuenca de Magallanes, Chile
(Protozoa Foraminiferida), by M. Marchant S.M.
No. 302- The structure and metallogenesis
of Central African Late Proterozoic belts
(1990-1994)
M. Wendorff, University of Botswana, Department of
Geology, Private Bag 0022, Gaborone, Botswana.
Description: The Late Proterozoic mobile belts of
Central Africa are renowned metallogenic provinces
which contain a great variety of metalliferous ore
deposits. It has been established that each belt has its
own characteristic pattern of mineralization. It is
therefore the aim of the project to establish
interrelationships between mineralization and the
sedimentary, igneous, metamorphic and tectonic
evolution of the belts, and to propose genetic models.
Summary of major past achievements
Two conferences were held in Shaba, Zaire, in 1990.
New observations and regional comparisons between
the Zairian and Zambian sectors of the Lufilian Arc
influenced new ideas concerning stratigraphy,
tectonics and basin evolution. IGCP Project 302
expanded geographically in 1991, extending to the
southern Africa region. The number of participating
countries, institutions and geologists increased and
extremely successful activities in 1992 included two
conferences in Botswana and Botswana-Namibia
(work on the Damara Belt). An extremely well-
attended Conference in Zambia in 1993 resulted in a
final correlation of the Katangan succession between
Zambia and Zaire.
Achievements in 1994
General scientific achievements
Ghanzi Belt (Botswana)-Damara Belt (Namibia}
(a) A new aeromagnetic survey was completed in
Botswana (including the area of Damarides) and
collated with other regional aeromagnetic data; the
resulting maps cover all regions of interest to IGCP
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Project 302 and are of immense importance for
further regional work.
(b) Mapping of the Damara Belt East of
Windhoek, Namibia (near the boundary with
Botswana), as well as in several parts of its extension
in Botswana, was completed. Work on detailed
correlation is now envisaged.
(c) A study of mineralization in the Lake Ngami
region and preparation of a relevant report was
completed.
(d) Work on petrology, structure and stratigraphic
relationships of selected intrusive bodies in eastern
Namibia has started.
Katangan (Zaire and Zambia)
(a) The existing radiometric data were collated
and new data were obtained from Zambia.
(b) A study of the Domes region (Zambia) was
completed and shed new light on the role of the
basement during the erogenic cycle.
(c) The dating and structural results, collated and
analysed at a regional scale, made it possible to
formulate a new geodynamic model of evolution of
the Lufilian Arc/Belt and to realize its implications
for development of the related belts (Zambezi and
Damara).
(d) The model has made it possible to propose a
very probable age for the Kundelungu succession, and
detailed work to test this is planned.
(e) Comparisons of the results of a completed
geochemical study with preliminary microprobe
analyses of selected igneous bodies shed new light on
the source of metals in the Katangan. This work has
also important implications for research on the strata-
bound mineralization in the Damara succession.
Zambezi Belt (Zambia-Zimbabwe)
(a) Work on the Makuti Group, which is
important for correlation between Zambia and
Zimbabwe, has been completed. A synthesis is in
preparation with a view to publication.
(b) Several localities relevant to the correlation
between Zimbabwe and Zambia were revisited and re-
evaluated from the viewpoint of a regional synthesis
of the geodynamic evolution.
Meetings
IGCP Project 302 was affiliated with a major
international conference International Comet
Symposium, Mons, Belgium (5-9 September 1994)
and represented at three other international events:
(a) April 1994, International Association of Sedi-
mentologists, 15th regional meeting, Ischia, Italy;
(b) 31 August 1994, Proterozoic Crustal Metallo-
genic Evolution, Windhoek, Namibia; (c) September
1994, Conference of IGCP Project 319, Nova Scotia,
Canada. Total participation: over 40 participants;
12 countries.
Participating countries (* indicates the countries
active in 1994): Belgium*, Botswana*, Burundi,
Canada*, Chile, France, Germany*, Malawi,
Namibia*, Netherlands*, Poland*, Slovakia*, South
Africa*, United Republic of Tanzania, Uganda,
Ukraine*, United Kingdom*, United States*, Zaire*,
Zambia* and Zimbabwe*.
No. 304- Lower crustal processes
(1990-1994)
B.J. Hensen, Department of Applied Geology,
University of New South Wales, Kensington 2033,
Australia.
L. Ya. Aranovich, Institute of Experimental
Mineralogy, USSR Academy of Sciences,
142432 Chernogolovka, Moscow District, USSR.
Description: The project aims to improve our under-
standing of the tectonic and thermal evolution of the
lower continental crust through integrated studies of
amphibolite granulite facies metamorphic terranes.
This objective is to be realized by combining a
number of individual approaches including:
(1) Comparison of high-grade metamorphic
terranes of different inferred origins and different
ages.
(2) Testing of theoretical, geophysically based,
tectono-thermal models with detailed field studies.
(3) Refinement of radiometric dating techniques
to determine the timing of specific metamorphic
events and improvement of geobarometric-
thermometric techniques to derive reliable pressure-
temperature estimates.
(4) Correlation with geophysical and metrological
information on the properties of present-day lower
crust.
Summary of major achievements
The project has provided a focal point for an active
group of earth scientists studying the metrological,
geochemical, tectonic and geophysical aspects of the
lower crust. Topics of major interest have included
35
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the spatial and temporal development of erogenic
processes and their tectonic interpretation. The role of
fluids, partial melting and melt extraction by
deformation have been addressed. The creation of
thermochemical data bases, and their application to
the quantitative analysis of lower crustal processes
has had an important impact on metrological and
geochemical modelling of crustal processes and
participants of this project have played a major role in
further developments in this field. Xenolith studies, in
conjunction with geophysics, have made an important
contribution to our understanding of the nature and
evolution of the crust-mantle boundary region.
Achievements in 1994
The main topics covered in this years activities
included dehydration, partial melting and fluid
distribution in the crust; thermochemical data bases
and automated procedures; mineral chemistry and
geothermobarometry; ultra-high temperature meta-
morphism and high temperature-low pressure
metamorphism and crustal structure. Exciting new
advances have been made in experimental modelling
of partial melting processes and mantle-crust
interaction leading to the formation of granitic
magmas and the chemical differentiation of the
continental crust. At the International Mineralogical
Association meeting in Piss, in-depth discussion
between the creators of various computer programs,
using self-consistent thermodynamic data sets, has
lead to a better understanding of the different
approaches and their relative strengths and
shortcomings. Scrutiny of applications to different
geological settings has provided much-needed testing
of the efficiency of solution models for natural
minerals. Advances have been made to determine the
closure temperatures of various elemental and
isotopic exchanges between metamorphic minerals,
used in thelmobarometry and geochronology. This is
of particular interest for ultra-high temperature
terranes where variable resetting of thermometers and
chronometers is believed to have taken place. The
relationship between lower crustal structure, as
revealed by seismic and magnetic transects, and
surface geology of high temperature-low pressure
granulite terranes has been further defined.
Meetings
(1) Special symposium on Dehydration, partial
melting and fluid distribution in the crust.
Convenors: M. Bickle, B.J. Hensen and S.L. Harley,
held in conjunction with the VM Goldschmidt
Conference, Edinburgh, 28 August-3 September. Fifty
participants (14 countries).
(2) Two sessions at the International
Mineralogical Association meeting in Piss, Italy,
3-8 September: (a) Thermochemical data bases and
36
automated procedures. Convenors: L. Perchuk,
S. Saxena, B.J. Hensen. Thirty participants
(12 countries); (b) Mineral chemistry and
geothermobarometry. Convenors: C. Guidotti,
G. Franz and L. Aranovich. Thirty-two participants
(ten countries); (c) An evening workshop on Closure
temperatures, diffusion and their relevance to
geothermobarometry and geochronology.
(3) Controls of Metamorphism, University of
Liverpool, United Kingdom. 12-14 September.
Convenors: A. Boyle and J. Wheeler. Sponsored by
the Metamorphic Studies Group and IGCP
Project 304. A special symposium on The hottest
rocks on earth. Convenors: B.J. Hensen and
S.L. Harley. Ninety participants (18 countries).
(4) Workshop and field excursion on low
pressure-high temperature metamorphism, meta-
morphic histories and geophysical deep seismic
profiles in south-west Finland, 16-20 September.
Convenors: Kalevi Korsman (Geological Survey of
Finland), B.J. Hensen and D.M. Fountain. Fifty
participants (ten countries).
Publications
Abstract volumes were prepared for all meetings and
a printed excursion guide was provided for the
Finnish meeting. The proceedings of the Liverpool
meeting will appear in the Geological Magazine in
1996.
Papers of the Edinburgh meeting in 1992 have
appeared as a special volume of the Journal of
Metamorphic Geology.
Numerous publications have appeared in major
refereed international journals, in which it was
specifically mentioned that they constituted
contributions to IGCP Project 304 Lower crustal
processes.
Participating countries (* indicates the countries
active in 1994): Algeria*, Australia*, Belgium,
Brazil*, Burundi*, Canada*, China*, Czech
Republic*, Finland*, France*, Germany*, India*,
Islamic Republic of Iran, Ireland*, Italy*, Japan*,
Kenya, Netherlands* New Zealand*, Russia, South
Africa*, Spain*, Sri Lanka*, Sweden*, Switzerland*,
United Kingdom* and the United States*.
Activities planned
A special issue of the Journal of Metamorphic
Geology on the tectonics, geochronology and
metamorphic history of the In Ouzzal inlier in
southern Algeria, is planned for publication in 1996
(to be edited by Kienast, Ouzegane, Guiraud and
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Hensen). This publication is the direct result of the
activities of IGCP Project 304.
No. 306 - Stratigraphic correlation of
Paleozoic and Mesozoic sediments of South-
East Asia (1992-1995)
Dang Vu Khuc, Geological Museum, 6 Pham Ngu
Lao, Hanoi, Viet Nam, Fax: 84.4.254734.
H. Fontaine, 128 rue du Bat, 75341 Paris Cedex 07,
France.
Description: The project intends to co-ordinate the
stratigraphic results obtained by the national
geological surveys. It would establish standard
stratigraphic schemes for each system of the
Paleozoic and the (pre-Cretaceous) Mesozoic. There
is an important training component. Links with ICS
subcommissions will be assured.
Achievements in 1994
Biostratigraphic studies have been intensified in the
region in 1993-1994. Studies on algae, foraminiferas,
corals, coniconchs, brachiopods, graptoliths and
molluscs have been carried out. In particular, studies
on conodonts from Devonian, Permian and Triassic
rocks are currently being stepped up. Studies on
diatoms, and nanofossils for Cenozoic sediments are
being developed, especially in connection with
prospection for oil and gas.
Fossil vertebrates are being actively studied:
Devonian fishes in Viet Nam, Permo-Triassic
amphibians in Laos, Jurassic and Cretaceus
dinosaurs in Laos, Thailand and South China
(Kuangsi Province), Tertiary mammals in Thailand
and Viet Nam and Quaternary mammals in Thailand.
Carboniferous, Triassic and Neogene plant
imprints have been collected and studied in Viet
Nam, Thailand and Laos.
All the above-mentioned studies raise new
problems on stratigraphy and paleontology. Many
sedimentary and volcano-sedimentary formations
have been dated more precisely on the basis of new
palaeontological materials. Newly obtained materials
are making it possible to start the stratigraphic
synthesis of South-East Asia, with a view to
compiling the biostratigraphic scheme of each
geological system for the correlation of strata, which
is the main purpose of the project.
Meetings
- Symposium on Paleozoic and Mesozoic strati-
graphic correlation of South-East Asia, organized
by the United Kingdom Working Group, Surrey,
23 March 1994, with seven papers.
- International Symposium on Permian stratigraphy,
environments and resources, a joint meeting of
IGCP Projects 359, 306 and Pangea Project GSGP,
28-31 August 1994, in Guiyang, China, with 84
papers.
- International Symposium on Stratigraphic
correlation of South-East Asia, 15-20 November
1994, in Bangkok, with 50 papers.
Major publications
- Angsuwathana P. (Editor-in-chief), 1994. Strati-
graphic correlation of South-East Asia, Bangkok,
334 pp.
- Barber A. (cd.), 1994. Paleozoic and Mesozoic
stratigraphic correlation in South-East Asia. Surrey,
17 pp.
- Jin Y., J. Utting, B.R. Wardlaw, 1994. Permian
stratigraphy, environments and resources. Vol. 1.
Paleontology and stratigraphy, Nanjing, 262 pp.
No. 308- Palaeocene/Eocene boundary
events (1990-1994, O.E.T. in 1995)
Marie-Pierre Aubry, Laboratoire de Gologie
du Quaternaire, CNRS-Lumniy, Case 907,
13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France.
Description: The objective is to delineate precisely
the nature and timing of the events which occur in the
marine and terrestrial records close to the
Palaeocene/Eocene boundary in order to construct a
basic framework for global stratigraphic correlation,
to link facies evolution in the terrestrial and
epicontinental domains with the Late Paleocene and
Early Eocene history of oceanic changes, and to study
the correlative response of the biotas in the sea and on
land. The ultimate goal is the designation of a
stratotype for the Palaeocene/Eocene boundary.
Summary of major past achievements
(1) The establishment of a correlation network
between north-western Europe and the deep sea in
order to determine the stratigraphic position of the
deep sea events with respect to the formations which
serve as references in the current chronostratigraphic
framework (Thanet formation, base London clay, base
Yeper clay). The upper Palaeocene-lower Eocene
(base Thanetian to Kings B2 Division of the London
37
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clay) succession in north-western Europe is currently
described in terms of eight stratigraphic sequences,
and the deep-sea events with a level close to, but
younger than, the Woolwich bottom bed of the
London basin, are being correlated.
(2) Correlation of the sequence stratigraphic
framework established in north-western Europe to
other epicontinental areas, in particular to the East
Coast and the Gulf Coast of the United States. It has
been established that the eight sequences apparently
correlate between the three basins.
(3) Characterization of the deep sea benthic
forminiferal turnover, and its implications for
palaeocirculation. The late Paleocene benthic
turnover is an exceptionally marked event which
lasted a few thousand years, during which shallow
water species migrated to the deep ocean. Post-
extinction faunas suggest regional high surface
productivity (and low oxygenation of bottom waters)
at high southern latitudes, in the North Sea basin and
on the New Jersey continental margin.
(4) The carbon isotope excursion, first recognized
in the Weddell Sea, Antarctica but now identified in
all oceans, is coincident with the benthic
foraminiferal extinction, and with global warming as
indicated by the oxygen isotopic record. A short-lived
event, the carbon isotope excursion suggests
momentary low-latitude deep water production.
(5) The carbon isotope excursion has also been
identified in the terrestrial record, suggesting a major
upheaval in the global carbon cycle that affected the
ocean as well as the atmosphere. It is suggested that
this, plus decreased intensity of atmospheric
circulation and global warming, was possibly linked
to explosive volcanism in the North Atlantic.
(6) The carbon isotope excursion appears as an
invaluable tool for correlation between deep sea,
epicontinental and marine deposits. One of the recent
results of IGCP Project 308 has been to determine the
position of the carbon excursion event with respect to
the planktonic microfossil zonations, and thereby to
establish the widespread occurrence of unconformities
in the deep sea (including land sections that were
deposited at bathyal depths) immediately above the
excursion, i.e., in calcareous nannofossil Zones NP9
and NP10.
(7) The widespread deposition of upper
Paleocene lignitic beds in shallow marine regions,
and (possibly) the kaolinitic event in the marine
record are directly linked to global warming and to
high productivity.
38
Regarding chronology, the main scientific
achievements are:
(1) The establishment of a very detailed
biostratigraphic framework for the upper Palaeocene-
lower Eocene, based on the recent recognition that
two morphotypes (possibly two distinct species) of
Tribrachiatus contortus occur in Zone NP10, provides
for the first time firm biostratigraphic elements for
subdividing calcareous nannofossil Zone NP10,
features which we have carefully correlated to
planktonic foraminiferal events.
(2) Magneto-chemo-biostratigraphic correlations
suggest an interactive pattern in the 613C record in
the NP9-NP10 zonal interval, and predict, in
particular, the occurrence of a second excursion
located in lower calcareous nannofossil Zone NP10. If
ongoing studies prove that this is correct, one of the
greatest achievements of IGCP Project 308 would be
to have established a high resolution stratigraphy for
the upper Palaeocene-lower Eocene which approaches
that developed for the Pliocene-Pleistocene, based on
the oxygen (6180) isotopic record.
(3) This now makes it possible to tune the
terrestrial events to this high resolution chronology,
which will be completed in the next few months.
Regarding palaeo-oceanography and palaeo-
climatology, the main achievements of the project are:
(1) The recognition that the benthic extinction
event was extremely sudden and synchronous
worldwide.
(2) The determination that deep water was
produced at low latitude for a very short time, thus
producing a reversal of the oceanic circulation
pattern.
(3) A heated debate over the mechanisms which
led to global warming, including possibly the
production of greenhouse gases (such as methane).
Meetings in 1994
Joint meeting of IGCP Projects 308 and 286 (early
Palaeogene benthos), the International Sub-
commission on Palaeogene Stratigraphy, the Working
Group on Paleocene Stages and the Working Group
on the Ypresian/Lutetian Boundary, Aspet, France.
Fifty participants from 22 countries (Albania,
Belgium, Croatia, Cuba, Egypt, France, Germany,
Hungary, India, Italy, Mexico, Pakistan, Russia,
Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Netherlands, Turkey, United Kingdom and the United
States.
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IGCP Project 308 meeting in Toulouse in
connection with the First French Congress on
Stratigraphy (12-14 September). Over 150
participants from 22 countries) (listed above).
IGCP Project 308 meeting in Padua, Italy (20-
24 September). Fourteen participants (France, Italy,
Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom and the United
States). This important although restricted meeting
was meant to address specific questions regarding the
development of high resolution isotope stratigraphy
for the upper Palaeocene-lower Eocene.
Participating countries (*indicates the countries
active in 1994): Albania, Argentina*, Australia*,
Azerbaijan, Barbados, Belgium, Brazil*, Bulgaria,
Chile, China*, Croatia*, Cuba*, Denmark*, Egypt*,
France*, Germany, Hungary, India, Iran, Iraq,
Israel*, Italy*, Japan*, Jordan, Mali, Mexico,
Netherlands*, Norway*, Pakistan*, Russia*,
Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain*, Sweden*,
Switzerland*, Turkey, United Kingdom*, United
States* and Venezuela*.
Activities planned
General goals
(1) To complete publications of research work
conducted in the last few years.
(2) To present to the scientific community the
results acquired through IGCP Project 308 during the
last five years regarding a critical moment in
Cenozoic history which represents a turning-point in
biologic evolution (marine micro- and nanno-
plankton, vertebrates, plants).
(3) To pursue our work towards analysing sections
which we were unable to study in recent years, in
particular in Pakistan, the Middle East and in Europe.
Meetings
- A symposium on Palaeocene-Eocene events which
will be held at the 1995 annual meeting of the
Geological Society of America (New Orleans,
6-9 November 1995), organized by M.-P. Aubry and
L. Stott.
- A joint meeting next October in Spain, for IGCP
Project 308, the Working Group on Paleocene
Stages and the Working Group on the
Ypresian/Lutetian Boundary.
- A symposium on the Palaeocene/Eocene Boundary
global warming, its mechanisms and consequences
at the 30th International Geological Congress in
Beijing, August 1996.
Publications
- Knox, OB.R., Corfield, R. and Dunnay, R.E. (eds),
Correlation of the early Palaeogene in north-western
Europe, Special Publication of the Geological
Society of London. In press.
- Aubry, M.-P., Lucas, S. and Berggren, W.A. (eds),
Late Palaeocene-Early Eocene biotic and climatic
evolution, Columbia University Press. In
preparation.
- Other publications (e.g. special volume of
micropaleontology devoted to our studies in Cuba)
are under discussion.
No. 314- Alkaline and carbonatitic
magmatism (1991-1995)
L. Kogarko, Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and
Analytical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of
Russia, Kosygin str., 19, Moscow, Russia.
J. Keller, Albert-Ludwigs Universitt, Albertstr. 23b,
D-7800 Freiburg, Germany.
K. Bell, Dept. of Earth Sciences, Carleton University,
Ottawa, Canada K13 5B6.
Description: The aim of the project is to correlate
geological and tectonic position, petrology,
geochemistry and metallogeny of alkaline rocks and
carbonatites and besides to construct the models of
formation of mineral deposits related to alkaline rocks
and carbonatites. The investigation of alkaline rocks
from various regions will also provide fundamental
knowledge of the deepest zones of the earth since
alkaline magmatism is a geochemical window to the
mantle.
Achievements in 1994
Scientific achievements
(1) Attention was focused on the origin of
superlarge unique mineral deposits of REE, Nb, Zr U,
fluorine, phosphorus and diamonds related to alkaline
rocks and carbonatites. Examples of such deposits
from China, Namibia, Mongolia, Russia, Greenland,
India and other countries have been considered. It
was shown that the formation of superlarge
economically very important mineral deposits,
proceeds during processes in gigantic crystal magma
chambers filled by low viscous volatile-rich alkaline
melts, where the settlement of crystallizing minerals
in conventionally stirred magma results in the
profound separation of ore minerals from other solid
phases. The initial saturation with respect to ore
minerals (eudialite, loparite, apatite, etc.), along with
the physical and chemical criteria for the formation of
39
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super large magmatic mineral deposits, has been
substantiated from natural examples and
experimental investigations.
(2) New results of phase equilibrium studies
under very high pressure and temperature showed
that kimberlite magmatism is the result of partial
melting of a phlogophite-bearing lithospheric mantle
under high fugacity of K2O, H20 and CO2. Three new
kimberlite occurrences from Somerset Island,
Canada, were reported.
(3) The new approach was applied to the solution
of the syenitic magmatism genesis. The correlation of
petrology and geochemistry of syenites from different
formations and regions was made (Canada, Africa,
the islands of Oceania, Russia).
(4) For the first time primary mantle Ca-rich
carbonate melts were reported in the mantle nodules
of the Canary Islands, the Cape Verde archipelago,
and the Fernando de Naronya and Trinidad islands. It
was suggested that carbonatitic oceanic magmatism
corresponds to the large-scale melting of the wherlite
mantle block of South Africa.
(5) The isotopic correlation (Sr, Nd, Pb isotope
signatures of carbonatites from Canada, Russia,
Africa and the islands of Oceania proved that the
isotope features could be the result of the mixing of
different mantle components.
(6) One of the major problems regarding the
genesis of alkaline rocks is whether they are related to
plume activity. Assessment of the plume model for
North American alkaline rocks showed, that although
many intrusions in North America are within the
same range of chemistry, age and petrology as those
associated with hotspot tracks, it is difficult to fit
them into plume-related magmatism.
(7) New prospecting criteria for rare metal
deposits were proposed for the first time on examples
from the Kola Peninsula South Africa, Brazil and
India. The comparative analysis of supergigantic
carbonatite deposits from various parts of the globe
(Boyan-Obo in China, Okorusu in Namibia) revealed
their association mainly with syenitic magmatism,
with common features in the evolution of fenitisation
processes and with a number of other common
features which could be used in future for prospecting
for new mineral deposits of this type.
Meetings
(1) An international workshop Carbonatites
took place in London on 3 December 1993, in the
Natural History Museum. Twenty-one scientists from
five countries (United Kingdom, Germany, Denmark,
Norway and the United States) took part in it.
40
(2) The symposium of IGCP Project 314 The
petrology, mineralogy and geochemistry of alkaline
rocks, was held during the annual Meeting of the
Geological Association of Canada/Mineralogical
Association of Canada, Waterloo, Canada, 16-18 May
1994. Sixty-four papers were presented by the
participants from 12 countries: United Kingdom,
India, Finland, France, Canada, Zimbabwe, Italy,
United States, Russia, Australia, Belgium and United
Republic of Tanzania.
(3) International field meeting to Kola Peninsula
carbonatites was held from 27 July to 8 August 1994.
Sixteen geologists from six countries (United States,
Canada, South Africa, Germany, Russia and Poland)
took part in it.
(4) During the 9th Symposium of the
International Association on the Genesis of Ore
Deposits (IAGOD) in Beijing (12-18 August 1994) a
special IGCP Project 314 meeting was held on
Alkaline and carbonatitic magmatism and related ore
deposits. Eighteen scientists from nine countries
(China, Russia, South Africa, Poland, Denmark,
Azerbaijan, United States, India and Germany)
presented papers but more than 50 scientists
participated in the meeting.
Important publications
- IAVCEI proceedings in Volcanology:
CARBONATITE VOLCANISM: Oldoinyo Lengai
and the petrogenesis of natrocarbonatites. Editors
Keith Bell and Jorg Keller, 1994, Springer Verlag.
- Special issue of Geochemistry International,
Vol. 31, No. 3, 1994, Scripts Technics, INC., Am.
Geol. Inst., Geoph. Union dedicated to the Alkaline
and Carbonatitic magmatism, IPDC Project 314,
165 pp.
- Barker, D.S. (1993). Diagnostic magmatic features
in carbonatites: implications for the origins of
dolomite- and ankerite-rich carbonatites. South
African Journal of Geology 96:131-138.
- Basu, A.R., Renne, P.R., DasGupta, D. K.,
Teichmann, F. and Poreda, R.J. (1993). Early and
late alkali igneous pulses and a high-3 He plume
origin for the Deccan flood basalts. Science 261:
902-906.
- Carman, M.G., Jr. (1994). Mechanisms of
differentiation in shallow mafic alkaline intrusions,
as illustrated in the Big Bend area, western Texas.
Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal
Research 61:1-44,
- Chai, L. and Navrotsky, A. (1993).
Thermochemistry of carbonate-pyroxene equilibria.
 Optical Character Recognition (OCR) document. WARNING! Spelling errors might subsist. In order to access
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Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 114:
139-147.
- Charland, A. and Francis, D. (1993). Stratigraphy
and geochemistry of the Itcha Volcanic Complex,
central British Columbia. Canadian Journal of
Earth Sciences. 30, 132-144.
- Currie, K.L. (1993). An Archaen talc-alkaline
lamprophyre suite, north-eastern Yilgarn Block,
Western Australia. Lithos 31:33-50.
- Edgar, A.D. (1993). Potassium-rich clinopyroxene
in the mantle - an experimental investigation of a
K-rich lamproite up to 60 KBar. Geochimica et
Cosmochimica Acta, 57:5063-5072.
- Epstain, E.M. (1994). Geological-petrological
model and genetical features of ore carbonatite
complexes. Moscow, NEDRA, 255 pp.
- Flohr, M.K. (1994). Titanium, vanadium, and
niobium mineralization and alkali metasomatism
from the Magnet Cove complex, Arkansas.
Economic Geology 89:105-130.
- Haggerty, S.E. (1994). Superkimberlites: A
geodynamic diamond window to the Earths core.
Earth and Planetary Science Letters 122:57-69.
- Kogarko, L.N., Ukhanov, A.V. and Nikolskaja,
N.E. New data about PGE in ijolite-carbonatite
formation (Guli, Kugda massifs, Polar Siberia).
International Geochemia, 1994, N. 11.
- Kogarko, L.N. Geochemical characteristics of
oceanic carbonatites from the Cape Verde islands.
Journal of Geology of South Africa, 1993, N.3.
- Ulrich Kramm. Mantle components of carbonatites
from the Kola Alkaline Province, Russia and
Finland A Nd-Sr study. European Journal
Mineralogy, 1993, N.5, 985-989.
- Ulrich Kramm and Kogarko, L.N. Nd and Sr
isotope signatures of the Khibine and Lovozero
agpaitic centres, Kola Alkaline Province, Russia.
1994, Lithos 32, 225-242.
- Lee, D-C., Halliday, A.N., Fitton, J.G. and Poli, G.
(1994). Isotopic variations with distance and time in
the volcanic islands of the Cameroon line: evidence
for a mantle plume origin. Earth and Planetary
Science Letters 123:119-138.
- Pearson, D. G., Boyd, F.R., Haggerty, S.E.,
Pasteris, J, D., Field, S, W., Nixon, P.H, and
Pokhilenko, N.P. (1994). The characterization and
origin of graphite in cratonic lithospheric mantle: a
metrological carbon isotope and Raman
spectroscopic study. Contributions to Mineralogy
and Petrology 115:449-466.
- Antonio Simonetti and Keith Bell. Nd, Pb and Sr
isotopic data from the Napak carbonatite-
nephelinite centre, eastern Uganda: an example of
open-system crystal fractionation. Contributions to
Mineralogy and Petrology, 1994, Vol. 115, pp. 356-
366.
- Schiano, P., Clocchiatti, R., Shimisu, N., Weis, D.
and Mattielli, N. (1994). Cogenetic silica-rich and
carbonate-rich melts trapped in mantle minerals in
Kerguelen ultramafic xenoliths: Implications for
metasomatism in the oceanic upper mantle. Earth
and Planetary Science Letters 123:167-178.
- Wang, A., Dhamelincourt, P., Meyer, H.O.A.,
Guo, L. and Zhang, A. (1994). A carbon-rich
multiphase inclusion in a Chinese diamond and its
geochemical implications. Contributions to
Mineralogy and Petrology 117:15-24
- West, H.B. and Leeman, W.P. (1994). The open-
system geochemical evolution of alkalic cap lavas
from Haleakala Crater, Hawaii, United States.
Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acts 58:773-796.
- Wickham, S.M., Janardhar, A.S. and Stem, R.J.
(1994). Regional carbonate alteration of the crust by
mantle-derived magmatic fluids, Tamil Nadu, south
India. Journal of Geology 102:379-398.
- Wolff, J.A. (1994). Physical properties of
carbonatite-magmas inferred from molten salt data,
and application to extraction patterns from
carbonatite-silicate magma chambers. Geological
Magazine 131:145-153.
Activities planned
Meetings
-7-11 August 1995 - 6th International kimberlite
conference. Novosibirsk, Russia.
-9-13 October 1995 - Special meeting of IGCP
Project 314 Alkaline and carbonatitic magmatism
during the 10th conference of the geological society
of Africa, Nairobi, Kenya.
- December 1995 - Field symposium of IGCP
Project 314 Carbonatitic magmatism, Amba-
Dongar, India.
-3-5 April 1995 - Alkaline magmatism and
heterogeneity of upper mantle, Moscow, Vernadsky
Institute, Russia.
41
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- 26-30 September 1995- Special session of IGCP
Project 314 Nick Rock symposium. Alkaline rocks
and their associated mineralization during the
12th Australian geological convention, Perth,
Australia.
Proposed major publications
- Monograph Alkaline and carbonatitic rocks of
former Soviet Union, British Museum of Natural
History, 1995.
- Geological map of alkaline rocks distribution on the
territory of the former USSR.
- Extended abstracts of the 6th kimberlite conference.
- Monograph, dedicated to Nick Rock Alkaline rocks
and their associated mineralization. Australia,
Perth.
- Abstracts of special symposium during the
10th conference of the geological society of Africa,
Nairobi.
No. 315- Rapakivi granites and related
rocks (1991-1995)
Ilmari Haapala, Department of Geology, P.O. Box 11,
Snellmaninkatu 3, FIN-00014, University of Helsinki,
Finland.
Ronald F. Emslie, Geological Survey of Canada,
601 Booth Street, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0E8, Canada.
Description: Rapakivi granites and associated mafic
rocks (diabase dykes, gabbros, anorthosites) are
present in Precambrian cratonic areas on all
continents. In several cases, Sn-polymetallic and Fe-
Cu mineralization is associated with the rapakivi
granites. The aim of the project is to correlate the
tectonic setting, petrology, geochemistry, and
metallogeny of the rapakivi granites and related
anorogenic granites worldwide. The main topics are
(1) areal and temporal distribution of the granites,
(2) tectonic setting and mechanism of emplacement,
(3) relation to crustal evolution, (4) bimodal character
of the magmatism, (5) petrographic and geochemical
characteristics, (6) metallogeny, (7) petrogenesis,
(8) physical conditions of crystallization, and
(9) origin of the rapakivi texture.
Achievements in 1994
Meetings
In 1994, the project held two meetings. The fourth
international meeting of the project (convened by
R.F. Emslie and M.D. Higgins) took place on
42
1-3 August in Montreal, Canada. This was a joint
effort with IGCP Project 290 (Anorthosites and
related rocks) and comprised 35 oral and five poster
presentations. As regards rapakivi granites,
presentations dealt with their geochemistry,
petrology, geochronology, metallogeny, and tectonic
setting. New data were given especially on the
rapakivi granites of Brazil, Ukraine, Sweden, the
Baltic counties and the United States. The tin
granites of Brazil show the same geochemical and
petrographic peculiarities as the tin-bearing rapakivi
granites of Fennoscandia and tin granites in general.
A further important conclusion was that the rapakivi
granites in central Sweden appear to register an
Archaean lower lithospheric domain beneath the
Palaeoproterozoic crust of that area. Furthermore,
some very young (Miocene) rapakivi-like granites of
the Basin and Range Province of south-western
United States may turn out to provide clues to the
tectonic framework of the classic Proterozoic rapakivi
granites. In conjunction with the Montreal meeting,
two field trips were arranged: on 28-31 July to the
Lac-St-Jean Anorthosite Complex near Chicoutimi in
eastern Quebec and on 4-10 August to the Nain
Plutonic Suite in central Labrador.
The fifth international meeting of the project was
arranged on 4-9 September 1994, in conjunction with
the 16th General Meeting of the International
Mineralogical Association in Piss, Italy. A special
session on rapakivi granites and related rocks in Piss
(convened by L Haapala and B. Benin) comprised two
two-hour oral sessions (12 contributions) and a poster
session with 14 submitted titles. The emphasis of the
rapakivi session in Piss was on the mineralogy and
petrology of the rapakivi granites and related rocks.
Submitted papers provided new data particularly on
the mineralogy of the rapakivi granites, covering a
range of occurrences in the United States, Ukraine,
Sweden, Finland, South Greenland, Romania, Russia,
Brazil, South Africa and India.
Participating countries (* indicates the countries
active in 1994): Botswana, Brazil*, Canada*, China*,
Czech Republic*, Estonia*, Finland*, Germany,
India*, Japan*, Republic of South Africa*, Russia*,
Spain, Sweden*, United Kingdom*, Ukraine*,
Uruguay* and the United States*.
Publications
- Haapala, I. and Rm, O.T. (1994), Quest Editors.
Proceedings of IGCP Project 315, 1991 Helsinki
meeting. Mineralogy and Petrology, 50, 193 pp. It
includes the following papers:
- Chattopadhyay, B., Chattopadhyay, S. and
Bapna, V.S. Geology and geochemistry of the
Degalla pluton - a Proterozoic rapakivi granite
in Rajasthan, India.
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- Corretg, L.G. and Surez, O. A garnet-
cordierite granite porphyry containing rapakivi
feldspars in the Cabeza de Araya Batholith
(Extremadura, Spanish Hercynian Belt).
- DallAgnol, R., Lafon, J.-M. and Macambira,
M.J.B. Proterozoic anorogenic magmatism in
the Central Amazonian Province, Amazonian
Craton: Geochronological, metrological and
geochemical aspects.
- Eklund, O., Frjd, S. and Lindberg, B. Magma
mixing, the petrogenetic link between
anorthositic suites and rapakivi granites, land,
south-western Finland.
- Kerr, A. and Milne, G.C. The Mgeni granite: an
example of the megacrystic rapakivi granite-
charnockite intrusive in south-eastern Africa.
- Neymark, L.A., Amelin, J.V. and Larin, A.M.
Pb-Nd-Sr isotopic and geochemical constraints
on the origin of the 1.54-1.56 Ga Salmi rapakivi
granite-anorthosite batholith (Karelia, Russia).
- Rogers, J.J.W and Satterfield, M.E. Fluids of
anorogenic granites: A preliminary assessment.
- Salonsaari, P.T. and Haapala, I. The Jaala-Iitti
rapakivi complex: example of bimodal
magmatism and hybridization in the Wiborg
rapakivi batholith, south-eastern Finland.
- Sundblad, K., Mansfeld, J., Motuza, G., Ahl, M.
and Claesson, S. Geology, geochemistry and age
of a Cu-Mo-bearing granite at Kabeliai,
southern Lithuania.
- Sviridenko, L.P. The evolution of the fluid phase
during the crystallization of granite types: Salmi
pluton, Karelia, Russia.
- Velikoslavinsky, D.A. Biotite from rapakivi.
- Yu, J., Fu, H., Zhang, F. and Wan, F.
Petrogenesis of potassic alkaline volcanics
associated with rapakivi granites in the
Proterozoic rift of Beijing, China.
Emslie, R.F. and Stirling, J.A.R. (1993). Rapakivi
and related granitoids of the Nain Plutonic Suite:
Geochemistry, mineral assemblages and fluid
equilibria. Canadian Mineralogists, 31, 821-847.
Amelin, Yu, Heaman, L., Uezkhogliand, V. and
Skobelev, V. (1994). Geocronological constraints on
the emplacement history of an anorthosite-rapakivi
granite suite: U-Pb zircon and baddeleyite study of
the Korosten complex, Ukraine. Contributions to
Mineralogy and Petrology, 116,411-419.
- Eklund, O. (1993). Coeval contrasting magmatism
and magma mixing in Proterozoic post- and
anorogenic granites, land, south-western Finland.
bo Akademis tryckeri, bo, 57 pp.
- Andersson, U.B. and Eklund, O. (1994). Cellular
plagioclase intergrowths as a result of crystal-
magma mixing in the Proterozoic land rapakivi
batholith, south-western Finland. Contributions to
Mineralogy and Petrology, 117, 124-136.
- Moore, M., Davis, D.W., Robb, L.J., Jackson, M.C.
and Grobler, D.F. (1993). Archaean rapakivi
granite-anorthosite-rhyolite complex in the
Witwatersrand basin hinterland, southern Africa.
Geology, 21, 1031-1034.
- Kuroda, Y., Yamada, T., Yamaguchi, Y., Sate, H.,
Wake, Y. and Matsuo, S. (1994). Crustal
development in relation to granitic magmatism in
regard to D/H partition between coexisting
hornblende and biotite in the Svecofennian belt.
Bulletin of the Gelogical Society of Finland, 65,
91-108.
- Sveshnikov, K. I., Sukhorukov, Yu.T., Pashkevich,
I.K. and Krasovsky, S.S. (1994). Anorogenic
granitoids of the Early Precambrian magmatism of
the Ukrainian shield. Bulletin of the Geological
Society of Finland, 65, 109-120.
- Esipchuk, K.Ye., Sheremet, Ye.M. and Sveshnikov,
K.I. (1994). Rare metal granites and related rocks of
the Ukrainian shield. Bulletin of the Geological
Society of Finland, 65, 121-131.
- Higgins, M. and Woussen, G. (1994). IGCP Projects
290 and 315, Lac-St-Jean field trip guide.
University of Quebec in Chicoutimi, Canada, 20 pp.
- Emslie, R.F. (1994). Anorthosites, Rapakivi
Granites and Related Rocks, International
Geological Correlation Programme, Joint Meeting,
IGCP Projects 290 and 315. Program and Abstract.
- Berg, J. H., Emslie, R.F., Hamilton, M. A., Morse,
S. A., Ryan, A.B. and Wiebe, R.A. (1994).
Anorthositic, granitoid and related rocks of the
Nain Plutonic Suite. Guide for field excursion to the
Nain area, 4-10 August, 1994, IGCP Projects 290
and 315,69 pp.
- Dempster, T. J., Jenkin, G.R.T and Rogers, G.
(1994). The Origin of the Rapakivi Texture. Journal
of Petrology, 35,963-981.
- Dan Agnol, R., Teixeira, N.P. and Sacramento de
Magalhes, M. (1993). Diagnostic features of tin-
specialized anorogenic granites of the Eastern
43
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Amazonian Region. Antis da Academia Brasileira
de Cincias, 65 (Supl. 1), 33-50.
No. 317- Palaeoweathering records and
ancient continental surfaces (1991-1995)
M. Thiry, J.M. Schmitt, CIG, cole des mines de
Paris, 35, rue Saint-Honor, 77305 Fontainebleau
(France).
Description: The project aims to attract scientists
involved in the study of pre-Quaternary subaerial
weathering phenomena and palaeosurfaces, and in the
reconstruction of palaeoenvironments. The principal
goals are: to determine the major weathering episodes
in Earth history, to set up an inventory of the
corresponding palaeosurface records, to establish
criteria and methods for palaeoenvironment
reconstruction; to draw conclusions concerning global
climatic changes and continental environments; and
to identify the palaeoweathering phenomena and
palaeo-surfaces of specific economic interest.
Achievements in 1994
Meetings
IPDC Project 317 held three meetings in 1994. The
annual meeting was held in Recife (Brazil) in August,
in the form of a specialized meeting during the
14th International Congress of Sedimentology. The
meeting was attended by some 40 participants from
eight countries. The papers read (a total of 16) dealt
with palaeoweathering in Australia, North and South
America and Europe. The very varied problems
discussed included palaeoclimates, palaeo-
morphologies, geochemistry, the variations in the
composition of the atmosphere, etc. A growing
number of studies are now using quantitative
methods: geochemical aspects of palaeoweathering,
isotopic signatures, weathering simulations using
geochemical codes, etc. The papers stimulated much
discussion both in and outside the meeting room with
others attending the international congress. The
meeting was followed by a 2,000 km geological field
trip through the states of the Brazilian Nordeste.
In addition to the annual meeting, two major
regional events were organized by our British group.
Sixteen papers were read in the presence of
40 European participants at the meeting on Tertiary
and pre-Tertiary palaeosurfaces organized at the
University of Sheffield in April by M. Widdowson.
The second meeting was organized by B. Smith, in
conjunction with the Eurolat project and was held in
Belfast in September, The 20 papers were followed by
a two-day field trip to the weathered rock and
palaeosurfaces of Northern Ireland.
44
Scientific results
During this fourth year, the projects activity was
centred on the Global Inventory of
Palaeoweathering, begun in 1992. The first results
were obtained in the form of a collection of detailed
cards, each dealing with an individual record of
palaeoweathering/palaeosurface. A collection of brief
notes, which is growing steadily, is also being
compiled. These notes, two to four pages long and
identical in format, summarize the principal
characteristics of each major record of
palaeoweathering. Fifteen such notes have been
received since the beginning of the year.
The records described in the notes and on the
inventory cards cover the geological history of our
planet from the Lower Proterozoic to the end of the
Tertiary (the Quaternary occurrences are excluded
from our study), and cover both the Old and New
Worlds, Oceania and Antarctica. All the main types
of palaeoweathering are also represented very ancient
weathering peculiar to the beginning of our planets
history, great regolithic shields, large hardpan,
bauxitized or silicified surfaces, etc., as well as a
number of very particular types of weathering
involving solutions of a special chemism.
The frost thematic studies of palaeoweathering,
which are one of the main aims of the project, have
also been undertaken, and articles describing the
initial results have already been submitted by some of
the regional/thematic teams.
Publications
- IGCP Project 317 Palaeoweathering Bibliography,
December 1993,60 pp. (also in electronic form).
- IGCP Project 317 Newsletter No. 4, April 1994,
35 pp.
- IGCP Newsletter No. 5, November 1994, 31 pp.
- IAS94 field trip guide: Tropical weathering,
palaeoweathering and palaeosurfaces of North-East
Brazil (1994) by V.X. Ferreira, M. G., Mabesoone,
J.M. eds., 9 pp.
A Palaeoweathering Bibliography, with
559 references, was published in late 1993. For the
moment it remains an internal publication which has
been distributed to all project members.
A total of 173 scientists from 36 countries are now
participating in the project (the countries whose
members took part in the 1994 meetings or actively
collaborated in the inventory of palaeoweathering are
underlined).
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Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Burkina
Faso, Canada, China, Colombia, Croatia, Cyprus,
Czech Republic, Ecuador, France Germany,
Hungary, India, Islamic Republic of Iran, Iraq,
Israel, Italy, Japan, Madagascar, Malaysia,
Morocco, Netherlands, Norway, Peru, Portugal,
Senegal, Slovakia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden,
Thailand, United Kingdom and the United States.
Future meetings
The main meeting of 1995 will be held in France
from 24 to 26 April in the form of a specialized
session of the 16th European meeting of IAS at Aix-
les-Bains. It will include a pre-congress excursion
entitled: From inland palaeosurfaces towards
sedentary basins: the example of south-western
French Massif Central, guided by R. Simon-Coinon,
J.G. Astruc, J.M. Schmitt and M. Thiry.
IGCP is also co-organizing symposium 5
Interrelationships between geochemistry and
weathering, palaeoclimates and landscape evolution
of the V.M. Goldsmith Conference, which will be
held at the University of Pennsylvania from 24 to
28 May.
No. 318 - Genesis and correlation of
marine polymetallic oxides (1991-1995)
J.R. Hein, USGS, 345 Middlefield Road, MS 999,
Menlo Park, CA 94025, United States.
Somnath Dasgupta, Department of Geological
Sciences, Jadavpur University, Calcutta - 700032,
India.
Description: The project, which is a successor to
IGCP Project 226 (Correlation of Manganese
Sedimentation to Palaeoenvironments), intends to
correlate the origin and evolution of polymetallic
oxide deposits with the evolution of the oceans, to
develop techniques, to date such deposits and to
develop genetic models that can be used in
exploration. A particularly attractive and promising
aspect is the inclusion of studies of recent sediments
in the Pacific and Indian Oceans, and of deposits in
the Precambrian shields of Africa and India. In the
latter, sedimentary manganese deposits are important
palaeogeographic markers and in many cases, are of
economic interest.
Achievements in 1994
Main scientific achievements
Significant progress has been achieved in the
mineralogical, geochemical, isotopic, microtextural
and biogeochemical studies on polymetallic marine
oxide deposits from the recent ocean basins (Pacific,
Atlantic and Indian Oceans and the Baltic Sea) and
also in ancient land-based deposits occurring in India,
South Africa, Namibia, Ukraine, United States,
China, Spain and Antarctica. Special emphasis was
laid on tracing the source of metals (including
precious elements, e.g. platinum group) in the
ferromanganese crusts and nodules and the processes
leading to enrichment of these metals in the deposits.
Estimation of reserves for polymetallic deposits in the
Pacific and Atlantic Oceans was updated. Rare earth
element (Y, Eu, Ho, Hf) abundance patterns and
fractionation trends in ferromanganese crusts and
buried nodules were established. Be isotopes in the
oceans as recorded by recent polymetallic crusts were
used as sea-water mass tracer to study palaeo-oceanic
circulation patterns. A causal relationship between
growth of ferromanganese concretions in the Baltic
Sea and the influx of water from the North Sea was
established. Use of trace element distribution patterns
in ferruginous sediments as exploration guides for
new polymetallic deposits was documented. Growth
histories of ferromanganese crusts and nodules and
their accretion rates were determined using new
isotopic investigations. Biogeochemical controls on
Mn, Fe and U reduction in marine sediments were
documented from new laboratory investigations. New
evidence was found in favour of an expanded oxygen
minimum zone in the Indian Ocean during Mio-
Pliocene, which has direct implication for exploring
for new occurrences. Detail characterization of
volcanic and hydrothermal processes responsible for
the formation of polymetallic deposits on the
Southern Juan de Fuca Ridge was carried out through
geochemical, geophysical and isotopic studies. New
evidence in favour of a genetic relationship between
tectonism, hydrothermal discharge systems and
occurrence of polymetallic nodules in the Pacific
Ocean was obtained. Palaeoenvironmental
significance of Mn micronodules in the recent
sediments of the Indian Ocean was documented. A
new method involving quantitative estimation of sea-
floor features as a guide for nodule mining methods
was developed. Mineralogical, geochemical and
isotopic investigations on ancient land-based deposits
were extended to those occurring in Spain and
Antarctica, the latter being the first detailed study in
the continent. Similar investigations on the deposits
occurring in India, Namibia, South Africa, United
States, Hungary, Japan, China and the Ukraine
continued during this year. These studies are directed
to develop viable genetic models and to document
post-depositional alterations, metamorphic and
hydrothermal effects. A correlation between
supercontinent break-up, global oceanographic,
climatic and atmospheric factors with the formation
of polymetallic deposits during the Neoproterozoic
times was established.
45
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Meetings
One oral session sponsored jointly by this project
and the IAGOD Commission on Manganese was
held in Beijing, China on 12 August 1994 during
the 9th Symposium of IAGOD. Seven scientists
from five countries presented papers.
Five oral sessions sponsored by this project were
held on 20-22 September at Freiberg, Germany,
during the Annual Meeting of the German
Mineralogical Association. Twenty-five scientists
from nine countries presented papers.
Two oral sessions sponsored by this project were
held on 26-27 September at London during the
Fermor Lecture Meeting of the Geological Society
of London. Seventeen scientists from eight countries
presented papers.
- The Annual Field Workshop and the Business
Meeting of the project will be held at Nagpur, India,
from 27 November to 4 December 1994. Twenty-
five scientists from ten countries have confirmed
participation.
- An oral session sponsored by this project will be
held in south-eastern Spain in November 1994
during the Symposium on Natural Resources and
Environmental Aspects. Ten scientists from five
countries are expected to present papers.
The following countries are involved in the
project Australia Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada,
China, Czech Republic, Equador, Finland, France,
Ghana, Gabon, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary,
India, Japan, Korea, Mexico, Morocco, Namibia,
Netherlands, Pakistan, Russia, Spain, Switzerland,
Turkey, Republic of South Africa, United Kingdom,
Uruguay, United States, Ukraine and Venezuela.
Publications
- K.W. Mandernack and B.M. Tebo. Manganese
scavenging and oxidation at hydrothermal vents and
in vent plumes. Geochim. Cosmochim Acts, 57,
3907-3923.
- C. Klein and N. Beukes. Sedimentology and
geochemistry of the glaciogenic Late Proterozoic
Rapitan Fe formation in Canada. Econ. Geol. V. 88,
pp. 542-565.
- M. Bau. Effects of syn- and post-depositional
processes on the rare-earth element distribution in
Precambrian iron formations. Eur. J. Mineral., 5,
257-267.
46
M. Bau and P. Mueller. Rare earth element
systematic of the chemically precipitated
component in Early Precambrian iron-formations
and the evolution of the terrestrial atmosphere-
hydrosphere-lithosphere system. Geochim.
Cosmochim Acta., V. 57,2239-2249.
S. Miller and D.S. Cronan. Element supply to
surface sediments and interrelationships with
nodules along the Aitutaki - Jarvis Transect, South
Pacific. J. Geol. Sot. Lond., 151,403-412.
J.D. Hem and C.J. Lind. Chemistry of Mn
precipitation in Pinal Creek, Arizona, United
States: A laboratory study, Geochim. Cosmochim.
Acts, 58, 1601-1613.
- J.N. Pattan. Manganese micronodules: A possible
indicator of sedimentary environments. Mar. Geol.
113,331-344.
- D.S. Cronan and R.A. Hodkinson. Element supply
to surface Mn nodules along the Aitutaki-Jarvis
Transect, South Pacific. J. Geol. Sot. Lond., 151,
391-401.
- T. Boyd et al. Trace element patterns in Fe-Si-Mn
oxyhydroxides at three hydrothermally active sea-
floor regions. J. Res. Geol. 17,83-95.
- A.M. Barajas and E.L. Verges. Ash layers and
pumice in the Central Indian Basin: Relationship to
the formation of Mn nodules. Mar. Geol. 115,
307-329.
- P. Rona et al. Active and relict sea-floor
hydrothermal mineralization at the TAG
hydrothermal field, Mid-Atlantic Ridge, Econ.
Geol., 88.
R.A. Binns et al. Hydrothermal oxide and gold-rich
sulphate deposits of Franklin seamount, Papua New
Guinea. Ibid.
Fouquet et al. Metallogenesis in back-arc
environments. Ibid.
C.S. Chin et al. In situ observations of dissolved Fe
and Mn in hydrothermal vent plumes, Juan de Fuca
Ridge. Jour. Geophys. Res., 99,4969-4984.
G.J. Massoth et al. Temporal and spatial variability
of hydrothermal Mn and Fe at Cleft segment, Juan
de Fuca Ridge. Ibid., 99,4905-23.
J.H. Trefry et al. Trace metals in hydrothermal
solutions from Cleft segment on the southern Juan
de Fuca Ridge. Ibid., 99,4925-36.
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- R.A. Feely et al. Composition and sedimentation of
hydrothermal plume particles from North Cleft
segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge. Ibid., 99,4985-5006.
- A. Michard et al. Submarine thermal springs
associated with young volcanoes: The Teahitia
vents, Society Islands, Pacific< Geochim.
Cosmochim. Acta, 57,4977-86.
- G.R. Dickens and R.M. Owen. Late Miocene-Early
Pliocene manganese redirection in the Central
Indian Ocean: Expansion of the intermediate water
oxygen minimum zone. Palaeo-oceanography, 9,
169-181.
- J.R. Hein et al. Composition and origin of
hydrothermal ironstones from central Pacific
seamounts. Geochim. Cosmochim Acts, 58,
179-189.
- A.E. Gibbs et al. Hydrothermal playgorskite and
ferromanganese mineralization at a Central
California margin fracture zone. Mar. Geol., 115,
47-65.
- J.P. Cowen et al. Calcareous nannofossil
biostratigraphic dating of a ferromanganese crust
from Schumann Seamount. Ibid., 115,289-306.
- H. Kunzendorf et al. The distribution of rare earth
and minor elements in Mn nodules, micronodules
and sediments along an east-west transect in the
southern Pacific, Lithos, 30,45-56.
- D.S. Cronan and R.A. Hodkinson. An evaluation of
MU nodules and Co-rich crusts in South Pacific
Exclusive Economic Zones. Marine Georesources &
Geotechnology, 11,153-174.
- B. Thamdrup et al. Manganese oxidation and in situ
manganese fluxes from a coastal sediment.
Geochim. Cosmochim Acts, 58,2563-70.
- P.M. Vasconcelos et al. Direct dating of weathering
phenomena by Ar/Ar and K-Ar analysis of
supergene K-Mn oxides. Ibid., 58, 1635-1665.
- V. Bruchert et al. Fe-Mn enrichment in middle
Ordovician hematitic argillites preceding black
shale and flysh deposition. Jr. Geol., 102,197-214.
Activities planned
Meetings
- A field excursion to manganese deposits of Turkey
is planned to be held in 1995. The purpose is to
study the mode of occurrence, geologic setting and
genesis of diverse types of deposits. These deposits
are hosted in a variety of lithologic settings
(including ophiolites).
- A business meeting of the project will be held
during this period to assess the progress made in
1995 and for future planning.
Publications
Arrangements to publish a compilation volume on the
manganese deposits of China has been completed. A
book comprising papers presented during a
conference held in Spain in 1993 will be published in
April 1995. A book comprising papers presented at
the Freiberg, London and Nagpur meetings will be
published by the Geological Society of London. Other
volumes will be produced in conjunction with annual
meetings.
No. 319- Global palaeogeography
of the Late Precambrian and Early
Paleozoic
T.P. Crimes, Department of Earth Sciences,
University of Liverpool, Brownlow Street,
Liverpool, L69 3BX, United Kingdom.
K.B. Seslavinsky, Institute of Physics of the Earth,
B. Grouzinskaya 10, 123810 Moscow, Russia.
Description: The Late Precambrian and Early
Paleozoic are critical periods during which
remarkable evolutionary changes occurred. There
were also developed extensive mineral deposits
including oil, gas and phosphates. A detailed analysis
of global palaeogeography is of widespread interest
and the purpose of IGCP Project 319 is to develop
further an international and interdisciplinary
approach which leads to the production of
lithopalaeogeographic maps based on refined
correlations of terminal Precambrian, Cambrian and
Lower Ordovician strata. Sedimentological and
palaeoceanic models will also be developed for the
best research examples within this time span.
Achievements in 1994
Meetings
The third meeting of the project was held at
St Annes Gaelic College, Nova Scotia, in association
with St Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, Nova
Scotia. The meeting was combined with IGCP Project
376 Laurentia-Gondwana Connections Before
Pangea.
The arrangements incorporated an optional pre-
conference field workshop (19-24 September) entitled
Transappalachians: Laurentian and Gondwana
47
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Connections and included examination of the
cratonic edge of Laurentia, tectonic allochthons and
vestiges of Early Paleozoic Iapetus Ocean, the
Avalon and Gander terranes and the Avalonian rocks
of the Antigonish Highlands, Nova Scotia. The
contributions concentrated on palaeogeographic and
tectonic aspects of mainly Precambrian and Lower
Paleozoic rocks of widespread areas including
Canada, United States, Mexico, Brazil, Argentina,
Russia, Botswana, Spain, Morocco, France and
Australia.
Countries involved this year: Argentina,
Australia, Brazil, Belarus, Botswana, Canada, China,
Estonia, France, Germany, India, Italy, Kazakhstan,
Korea, Norway, Poland, Russia, Spain, United
Kingdom United States, Uzbekistan and Yugoslavia.
Activities planned
The current research projects will add further new
data concerning the stratigraphic framework,
sedimentology and tectonic setting of the Precambrian
and Lower Paleozoic strata thereby increasing our
appreciation of the palaeogeography. This will enable
us to refine our palaeogeographic maps leading to a
fine tuning of those already produced and
enhancement of those still in production. It is
anticipated maps for most or all areas at the
1:20,000,000 scale will be completed during 1995.
Meetings
A conference with field excursions is planned for
Spain during the summer of 1995 to be organized by
co-operation between the Universities of Zaragoza
and Salamanca. There will also be co-operation with
a field excursion being planned in October 1995 in
Toulouse, Montagne Noir and Sardinia for IGCP
Project 366.
No. 320- Neoproterozoic events and
resources (1991-1995)
Nicholas Christie-Blick, Lament-Doherty Earth
Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, New
York 10964-8000, United States.
Mikhail A. Fedonkin, Palaeontological Institute,
Russian Academy of Sciences, Profsoyuznaya ul. 123,
Moscow B321, 117868, Republic of Russia.
Mikhail A. Semikhatov, Geological Institute, Russian
Academy of Sciences, Pyzhevskiy per. dom. 7,
Moscow 109017, Republic of Russia.
Description: The terminal Proterozoic is one of the
most remarkable intervals in earth history. The
objective of IGCP Project 320 is to attempt to
48
document and make connections between a series of
major events in biological evolution, climate, global
tectonics, sea level, seawater chemistry and
atmospheric composition between about 650 Ma and
the beginning of the Cambrian (approx. 545 Ma). The
task at hand is difficult, owing to obvious limitations
in precise correlation and dating, but some very
significant progress is being made by integrating
emerging data from paleontology, isotopic
geochemistry, physical stratigraphy and
sedimentology (sequence stratigraphy) and U-Pb
geochronology of ash beds. In addition to the basic
scientific issues, the products of the project will be
used by a Working Group of the International
Commission on Stratigraphy to recommend
placement of a Global Stratotype Section and Point
(GSSP) and subdivisions for a new terminal
Proterozoic system. Activities related to IGCP
Project 320 are also relevant to petroleum
exploration, especially in Oman, Siberia, China and
Australia.
Achievements in 1994
Meetings
During 1994, we sponsored or co-sponsored two
events. The first, combining forces with IGCP Project
303, was a field workshop on the Terminal
Proterozoic and Lower Cambrian in India
(4-7 January 1994). This provided an opportunity to
spend three days on the outcrop in the Lesser
Himalaya near Dehradun, followed by a one-day
symposium at the Wadia Institute of Himalayan
Geology. The sections exposed in the Lesser
Himalaya are of interest because, along with those of
the Yangtze platform, they constitute a now well-
studied succession that is representative of a great
deal of Neoproterozoic and Cambrian geology in
South-East Asia. These blocks, although today
separated by Phanerozoic sutures reveal some
similarities in geological history that have been taken
to indicate early palaeogeographic connection. In both
cases, the earliest Cambrian sections contains
impressive quantities of phosphorite (the largest such
deposits on earth) and one of the incentives for
studying these deposits has been their economic
significance. The section in the Lesser Himalaya is of
significance also because while there is still a great
deal of debate about the positioning of continents in
Neoproterozoic time, it is clear that greater India was
attached to Australia in the Gondwana fit.
The second event was a workshop to the terminal
Proterozoic of eastern Finnmark, northern Norway
(l-8 August 1994). Finnmark is of special interest to
IGCP Project 320 because it is the type of area of the
Varanger Epoch, and has been thoroughly studied
from the point of view of physical stratigraphy,
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sedmentology and paleontology (metazoan and trace
fossils, and acritarchs). --
Main scientific achievements
During the course of the project, significant progress
has been made in establishing trends and events in
biological evolution in the Neoproterozoic, especially
as this may influence the subdivision of
Neoproterozoic time. The stratigraphic record of
secular variations in the isotopic composition of
seawater is now also established, at least in its broad
outlines, from studies conducted on several
continents, and efforts are now being directed at the
details and explanation of particular excursions (for
example, the marked negative shift in ii13C that
appears to accompany waning glaciation). Sequence
stratigraphic studies are in progress at nearly all of
the key reference sections (including South and
central Australia, Namibia, and the Mackenzie
Mountains of Canada), attempts to find broad
modalities in these records are under way, at least as
far as permitted by other tools for correlation. Some
important geological and palaeomagnetic constraints
have emerged on the configuration and break-up
history of at least one terminal Proterozoic
supercontinent - evidence in hand strongly supports
the assembly of Laurentia against Antarctica-
Australia prior to 700 Ma. The issue of low-latitude
glaciation remains unresolved, and new
palaeomagnetic studies are being undertaken in
Australia, Namibia, Norway and North America in an
attempt to sort out a controversy that has existed for
40 years. U-Pb geochronology has now firmly
established the Precambrian-Cambrian boundary at
close to 545 Ma, and efforts are under way to
calibrate the geological record of the Past 100 Ma of
the Proterozoic.
Publications
- Siedlecka, A., 1944. Terminal Proterozoic System.
Field guide to the workshop in eastern Finnmark,
north Norway, 1-8 August 1994: Geological Survey
of Norway, Report No. 94.065, 31 pp.
- Bowring, S. A., Grotzinger, J.P., Isachsen, C.E.,
Knoll, A.H., Pelechaty, S.M. and Kolosov, P., 1993.
Calibrating rates of Early Cambrian evolution:
Science, v. 261, pp. 1293-1298.
- Fairchild, I. J., 1993. Balmy shores and icy wastes:
the paradox of carbonates associated with glacial
deposits in Neoproterozoic times: Sedimentology
Review, v. 1, pp. 1-16.
- Hoffman, P.F., 1991, Did the breakout of Laurentia
turn 0Gondwanaland inside-out?: Science, v. 252,
pp. 1409-1412.
- Kaufman, A. J., Jacobsen, S.B. and Knoll, A.H.,
1993. The Vendian record of Sr and C isotopic
variations in seawater: Implications for tectonics
and palaeoclimate: Earth and Planetary Science
Letters, v. 120, pp. 409-430.
- Knoll, A.H. and Walter, M.R., 1992. Latest
Proterozoic stratigraphy and Earth history: Nature,
V. 356, pp. 673-678.
- Meert, J.G. and van der Voo, R., 1994. The
Neoproterozoic (1000-540 Ma) glacial intervals: No
more snowball earth?: Earth and Planetary Science
Letters, v. 123, pp. 1-13.
- Myrow, P.M. and Hiscott, R. N., 1993. Depositional
history and sequence stratigraphy of the
Precambrian-Cambrian boundary stratotype section,
Chapel Island Formation, south-east Newfoundland
Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeo-
ecology, v. 104, pp. 13-35.
- Narbonne, G.M., Kaufman, A.J. and Knoll, A. H.,
1994. Integrated chemostratigraphy and bio-
stratigraphy of the Windermere Supergroup, north-
western Canada: Implications for Neoproterozoic
correlations and the early evolution of animals:
Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 106,
pp. 1281-1292.
- Powell, C.McA., Li Z.X., McElhinny, M.W.
Meert, J.G. and Park, J.K., 1993. Palaeomagnetic
constraints on timing of the Neoproterozoic break-
up of Rodinia and the Cambrian formation of
Gondwana: Geology, v. 21, pp. 889-892.
- Shanker, R. and Mathur, V. K., 1992. Precambrian-
Cambrian sequence in Krol belt and additional
Ediacaran fossils: Geophytology, v. 22, pp. 27-39.
- Siedlecka, A. and Roberts, D. 1992. The bedrock
geology of Varanger Peninsula Finnmark, North
Norway: an excursion guide: Norges Geologiske
Underskelse, Special Publication 5,45 pp.
The project currently involves approximately
150 people from 18 countries: Australia, Austria,
Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India,
Mongolia, Namibia, Norway, Pakistan, Russia, South
Africa, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom and the
United States.
Activities planned
An excursion is being organized to examine the
terminal Proterozoic of Namibia in early May 1995,
and an extension of the project has been requested in
order to visit sections in the Urals (1996) and
Mackenzie Mountains of Canada (1997). ,
49
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No. 321- Gondwana dispersion and Asian
accretion in the Eastern Tethys and Western
Circum-Pacific region (1991-1995)
Ren Jishun, Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of
Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, China.
J. Charvet, Universit dOrlans, BP 6759,
45067 Orleans 2, France.
S. Hada, Research Institute for Higher Education,
Kobe University, Tsurukabuto, Nada-Ku, Kobe 657,
Japan.
I. Metcalfe, Department of Geology and Geophysics,
University of New England, Armidale, 2351 NSW,
Australia.
Description: Asia especially East and South Asia, is
not a single continent with only one large craton as its
major part, but a composite continent composed of
many microcontinents. Most of them came from the
early Early Paleozoic supercontinent of Gondwana
and its adjacent regions. And their evolution is
nothing but the history of the dispersion of Gondwana
and the accretion of Asia. The major aim of IGCP
Project 321 is to have a detailed elucidation of this
process and to illustrate the relationship between the
eastern Tethys and western Circum-Pacific belts
through the comparative studies of geology,
geophysics, and geochemistry, especially palaeo-
biogeography, palaeomagnetics and geotectonics.
Achievements in 1994
Meetings
The fourth International Symposium and Field
Excursion of IGCP Project 321 was held in Seoul
National University, Seoul, and at the Ogcheon Belt,
Korea, from 22 to 27 August 1994.
The purpose of field excursion is to observe the
structure and metamorphism of the Ogcheon Belt,
which was subjected to four phases of deformation
and metamorphism. There is an important angular
unconformity between the Carboniferous and the
Lower Paleozoic, suggesting the occurrence of an
intense Caledonian movement. Seventy-eight
participants took part in it.
The International Joint Symposium on From
Palaeo-Asian Ocean to Palaeo-Pacific Ocean of
IGCP Projects 283, 321 and 359 was convened in
Japan in September 1994, when data on recent
advances in research work on Gondwana were
exchanged. The Symposium on Tectonic Evolution of
South-East Asia will be held on 7 and 8 December
1994 in London.
50
Scientific results
(1) Records of the palaeogeography, palaeo-
biography, palaeomagnetism and palaeotectonics of
the studied region suggest that almost all blocks in
East Asia and South-East Asia, including Sine-Korea,
Yangtze, Tarim, Indochina, Sibumasu (Shan-Thai),
Qiangtang and Lhasa were adjacent to India-
Australian Gondwana or parts of it in the Early-
Middle Paleozoic. The blocks which separated from
east Gondwana in the Late Paleozoic and Mesozoic
were welded together with Laurasia in the Mid-Late
Jurassic and formed the Eurasian plate (Metcalfe et
rd., 1994; Youn Soo Lee et al., 1994; Ren Jishun,
1994, 1991).
(2) For Palaeotethys, S. Bunopas (1994) considers
that during the Precambrian to Early Paleozoic, the
Shari-Thai and Indochina blocks both existed as
cratonic fragments of Gondwana. They were rifted
away but still at a proximity from the present craton
in the Silurian-Early Carboniferous, and the
Palaeotethys began to widen in the late Late
Carboniferous. However, Zhong Dalai suggests that
the Palaeotethys opened in the Devonian, and that the
main Tethys basin should be in the Changning-
Menglian area.
(3) In central Viet Nam, Devonian fishes were
discovered by French scholars in terrigenous facies of
Old Red Sandstones to the south of the Song Ma
zone. A fish fauna typically showing a marked
affinity with South China was found in the Lower
Devonian of the Song Da basin to the south of the
Red River, which suggests that the South China
margin extends southwards well beyond this river.
Important publications
Abstract Volume of the fourth International
Symposium of IGCP Project 321, 153 pp., Seoul,
Korea, Editors: M. Cho and J.H. Kim.
Guidebook for Field Excursion: Structure and
Metamorphism of the Ogcheon Belt, 150 pp., Seoul,
Korea. Editors: J.H. Ree, M. Cho, S.T. Kwon and
J.H. Kim.
From Palaeo-Asian Ocean to Palaeo-Pacific Ocean:
Abstract Volume of the International Joint
Symposium of IGCP Projects 283, 321 and 359,
edited by Teruo Watanake, 90 pp., Hokkaido
University, Sapporo, Japan.
Gondwana Dispersion and Asian Accretion:
Proceedings of the first International Symposium of
IGCP Project 321, (a special issue), JSAES, Vol. 9,
No. 4, May 1994, pp. 303-462, Pergamon.
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- Z.X. L1 and C. McPowell, 1993, Late Proterozoic to
Early Paleozoic palaeomagnetism and the
formation of Gondwanaland, Gondwana Eight,
Flndlay, Unrug, Banks and Veevers (eds.), 1993,
Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 9-21.
- H. Wopfner, 1993, Structural development of
Tanzanian, Karoo basins and the break-up of
Gondwana. Gondwana Eight, Findlay et al. (eds.),
1993, Balkema, Rotterdam, pp.531-539.
- S. Kojima et al., 1994, Mesozoic radiolarians from
the Bagh complex in the Muslim Bagh area,
Pakistan: Their significance in reconstructing the
geologic history of ophiolites along the Neo-Tethys
suture zone. Bull Geol. Surv. Japan, Vol. 45(2),
pp. 63-97.
- Metcalfe, 1993, South-East Asian terranes:
Gondwanaland origins and evolution. Gondwana
Eight, Findlay et al. (eds.), 1993, Baldema,
Rotterdam, pp. 181-200.
- S. Hada, S. Bunopas and others, 1994, Accretion
tectonics in Thailand along the Nan-Uttaradit suture
zone. Official Programme, 1994 AAPG
International Conference and Exhibition, 41.
- Wang Xibin and Hao Ziguo, 1994, Time-space
distribution and tectonic types of ophiolites in
China in: Ishiwatari et al. (eds.), Proc. 29th Int.
Geol. Congr., Part D, 183-204.
- I.S. Kim et al., 1993, Palaeomagnetism of
Cambrian-Triassic sedentary rocks from Taeback
area, north-eastern Ogcheon Belt, Korea. J. Geol.
Sot. Korea. 29(5), 415-436.
Participating countries (* indicates the countries
active in 1994): Australia*, Canada, China*,
France*, Germany*, India*, Indonesia, Japan*,
Korea*, Malaysia*, Mongolia*, Netherlands, Papua
New Guinea*, Philippines, Thailand*, United
Kingdom*, United States*, Russia* and Viet Nam.
Activities planned
Meetings
The 5th Symposium and Field Excursion of IGCP
Project 321 is to be held in November 1995, by the
Vietnamese Working Group of IGCP Project 321
jointly with IGCP Projects 306 and 359 (Organizer,
Professor Tran Van Tri). The participants will
observe the Song Ma Suture Zone in Viet Nam,
which is considered the suture of the south China and
Indochina blocks.
The Chinese Working Group of IGCP Project 321
will have an academic meeting in April 1995,
Beijing, with about 40 geoscientists present. It will
review the scientific achievements obtained in recent
years.
Plans are made to hold an Australian IGCP
Project 321 Working Group Meeting/Workshop in the
middle of 1995, possibly in conjunction with the frost
Australian Conodont symposium to be held in Sydney
in July 1995.
Publications
- Abstract Volume of the Fifth Symposium of IGCP
Project 321.
- Guidebook for Field Excursion: Song Ma Suture
Zone.
- The Special Issue of IGCP Project 321: Gondwana
dispersion and Asian accretion (editors: Ren Jishun,
I. Metcalfe, J. Charvet and S. Hada), including
35 papers, which is to be published by Balkema,
Rotterdam.
- An English book, tentatively titled Tectonic
Framework of East Asia Gondwana Dispersion and
Asian Accretion mainly concerning tectonic
evolution of major erogenic belts in China and its
environs, edited and published by the Chinese IGCP
Project 321 Working Group in Beijing, 1995.
- Ren Jishun (Chief compiler), the Tectonic map of
China and adjacent areas (1:5,000,000), funded
jointly by the National Natural Science Foundation
and the Ministry of Geology and Mineral Resources
of China.
No. 322- Correlation of Jurassic
events in South America (1992-1996)
A.C. Riccardi, Divisin Palaeozoologa Invertebrados,
Museo de Ciencias Naturales, 1900 La Plata,
Argentina.
J. Mojica, Departamento de Geociencias, Universidad
Nacional, Apartado 74-95, Bogot, Colombia.
Description: This project is a successor to IGCP
Project 171, differing from the latter in that its
emphasis is on correlation of Jurassic events in South
America. Its goal is the definition and correlation of
local and regional events (transgressions, regressions,
changes of sea level, evolution of sedentary basins,
palaeogeographic changes, geographic and
chronological biotic changes, oceanic connections,
climatic patterns, magmatic and magnetic events) on
the basis of data from sedimentology, petrology,
macro- and micropaleontology, sequential
51
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stratigraphy, magnetostratigraphy, geochronology.
Precision will be in the order of stage interval or less.
Achievements in 1994
- Project meeting during the VIIIth Peruvian
Geological Congress. Lima, Peru (21 July 1994).
- Third Administrative Meeting, Bogot, Colombia
5-6 September 1994.
- Third Field Conference, to be held during the IVth
International Congress on Jurassic Stratigraphy and
Geology. Mendoza, Argentina (19-23 October
1994).
- IGCP Project 322 Seminar, to be held during the
VIIth Chilean Geological Congress, 17-21 October
1994, in Concepcin, Chile. Subject:
Metalognesis de los ambientes de Arco-Trasarco
en los Andes Meridionales durante el Jursico
Superior - Cretcico Inferior.
- IGCP Project 322 Field Meeting, to be held during
the second Cuban Congress on Geology and
Mining, 22-23 November 1993, in Pinar del Rio,
Cuba.
Participating countries (* indicates the countries
active in 1994): Argentina*, Canada*, Chile*,
Colombia*, Cuba*, Ecuador, France, Germany,
Mexico, Paraguay, Peru*, United Kingdom, Uruguay,
United States and Venezuela.
Publications
- Riccardi, A.C. and Damborenea, S.E,, editors.
IGCP Project 322 Proceedings and Abstracts of the
second Field Conference (Antofagasta,
27 November-5 December 1992). IGCP Project 322
Boletin 2 (in press).
Activities planned
General goals
Comparison and interpretation of data. Correlation of
different type of events.
Meetings
- Fourth Administrative Meeting to be held in Lima,
Peru,
- Fourth field conference on the Jurassic of Ecuador
and Colombia.
52
No. 324- Global palaeoenvironmental
archives in lacustrine systems -
GLOPALS (1991-1995)
L. Cabrera, Department de Geologa Dinmica,
Geofisica i Palaeontologia. Facultat de Geologa,
Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
P. Anadn, Institut de Cincies de la Terra J.
Almera, CSIC, C. Mart Franqus s.n., 08028
Barcelona, Spain.
Description: GLOPALS is geared to identifying
criteria and methodologies for using lacustrine
palaeoenvironmental sequences to understand the
high-resolution response of lacustrine systems to
external forcing throughout the geological record.
This project focuses on ancient lacustrine
sequences that are of major global interest. Extensive
episodes of generation of lacustrine basins - large and
small - occurred in the past and their sedimentary
contents record major global changes, both tectonic
and climatic. This project engages in the study of
ancient lacustrine basins through a global approach
and is potentially a very useful tool for understanding
interaction between geosphere, hydrosphere,
atmosphere and biosphere on emerged ancient
continental surfaces.
GLOPALs main objectives can be summarized as
meeting the need to develop criteria and
methodologies for interpreting past lacustrine
sequences (1) establishing common criteria for facies
and subfacies recognition in order to better identify
the differentiated environments; (2) improving the
sequence stratigraphy-genetic approach applied to the
analysis of ancient lacustrine sequences; (3) laying
down guidelines for determining the relative
importance of tectonics and climate on the evolution
of ancient lacustrine systems; (4) laying down
guidelines for the interpretation of geochemical
signals in ancient lacustrine sequences, with the
application of new geochemical applying techniques,
(5) applying new techniques to the understanding of
cycles, rhythms and abrupt events; (6) identifying and
understanding global resources in lacustrine deposits
(coals, hydrocarbons, metals, salts, phosphates,
diatomites, etc.).
Achievements in 1994
After four years of GLOPALS (IGCP Project 324)
activity the first issue of GGLAB (Global Inventory of
Ancient Lacustrine Basins) has been completed and
several other publications bringing together the
resulting papers have finally been published.
The structure of the project has been improved
and enlarged. The inclusion of more colleagues from
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several South American (Argentina, Brazil, Chile and
Peru) and European countries (Switzerland, Denmark
and Sweden) has stepped up their participation. As
participation becomes more widespread it will be
possible to focus IGCP Project 324 efforts on the final
development of a co-ordinated preliminary regional
synthesis, necessarily previous to more global
approaches. South America and the Mediterranean
area may be most suited to engaging in this kind of
approach.
Major publications have been issued in well
reputed journals and editorials (see the list appended
to this report) and a number of others (some of them
with ambitious aims) are in a very advanced stage of
preparation. For 1995, a major effort will be made to
advance new and, in some cases definitive
publications.
Contacts have been maintained with leaders of
other active IGCP projects. IGCP Project 324
newsletters and circulars are currently mailed to the
people in charge of the following projects, with a
view to proposing and seeking co-operative links and
exchanges of information: 281 - Quaternary climates
of South America 299- Geology, climate, hydrology
and karst formation; 329- Neogene of the Paratethys;
341- Southern Hemisphere Palaeo- and Neoclimates;
349 - Palaeomonsoons from desert margins during
past 135 kyrs. BP; 350- Cretaceus environmental
change in East and South Asia, and 362 - Tethyan
and Boreal Cretaceus.
Meetings
(1) Field Seminar-Workshop held in Poland
(14-17 June 1994, Tectonic Control on Lacustrine
Basins).
(2) Symposium on Global and Regional
Lacustrine Record in conjunction with the
14th International Sedimentological Congress of
Recife, Brazil (24-25 August 1994).
(3) Symposium on lacustrine sedimentation
(IGCP Project 324 Spanish Group), in conjunction
with the 2nd Congress of the Tertiary Spanish Group
(19-21 September 1994), Jaca (Spain).
(4) Symposium on lacustrine sedimentation
(IGCP Project 324 Argentinean Group) in conjunction
with the 5th Argentinean Sedimentological Meeting
of the Argentinean Sedimentological Group
(8-1 1 August 1994), San Miguel de Tucuman
(Argentina).
Publications
(1) Global Geological Record of Lacustrine
Basins (E. Gierlowski and K. Kelts, eds.) 1994.
Vol. 1. World Regional Geology, 4. 425 pp.
(72 papers). Cambridge University Press.
(2) Sedimentology and Geochemistry of Modern
and Ancient Saline Lakes (W.M. Last and
R.W. Renaut, eds.). SEPM Special publication,
Vol. 50.324 pp. (27 papers).
(3) Journal of Palaeolimnology Special Issue on
Tectonic and Climatic Rhythms in Lake Deposits
(E. Gierlowski, cd.) 1994.132 pp. (9 papers).
(4) Abstracts and field work guides of the Field
Seminar- Workshop on Tectonic Control on
Lacustrine Basins in Poland (Varsaw, Konin-Ksiaz,
Bogatynia).
(5) Symposium 6 on Global and Regional
Lacustrine Record of the 14th International
Sedimentological Congress. Abstracts book, S6-1 to
S6-12 (14 papers). Recife, August 1994.
(6) IGCP Project 324 Spanish Group Symposium
on lacustrine sedimentation. Abstracts of the 2nd
Tertiary Spanish Congress. 227-286 (15 papers).
Activities planned
Meetings
(1) First International Limnogeological Congress
(IGCP Project 324 (GLOPALS)) - IAS, 21-25 August
in Copenhagen, Denmark.
(2) Recent and ancient lacustrine systems in
convergent margins, 12-18 November 1995, in
Antofagasta, Chile. More than 30 people have applied
for pre-inscription.
(3) Symposium on preservation in lacustrine
basins: cycles, rhythms, single events, 24-26 April
1995, France.
Proposed major publications
(1) Global geological record of lacustrine basins
(E. Gierlowski and K. Kelts, eds.) 1995. Cambridge
University Press.
(2) Journal of Palaeolimnology Special Issue
(W. Last and J. Kasinski, eds.) 1995.
(3) Special issue on ancient and recent lacustrine
systems in convergent margins (L. Cabrera et al.,
eds.) with papers resulting from the Antofagasta
meeting. 1995-1996.
(4) Preliminary regional synthesis on lacustrine
basin evolution. 1995-1996.
53
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No. 325- Palaeogeography and authigenic
minerals (1991-1995)
Jacques Lucas, Universit Louis Pasteur, Institut de
Gologie, 1, rue Blessig, F-67084 Strasbourg, France.
Liliane Prvt-Lucas, CNRS, Centre de Gochimie de
la Surface, 1, rue Blessig, F-67084 Strasbourg,
France.
Description: During the past decade, considerable
progress has been achieved in the understanding of
phosphate genesis, due in particular to IGCP
Project 156, which terminated in 1988 after ten years
of highly successful activity. Advances concern
mainly the formation of materials (genesis of apatite)
and their mineralogical, petrographic and
geochemical description, as well as the inventory and
detailed stratigraphic and sedimentological study of
deposits.
IGCP Project 325 has been launched as a
successor to IGCP Project 156. Its main goals are the
following:
- to define the general palaeogeographic features
which make it possible to recognize and delimit in
space and time bioproduct bearing provinces;
- to determine the regional palaeogeographic
conditions favorable for the formation of
commercial phosphate deposits;
- to specify the mechanism of formation of
bioproducts such as chalk, chert, black shale,
glauconite and phosphorite in order to discover new
deposits of such mineral raw materials in the
recognized provinces, in particular in developing
countries, and, by feedback, to improve the
palaeogeographic reconstructions by taking into
consideration the variations of authigenic mineral
deposits.
Achievements in 1994
Meetings
- Phosphorus cycling in marine and freshwater
systems, a special session during the AGU-ASLO
Ocean Sciences Meeting in San Diego, California
(February).
- The major meeting of the project in 1994 was the
International Workshop and Field Trip
Phosphorites, Dolomites and Bituminous rocks of
the Ionian Zone, Albania 6-12 May, with
30 participants from seven countries.
54
Scientific achievements
With regard to the formation of authigenic minerals,
especially apatite, which is considered as one of the
most representative, it is now possible to generalize:
(1) the intervention of organisms in the trapping of
marine phosphorus as organic phosphorus (algal
mats, sponges, kopara, plankton, etc.), including in
atoll systems; and (2) the necessary stage of microbial
mineralization of this organic phosphorus during
early diagenesis. Of course, other marginal
mechanisms exist, such as precipitation from
phosphorus of magmatic origin without biological
intervention, direct phosphatization by guana, etc.
With regard to the palaeogeographical setting of
the marine authigenic minerals, two levels have to be
considered: (1) the abundance and variety of
productivity on which the trapped elements depend
(Si, Ca, P, org. C); (2) the deposition environments on
which the preservation and diagenesis of the source
beds depend, producing chert, chalk, phosphorite,
black-shales, etc. The dissymmetry acknowledged as
existing between the two sides of the Tethys deposits
during Cretaceous-Palaeogene times is relevant to this
second level.
Publications
- Jarvis, I. et al. Phosphorite geochemistry: State-of-
the-art and environmental concerns.
- Krajewski, K.P. et al. Biological processes and
apatite formation in sedimentary environments.
- Glen, C.R. et al. Phosphorus and phosphorites:
Sedimentology and environments of formation. In:
Eclogae Geol helv. 87/3, 639-788 (1994).
- Proceedings of the Symposium on Phosphorite,
chert and glauconite of the Cretaceus and
Miocene held during the 29th International
Geological Congress in Kyoto, 1992: Proc. 29th
Intl. Geol. Congr., Part C (A. Iijima, R. Garrison
and A.M. Abed, eds.), VSP 1994.
- Twelve contributions to the Symposium on
Phosphorus cycling in marine and freshwater
systems H published as a supplement of EOS,
transactions, American Geophysical Union.
- More than 100 titles listed in The Pamphlet No. 4,
most of them written by members of IGCP
Project 325.
Activities planned
Meetings
- EUG 8 (Strasbourg, 9-13 April 1995) has several
symposia and sessions of interest to our project,
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especially Molecular paleontology and high
resolution biomarkers with subtitles including
Biomineralization... and Biogenic phosphates as
palaeoenvironmental indicators, An informal
meeting of IGCP Project 325 will be held taking
advantage of the fact that project members will be
attending EUG:
- Pakistan, Abbottabad (21-25 May 1995).
International Symposium and Field Workshop on
Hazara Phosphorites and other Industrial Minerals
(Viqar Husain, Co-ordinator). This will be the main
meeting for 1995, which has been specially
organized by and for the project.
- United States, St Petersburg, Florida (13-16 August
1995). Palae-oceanography of large phosphorite
deposits (J.S. Compton, Organizer), a special
theme session in the framework of the SEPM
Congress.
No. 326- Oligocene-Miocene transition
in the Northern hemisphere (1992-1996)
M.A. Akhmetiev, Geological Institute of the Academy
of Sciences of Russia, Pyzhewsky 7, 109017 Moscow,
Russia.
Description: The aims of IGCP Project 326 cover
biostratigraphy, palaeogeography, palaeoclimatology,
correlation of marine and continental deposits,
evolution of the blots, and the Oligocene-Miocene
transition in the epicontinental seas of the North
Atlantic and North Pacific Oceans.
The objectives of the project are to:
(1) organize scientists studying different aspects
of the geology and biota of the Late Oligocene and
Early Miocene, and stimulate further co-operation
among geologists, paleontologists and palaeo-
botanists;
(2) correlate the marine and continental deposits
of different areas on the basis of biostratigraphy,
geological data and events (Late Oligocene-Lower
Miocene);
(3) determine the main characteristics of faunal
and floristic changes at different stages;
(4) reconstruct the palaeogeography and some
episodes of sedimentation, transgressions and
regressions of marine basins and epicontinental seas;
(5) integrate the results in palaeobiogeographical
maps and special publications;
(6) study the Oligocene-Miocene transition in the
Mediterranean and other epicontinental seas and also
in the North Atlantic and North Pacific areas (using
results of all oceanic programmes). The work will be
performed in co-operation with the Palaeogene and
Neogene Subcommissions of the International
Commission on Stratigraphy of IUGS.
Achievements in 1994
Meetings
The 3rd International Symposium of IGCP
Project 326 was held in Aktyubinsk, Kazakhstan, at
which 17 papers were presented. These dealt with
various aspects of the Oligocene and Lower Miocene
deposits of Kazakhstan and regions of Central and
Eastern Europe and Asia (geological and
stratigraphical framework, fauna of mammals, fishes,
turtles, floral evolution, sedimentology), with
particular regard to the changes in fauna and flora
across the Oligocene-Miocene boundary in
Kazakhstan and its relationship to Central Europe
and the Russian platform, migration of blots and its
relationship to climatic change, and the correlation
from the East Asia continental sequences through
brackish-water ones to the epicontinental marine
basins of the Central Paratethys. A comprehensive
field guidebook was printed in Moscow and was
distributed to the participants. They were also given a
book of abstracts (printed in Almaty). This includes
20 abstracts (four abstracts were presented later and
included in the book). A field trip was organized to a
remote region of Kazakhstan. During this field trip
three main sections (Kumbulak and Kenderle on the
Aral sea, and Altyn-Chokysu) and four additional
sections were visited, studied and sampled. These
represent marine, brackish and freshwater sediments
of the Eocene and Oligocene (local stratotypes) as
well as the Lower Miocene (Aralian formation
stratotype).
Twenty-eight scientists from eight countries took
part in the meeting (Austria, Georgia, Germany,
Kazakhstan, Netherlands, Russia, Switzerland and
the United States). Abstracts were received (and
published) from France, Ukraine and Belarus.
Recommendations agreed upon by the participants
of the third international meeting include:
(1) The need to perform further, detailed
geological, palaeontological and geochemical
investigations on key sections.
(2) Improvement of correlation between marine
on continental deposits in Kazakhstan and other
regions of the Paratethys.
55
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(3) The joint participants in the American-
Kazakhstan expedition in the Zaissan region urge that
attention be paid to the correlation of local Zaissan
formations with formations in the Cis-Aralian and
Turgai regions, as well as with Mongolian
formations.
Publications
Guidebook for the geological excursion Oligocene-
Miocene boundary in Kazakhstan (eds.
M.A. Akhmetiev and E.K. Sychevskaya) Moscow.
Palaeontol. Institute Rus. Acad. Sci. 1994.80 pp.
Oligocene-Miocene Transition in the Northern
Hemisphere. Abstracts. (eds. P.A Tleuberdina and
M. A. Akhmetiev) Almaty. 1994.33 pp.
Devjatkin, E.V. Cenozoic magnito-stratigraphical
scheme of Mongolia. Stratigraphy and Geological
Correlation. 1994. Vol. 2. No. 4.
Pavlyutkin, V.I. and Petrenko, T.I. Oligocene-
Miocene transition in Primorie. Stratigraphy and
Geological Correlation. 1994. Vol. 2. No. 4.
Kovar-Eder, J., Kvacek, Z., Zastawniak, E.,
Givulescu, R., Hably, L., Mihajlovic, D.,
Teslenko, Yu. and Walther, H. Floristic trends in
the vegetation surrounding areas of the Paratethys
during the Neogene. In: Bernor, R. and Fahlbusch,
V. (eds.). Continental Biotopes. J. Vertebr.
Palaeont. (in press).
Kover-Eder, J., Kvacek, Z., Zastawniak, E.,
Givulescu, R., Hably, L., Mihajlovic, D.,
Teslenko, Yu. and Walther, H. Floristic changes in
the areas surrounding the Paratethys during the
Neogene. In: Boulter, M. and Fisher, H.C. (eds.).
Cenozoic Plants and Climate of the Arctic. NATO
ASI Ser. 1. 1994. Vol. 27. pp. 347-369,
Reshetov, V. Yu. Review of rhinoceratides
(Perissodactyla, Rhinocerotoidea) from Palaeogene
of Asia. Palaeotheriologie. Moscow: Nauka. 1994.
pp. 149-183.
- Erbayeva, M.A. Stratigraphical distribution of
Lagomorpha (Mammalia) in Tertiary deposits of the
Zaissan depression. Palaeotheriologie, Moscow:
Nauka. 1994. pp. 65-79.
- Shevyreva, N.S. and Lychev, G.F. Beavers
(Castoridae, Rodentia, Mammalia) from the Middle
Oligocene of the Zaissan depression.
Palaeotheriologie. Moscow: Nauka. 1994.
pp. 79-103.
- Akhmetiev, M.A. and Lucas, S.G. IGCP
Project 326- Oligocene-Miocene transition in the
56
Northern Hemisphere - Symposium and Field
Conference. Episodes (in press).
Fourteen countries were involved in the project:
Austria, Belarus, Bulgaria, France, Georgia,
Germany, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Mongolia,
Netherlands, Russia, Switzerland, Ukraine and the
United States.
No. 328 - Paleozoic microvertebrate
biochronology and global marine/non-
marine correlation (1991-1995)
S. Turner, Queensland Museum, P.O. Box 3300,
Brisbane, QLD 4101, Australia.
A. Blieck, URA 1365 du CNRS, Universit des
Sciences et Techniques de Lille, F-59655 Villeneuve
d'Ascq Cdex, France.
Description: The project is co-ordinating research on
Paleozoic microvertebrates (that is, scales and
modified denticles, spines, teeth, ornamented bones),
by integrating new data from developing countries to
establish an effective global data base of Paleozoic
taxa. The taxonomy of the important groups is being
clarified by publications and workshops. This
knowledge is applied to the solution of geological
problems, specifically biocorrelation of marine and
non-marine sequences, and questions of
palaeoenvironment and palaeogeography. The data
base will be used to analyse spatiotemporal
distributions of major taxa, and improve
understanding of factors which control that
distribution, such as global geographic or climatic
change, catastrophic events and palaeoenvironmental
adaptation. The main aims are to erect global
biozonation schemes using vertebrate microremains,
and to publish detailed correlation tables for all
Paleozoic systems incorporating useful micro-
vertebrate zone fossils.
Achievements in 1994
General scientific achievements
Major scientific results include:
Cambrian: joint Australian-Lithuanian work on
the earliest possible vertebrate remains from the
Georgina Basin of western Queensland, Australia
(N.B. not conodonts - the hypothesis that these are
true vertebrates put forward by British workers
(e.g. Aldridge et al. 1993, 1994, Smith et al. 1993) is
not considered proven).
Ordovician: work on joint Canadian-French-South
American field expedition material from Bolivia
(Gagnier et al. in press Jl S. Amer. Earth Sci.).
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Sacabambaspis, the oldest (Caradoc) vertebrate of
South America from the Anzaldo Formation of
central Bolivia, was described by Gagnier (1993).
Joint Australian-Lithuanian work on Australian
mongolepid-like material and Sacabambaspis of
central Australia and thelodonts from Timan-
Pechora. New analysis of the Harding Sandstone
microvertebrate remains from North America by
M.M. Smith et al. (1994).
Silurian: a new Silurian microvertebrate zonation
presented to the SSS; work continued in the Early
Silurian of Timan-Pechora Province, Siberia,
Mongolia. New investigations in eastern and Arctic
Canada (Canadian-Estonian-French co-operation),
Iran, Australia, and United Kingdom (Australian-
Estonian and French-Dutch co-operation on Scottish
thelodonts). New co-operative agreement with
Indonesian G.S. and American oil companies
assisting the Irian Jaya (Netherlands-Australia)
project. Borehole samples from Lithuania have
provided conodont zonation from the Upper
Llandovery to the Pridoli; microvertebrates range
from the Middle Wenlock K. amsdeni to the Upper
Pridoli O. e. Remscheidensis zones (and higher up
through the Early Devonian which is devoid of
conodonts). Further new discoveries of Early Silurian
thelodonts from Scotland are helping to refine
taxonomic variation for the important Late
Ordovician to Llandovery Loganellia scotica-sibirica
group of scales. Nine fish assemblages have been
defined on thelodonts correlated to Estonian
assemblages (Karatajute-Talimaa & Brazauskas, in
press).
Devonian: new discoveries in the Late Devonian
of Iran; Middle-Upper Devonian of Gornai-altai;
improved vertebrate correlations in the E-L. Dev. of
the western United States. The age of vertebrate-
bearing Water Canyon and Beartooth Butte
Formations has been reappraised - the upper part in
N. Utah (Grassy Flat Member), being much younger
(Givetian) than its lower, Card Member which is
correlated to the Emsian. The latter is the same age as
the type Beartooth Butte Formation (BBF), at
Beartooth Butte, N. Wyoming, while the BBF at
Cottonwood Canyon, N. Wyoming, would be older
and correlated to the Lochkovian/Pragian. New
vertebrate localities of both the Sandy Member of the
Sevy Dolomite at N. Egan Range, E. Nevada, and the
Cherty Argillaceous Unit above the Hidden Valley
Dolomite of Death Valley, California are dated
Emsian on the basis of a correlation to other,
conodont-bearing units of the inversus-serotinus
zones (Elliott & llys, in press; llys & Elliott, in
press); continuing Polish-Russian co-operative
fieldwork on Mid to Late Devonian shark material
especially the use of phoebodont teeth in zonation;
major review of subsurface Canning Basin micro-
vertebrate remains; detailed analyses of shark tooth
characters has refined taxonomy of diplodont
teeth in the Devonian; Mid-Devonian to Upper
Carboniferous (Namurian) microvertebrates of
N. France/S. Belgium. Discovery of the first
Devonian vertebrates in the Spanish Pyrnes;
Bolivian fossil assemblages west of lake Poopo
give a Middle Devonian age to the equivalent
of the Icla/Huamampampa Formations with
an invertebrate assemblage (brachiopods, trilobites,
bryozoans, conulariids, corals, tentaculitids), spores
and chondrichthyan remains. Twelve horizons in
the Early Devonian Jauf Formation of the Al
Huj region of Saudi Arabia sampled in
1992 have yielded chondrichthyans, scant.ho
dians, placoderms (acanthothoracids, rhenanids,
ptyctodonts, petalichthyids, and arthrodires -
actinolepids, phlyctaeniids, and primitive
eubrachythoracids), and rare sarcopterygians. One of
the assemblages within the Hammamiyat Member of
the formation, compared to the Khush-Yeilagh fauna
of Iran has provided the first conodonts from this
sequence (Lelivre et al. in press). A new phlyctaeniid
arthrodire has been collected in the (presumed)
Middle Devonian Ly Hoa Sandstone, Quang Binh
Province, Central Viet Nam; it represents the first
discovery of a determinable vertebrate in the
Devonian of Central Viet Nam, in terrigenous
sediments associated to the Indochina (Kontum)
block. It displays anatomical features suggestive of
Gemuendenaspis from the Emsian of Germany
(Janvier et al. in press). Recent discoveries of
vertebrates in the classical Qujing region, Yunnan,
within the Xishancun, Xitun, Guijiatun and
Xujiachong Formations, which also yield bivalves,
ostracodes and plants have defined four fish
assemblages useful for correlation throughout South
China (Zhu Min et al. 1994); new microvertebrate
work in East and West Yunnan, oil-bearing region of
Tarim Basin, Xinjiang, and west Qinling. Of
particular note are continuing studies on Late
Devonian shark remains, especially on phoebodont-
xenacanth inter-relationships (Ginter & Ivanov in
press, Hampe 1994, Schneider in press. Turner in
press) and the protacrodont-orodont complex, from
Antarctica, Australia, Poland, Russia, Canada and the
United States which now have demonstrated
application for biostratigraphical correlation of
marine and possible non-marine sequences from
Givetian times onward.
Carboniferous: intensified work on Lower, Mid to
Late Carboniferous in Australia, Tula, Timan-
Pechora, Urals, northern Caucasus, United Kingdom,
Belgium, Germany and the United States is clarifying
the evolution and usefulness of xenacanthoid teeth in
Carboniferous bio-stratigraphy. New articulated
xenacanth remains discovered in Germany.
Permian: revision of the classic Fritsch shark taxa
(Schneider, Zajic); new material from Australia,
57
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China - including collecting in continental Permian-
Triassic of north Tianshan, Xinjiang; Germany;
United States.
Beyond: strong interest in Permian-Triassic and
younger Mesozoic studies and new microvertebrate
biochronological studies especially in Europe, India,
Australia, South America; a major thesis on Triassic
microvertebrates from conodont-dated samples in
Western Canada with an analysis of shark scales
(M. Jones).
Taxonomy: increase in workshops and papers
attempting to clarify taxonomy especially of thelodont
scales, chondrichthyan teeth and scales, acanthodian
scales, placoderm scales, actinopterygian scales,
lungfish and other sarco-pterygian remains. New
lines of inquiry into the hypothesis of
conodont/vertebrate relationships include histo-
chemical methods and DNA analysis.
Meetings
Second Australian Working Group Identification
Macquarie
Workshop, University, Sydney,
February.
IGCP Project 328 Workshop at the Palaeontological
Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences,
7-11 July 1994 with a field excursion to the Early
Carboniferous Domodedovo limestone quarries near
Moscow.
A major international joint IGCP Project 328: SDS
meeting - DECWOL from 12 to 14 July 1994 with a
field trip to South Timan, 15-22 July 1994.
IGCP Project 328 Workshop at 41st VPCA, Le
Havre, France, September 1994.
IGCP Project 328 Field Meeting to Silurian-
Devonian of Baillie Hamilton and Cornwallis
Islands, Arctic Canada, July 1994.
IGCP Project 328 Field Meeting in Devonian to
Lower Carboniferous of Quebec and Nova Scotia
eastern Canada, May-August 1994.
- IGCP Project 328 first Workshop de Integrao da
Geologia e Paleontologia de Vertebrados no RS,
4-6 October 1994, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
Important publications
- Abstracts APC-94, Macquarie University, Sydney,
February 1994.
- House, M. & Lebedev, O. Eds. 1994. Abstracts
Devonian Eustatic Changes of the World Ocean
58
Level - DECWOL Symposium, 12-14 July 1994,
Pal. Inst. RAS, Moscow.
- J.S. Nelson, 1994. 3rd edition. Fishes of the World.
Wiley & Sons.
- Abstracts, 1st Workshop on Integrao da
Geologia e Paleontologia de Vertebrados no RS,
4-6 October, Porto Alegre, Brazil, FAPERGS:
Mestrado Geologia/UNISINOS: MCT/UBEA/
PUCRS.
- Two newsletters, Ichthyolith Issues, Nos. 13-14,
covered IGCP Project 328 work in 1994. An
updated address list/experts guide is planned for
1995.
Activities planned
Meetings
- IGCP Project 328 final meeting will be held, in
conjunction with International Meeting of the Study
of Lower/Early Vertebrates, at the Muse National
dHistoire Naturelle, Paris, 4-9 September 1995.
The Subcommission on Devonian Stratigraphy and
IGCP Project 328 hope to participate in a joint
meeting on Devonian ranges of taxa and events as a
parallel symposium to the Early Vertebrate Meeting
sessions.
- Joint IGCP Project 328: Subcommission on
Devonian Stratigraphy Field meeting in North
France/Belgium, 9-15 September 1995.
- United Kingdom Workshop at 42nd VPCA
Meeting, Newcastle-upon-Tyne with field meeting
in Southeast Scotland, late September 1995.
Publications
Various publications planned including the final
report of IGCP Project 328 to include Devonian
microvertebrate zonation charts and updated or
preliminary microvertebrate zonation schemes for
other systems (probably in CFS in 1996).
No. 329 - Palaeogeographic and palaeo-
ecologic evolution of Paratethyan basins
during the Neogene and their correlation
to the global scales (1992-1996)
N. Krstid (Serbia, Yugoslavia), Geoinstitut, Y-11000
Beograd-22, Rovinjska 12, P.O. Box 42.
Description: The main correlation of the Neogene of
the Paratethys was fulfilled by IGCP Project 25, but it
has not solved many questions of a detailed
correlation inside the Paratethys or correlations with
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continental areas. The project deals with these
problems, using all possible methods, such as
conventional macro- and micropalaeontologicaI
research (including micro-mammals) and also
geophysical (like palaeomagnetism) and chemical
methods. Tectonostratigraphy would be an important
part of the research. The formation pattern should
also be studied and revised.
Achievements in 1994
Scientific achievements
A report on Western Kazakhstan and Middle Asia
stressed the large gaps existing in the base of the
Neogene and smaller gaps throughout the column.
The Karaganian evaporite could be used for
chemostratigraphic correlation with the Carpathian-
Badenian salinity crisis.
In Bulgaria, the biostratigraphy of bivalvia and
gastropoda from the Badenian in the north-west part
of the country was reviewed, and palynological
analyses were conducted on them and also on the
formas from the Sarmatian. The main task was to
engage in a biostratigraphical study of the macroflora
and diatoms of southern Bulgaria because of the
regional correlations between the small basins in that
part of the country. The lithostratigraphic units of
southern Bulgaria were also completed.
The Russian group has worked mainly on
dinocists, molluscs and forams, for which purpose the
fully cored deep boreholes (up to 4 km deep) were
examined. A large number of jurasite intercalations
are present throughout the Neogene column, and
some hiatuses have also been reported along the
column.
The report of the Hungarian working group
underscored three major topics: (1) the palinspastic
reconstruction of the Carpathian-Pannonian region,
(2) geomagnetism and absolute age, and (3) bio-
stratigraphy and correlations.
The Polish co-ordinator reported on his country
groups involvement in work on the palinspastic map
series of the Neogene in the Carpathian-Pannonian
area. In addition, it has been working on the litho-
and seismic stratigraphy of the Carpathian foredeep,
which is expected to continue for the next few years.
The biostratigraphy and palaeoecology of the Miocene
deposits of southern Poland will also be developed
further.
Meetings
- Regional meeting in Tbilisi (Georgia), June 1994.
- Regional meeting in Moscow (Russia), July 1994.
- Bilateral meeting in Kiev, July 1994.
- An international meeting was held in Sumeg,
Hungary, from 5 to 10 September 1994 and was
attended by over 40 participants from 15 countries.
List of countries involved in project (* indicates
countries active this year): Austria, Azerbaijan*,
Belarus, Bulgaria*, Czech Republic*, Georgia*,
Greece*, Hungary*, India*, Israel*, Italy*,
Macedonia*, Poland*, Romania*, Russia*, Slovakia*,
Slovenia*, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine* and the
United States.
No. 335- Biotic recoveries from mass
extinctions (1993-1997)
D.H. Erwin, Department of Palaeobiology, MRC-121,
National Museum of Natural History, Washington,
D.C. 20560 and E.G. Kauffman, Department of
Geological Sciences, C.B.-250, University of
Colorado, Boulder, CO. 80309-0250.
Description: The primary objectives of the project
arc: (1) To establish an international, high-resolution
stratigraphic, geochemical, and palaeontologic data
base for the study of survival and recovery of the
biosphere, and restructuring of global environments,
following ancient mass extinctions; (2) to analyse the
evolutionary and ecological strategies and habitats
that allowed clades and communities to survive mass
extinctions and initiate subsequent biotic recoveries,
and the nature of surviving organisms; (3) to
document, interpret and model the rates, patterns,
timing, biogeography y, and environmental conditions
of post-extinction ecosystem recovery; (4) to compare
global survival and recovery patterns from many
Phanerozoic mass extinctions and other bioevents in
order to develop more general models for the
extinction-survival-recovery process; and (5) to apply
these data and predictive models to better
understanding the modern environmental and
biodiversity crises.
The comparative nature of this project demands
analyses of survival and recovery not only the five big
major extinctions, but also from smaller global
bioevents, and the integration of both marine and
terrestrial studies. The scope of this project clearly
requires broad international participation.
A successor to IGCP Project 216 on Global
Bioevents, this project focuses on the aftermath of
mass extinctions, rather than the extinctions
themselves.
59
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Achievements in 1994
General scientific achievements
Our major achievements for the year involve: The
first full meeting of the project was held from 3 to
11 September 1994 in Plymouth, United Kingdom.
Sixty-two scientists from 18 countries participated or
co-authored abstracts presented at the meeting. These
papers covered all of the major events, beginning with
the recoveries following the Cretaceous/Tertiary
(K/T) and the Eocene/Oligocene (E/O) mass
extinctions and moved down through the column to
the Cambrian. Six talks discussed the K/T and E/O
events, two the Turonian-Coniacian, four the
Cenomanian-Turonian, three the Albian/Turonian
events, two Late Triassic, Early Jurassic recoveries,
three the aftermath of the Permo-Triassic extinction,
three the events of the mid-Carboniferous, seven
recoveries during and after the various Devonian
extinction events, three discussed recovery following
the Ordovician mass extinction, and the final paper
focused on the newly recognized Early Cambrian
extinction and recovery. Two field trips were held to
visit important K/T and Early Jurassic recovery sites.
Two of the central themes of the meeting were:
(1) evaluating models of survival-recovery events, and
(2) comparisons of survival-recovery patterns between
mass extinction events. Participants recognized many
similarities in survival-recovery patterns between
different events; this has been used to further refine
our developing models. Most participants agreed that
project studies require high-resolution integrated
biostratigraphic, geochemical and sedimentologic
data.
During the discussions several participants
emphasized the need for both palaeoecologic studies
and for phylogenetic analysis as part of lineage
studies. Comparing different lineages during the same
recovery and different recoveries is the only way to
determine whether we can identify common patterns
and processes underlying these events. This was an
area of spirited discussion during the course of the
meeting. Lengthy discussions were also held on the
nature and definition of surviving clades, with
particular emphasis on the definition of opportunistic
and disaster taxa, and about the proper way to
evaluate the many models which have been advanced.
While no consensus was achieved on some of these
points, that was to be expected given the early stage
of the project. The discussions emphasized the need
for additional detailed studies and emphasized the
types of data and methods of analysis required to
resolve some of these issues.
The Czech working group held a meeting
Patterns and trends of recoveries from deep crises,
20-21 April 1994 in Prague, Czech Republic.
60
Publications
- The project newsletter has been appearing twice per
year and is developing as a forum for discussion on
survival and recovery models, the nature of refugia
and other issues of interest to members of the
project. The newsletter is circulated to over
250 individuals in 60+ countries which have
expressed interest in the project.
- A full meeting report will appear in the December
1994 issue of EPISODES, reflecting contributions
from both the Kielce, Poland meeting in 1993 and
the Plymouth, United Kingdom meeting in 1994.
- Participants to the Plymouth meeting have already
submitted papers. These are now being reviewed
and edited prior to publication as a Special Volume
of the Geological Society of London. The
Geological Society currently plans to publish the
volume in late 1995. Other individual publications
are expected as well. The meeting was attended by
Richard Kerr, a reporter from SCIENCE, which
carried a report in the issue of 7 October 1994.
- Short papers from the Czech Republic meeting were
published as Geolines, No. 1 (Occasional Papers of
the Geological Institute, Czech Academy of
Sciences).
Activities planned
Meetings
- Symposia and major project meetings to be held
during the Geological Association of Canada
meeting to be held in Victoria, British Columbia,
Canada, 17-19 May 1994.
- A symposium on biotic recoveries after mass
extinction to be held in association with North
American Palaeontological Convention - 6 to be
held in Washington D.C. during mid-June 1996.
- A symposium and meeting during the International
Geological Congress in Beijing in 1996.
- A symposium sponsored by the Palaeontological
Society during the meeting of the Geological
Society of America in 1996.
- A possible meeting in Europe during 1996 is being
pursued, colleagues from Prague have expressed
preliminary interest in hosting this meeting.
- A major project meeting is planned for either
Europe or the United States during 1997.
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Publications
- A special volume on biotic recoveries following
mass extinctions is planned based on the 1995 GAC
meeting.
- Several publishers have expressed interest in
publishing a volume devoted to a comparison of
patterns and events following major mass
extinctions.
No. 336 - Intraplate magmatism and
metallogeny (1992-1996)
M.L. Zientek, United States Geological Survey,
W.904 Riverside Ave., Room 202, Spokane,
Washington, 99201-1087, United States.
Description: Mafic and ultramafic rocks associated
with continental, intraplate magmatism contain
magmatic ore deposits that are the major repositories
of the worlds resources of platinum-group elements,
nickel, and chromium. From the time of melt
generation in the mantle, intraplate mafic magmas
are affected by a multitude of processes as they move
upwards through continental crust. The processes that
affected these magmas during their upward transit are
recorded in layered intrusions, differentiated sills, and
lavas erupted on the surface of the earth. Despite
differences in age, parental magma composition, and
regional tectonic setting, many intraplate magmatic
provinces show a similar evolutionary history;
however, they are not uniformly mineralized. The
project will focus on world-class magmatic ore
deposit types that are important sources of Ni, Cu,
PGE, Cr, and Ti and are associated with mafic and
ultramafic extrusive and intrusive rocks which are
believed to have accumulated in a particular
geotectonic environment - namely, that characterized
by the interaction of mantle plumes and continental
crust and accompanying intraplate rifting. Specific
objectives of the project are:
- to collect, assemble, and distribute data describing
the magmatism and associated metallogenesis in
intraplate magmatic provinces;
- to develop and publish descriptive, grade-tonnage,
and genetic models of world class magmatic ore
deposits that emphasize regional and local controls
on the formation of deposits and the localization of
mineralization;
- to create a series of maps that document, worldwide,
the spatial and temporal distribution of plutonic,
subvolcanic, and volcanic rocks associated with
intraplate magmatism that are permissive for the
occurrence of magmatic ore deposits.
Achievements in 1994
General scientific achievements
Deposit models. Examples of deposit models were
circulated to project members in 1994. At the project
meeting in Russia, the working group selected these
five deposit types to prepare models: komatiitic nickel
deposits in greenstone belts, reef-type platinum group
elements (PGE); PGE reef deposits in stratiform
intrusions; PGE-enriched stratiform chromite deposits
in stratiform intrusions; Noril sk-type deposits in
differentiated mafic sills; and Sudbury-type deposits.
Models summaries will be succinct and include
descriptive information as well as genetic concepts.
Regional and district scale attributes will both be
emphasized. These descriptive and genetic models
will be accompanied by grade and tonnage models
(cumulative probability distributions) and, if possible,
some descriptive of the expected density of deposits
for a favorable package of rocks. Australian
delegates have accepted the responsibility to develop
the model for komatiitic nickel deposits.
Intraplate magmatic and metallogenic maps.
Work on preparing compilations of intraplate
magmatic and metallogenic maps continues.
Compilation of the 1:2.5 million scale map of the
conterminous United States that illustrates the
distribution of intraplate magmatic rocks that are
potentially associated with magmatic ore deposits is
almost complete and drafting is in progress. A new
compilation showing ultramafic rock localities,
volcanic facies of extrusive ultramafic rocks, and
nickel deposits for the Southern Cross Province of the
Yilgarn block, Western Australia was begun this year
and may be complete late in 1994. A similar
compilation for the Eastern Goldfields province of the
Yilgarn block, Western Australia, is scheduled to be
started in 1995.
Meetings
- VII International Platinum Symposium with a
special session of IGCP Project 336 Intraplate
Magmatism and Metallogeny, 1-12 August,
Moscow, and Norilsk, Russia. The meeting in 1994
included a technical session and field excursion to
the intraplate, flood-basalt-related Ni-Cu-PGE
magmatic ore deposits of the Noril sk-Talnakh
district. Because of the logistical difficulties in
arranging field excursions to this area, which is
located in the Siberian Arctic in Russia, the
organizers of the 1994 IGCP Project 336 meeting
and the organizers of the IAGOD-sponsored
Seventh International Platinum Symposium decided
to work together to jointly sponsor symposiums and
the field excursions.
61
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- Technical sessions for the Platinum Symposium
were held in Moscow, 1-4 August.
- The field excursion to Norilsk was held from
5 August to 11 August and included the technical
session for IGCP Project 336, held in Norilsk on 9
August.
Participating countries (* indicates the countries
active in 1994): Australia*, Austria, Brazil*,
Canada*, Czech Republic, Ecuador*, Finland*,
France*, Germany, Italy, Norway*, Peoples Republic
of China, Romania, Russia*, South Africa*, Spain*,
United Kingdom*, United States* and Zimbabwe*.
Publications
At the time of the preparation of this report, national
representatives of working groups submitted the titles
of 116 publications that can be attributed to research
activities of members of their working groups.
Important contributions include:
- Lightfoot, P. C., and Naldrett, A.J., eds.,
Proceedings of the Sudbury-Norilsk Symposium:
Ontario Geological Survey Special Volume 5,
392 pp. (26 papers from the organizational meeting
of IGCP Project 336 in 1992).
- Distler, V. V., and Kunilov, V. E., eds., 1994,
Geology and ore deposits of the Norilsk region, in
VII International Platinum Symposium, 1994:
Guidebook for the VII International Platinum
Symposium, Moscow, 67 pp., 18 figs.
Activities planned
General goals
The general goals for 1995 include: to continue map
compilation for the United States and Australia, to
select and begin compilation of maps for other areas
of interest, to create drafts of the deposit models and
circulate these to members of the working group, and
to present and discuss results of research at the field
conference at Dululth. In addition, results of research
will be published.
Meetings
An international field conference and symposium
on Petrology and Metallogeny of Volcanic and
Intrusive Rocks of the Midcontinent Rift System
is being arranged by Penny Morton and Jim Miller
(Project co-leaders for 1995) and is scheduled for
22-31 August 1995.
62
Field trips
- Pre-symposium trip: 22-24 August - Volcanic
stratigraphy, structure, and ore deposits of the
southern limb of the Midcontinent rift system.
- Post-meeting trip I: 28 August-1 September -
Geology, petrology, and metallogeny of
Keweenawan intrusive igneous rocks.
- Post-meeting trip II: 28 August-1 September -
Physical volcanology of basaltic lavas on Isle
Royale.
General meeting and technical sessions
The general meeting will be held in Duluth,
Minnesota, 25-27 August. Three sessions will focus
on: (1) Tectonic setting of intraplate magmatism, (2)
Petrology of intraplate magmas, and (3) Ore deposits
intraplate environments. Poster, technical, and core
displays will be hosted by the Natural Resources
Research Institute in Duluth on the evening of 25
August.
Publications
1995 and later
- A symposium volume based on IGCP Project 336
sponsored session of the IAVECI meeting in
Canberra in 1993 will be published as a special
issue of Lithos (v. 45, 1995).
- A field trip guidebook for the Keweenawan-
Midcontinent Rift System will be published by the
Minnesota Geological Survey.
- A bibliography of Keweenawan geology will be
compiled and published by the Minnesota Natural
Resources Research Institute.
- Plans are being made for a symposium volume from
the 1994 meeting utilizing publishing resources in
Russia.
- Papers from the 1995 field conference will be
published as a special issue (Thematic set of
approximately 12 papers) of the Canadian Journal
of Earth Sciences.
- A compilation showing the distribution of mafic to
ultramafic intraplate magmatic rocks and principal
mineral deposits in the conterminous United States
(described in section 2.1) will be published as a
United States Geological Survey Bulletin.
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- A compilation of the Southern Cross Province of the
Yilgarn Block, Western Australia (see section 2.1).
- A compilation of the Eastern Goldfields province of
the Yilgarn block, Western Australia (see
section 2.1).
- A collection of the descriptive, genetic, and grade-
tonnage models will be published, possibly as a
United States Geological Survey Bulletin.
No. 339- Geomagnetic equator
(1992-1995)
Nguyen Thi Kim Thea, Institute of Geophysics,
National Centre for Natural Science and Technology
of Viet Nam, Box 411, Buu Dien Bo Ho Hanoi,
Viet Nam.
B.B. Ellwood, Dept. Geology, University of Texas at
Arlington, UTA Box No. 19049, Arlington, United
states.
Description: The aim of the project is to encourage
international co-operation between earth scientists
specializing in the study of properties of the
geomagnetic field from the oldest geological time
(palaeomagnetism), through historical time (archaeo-
magnetism) up to recent magnetic variation in the
zone of the geomagnetic equator.
In response to increasing world attention to the
strong magnetic variation under the equatorial
electrojet and the characteristics of magnetic and
palaeomagnetic data in region with inclination about
zero, the project will focus on identifying criteria for
correcting the magnetic variation in prospecting
and magnetic mapping, on recognizing the features
of using magnetotelluric method and reserve
magnetization in palaeomagnetic research, on
developing models for the equatorial electrojet, for
interpretation of magnetic data in the region with
1=0, and for tectonic reconstruction of South-East
Asia and on refining exploration strategies and
predicting useful mineral resources.
The project seeks significant involvement of
developing countries, since there is a critical need to
diversify geophysical research and emphasize its role
in developing countries.
Achievements in 1994
Studies of the Equatorial Electrojet have been
rewarding and have led to other areas of research.
This has included a number of interesting studies
across the Red River fault zone near Hanoi, using
Izmiran magnetometer and magnetotelluric data sets.
Supporting data from these studies have confined a
high conductivity zone at depth, associated with the
fault zone, and have led to the development of
apparent resistivity models that are interpreted to
include the crust and upper mantle. Included in
these models are regional tectonic effects and
displacements associated with the collision of the
Indian sub-continent with Asia. Refinement of field
techniques has been discussed by the participants and
future surveys using these ideas should allow a much
better understanding of the deep structure of fault
zones.
The work on IGCP Project 339 has resulted in the
completion of a magnetic anomaly map for Viet Nam,
which was shown for the first time at the Third
Meeting of the Project, 14-18 December 1994. This
map is a compilation of old data and modem data,
blended together to smooth out ambiguous areas.
Only in the far north-western highlands of Viet Nam
are there no data. With this new data set, it will now
be possible to test tectonic models for the
development of this part of South-East Asia using
these magnetic anomaly patterns. This data set has
also stimulated a number of research projects
designed to model the Earths magnetic field at low
latitudes.
Another important research area resulting from
IGCP Project 339 activity is the area of deep
groundwater studies. In the southern part of Viet
Nam, groundwater contamination has been severe.
This has resulted from salt-water contamination of
aquifers and from human pollution. New sources of
fresh water are critical in the area, and
magnetotelluric and vertical electrical sounding
techniques applied by participants in the project are
providing new sources of fresh water. These have
been discovered deep underground, and this research
activity is continuing.
One interesting result of IGCP Project 339
research is in the area of palaeomagnetism, the study
of the magnetic properties of rocks. Magnetic polarity
studies can provide palaeolatitude information for
geologic terrains, but this requires that stable
magnetization has been acquired by the rocks being
analysed. In Viet Nam, severe remagnetization
problems exist due to weathering and other effects,
and the potential problem of the effect of the
Equatorial Electrojet on the magnetic acquisition
process. Palaeomagnetic polarity data are now being
acquired and are being reported from Paleozoic and
Mesozoic rocks in Viet Nam. In addition, in an effort
to circumvent the problems caused by
remagnetization, magnetic susceptibility data are also
being acquired and used for geological correlation
purposes in ancient rocks. Samples for a major study
on Middle Paleozoic rocks were acquired during
63
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1994 and measurements and further sampling are
ongoing. The method has been shown to be quite
effective, and in Viet Nam it is expected to allow
correlation to eustatic (global sea-level) fluctuations
observed elsewhere in Africa and Europe. In addition,
these data are being used in an attempt to correlate
with hitherto unresolved geological sequences in
China.
A field trip was organized for the palaeomagnetic
sampling of Lower-Middle Paleozoic boundary
sections in Viet Nam, to the northeast of Hanoi.
Samples were taken from the Silurian/Devonian and
within the Devonian limestone and sandstone
sequences of this region, and the magnetic properties
of these samples are being measured. The aim is to
correlate to known magnetic data sets for
Silurian/Devonian time.
Publications
- Arora, B.R., M.V. Mahashabde, and R. Kaira,
1993. Indian IEEY geomagnetic observational
programme and some preliminary results, Brazilian
Journal of Geophysics, 11 (3), pp. 365-384.
- Nguyen Thi Kim Thea and Y.P. Sizov, 1993. Some
dynamic evolution peculiarities of the Equatorial
Electrojet and the systeme of Sq for the region of
South-East Asia, Journal of Sciences of the Earth,
Hanoi 15(3) 9, pp. 65-70.
- Le Minh Triet and Le Ngoc Thanh, 1993.
Compilation of a model of the Equatorial Electrojet
for determining the magnetic variations, Journal of
Sciences of the Earth, Hanoi 15 (1)3, pp. 15-20.
- Nguyen Van Giang, 1993. Characteristics of the
main geomagnetic field in the territory of Viet Nam,
Journal of Sciences of the Earth, Hanoi 15 (3) 9,
pp. 33-37.
- Chandra Sekhar, E. and B.R. Arora, 1994. On the
source field geometry and geomagnetic induction in
Southern India, Journal of Geomagnetism and
Geoelectricity 46, pp. 815-825.
- Rotanova, N. M., Y.P. Svetkov, Hoang Trong Ly,
and Truong Quang Hao, 1994. Characteristics of
the magnetic field of Equatorial Electrojet and the
systeme of Sq for the region of South-East Asia,
Geomagnetism and Aeronomia, 34(2), pp. 137-142.
- Pham Van Ngoc, Daniele Boyer, Nguyen Thi Kim
Thea and Nguyen Van Giang, 1994. Deep
groundwater investigation by combined VES/MTS
methods near Hochiminh City, Viet Nam, Ground
Water 32(4), pp. 675-682.
64
- Truong Quang Hao and B.R. Arora, 1994.
Preliminary results of studies of conductivity
anomaly at the faults on the Red River, Proceedings
of the International Workshop on Seismotectonic
and Seismic Hazards in South-East Asia, Hanoi,
p. 232.
Activities planned
In October 1995, there is an important event which
will provide an exceptional opportunity to study the
effects of the Equatorial Electrojet on the
geomagnetic field. A total solar eclipse will occur on
24 October with the maximum length of total
occultation at mid-day directly under the Equatorial
Electrojet. This provides a unique opportunity to
advance the goals of IGCP Project 339 and to gain
considerable insight into the Equatorial Electrojet.
The fourth meeting of IGCP Project 339 is scheduled
immediately following the eclipse on 26-30 October
1995, and it is planned that quick-run magnetograms
acquired during the eclipse will be presented at the
meeting and the results discussed by the multinational
group of scientists participating in the project.
No. 341- Southern hemisphere palaeo-
and neoclimates
W. Volkheimer, Museo B. Rivadavia, Av.
A. Gallardo 470, 1405 Buenos Aires, Argentina.
P.P. Smolka, Geologisch - Palaontologisches Institut
und Museum, Westflische Wilhelms - Universitt
Correnstrasse 24, D-4400 Mnster, Germany.
Description: The main goal of the project is to study
the palaeo- and neoclimatic dynamics in Latin
America and the Southern Hemisphere - especially
the southern ocean, South Africa and Australia -
since the Maastrichtian. It will study deterministic
and non-linear causes of climatic change, design
regional models for the behaviour of the system earth-
atmosphere and apply large-scale atmospheric
circulation models at co-operating institutions.
Application of methods and techniques will be
based on the analysis of palaeo- and neoclimatic
indicators, within the geotectonic and
palaeogeographic framework of the moments
represented by different climatic sceneries from the
beginning of the Maastrichtian (70 Ma) to the
present.
The interdisciplinary character and the extension
of the project involve collection and compilation of
different large data sets and the design and
construction of several interconnected data bases
which will represent a major source of data and
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information for palaeo- and neoclimatic analyses of climatic and vegetational changes including stable
Latin America and the Southern Hemisphere. isotopes and geochemistry.

Achievements in 1994 (2) Training course of IGCP Project 341

IGCP/IUGS/UNESCO: Methods for studying and
General scientific achievements correlating events of climatic and environmental
change - chances and limits, 29 September-4 October,
(1) Enhanced San Rafael, Argentina, Participants: 20.
palaeo-oceanographic maps,
palaeo-oceanographic data base extended by new
Ocean Drilling Programme drillholes and the
Publications
subsequent palaeo-oceanographic data (palaeo-
temperatures, etc.).
Betancourt, J. L.: El Nio, tropical biomass burning,
(2) Gathering of various Neogene, Pleistocene, and interannual variations in the global carbon
Holocene and Historic time-series showing past cycle. Rev. Mus. Hist. Nat. San Rafael, 12(3), 135-
137, 1994.
climates, time-scales of change as well as
vegetational/moisture conditions in the Andes from
low to high latitudes. Studies include geological, Betancourt, J. L.: Twentieth century climate
variability in the North American Subtropics:
palaeontological, historical and satellite-based studies
Hydrological and Ecological Consequences. Rev.
(the latter for example showing that while in most
Mus. Hist. Nat. San Rafael, 12(3), 147-150, 1994.
regions glaciers shrink, in other regions glaciers
changed from shrinking to growing about a decade
Betancourt, J. L.: Paleoecological significance of
ago, of course within a context of generally
Packrat Middens in Western North America and
shrinking).
similar deposits in arid and semi-arid parts of South
America. Rev. Mus. Hist. Nat. San Rafael, 12(3),
Studies are complemented by works on the re- and
151-155, 1994.
disappearance of the Amazon tropical rain-forest in
Pleistocene and Holocene ties, ties comparable in
Betancourt, J.L., Van de Water, P.K. & Leavitt,
many cases to the present. Studies including those on
S.W.: Leaf stomatal density and carbon isotope
the water-budget have to be deepened. In addition
responses to CO2 variations during the past 40,000
ways have to be sought to find possibilities for high
years. Rev. Must. Hist. Nat. San Rafael, 12(3), 144-
res isotope-dating.
146, 1994.
(3) Several studies have provided practically
Boninsegna, J.A. & Villalba, R.: Dendroclimatology
usable results especially, showing a highly
in the Southern Hemisphere: Review and Prospect.
differentiated behaviour of global and environmental
Rev. Mus. Hist. Nat. San Rafael 12(3), 142-143,
change meaning that while one area cools, other areas
1994.
in the neighborhood warm. The same applies for
moisture availability (drying versus wetting). Since
Borromoei, A.M. & Quattrochio, M.E.:
this is consistent with recent findings from
Comparacion paleoclomatica-paleoambiental a
meteorology, the continuation of these studies is
partir de registros polinicos obtenidos en el SW de
expected to yield in hard facts on how the regions of
la provincia de Buenos Aires y Tierra del Fuego
study will look if one or other change occurs.
(Argentina), durante el Pleistocene tardio y
Although this was attempted in the definition-phase
Holoceneo. Rev. Mus. Hist. Nat. San Rafael, 12(3),
of the project, the clearness and earliness of the
161-162, 1994.
results were unexpected.
Garleff, K., Reichert, T., Sage, M., Schbitz, F. &
Meetings Stein, B.: Periodos morfodinamicos y el paleoclima
en el norte de la Patagonia durante los ultimos
(1) 2nd annual meeting of IGCP Project 341 13,000 anos. Rev. Mus. Hist. Nat. San Rafael,
IGCP/IUGS/UNESCO at San Rafael/Mendoza on 12(3), 179-180, 1994.
Southern Hemisphere Palaeo- and Neoclimates,
26-28 September 1994. Llorens, R. & Leiva, J. C.: Deteccion de
fluctuaciones glaciarias recientes a traves de
J. Betancourt (USGS), in collaboration with imagenes satelitarias. Rev. Mus. Hist. Nat. San
W. Volkheimer, executed joint fieldwork (August- Rafael, 12(3), 157, 1994.
September) in semi-arid regions of Western
Argentina in order to establish high-resolution time- - Malamud, B.: Time series analysis of geologic and
series of the late Quaternary (the last 40,000 years) on climatologic data sets: A few tools or 1 have a data

65
 Optical Character Recognition (OCR) document. WARNING! Spelling errors might subsist. In order to access
to the original document in image form, click on "Original" button on 1st page.
set in time, what do I do now? Rev. Mus. Hist. Nat.
San Rafael, 12(3), 190-191, 1994.
- Prieto, M.R., Herrera, R. & Dussell, P.: Analisis de
eventos extremos en el Rio Mendoza entre los siglos
17 y 20 en base a documentacin historica. Rev.
Mus. Hist. Nat. San Rafael, 12(3), 163-166, 1994.
- Smolka, P. P.: The stratigraphical challenge. Rev.
Mus. Hist. Nat. San Rafael, 12(3), 171-172, 1994.
- Trombotto, D.: Palaeoclimatical interpretation of
sedimentary structures and old cryogenic forms
until the Pleistocene/Holocene limit. Rev. Mus.
Hist. Nat. San Rafael, 12(3), 156, 1994.
- Tonni, E.P. & Cione, A. L.: La distribution de los
mamiferos y las modificaciones climaticas en el
Cenozoico tardio de la region pampeana de la
Argentina. Rev. Mus. Hist. Nat. San Rafael, 12(3),
159-160, 1994.
- Wingenroth, M. C.: Palynological Data and
Environmental Changes at the Quebrada Benjamin
Matienzo. Rev. Mus. Hist. Nat. San Rafael, 12(3),
138-141, 1994.
Participating countries (* indicates the countries
active in 1994): Argentina*, Australia*, Bolivia,
Brazil*, Canada*, Chile*, Colombia, France,
Germany*, India*, Italy*, Japan*, Poland, South
Africa*, Switzerland*, United Kingdom*, United
States* and Uruguay*.
Activities planned
Completing the oceanographic maps (about 250
DSDP/ODP wells to be added), gathering time-series
and results from the individual groups, exchanging
data and results, finishing the editorial work for the
first book.
After South American and thereafter South
African time-series and data are incorporated special
emphasis will be put on Australasian and Indian
time-series and data. In addition it was observed that
many time-series from Southern Hemisphere
observations show behaviors and phenomena known
from the Northern Hemisphere. The same applies to
the intercomparison of terrestrial and marine series.
Consequently special emphasis will be paid on links
to incorporating data from Australasia India and
adjacent regions and of course GLOPALS.
The editorial work of our first book Southern
Hemisphere Palaeo- and Neoclimates - Methods and
Concepts is about to be finished. It includes 28 larger
contributions.
66
No. 342- Age and isotopes of South
American ores (1992-1996)
Marcos. Zentilli, Department of Earth Sciences,
Dalhousie University, Halifax, B3H-3J5, Canada.
Francisco Munizaga, Departamento de Geologa,
Universidad de Chile, Casilla 13518, Correo 21,
Santiago, Chile.
Colombo Tassinari, Instituto de Geociencias,
Universidade de So Paulo, Cidade Universitaria
C.P. 20899, So Paulo S.P. 01498, Brazil.
Description: The complete name of the project is
Geochronology and isotopic characterization of
south American metallogenetic provinces.
Geochronological and isotopic techniques are used to
date and characterize the most significant groups of
ore deposits of the South American plate. The long-
term goals of the project are: to recognize and
characterize productive metallogenetic provinces,
sub-provinces, and metallogenetic epochs, and to
have a modem and reliable data base on age of
mineralization and isotopic parameters. This should
lead to a time-space synthesis of metallogenesis in
South America with predictive capabilities, useful in
the assessment of resource potential. Isotopic baseline
data will be valuable in environmental studies.
Achievements in 1994
Isotopic Composition of Meteoric Waters. Among the
main scientific achievements of IGCP Project 342 in
1994 is the publication of a new, preliminary map of
isotopic composition of South American meteoric
waters. Until now, we had to compare isotopic (8D
and i51 80) data in young ore deposits in South
America with irrelevant North American background
data.
Metallogenetic Epochs. Attempts to better define
metallogenetic epochs have started to bear fruit. A
compilation of gold-concentrating metallogenetic
epochs in the Brazilian Shield shows that
metallogenetic epochs coincide with recognized
erogenic events. In Chile, the Eocene-Oligocene
event responsible for the formation of several giant
porphyry type copper deposits has been better defined.
In the Chilean Central Andes the emplacement of
giant porphyry copper deposits coincides with an
event of crustal thickening (Incaic Orogeny), and
oblique subduction.
Source of Metals. An important scientific problem
and controversy that IGCP Project 342 is focusing on
is the source of the metals and magmas responsible
for ore formation in the copper-specialized Central
Andean province. It has been suggested that the giant
porphyry copper deposits obtain their lead from
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sub-crustal sources, but a growing body of data
emerging from the project shows that the question is
more complex. Important new isotopic data from
deposits in Peru suggest that 90 per cent of the lead is
magmatically-derived, despite the involvement of
meteoric fluids, and his ongoing study of Pb-Sr-Nd
isotopes indicates that most ore lead must come from
the lower crust or upper mantle. In contrast, a large
Pb-isotopic database from young ore deposits in Peru,
Bolivia and Chile, can detect at least three
components in the source regions: (1) old non-
radiogenic and high (238U/204U) lithosphere with
high time averaged Th/UM; (2) high-p lithosphere
with time averaged Th/U of ca. 4; and (3) lower-p
lithosphere with time-averaged Th/U of ca. 4. Certain
districts show mixing lines between the different
components. Middle Proterozoic crystalline rocks
underlie the western parts of the Andean Cordillera in
northern Chile and western Bolivia, east of the Early
Proterozoic Arequipa masif (ea. 2000 Ma). U-Pb
geochronology and Pb systematic on rocks and ore
deposits in the Central Andes may help outline a
Grenville suture zone or an Early Paleozoic Taconic-
Famatinian terrane boundary. In the Middle
Proterozoic Rondonian Massifs in the south-western
margin of the Amazon Craton in Brazil, U-Pb and Pb
data suggest involvement of Early Proterozoic crust in
the genesis of granitoids, and the isotopic signatures
are so characteristic, that they may provide a unique
opportunity to track the Brazilian Shield into the
Gondwanan and Andean orogen. Of possible interest
is the presence of inherited zircon cores of Paleozoic
age (29 1129 Ma) in igneous zircons from Eocene-
Oligocene porphyry copper deposits such as
Chuquicamata and La Escondida, in northern Chile.
Significant advances are being made on this problem
thanks to Rhenium-Osmium systematic, particularly
suited to discriminate mantle from crustal sources.
During our Annual Meeting in Concepcin, two
papers provided new insights into this controversy
and into the potential of the Re-Os techniques (Ruiz
et al., 1994; McCandless et al. 1994); the data for
Andina, a Miocene porphyry copper in central Chile,
suggest significant crustal contamination.
Age of Ore Deposits. In terms of age of
mineralization, we have published the first U-Pb
(Late Eocene-Early Oligocene) dates on zircon of two
giant porphyry copper deposits and we have a better
idea of the age (Neocomian-Albian) of one of the
largest strata-bound copper deposits of Chile, through
new Ar-Ar and Rb-Sr data. A variety of
comprehensive studies have advanced our knowledge
of the age of epithermal precious metal
mineralization in the Andes (McKee et al., 1994;
Cunningham et al., 1994). The age of emerald
deposits of Santa Terezinha in Brazil was ascribed to
the end of Late Proterozoic-Palaeozoic orogenesis at
about 500 Ma on the basis of a Rb/Sr isochron in
biotites. In contrast, Giuliani et al. (1994), on the
basis of K-Ar and 40Ar/39Ar dating, a..cribe an age
of 1980-1970 Ma for the Carnaiba and Socoto
emerald deposits of Brazil. Giuliani et al. (1994) have
dated the Colombian emerald deposits of Coscuez and
Quipama-Muso in Colombia as Late Eocene-Early
Oligocene, thus essentially the same age of the belt of
giant porophyry copper deposits in the Central Andes
of Chile which include some of the largest copper
producers of the world.
Magnetite Lava Flows? The El Lace, Chile, iron
district is located at 4,500 m.a.s.l. in the flanks of a
Neogene (ca. 2 Ma) stratovolcano. Nystrom and
Henriquez (1994) have summarized the geology and
described isotopic data on spectacular magnetite lava
flows, dikes and pyroclastics at El Lace.
Meetings
- Information and Policy Meeting at ICOGs Meeting
in San Francisco, May 1994, 20 people, eight
countries.
- IGCP Meeting in Recife, Brazil, 22-24 August
1994. Presentation by F. Munizaga (Co-Leader,
Chile). Fifteen people attended, and particularly
useful contacts were established with members from
Colombia.
- IGCP Project 342 met during the 7th Chilean
Geological Congress in Concepcin, Chile,
Universidad de Concepcin Campus, 16-21 October
1995. This was organized as Symposium #2 for the
Congress. Over 50 people attended the IGCP
Project 342 Symposium meetings. In addition, a
poster session was organized, plus several papers,
listed as contributions to IGCP Project 342, were
presented in other sessions, two as invited papers.
At least 15 countries were represented as authors,
co-authors, or participants in the sessions.
Publications
During 1994 there were over 48 publications directly
related to the project. Although several are only
abstracts or extended abstracts of presentations,
already a few are full journal publications with an
external referee system, and most are internationally
available.
The proceedings of our Symposium IGCP
Project 342, during the annual meeting in
Concepcin, Chile, were published as extended
(4 pages) abstracts within the Actas, 7 Congreso
Geologico Chileno, 17-21 October 1994, Universidad
de Concepcin, Chile, in two volumes, available from
the Department of Geology, Universidad de
Concepcin, Concepcin, Chile. Twenty-four papers
by members of IGCP Project 342 are featured.
67
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The proceedings of the 1993 annual meeting of Activities planned

IGCP Project 342 in Mendoza, Argentina, were
published as 19 short papers or extended abstracts as
Volume 45 of the periodical COMUNICACIONES, of
Universidad de Chile, Santiago (ISSN-O069-357X),
obtainable from Departamento de Geologia, U. de
Chile, Casilla 13518, Correo 21, Santiago, Chile.
The next formal activity will be a Short Course on
Isotopes Applied to Ore Deposit Studies, to be
offered 1-8 May 1995, in Quito, Ecuador, followed by
an excursion to visit ore deposits. Co-ordinator is
Edgar Pillajo, Morales 449, Quito, Ecuador.

Other important publications Our main activity will be the annual meeting in
Puerto Ordaz, Venezuela, 3-10 September 1995. Its
- Cheilletz, A., Feraud, G., Giuliani, G. &
Rodriguez, C.T. (1994). Time-pressure and temper- title will be Origin of Mineralizing Fluids and the
Application of Isotopes in Ore Deposits. The venue
ature constraints on the formation of Colombian
of the annual meeting will be the Corporation
emeralds: an 40Ar/39Ar laser microprobe and fluid
Venezolana de Guayana, Puerto Ordaz. There will be
inclusions study. Economic Geology, Vol. 89,
technical and administrative sessions, a short course
pp. 361-380.
on isotopic techniques, and a field excursion. Co-
ordinator: Simon E. Rodriguez M., Co-ordinator,
- Cunningham, Ch. G., Aparicio, N.H., Murillo, S.F.,
IGCP National Committee, Direccion de Geologia,
Jimenez, Ch. N., Lizeca, B. J-L., McKee, E.H.,
Ministerio de Energia y Minas, Piso 4, Terre Oeste,
Ericksen, G.E., & Tavera, F. (1994). The
Parque Central, Caracas 1010, Venezuela.
relationship between the Porco, Bolivia, Ag-Zn-Pb-
Zn deposit and the Porco caldera. United States
We have proposed a theme session in the
Geological Survey, Open-File Report 94-238, 19 pp.
forthcoming Geological Society of America national
meeting in New Orleans, November 1995. The title of
- Giuliani, G., Zimmerman, J-L., & Montigni, R.
the theme session will be: Andes to the Amazon:
(1994). K-Ar and 40 Ar/ 39 Ar evidence for a
Geology and Mineral Wealth of a Continent, The
Transamazonian age (2030-1970 Ma) for the
geologic setting of the diverse types of metallic and
granites and emerald-bearing K-metasomatites from
non-metallic mineral deposits in South America will
Campo Formoso and Carnaiba (Bahia Brazil).
be examined, with emphasis on dating and isotopic
Journal of South American Earth Sciences, Vol. 7,
studies. Co-ordinators for this theme session are
No. 2, pp. 149-165.
Richard M. Tosdal, United States Geological Survey,
345 Middlefield Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025; and
- Lindsay, D.D. (1994). Anisotropy of ore-stage
Andrew MacFarlane, Dept. of Geology, Florida
fracture permeability in a porphyry copper system: a
International University, Miami, FL 33199, United
response to regional shear. Atlantic Geology
States.
(ISSN 0843-5561), Vol. 30, No. 1, pp. 84-85.
The membership has voted that the final
- Martin, J.L., Flores, F.J. & Sureda, R.J. (1994).
publication and synthesis of IGCP Project 342 will be
Geochemical investigation in a sedex deposit in
ttempted as a fully refereed Special Paper of the
the Lower Ordovician: El Aguilar, Jujuy, Argentina
Geological Society of America.
(23 12 S.). Revista Geologica de Chile (ISSN
0716-0208), Vol. 21, No. 1, pp. 71-90 (in Spanish).
A computer data base of isotope data and ore
deposit studies will be published for several of the
- McKee, E.H., Robinson, A.C., Rytuba, J. J.,
countries involved.
Cuitino, L. & Moscoso, R.D. (1994). Age and Sr
isotopic composition of volcanic rocks in the
The 1996 meeting of the project will take place in
Maricunga Belt, Chile: Implications for magma
Brazil. Due to the perceived success of the project,
sources. Journal of South American Earth Sciences,
there is already pressure to apply for an extension of
vol. 7, 11 pp.
the project beyond 1996.
- Misi, A. & Kyle, J.R. (1994). Upper Proterozoic
carbonate stratigraphy, diagenesis, and stromatolitic
phosphorite formation, Irece Basin, Bahia, Brazil.
Journal of Sedimentary Research, Vol. A64, No. 2, No. 343 - Stratigraphic correlation of Peri-
pp. 299-310. tethyan epicratonic basins (1992-1996)

- Nystrm, J.O. & Henriquez, F. (1994). Magmatic C. Cavelier, National Geological Survey, BRGM,
features of iron ores of the Kiruna type in Chile and Orleans, France.
Sweden: ore textures and magnetite geochemistry.
Economic Geology. Vol. 89, pp. 820-839. F. Cecca, National Geological Survey, Rome, Italy.

68
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E. Dudich, Hungarian Geological Survey, Budapest,
Hungary.
Description: The objectives of the project are to
create or improve stratigraphic correlations in the
northern and southern Peritethyan basins, from the
Moscovian to the present, between the various palaeo-
environmental domains, from the deep marine to the
continental, using, and at the same time perfecting, a
maximum number of methods and tools.
The Peritethyan basins taken into consideration
are those located between the Baltic Sea in the north,
the equator in the south, the Atlantic Ocean in the
west and the Indus River in the east. Given this vast
geographical area and the long time-span to be taken
into account, it was necessary to be selective in terms
of periods, basins, specific sites, and the working
methods and tools to be used in order to complete or
check data already acquired. The criteria for selection
would be: for periods, those which, at the present
time, are the most problematic in terms of correlation
between the different palaeogeographic realms on the
basis of the different palaeoenvironments, and, for the
basins and sites, those which, because of their
location, would give rapid results.
Achievements in 1994
Meetings
- Third International Workshop on the standard
Lower Cretaceus ammonite zonation of the
Mediterranean region, jointly with IGCP
Project 362, in Piobbico (Italy), 4-9 July 1994.
- Third International Meeting and General Assembly
of IGCP Project 343 in Cracow (Poland),
28 August-3 September 1994, organized by the
Geological Survey of Poland.
Publications
- Amen, E.O. and De Wever, P. (1994). - Upper
Cretaceus Biostratigraphy of the Borders of the
Ural Belt: Western Siberian and Eastern Volga-Ural
Basins. In Roure, F. (Ed.) Peri-Tethyan Platforms.
Technip, Paris, pp. 229-262.
- Baudin, F., Monod, O., Begouen, V., Laggoun-
Defarge, F., Person, A. (1994) - Caractrisation de
la matire organique du Jurassique suprieur
du Taurus occidental (Turquie mridionale).
Reconstitution paloenvironementale et cons-
quences lectoniques. Bull. Sot. geol. France, 165,
No. 2, pp. 135-145.
- Bilotte, M. (1994). Faunes dammonites et
interpretation des successions sdimentaires du
Campanien-Maastrichtien sous-pyrnen (Arige,
Haute-Garonne). Refutation dun modle fond sur
des ages numriques hypothtiques. Gologie de la
France, No. 3, pp. 71-80.
- Broutin, J., Kerp, H. (1994). Aspects of Permian
palaeobotany and palynology - XIV. A new form
genus of broad-leaved Late Carboniferous and Early
Permian Northern hemisphere conifers. Review of
Palaeobotany and Palynology, 83, pp. 242-251.
- Cornee, J.J., Guieug, Muller, J., Saint Martin, J.P.
(1994). Mediterranean Messinian carbonate
platforms: some controlling factors. Peri-
Mediterranean Carbonate Platforms, 1st Intern.
Meeting, Marseille - France, 5-10 September 1994-
Abstracts, pp. 45-49.
- Izart, A. and Vachard, D. (1994). Subsidence
tectonique, custatisme et contrle des squences
dans les bassins namuriens et westphaliens de
lEurope de lOuest, de la CEI et des USA. Bull.
Sot. Geol. France, 165, No. 5, pp. 499-514.
- Thierry, J. (1994). A tentative Integrated
Biostratigraphic Scale to correlate Mesozoic Peri-
Tethan Platform and Basin Deposits. Basic
Biostratigraphic Foundations. In Roure, F. (Ed.).
Peri-Tethyan Platforms. Technip, Paris,
pp. 263-276.
Participating countries (* indicates the countries
active in 1994): Algeria*, Austria Belgium,
Bulgaria*, Canada, Czech Republic*, Egypt,
Ethiopia France*, Georgia*, Germany, Hungary*,
Iraq, Israel*, Italy*, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Libyan
Arab Jamahiriya, Moldova*, Morocco*, Norway,
Poland*, Qatar, Romania*, Russia*, Saudi Arabia,
Slovakia, Slovenia, Somalia, Spain, Switzerland,
Syrian Arab Republic*, Tunisia, Turkey, Ukraine*,
United Kingdom, United States and Yugoslavia*.
Activities planned
To improve stratigraphic correlation from the
Moscovian to Miocene times, from the deep marine to
continental domains, integrating the different tools
and approaches of correlation.
Meetings foreseen:
(1) Co-sponsoring of the Intercolloquium os
RCANS of IUGS in Tours (France), 24-27 May.
Topic: Atlantic Neogene Climates and Palaeo-
environments.
(2) Fourth International Meeting of IGCP
Project 343, as a special session held in the
co-sponsored topic C of the Second International
69
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Symposium on the Geology of the Eastern
Mediterranean Region, in Jerusalem (Israel),
27 August-1 September.
Field work will be done on the southern sector of
the Moesian platform in Bulgaria, in the Donetz basin
and in the South West Ural Mountains in Russia.
Members of the project will actively attend the
International Carboniferous Congress in Cracow
(Poland), in August 1995. Correlation with Tunisia
and Morocco will be discussed on the spot.
Members of the project will contribute to the
compilation and plotting of Peritethys maps of the
Moscovian, Artinskian and Murghabian stages.
Publications planned
The proceedings of the 1993 Second International
Meeting of the Project, held in Bucharest, are in press
in Romania (person responsible: M. Sandulescu).
Those of the Trias 93 meeting, Boumerdas (Algeria),
held in 1993, will be issued there (person responsible:
M. Tefiani). The papers of the 1994 Marseille
meeting will be published in a special issue of
Gologie mditerranenne; the responsible people
are J.-J. Corne and J.-P. Saint Martin. The
proceedings of the Third International Meeting held
in Cracow will be published by the Geological Survey
(Geological Institute) of Poland (person responsible:
Z. Kotanski).
No. 345- Andean lithospheric evolution
(1993-1997)
M. Gardeweg, Servicio Nacional de Geologia y
Minera, Avenida Santa Maria 0104, Casilla 1347,
Santiago, Chile.
R.J. Pankhurst, British Antarctic Survey, NERC
Isotope Geosciences Laboratory, Kingsley Dunham
Centre, Keyworth, Nottingham NG12 5GG, United
Kingdom.
C.W. Rapela, Centro de Investigaciones Geolgicas,
Universidad Nacional de la Plata, 644 Cane No. 1,
1900 La Plata, Argentina.
Description: The project seeks to maintain the
impetus of collaborative field and laboratory research
generated during previous IGCP Andean projects
(120: Andean magmatic evolution, and 249: Andean
magmatism and its tectonic setting). It therefore has
the broad objective of intensifying work on the
understanding of tectonic processes during the
lithospheric evolution of this archetypal continental
margin. It is particularly hoped to integrate
geophysical and geological aspects within this
70
framework. In order to focus contributions in specific
areas, there are three highlighted themes:
(1) Regional variations and segmentation of the
Andean lithosphere. Most research workers will be
concerned with relatively small areas, but the project
aims to encourage correlation and contrast of the
nature and history of exposed basement and
magmatic rocks and of the geophysical evidence for
structure along the length of the Andes and
Antarctandes.
(2) Volcanism in relation to tectonic control.
Detailed work on active and recent volcanic centres
and the local and regional changes in the pattern
of activity should be viewed in terms of
physical controls, and combined with geophysical
interpretations wherever possible.
(3) Processes of continental evolution. This was
envisaged to promote the study of evidence for terrane
accretion in the construction of the Andean
continental margin. The recent rapid growth of new
hypotheses in this area means that encouragement is
no longer essential, but we hope that those carrying
out research aimed at testing and elaborating these
ideas will share their results within the context of the
project.
Achievements in 1994
General scientific achievements
A very wide range of activities have been carried out
under the auspices of the project, and it would be
impossible here to report on all aspects of the new
information obtained. We have therefore highlighted
what seem to us to be the most significant advances in
terms of regional knowledge, the understanding of the
processes involved in lithospheric evolution, or
fruitful interdisciplinary collaboration.
New work relating to structural and
compositional segmentation of the
Andean region
Geophysical studies
Investigations by German and Chilean geophysicists
have been concentrated in the northern part of the
Central Andes (15-30S), including the segment with
the greatest known crustal thickness (60-70 km).
Seismic refraction, gravity and magnetotelluric data,
as well as flexural analysis of isostatic compensation,
have clarified transverse segmentation in terms of
crustal structure. From west to east the principal
zones are: fore-arc with rigid crust; the main
magmatic arc with rigid-ductile transition at depth;
the back-arc region supporting the Altiplano on very
thick crust with a relatively thin rigid upper layer
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(10-20 km); the Eastern Cordillera; and the Sub-
Andean belt. The latter two are underlain by a
westward extension of the Brazilian shield in the
Sub-Andean region this is overthrust by the base of
the Eastern Cordillera crust, which has been
delaminated along horizontal shear zones at a depth
of 20-25 km. Such thrusting during the past 15 Ma
largely accounts for the 50 per cent crustal shortening
of the eastern Andes. Beneath the thickest crust of the
Altiplano the MOHO becomes diffuse, and an
anomalously high heat flow is inferred. Variation in
these locally-observed parameters may be partly
responsible for longitudinal segmentation of the
Andes.
Geochemical evidence from Andean
magmatism
The large-scale segmentation of the Andes is
relatively well known from the alternation of
volcanically-active and volcanically-quiet zones. One
of the most important of the latter, between the
Central and Southern zones, is associated with a
region of remarkably low-angle subduction (flat-
plate subduction). Studies of He-isotopes have
pointed to the broad scale of mantle upwelling and
melting beneath the thick crust Altiplano segment.
Geochronological and isotopic evidence from the
Cordillera Blanca batholith of Peru suggests that
crust-mantle interaction during granite genesis was
far less important than is usually supposed: a thick
mafic underplated crust was formed during the
Pliocene, which clearly distinguishes this region from
that to the south, where Arequipa-type Precambrian
basement is present at depth. This suggests that the
Abancay Deflection marks a boundary between
crustal segments that have experienced very different
thickening processes.
Traditionally, much evidence for longitudinal
segmentation and its causes comes from geochemical
and isotopic studies of recent magmatic rocks derived
from depth. Compositional changes in arc volcanism
along the northern margin of South America indicate
variation in the obliquity of approach of the subducted
plate. In the Southern Volcanic Zone there is also a
significant N-S change in the composition of basaltic
volcanism, especially as revealed by isotopic studies.
It is now being proposed that these changes reflect
sharp changes in the degree of tectonically-eroded
incorporation material rather than previously
favoured crustal contamination processes. In
particular, the more evolved nature of the volcanic
products in the north could be due to the southward
sweeping effect of migrating ridge collision, which
stops at the present location of the Juan Fernandez
Ridge.
Transverse variations in the geochemical and
isotopic compositions of erupted volcanic rocks have
been ascribed to eastward increases in the thickness
and compositional maturity of the underlying
lithosphere, as well as in the age and morphology of
the subducted oceanic plate. In the Central Volcanic
Zone, continental lithospheric maturity, and its effect
on erupted volcanic products, has been shown to
increase continuously throughout tertiary to recent
times. Magmatism in extra-Andean Patagonia shows
a sharp change from primitive granitoid plutonism in
Triassic-Early Jurassic times to crust-derived
andesite-rhyolite volcanism in the Mid-lo-Late
Jurassic, associated with stages in the break-up of the
Gondwana supercontinent.
Evidence from studies of the Precambrian
and Paleozoic basement of the Andes
Nd-isotope studies of the accretionary meta-
sedimentary complexes of southern Chile and the
Antarctic Peninsula and the extensive Jurassic
volcanic rocks of Patagonia, have shown that these
rocks have a very uniform crust-formation age
(multistage depleted-mantle model ages) of
1100-1450 Ma. The inference of an extensive
Grenville-age basement in this area gives indirect
support to recent Upper Proterozoic reconstructions
suggesting continuity of the Grenville Province
through the Sierras Pampeanas of NW Argentina to
Patagonia and West Antarctica.
U-Pb and Pb isotopic studies of the Arequipa-
Antofalla craton (AAC) show that the isotopic
signature of thiss region is similar to that of the Early
and Middle Proterozoic rocks of the south-western
part of the Amazonian craton, but remarkably
different from rocks of similar age in the
Precordillera terrane of central Argentina, suggesting
a fundamental boundary between them. This
boundary might represent a Grenville suture zone or
an Early Paleozoic Taconic-Famatinian terrane
boundary.
Geochemical data for amphibolites from the
western Sierras Pampeanas (29 S 68 W) of supposed
Grenville age confirm previous studies indicating an
arc tholeiite or back-arc tholeiite as the protolith of
the metabasic rocks. New studies of the Famatinian
granitoids of the Sierra de Crdoba (W SP)
have reported the occurrence of peraluminous
trondhjemites for the first time in this sector of the
orogen.
Carboniferous granitoids (31l 15 Ma) of
monzonitic affinities intrude the western Sierras
Pampeanas, indicating widespread intraplate activity
of this age, contemporaneous with the start of a new
subduction regime in the proto-Andean margin,
represented by the Frontal Cordillera.
71
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Structural evidence for segmentation
Tectonic models for the Andes are undergoing a
significant change with the recognition of widespread
extensional features such as normal faulting and
slides, which suggest that the kinematic regime
throughout the magmatically-active Cretaceus period
was predominantly extensional. This is resulting in a
major revision of ideas about slab-coupling in
subduction processes. Many of the Mesozoic plutonic
complexes that make up the batholiths of the Andean
Cordillera are now appreciated as having been
emplaced in an extensional structural environment.
Such extension would have a direct bearing on
magma generation and emplacement at depth, and
may explain why Cretaceus plutons are generally
derived from more immature source than Paleozoic
and Early Mesozoic plutons. Periodic changes in the
angle of subduction also seem to have a major
influence of the emplacement of plutons, for example
along the Liquie-Ofqui Fault Zone, and uplift
associated with transform faulting has exposed mid-
crustal levels in the extreme southern Andes of Tierra
del Fuego.
Other new results from the project
Various other publications supply new data on
Cenozoic volcanism and plutonism in various sectors
along the Andes. Some of them stress the close
relationship between magmatism and regional
structures or to the important mineralization that
characterizes the Chilean Andes. Although this work
is not directly related to the segmentation of the
Andean chain, it contributes to overall knowledge of
the Cenozoic magmatism.
In north-western Argentina a multidisciplinary
study was made of Upper Miocene ignimbrites of NW
Argentina where the combined use of palaeo-
magnetism, geochemistry and petrography makes it
possible to characterize various units and tentatively
identify their sources. The study supplies new data on
the Upper Miocene ignimbritic volcanism of the
Central Andes and indicates the feasibility of using
various tools to map them and identify their sources,
which is a long-term problem when dealing with
these units.
In northern Chile, these publications include
combined structural, detailed regional and geo-
chronological studies that show the close link between
fault, structural domains and Eocene intrusive in the
Andes of northern Chile (26-27 S). The Potrerillos
and El Salvador porphyrins, associated with copper
mineralization and other Eocene porphyrins (49 to
37 Ma) were emplaced before or during a deformation
phase related to the sinistral transgression of the
Sierra El Castillo-Agua Amarga Fault System. The
emplacement of these epizonal intrusive depends
72
mainly on the presence of deep faults or fracture
zones that allow the ascent of bubbles of magma
through the crust. In this segment of the Andes, the
Eocene intrusive are not related to cogenetic volcanic
rocks in opposition to the situation during the
Paleocene, when volcanic processes were dominant.
The understanding of the close relationship between
mineralization and volcanic activity and geological
evolution is stressed by a new large amount of
geogronological data on the volcanic products of the
Maricunga Belt (26-28 S). In the Copiap region,
volcanic activity was continuous from 23 to 7 Ma,
showing variations in style and intensity. Four
magmatic pulses were recognized, three related to
epithermal precious metal deposits. The extensive
geochronological data and regional mapping strongly
suggest that the volcanic activity and the
mineralization of the Maricunga belt do not show the
systematic eastward migration proposed previously.
Detailed studies were carried out in two volcanic
complexes representative of the initial stage of the
Maricunga belt (26-28S; 26-6 Ma): Cerros-Bravos-
Esperanza correspond to the only stratovolcanoes of
this period, while the La Coipa is the type-example of
the mineralized dome complexes and related
pyroclastic deposits that characterize the period. The
study correlates-integrates the volcanic processes, the
fault systems controlling their emplacement and
relates the extensive development of hydrothermal
zones and mineralization with the climatic conditions
at the time. It also links the style of alteration and
mineralization with the rock types and the local
structures.
In the Southern Volcanic Zone (SVZ) the
description of the products of the Peteroa volcano of
intra and post-glacial ages indicates subglacial
activity and eruptions not larger than VEI = 4.
Further south, a physical volcanological study
(isopachs and isopleths) of a plinian air-fall deposit
made it possible to determine its source as the Mocho-
Choshuenco volcanic complex (3955 S 7202 S),
previously thought to be the Villarrica volcano. The
plinian deposit is of dacitic composition, from the
Early Holocene (9,000 years) and was erupted
in a plinian eruption (VEI = 5). It shows an unusual
northward dispersion as in most historic eruptions
in this part of the Andes, the plumes going to the
E or SE due to the dominant winds from the W or
NW. Moreover, the review of knowledge on the
Villarrica-Quetrupilln-Lanin NW-SE volcanic chain
established its control by a currently active N55-60
W inverse transcurrent fault which is responsible for
the 18 km westward displacement and morphological
change of the Liquie-Ofqui fault zone. The fault
would represent the northern limit of the Valdivia-
Loncoche-Paillaco tectonic block that penetrates into
the Andean Cordillera interrupting the Central
Depression, extending westward and interrupting the
Coastal batholith and forming the submarine canyon
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north of Isla Mocha. Geochemical studies of the post-
glacial eruptive products of Villarrica volcano show
the peaks of ratios to coincide with some of the
periods of high activity of the volcano. The variation
with time of the geochemistry suggests that the
evolution of the magma has been largely controlled by
fractional crystallization, that the magma chambers
are stratified, their discharge is gradual, some ratios
of major elements and MgO and, Al2O3/CaO are good
indicators of the explosivity index and, that water-
magma interaction have been an important process
for triggering eruptions.
New morphological, petrographical and geo-
chemical data on three small monogenetic centres
from southern Chile (approx. 39 S; two maars and a
cinder cone). They are identified as the westernmost
post-glacial volcanoes of the SVZ and are formed by
basalts that are among the most primitive of the SVZ.
Data on the geology, petrography and geochemistry of
the Holocene Puyuhuapi Volcanic Group (44
16-22S/7231-37W), a set of minor eruptive centres
aligned along the Liquie-Ofqui fault zone, make it
possible to discuss the origin and evolution of these
magmas. These correspond to olivine basalts, of the
K-rich calcalkaline series, although their high Na2O
content suggest alkaline affinities. These magmas
would have been derived from a mantle which
experienced a low degree of aqueous flux that
consequently produced a low degree of melting.
Further south (47-48 S), on the basis of the spatial
and temporal distribution of magmatism in Patagonia
an idealized magmatic sequence associated with the
collision of oceanic ridges was proposed. When the
ridge approaches the continent, magmas would be
mainly derived from melting of the mantle in the
astenospheric wedge, with little or no participation of
the subducting slab; close to collision, anomalous
magmas are generated in the fore-arc, together with
arc-type magmas with an important component of the
slab; plateau lavas would be produced in an
astenospheric window; subsequently in the arc are
erupted lavas with significant participation of crust
and melts of the subducting slab.
Meetings
An IGCP Project 345 symposium on Structural and
Compositional Segmentation of the Andes was held
during the 7th Chilean Geological Congress
(Concepcin, 17-21 October 1994). More than
50 papers were submitted from scientists in
11 countries, of which only 41 could be
accommodated within the two and a half days
allocated to the symposium; the remainder were
incorporated within the regular sessions of the
congress. Four keynote speakers were invited to
present broader reviews of specific aspects. The
symposium sessions were attended by audiences of
between 30 and 70 participants.
A three-day pre-congress field trip to study
volcanism in a transect from Neuqun (Argentina) to
Concepcin was planned and organized by three
scientists from each of the two countries. This
included preparation of a 42-page excursion guide
with 13 figures and maps. Unfortunately, the field trip
had to be cancelled only five days before it was due to
begin as a result of bad weather (unseasonal snowfalls
caused the closure of the local Andean passes between
Argentina and Chile for a short time).
Publications
- During 1993-1994, five papers were published in
international journals and three in the Actas del XII
Congreso Geolgico Argentino (Mendoza).
- Two extended abstracts were published in the
proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on
Andean Geodynamics in Oxford, United Kingdom
(Editions ORSTOM, Paris, France).
- The Actas del 7 Congreso Geolgico Chileno
contain 41 papers in the IGCP Project 345
Symposium Structural and Compositional
Segmentation of the Andes; 22 further papers in
other parts of the proceedings, the complete list is
unfortunately too long to be included in this report.
Other contributions
Cingolani, C., Varela, R., Dana, S.L.,
Kawashita, K., 1993. Los granitoides del Cerro
Veladero, Ro de Troya, Provincia de La Rioja
Estudio Geocronolgico e implicancias tectnicas.
XII Congreso Geolgico Argentine. Acts T.IV (68-
74).
Cornejo, P. C., Mpodozis, C., Kay, M. S.,
Tomlinson, A.J., Ramrez, C.F., 1993. Upper
Cretaceous-Lower Ecocene potassic volcanism in an
extensional regime in the Precordillera of Copiap,
Chile. Second ISAG, Oxford, pp. 347-349.
- Cheilletz, A., Fraud, G., Giuliani, G.,
Rodriguez, C. T., 1994. Time-Pressure and
Temperature Constraints on the Formation of
Colombian Emeralds: An40/Ar39 Laser Microprobe
and Fluid Inclusion Study. Economic Geology.
Vol.89, pp. 361-380.
- Dana Salda, L., Cingolani, C., Varela, R., 1993. A
pre-Carboniferous tectonic model in the evolution of
southern South America. Comptes Rendus XII ICC-
P. Volume 1:371-384.
73
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- Dana Salda, L., Varela, R., Cingolani, C.,
Aragn, E. 1994. The Ro Chico Paleozoic
Crystalline Complex and the evolution of Northern
Patagonia. Journal of South American Earth
Science, pp. 1-10.
- Dana Salda, L., Varela, R., Cingolani, C., 1994.
Sobre la colisin de Laurentia-Sudamericana y el
orogeno famatiniano. XII Congreso Geolgico
Argentino. Actas TIII (358-366).
- Herv, F., Pankhurst, R.J., Drake, R., Beck, M.E.,
Mpodozis, C. 1993. Granite generation and rapid
unroofing related to strike-slip faulting. Aysn,
Chile. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 120,
Pp. 365-386.
- Leroy, J. L., Jimnez, N.Ch. 1993. Evolution of the
volcanism in the Western part of the Los Frailes
Meseta (Bolivia). Journal of Volcanology and
Geothermal Research.
- Mpodozis, C., Marinovic, N., Smoje, I., 1993.
Eocene left lateral strike slip faulting and clockwise
block rotations in the Cordillera de Domeyko, west
of Salar de Atacama, Northern Chile. Second ISAG,
Oxford, pp. 225-228.
- Varela, R., Cingolani, C., Dallas, S. L., Aragn, E.,
Teixeira, W. 1994. Las monzodioritas y
monzogabros de Cacheuta, Mendoza: Edad,
Petrologa e implicancias tectnicas.
Participating countries (* indicates the countries
active in 1994): Argentina*, Bolivia*, Chile*,
Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Czech Republic,
Ecuador, France*, Germany*, United Kingdom*,
Italy, Mexico*, Peru, Spain*, Sweden* Switzerland*,
United States*, Venezuela.
Activities planned
General goals
Our main intentions for 1995 are (a) to publish the
special issue of Revista Geolgica de Chile
highlighting the work carried out so far on crustal
segmentation, (b) to focus on the second aspect of the
Andean lithosphere identified in the project proposal,
i.e. tectonic control of volcanism. This will be
achieved mainly through the announced symposium
on Mid-Tertiary to Recent Geodynamic Evolution of
the Andean Region at IGC, Boulder, Colorado, but
also by the anticipated field workshop in the southern
Andes.
Meetings
A symposium on Mid-Tertiary to Recent Geo-
dynamic Evolution of the Andean Region will be
74
held during the IGC meeting in Boulder, Colorado, in
July 1995, jointly sponsored by IGCP Project 345
together with IUGG, IAVCEI, and IASPE and
convened by the North American Working Group of
the project.
It is hoped that the Neuquen-Concepcin field
excursion planned for October 1994 in conjunction
with the 7th Congreso Geolgico Chileno, but
cancelled due to bad weather conditions in the Andes,
will be amplified and converted into a separate four-
day field workshop, to be held in late 1995.
No. 348- The Mozambique and
related erogenic belts (1993-1997)
Sospeter Muhongo, Department of Geology,
University of Dar-es-Salaam, P.O. Box 35052, Dar-
es-Salaam, Tanzania.
Seife Berhe, Department of Earth Sciences, the Open
University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, United
Kingdom.
Description: (1) The project sets out to improve and
promote the understanding of the evolution (birth,
growth and stability) and mineralization of the
Mozambique and Related Proterozoic Orogenic Belts
in eastern and southern Africa and elsewhere in
Gondwanaland. Subjects of interest include litho-
stratigraphy, structures and tectonism, geophysics,
petrology and geochemistry, geochronology and
mineralization of the Proterozoic metamorphic
terranes in the various Gondwana fragments. (2) The
Mozambique Orogenic Belt is now widely regarded
as the mega-suture between east and west
Gondwanaland, hence its position, evolution and
mineralization are of greater importance for
correlative geological studies of the Gondwana
Supercontinent and for the Pangaea as a whole.
(3) The project was conceived in order to co-ordinate
single projects and promote geological research
activities in Africa; and disseminate information
(especially in Africa) on the latest ideas and
analytical techniques of the various disciplines in the
earth sciences.
General achievements
(1) The current isotopic data indicate that the
Mozambique Orogenic Belt, as first defined by Arthur
Holmes in 1948, is polyorogenic, consisting of high-
grade metamorphic terranes of different ages (ranging
from the Late Archaean to Early Paleozoic). Hence,
the redefinition of this transcontinental mobile belt is
necessary.
(2) Neoproterozoic crustal growth and accretion
have been documented in several metamorphic
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terranes (from the juvenile and mantle-derived
protoliths) within the Mozambique (and Related
Orogenic) Belts. This negates the assertion that there
was very little or nearly absent growth of continental
crust in Proterozoic times.
(3) Current geological studies have enhanced the
exploitation of minerals and rocks of economic
importance (e.g. gemstones, dimension stones, gold
within foreland terranes) from high-grade
metamorphic terranes in the Mozambique and
Related Orogenic Belts. Such discoveries have
eradicated the myth that high-grade metamorphic
rocks are barren !
(4) Forty-five geologists from 19 countries
(Africa -10, Europe -6, Australia, Japan and United
States) took part in the August 1994 Field Conference
held in the Mozambique Orogenic Belt in the border
area between Tanzania (in the Pare-Usambara Mts)
and Kenya (in the Taita Hills).
- Models demonstrating the consumption of the
Mozambique Ocean in a B-type subduction model
were presented. Intracontinental crustal shortening
within an A-type subduction model was also
presented.
- Upper Mantle and lower crustal dry rocks in the
orogen were studied.
(5) Joint scientific programmes were initiated.
For instance, isotope geochemistry and dating of
granulates, charnockites and migmatites from the
border region - the Pare-Usambara Mts (NE
Tanzania) and the Taita Hills (South Kenya) areas,
using U-Pb zircon and Sm-Nd methods.
Twenty-two countries were actively involved in
the project in 1994: Australia, Austria? Belgium,
Eritrea, Ethiopia, France, Germany, Italy, Japan,
Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mozambique, Norway,
Somalia, South Africa, Uganda, United Kingdom,
United Republic of Tanzania, United States, Zambia
and Zimbabwe.
Important publications
Abdelsalam, M. G., 1994. The Oko Shear Zone,
Sudan: post-accretionary deformation in the
Arabian-Nubian Shield. J. Geol. Sot. London, 151,
767-776.
Harris, N.B.W., Santosh, M. and Taylor, P. N.,
1994. Crustal evolution in South India: constraints
from Nd isotopes. J. Geology, 102, 139-150.
Jacobs, J. and Thomas, R. J., 1994. Oblique collision
at about 1.1. Ga along the southern margin of the
Kaapvaal continent south-east Africa. Geol.
Rundschau, 83,322-333.
Kriegsman, L.M., 1994. Evidence for a fold nappe
in the high-grade basement of central Sri Lanka:
terrane assembly in the Pan-African lower crust?
Precambrian Res., 66, 59-76.
Krner, A., Kehelpannala, K.V.W. and
Kriegsman, L. M., 1994. Origin of compositional
layering and mechanism of crustal thickening in the
high-grade gneiss terrain of Sri Lanka. Precambrian
Res., 66,21-37.
Muhongo, S. and Lenoir, J. L., 1994. Pan-African
granulite-facies metamorphism in the Mozambique
Belt of Tanzania U-Pb zircon geochronology.
J. Geology Sot. London, 151,343-347.
Raase, P. and Schenk, V., 1994. Petrology of
granulite-facies metapelites of the Highland
Complex, Sri Lanka Implications for the
metamorphic zonation and the P-T path.
Precambrian Res., 66,265-294.
Schandelmeier, H., Abbel Rahman, E. M.,
Wipfler, E. Kster, D., Utke, A. and Matheis, G.,
1994. Late Proterozoic magmatism in the Nakasib
suture, Red Sea Hills, Sudan. J. Geol. Sot., London,
151,485-497.
Schandelmeier, H., Wipfler, H. Kster, D.,
Sultan, M., Becker, R., Stem, R. and
Abdelsalam, M. G., 1994. Atmur-Delgo suture: a
Neoproterozoic oceanic basin extending into the
interior of north-east Africa. Geology, 22, 563-566.
Stem, R.J., 1994. Arc assembly and continental
collision in the Neoproterozoic East African
Orogen: Implications for the consolidation of
Gondwanaland. Ann. Rev. Earth Planet, Sci., 22,
319-3551.
Tack, L., Liegeois, J. P., Deblond, A. and
Duchesne, J. C., 1994. Kibarana A-type granitoids
and mafic rocks generated by two mantle sources in
a late erogenic setting (Burundi). Precambrian Res.,
68,323-356.
Wickman, S. M., Janardhan, A.S. and Stem, R.J.,
1994. Regional carbonate alteration of the crust by
mantle-derived magmatic fluids, Tamil Nadu, South
India. J. Geology, 102, 379-398.
Yoshida, M. and Santosh, M., 1994. A tectonic
perspective of incipient charnockites in East
Goudwana. Precambrian Res., 66,379-392.
75
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Activities planned
Scientific goals
(1) Special Issue on the Mozambique and
Related Orogenic Belts will be published in the
Journal of African Earth Sciences - Vol. 19, No. 3,
1995.
(2) To intensify isotopic studies (e.g. U-Pb zircon
and Sm-Nd age determinations) on metamorphic and
associated rocks from the Mozambique and related
orogens in the various Gondwana fragments.
(3) To continue studying fluid inclusions and
P-T-t paths in lower crustal rocks from the
Mozambique and related metamorphic belts in Africa
and elsewhere.
(4) To continue offering short courses in
structural geology and tectonics, remote sensing,
isotope geology, mineral deposits, etc. to the young
geologists.
Meetings planned
-28 March-1 April 1995: Field workshop in Natal
Metamorphic Province, South Africa.
-3-7 April 1995: Technical session in Johannesburg
in conjunction with the Centennial Geocongress of
the Geological Society of South Africa.
-21-23 June 1995: Technical and business meetings
in conjunction with the International Conference on
Industrial Minerals: Investment Opportunities in
Southern Africa.
-9-13 October 1995: Technical and Business
meetings in conjunction with the 10th Conference
of the Geological Society of Africa and IGCP
Regional Meeting for Africa.
- January-December 1995: Several national IGCP
Project 348 meetings organized at national or local
level in conjunction with national geological
societies.
No. 349- Desert margins and palaeo-
monsoons of the old world: 135,000 years BP
to the present (1993-1997)
E. Derbyshire, Department of Geography, Royal
Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey
TW20 0EX, United Kingdom.
A.K. Singhvi, Physical Research Laboratory,
Ahmedabad 380009, India.
76
Z.S. An, Xian Laboratory for Loess Research and
Quaternary Geology, Academia Sinica, P.O. Box 17,
Xian, China.
Description: Understanding past climatic changes
and constructing models designed to improve
knowledge of such changes at the global interfaces
(atmosphere, oceans and land surfaces) will be
effected by utilizing data on the sub-tropical and mid-
latitude desert changes as a sensitive indicator of
globaJ climate evolution. The deserts provide a rich
stratigraphical and archaeological record of
expansion and contraction of the drylands of the
Earth.
This project is providing a focus for collation,
comparison and analysis of data on desert margin
shifts over the last glacial-interglacial cycle, from the
Sahara in the west to the Middle Yellow River in the
east.
Achievements in 1994
General scientific achievements
Meetings held
The Second Symposium and Workshop was held in
Xian, Shaanxi Province, China between 14 and
23 August 1994. The record of shifts in the
palaeomonsoon over the past 20,000 years is
impressive and provides a fundamental document for
the work of IGCP Project 349. The meeting was
completed with a scientific conference lasting two
days. A book of extended abstracts, a training-course
handbook, and a field-guide handbook were produced
for the meeting by the Xian Laboratory.
IGCP Project 349 was also involved in the
INQUA-QRA Inter-Congress Conference on Wind-
Blown Sediments in the Quaternary Record held at
University of London, 5-8 January 1994, A German
regional meeting of IGCP Project 349 was held in
Heidelberg in December 1994.
Publications
More than 100 abstracts and papers have been
published by IGCP Project 349 scientists during the
year, one special issue of an international journal has
been published, a further one is in the press, and a
training monograph is in preparation. The extended
abstract volume (49 pages) of the Xian meeting is
now available. Arrangements have been made for the
training course presentations to be published as a
monograph by The Geological Society of India. IGCP
Project 349 has seen through publication of a major
product of its precursor IGCP Project 252 on
Evolution of Deserts as a special issue of Journal of
Arid Environments, 25, 185 pp. (edited by
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.D.S.G. Thomas and A.K. Singhvi). A special issue of
Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology and Palaeo-
ecology is in press.
Participating countries (* indicates the countries
active in 1994): Australia*, Canada*, China*, Egypt*,
Finland*, France*, Germany*, India*, Indonesia*,
Israel*, Japan*, Korea, Netherlands*, Nigeria,
Norway, Oman*, Singapore*, South Africa*, Taiwan*,
Tunisia, Turkey*, United Arab Emirates*, United
Kingdom* and the United States*.
General scientific achievements
It has been shown over the past year that although
gross temporal correlation along the Old World desert
margins has been established in many regions, there is
increasing evidence of significant phase lags ranging
from centuries to millennia. Our compilations already
show considerable gaps in otherwise reliable
chronologies. A paucity of quantitative data has been
revealed that militates against rigorous interregional
correlation. A further major discovery to emerge has
been the very high resolution (and, therefore, potential
quality) of some of the thick loess sequences along the
desert margins from western China to Tajikistan.
Some appear to offer the possibility of records of
decadal sensitivity, so providing the most articulate
terrestrial records of palaeoclimatic, and particularly
palaeomonsoonal, variations. Records of such quality
will inform and refine IGCPs synthetic work on time-
based transects across the Eurasian desert margins.
Activities planned
Meetings
Major joint initiative, with the International Union for
Quaternary Research (INQUA) and PAGES
Palaeomonsoons Project, in organizing and chairing
two symposia at the XIVth Congress of INQUA in
Berlin, Germany, August 1995.
The symposia will be as follows:
(1) The Palaeomonsoon Record from Land and
Ocean (Conveners: S. Krpelin and N. Rutter (for
INQUA) and E. Derbyshire and Z.S. An (for IGCP
Project 349).
(2) Palaeoecology and Palaeoclimatology of the
Late Pleistocene and Holocene Old World desert belt
(Conveners: S. Pachur (for INQUA) and A.K. Singhvi
(for IGCP Project 349).
- Regional meeting of IGCP 349 (and IGCP
Project 296) at Cardiff, United Kingdom, May 1995
(Conveners: M. Seddon and J. Shaw with the
assistance of E. Derbyshire).
- Third symposium and workshop at El Ain, United
Arab Emirates, December 1995 (Conveners:
K.W. Glennie (United Kingdom) and A.S. Alarshan
(United Arab Emirates).
Publications
- Publication of training manual.
- Preparation of first synthesis on palaeomonsoonal
changes for publication as a monograph.
No. 350- Environmental and biological
change in East and South Asia during the
Cretaceus (1993-1997)
H. Okada, Department of Earth and Planetary
Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812, Japan.
Description: The project aims to better understand
environmental and biological changes in eastern and
southern Asia (including South-East Asia) during the
Cretaceus period by co-ordinated inter- and
multidisciplinary research in sedimentology,
paleontology, geochemistry, tectonics and geophysics.
In order to confirm synchroneity of environmental-
change events, it will be critical to assess the combined
data from bio-, litho-, magneto- and chemo-
stratigraphic sequences to provide a working standard
stratigraphy. Biological change will be compared with
this standard.
During the Cretaceus, plume tectonic regimes
played an important role and the impact of superplume
volcanic events in the proto-Pacific is a key for
understanding the Cretaceus environments in East
Asia. It is desirable, therefore, that events or events
analysis have a major role in this project, and that
Towards events analysis in the Cretaceus be added
as the subtitle of IGCP Project 350.
As the final goal of the project, interactions
between the continent and the ocean, as well as the
geological linkage between the proto-Pacific realm and
the Tethyan and Boreal regions, will be clarified
in terms of environmental change events through
such multidisciplinary approaches as tectonics,
sedimentation, stratigraphy, biotic analysis, igneous
activity and resources.
Achievements in 1994
At the start of the project, the following work plans
have been approved: 1. Tectonics; 2. Sedimentation;
3. Stratigraplic correlation 4. Biotic analysis
5. Igneous activity; 6. Resources.
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As a new insight into the controlling factors of
these themes, events analysis has been added. The
background to this notion is that the impact of
superplume volcanic events in the proto-Pacific must
have played a vital role in Cretaceus environmental
changes in the Asian region as well as in other areas of
the world.
Russia
The first version of the palaeogeographic schemes for
the Cretaceus (scale 1:5,000,000 and in 10 Ma) has
been compiled on a new stratigraphic basis
(G.L. Kirillova).
The joint Russian-French structural and
geochronological investigations (39Ar/40Ar method)
have been carried out on the age of the ophiolites and
cover rocks.
The meeting of the Working Group for IGCP
Project 350 was held in Magadan from 6 to
10 September 1994.
Twenty-one papers were published, primarily in the
journal Tihookeanskaya Geologiya.
Japan
A National Working Group has been set up and
consists of 23 active members.
The Symposium on Marine and non-marine
biological diversity during the Cretaceus and its
international correlation - towards events analysis
(IGCP Project 350) was held at Kumamoto University
on 25 June 1994. The symposium was attended by
about 100 participants and 13 papers were presented.
These papers are now being compiled for publication.
Philippines
A meeting was held at the National Institute of
Geological Sciences (NIGS) to notify all governmental
and private institutions involved in geoscientific
research about IGCP Project 350 and to discuss current
investigations into the Cretaceus of the Philippines..
These institutions include the Mines and Geosciences
Bureau, Department of Energy, Philippine Institute of
Volcanology and Seismology, and the Petrofields
Exploration and Development Corporation.
Viet Nam
Field work was carried out in the Song Da and Muong
Te Basins in North-West Viet Nam, the W Quang
Binh Basin in central Viet Nam and the Da Lat Basin
in South Viet Nam.
78
In the Song Da Basin, an abundant assemblage of
spores and pollens has been found in the so-called
Upper Cretaceus Yen Chau Formation. In the Muong
Te Basin a strong, widespread succession of red
continental beds is present, resembling the Khorat
Group in Thailand. In the Da Lat Basin, early
Cretaceus phyllopods were discovered for the first
time.
Australia
Work has started on several projects. These are:
M. Dettmann Late Cretaceus biostratigraphy and
vegetation of Northern Australia; D. Haig Cretaceus
foraminifers and palynology of Papua New Guinea;
R. Henderson Cretaceus faunas from the Northern
Territory; R. Molnar Taxonomic relationships
between Australian early Cretaceus archosaurs and
those of eastern Asia.
Canada
The scientific activity of the Canadian Working Group
is largely based on the data collected by the
participants during their field work in China, field
trips to other countries of East and South Asia, and
through exchange programmes with Chinese
palaeontologists and geologists. The main objectives
were twofold: (1) to contribute to the mainstream of
IGCP Project 350 by creating new knowledge on the
environmental changes during the Cretaceus, and
(2) to demonstrate similarities and differences between
the changing Cretaceus environment and biota in
Asia and North America, largely by comparing their
stratigraphic record and vertebrate assemblages.
Significant progress has been recorded in
understanding the stratigraphy, palaeontology,
sedimentology and palaeoecology of several Cretaceus
formations of the Gobi and Ordos basins.
Meetings
(1) The first International Meeting of the Regional
Co-ordinators of IGCP Project 350 was held in
Fukuoka, Japan, from 3 to 8 November 1993. It was
attended by 15 participants from eight countries
(Australia, China, India, Japan Korea, Philippines,
Russia and the United States) and 17 Cretaceus
researchers from Japan. Fourteen papers were
presented, and the general work plan was approved. A
two-day (5-6 November 1993) field trip was organized
to the Cretaceus fore-arc accretionary complex in
East Kyushu and the deep-water to deltaic sediments
in the intra-arc belt in Central Kyushu.
(2) The second International Symposium of IGCP
Project 350 was held in Taegu, Korea, from 24 to
29 August 1994 and was attended by some
100 participants from ten countries (Canada, China,
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Ghana, India, Japan, Korea, Philippines, Russia, Spain
and the United States). Thirty-five papers were
presented. A two-day (27-28 August 1994) field trip
was organized to the Lower Cretaceus Kyongsang
Basin.
Publications
(1) Belyi, V.F. 1994. Geology of the Okhotsk-
Chukchi Volcanogenic Belt. North-East Inter-
disciplinary Scientific Research Institute, Far East
Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Magadan,
76 pp. (in Russian).
(2) Chang, K.H. ed. 1994. Abstracts of
International Symposium on Palaeoenvironmental
History of East and South Asia and Cretaceus
Correlation (IGCP Project 350). Kyungpook National
Univ., 72 pp.
(3) Chang, K.H. and Son, J.D. 1994. Field Excur-
sion Guidebook - Kyongsang Basin (Cretaceus).
Kyungpook National Univ., 23 pp.
(4) Okada, H., ed. 1993. Programme and abstracts.
First meeting of the regional co-ordinators of IGCP
Project 350. Kyushu Univ., 37 pp.
(5) Okada, H., ed. 1994. Asia in the Cretaceus -
Cretaceus environmental change in East and South
Asia - IGCP Project 350. Chikyu (Earth) Monthly,
16(5), 247-297 pp. (in Japanese).
(6) Okada, H. and Mateer, N.J. eds. 1994. The
Cretaceus System in East and South Asia, Research
Summary 1994. IGCP Project 350 Newsletter special
issue, 68 pp.
(7) Pokhialaynen, V.P. 1994. The Cretaceus of
North-Eastern Russia. SVKNII DVO RAN, 37 pp. (in
Russian).
(8) Pokhialaynen, V.P. ed. 1994. Stratigraphic
data on non-marine Cretaceus of north-eastern Asia.
North-East Interdisciplinary Research Institute, Far
East Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Magadan,
55 pp. (in Russian).
(9) Sakai, T. and Okada, H. 1993. Field trip guide
book - Evolution of sedimentary basins of Cretaceus
active margin in Kyushu, South-West Japan. Kyushu
Univ., 37 pp.
(10) Yabumoto, Y. 1994. Early Cretaceus
freshwater fish fauna in Kyushu, Japan. Bull.
Kitakyushu Museum of Natural History, 13,107-254.
Participating countries (* indicates the countries
active in 1994): Australia*, Bhutan, Canada*, China*,
France, India*, Japan*, Korea*, Myanmar, Pakistan,
Philippines*, Russia*, Spain*, Thailand, United
Kingdom, United States and Viet Nam*.
No. 351- Early Paleozoic evolution
in North-West Gondwana (1993-1997)
B.A. Baldis, Instituto de Geologia, Universidad
Nacional de San Juan, Avenida I. de la Roza y
Meglioli, 5400 San Juan, Argentina.
F. Aceolaza, Instituto Suprior Correlacin,
Geolgica Universidad Nacional Tucumn, M. Lillo
205-4000-Tucumn, Argentina.
Description: The project aims to perform an
integrated study of Lower Paleozoic basin evolution
in North-West Gondwana, identify and understand the
generation of these basins, their tectono-sedimentary
behaviour, palaeogeography-associated tectono-
thermal processes and the characterization of the
influence of several megastructure systems from the
intracratonic central regions to the marginal basins in
the periphery of the supercontinent. This
intercontinental analysis will probably establish
general chronological schemes of the cycles in the
tectono-stratigraphic evolution of other palaeo-
continents.
The results will include an improved delineation of
the continental basins of the reconstructed Gondwana
supercontinent and, since these continental basins in
some cases contain important mineral and
hydrocarbon deposits, will produce new exploration
guides for natural resources prospection in South
America and Africa.
Achievements in 1994
Meetings
(1) Mendoza (Argentina): the XIIth Argentine
Geological Congress in November 1993. Attendance:
30 persons from Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile,
Egypt, Greece, Spain, United Kingdom, United States
and Venezuela.
(2) Concepcin (Chile): the VIIth Chilean
Geological Congress in October 1994. Attendance:
20 persons from Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada,
Chile, France, Germany, United Kingdom and the
United States
(3) Second international meeting of the project in
Rabat (Morocco), 25 November-7 December 1994.
Attendance (estimate): 120 researchers from: Algeria,
Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Colombia, Czech
Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, France, Germany, Greece,
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Italy, Jordan, Mali, Morocco, Portugal, Saudi Arabia,
Spain, Turkey, United Kingdom, United States and
Venezuela.
Participating countries (* indicates the countries
active in 1994): Algeria*, Argentina*, Austria*,
Benin*, Brazil*, Bulgaria*, Chile*, Colombia*,
Croatia*, Czech Republic*, Ecuador*, Egypt*,
France*, Greece*, Israel, Italy*, Jordan* Mali*,
Mauritania, Mexico, Morocco*, Portugal*, Russia,
Saudi Arabia*, Spain*, Sweden*, Switzerland*,
Tunisia*, Turkey*, United Kingdom*, United States*,
Uruguay and Venezuela.
Activities planned
General goals
The 1994-1995 objectives of the project are:
- to develop the study of the intracratonic lower
Paleozoic basins, especially those poorly known of
North Central Africa (Toudemi, Chad and southern
Algeria);
- to improve knowledge of the radial-perigondwanic
set of uplifts that controlled the basins in South
America and North Africa;
- to obtain a general scope of the Middle East to
connect the East Mediterranean area with North
Africa, Turkey and the Rhodopes;
- to obtain more consistent data for the palinspastic
position of the Gondwanaland.
Meetings
The third international meeting of the project is
scheduled to take place at Ankara, Turkey, during
September 1995. It is already being organized in co-
ordination with the Turkey working group. The
meeting will include technical sessions in Ankara (two
days) and a field trip to the South-East Anatolia area
(six to seven days). We expect attendance of
researchers from the Middle East, Africa and South
American countries, similar to those of the
2nd meeting, and special invitations were sent to
colleagues of the Syrian Arab Republic, Lebanon,
Armenia and Iraq. Participation of Palaeotethyan
countries are assured (Bulgaria, Slovakia, Romania
and Hungary). contributions from the majority of
active developing countries are expected.
A complementary meeting is planned during the
seventh International Symposium on the Ordovician
Systems (ICSOS), June 1995, at Las Vegas (United
states).
80
Publications
It is expected to publish a special issue of the
Correlacin Geolgica series (National University of
Tucuman, Argentina) with the most important
papers (25) presented at the Rabat meeting. One
geotectonic and basin map of North-West Gondwana
during the Lower Paleozoic at 1:10,000,000 scale is
under preparation.
No. 355- Neogene evolution of Pacific
Ocean gateways (1993-1997)
S. Nishimura, Department of Geology and Mineralogy,
Faculty of Science, Kyoto University, 606-01 Kyoto,
Japan.
J. Sopaheluwakan, Research and Development Center
for Geotechnology, LIPI, Bandung 40135, Indonesia.
Description: The general research theme is Major
Neogene gateways to the Pacific with special focus on
the evolution of the gateway between the Pacific and
Indian Oceans being investigated through
interdisciplinary approaches combining palaeo-
magnetic, isotopic, seismic, metrological, palaeon-
tological, stratigraphical and other data.
The main objectives are to clarify the Neogene
tectonic developments around the Pacific-Indian Ocean
seaways; to elucidate associated responses of
palaeobiogeography, palaeo-oceanography and
palaeoclimatology of the surrounding regions in time
and space; to clarify the relationships between opening
and/or closing the seaways and Pacific Neogene
events.
All these objectives are relevant 10 climatic and
biostratigraphic developments and to tectonic events as
possible causes. Hence, temporal and spatial tectonic
maps arc being prepared or foreseen to be the major
contributions. The concentration on certain gateways
was already established in the previous successful
IGCP Project 246 (Pacific Neogene events in time and
space, 1986-1991).
Achievements in 1994
Meetings
International symposium, Kansai, Japan,
20-22 September 1994. Presentations in this
symposium cover aspects of the Neogene Evolution of
the Pacific Ocean gateways in the Bering strait, Japan
seaways, the junction between the Japan Arc and the
Ryukyu Arc, the South China Sea, Taiwan, Nansa
archipelago waters, Indonesian seaways, the Cook
strait, Antarctic and Southern Ocean seaways and
South America seaways.
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No. 356 - Carpatho-Balkan plate tectonics
and metallogeny (1993-1997)
E. Vet-kos, Hungarian Geological Survey,
P.O. Box 106, H-1442, Budapest, Hungary.
J. Lexa, Dionz tr Institute of Geology, Mlynsk
dol. 1, Bratislava, Slovakia.
S.-N. Vlad, Institute of Geology and Geophysics,
Str. Caransebes 1, Bucharest, Romania.
Description: The main objective of the project is to
establish a link between the regional plate-tectonic
model and the physical-chemical conditions of alpidic
ore formation in the Carpatho-Balkan region and the
development of genetic models for the different ore
types. The region is particularly appropriate for this
type of study, since it includes world-class mineral
districts in areas where the volcanism and basement
stratigraphy are known in unusual detail.
Concrete results will include the identification of
the tectonic-geodynamic evolution, the genetic
relationship, the distribution of mineralizations, the
basement structure, the source of ore fluids, the
hydrothermal system as a function of subduction-
related magma evolution and tectonism, and major
metallogenic epochs in the Carpatho-Balkan region. It
will apply the available data in research and
prospecting and determine the relationships of plate-
tectonics to metallogeny.
Achievements in 1994
General scientific achievements
According to the 1994 work plan, activity was centred
on the tectonic settings and metallogeny of the
following tectonic units:
- the Triassic to Lower Cretaceus ophiolitic complex
and related talc-alkaline volcanic arcs in Romania;
- the Upper Cretaceus to Palaeogene talc-alkaJine
volcanic arcs in Romania and Hungary;
- the Neogene talc-alkaline volcanic arcs in Hungary,
Romania, Slovakia and Ukraine.
Studies of the plate tectonic control of Alpine
metallogeny in the Carpatho-Balkan region resulted in
the following conclusions in 1994:
- In Central Slovakia, Miocene volcanites show a
transitional character between active continental
margin and island arc type. The lower part of the
volcanic sequence contains low sulphidation meso-
and epithermal, precious and base metal deposits
controlled by deep-seated low and high-angle
structures. Mesothermal mineralization is probably
related to plate interaction.
- In northern Hungary, the North Pannonian unit can
be treated as one or two microplates in the Cenozoic.
The most probable mechanism was a combined
microplate and block rotation.
The gold and base metal mineralization of the Tokaj
Mountains is associated with submarine rift
volcanism.
- In Romania, a pluton is delineated by new
geophysical data in the Gutai Mountains and in
the Livada region and is presumed to have an
indirect relation to mineralization. A Pannonian
(10.1 -10.6 Ma) and a Pontian (< 10 Ma)
mineralization is distinguished here by new
radiometric data.
Palaeomagnetic data show separation of the north-
western and the south-eastern units of the Ignis-
Gutai Mountains. The NW unit is characterized by a
counterclockwise rotation of 30 and the SE unit by a
clockwise rotation of 60 during the Tertiary.
- In the East-Carpathian Caliman-Gurghiu-Hargita
Mountains, widespread crustal contamination, minor
crustal assimilation, and mixing between different
mantle and crustal-derived magmas are indicated by
geochemical data.
The parental melts may have been produced by
partial melting of a subduction-modified MORB or
OIB.
- In the Apuseni Mountains, the Au-Porphyry copper
and epithermal Au-Ag deposits are confined to
continental margin andesite. The porphyry
mineralization is related to composite subvolcanic
bodies, and the Au-porphyry copper to andesite-
diorite bodies with K-Na metasomatism.
- In Croatia the Alpine Middle Triassic metallogenic
cycle produced:
- magnetite skarn, pyrrhotite veins and mineralized
lenses;
- Pb-Zn sulphides in the subvolcanic spilite-
keratophyre-andesite complex;
- siderite-hematite-barite, base metals, barite,
stratiforrn manganese oxides, and cinnabar
mineralization;
- barite mineralization and stratiform gypsum-
anhydrite deposits in the Lower and Middle
Triassic.
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- In the Serbian area, the Oravita-Krepoljin and the
Bor-Srednogorje metallogenic zones, formed by
convergence of the Vardar zone and the Eurasian
plate, contain ore deposits associated with latest
Cretaceus talc-alkaline igneous rocks controlled by
lineaments along deep fractures. The Bor-
Srednogorje metallogenic zones extending into
Bulgaria and Turkey are associated with a rift
environment and are characterized by volcano-
intrusive complexes. In both metallogenic zones,
porphyry copper-molybdenite, base metal, skarn iron
oxide and epithermal gold mineralization are the
major deposit types, but the Oravita-Krepoljin
metallogenic zone also contains Sb, Sb-Sn, barite
and mercury mineralization.
The porphyry copper deposits of the Vardar zone,
which were formed after the closure of the Vardar-
Izmir-Ankara Ocean, are associated with Oligocene-
Miocene talc-alkaline complexes and have no
relation to subduction of an oceanic slab or its partial
melting.
Calc-alkaline igneous rocks resulted from partial
melting of the lowermost part of the continental crust
during Late Palaeogene-Early Neogene time along
the oceanic suture, preceded by uplifting of the
crustal parts of the suture zone owing to lateral
compression.
The Neogene Sase ore field, part of the Serbo-
Macedonian metallogenic province, is controlled by a
system of fractures and igneous bodies characterized
by skarn-hydrothermal replacement, stockwork and
hydrothermal vein mineralization.
- In the Macedonia region, the Lece-Chrdkidiki
metallogenic zone has a post-collision tectonic
setting and is related to the contact between the
Vardar and the Serbo-Macedonian tectonic unit. Ore
deposits are associated with volcano-intrusive
activity. Vein, stockwork and disseminated type
porphyry copper, base metal, antimony and arsenic
mineralization are characteristic features.
- In Greece, the Hellenic subduction zone where the
African plate subducts beneath the Anatolian-Aegean
plate controls the Neogene tectonism.
- In Albania the Alpine chromite deposits of the
western and eastern ophiolitic belts have different
mineral parageneses and physico-chemical features.
The within-plate rift-related magmatism produced
trachytes, trachyte-rhyolites, andesites, trachyte-
dacites, rhyolites and tuffites.
REE and Nb anomalies are characteristic of some
trachyte-rhyolites.
82
- In Turkey, the Anatolian plate has moved westward
along the North and East Anatolian fault zones as a
result of the Arabian and Anatolian plate collision in
the Neogene.
The Quaternary rhyolitic volcanic rocks are younger
from South to North, and they host sulphur-gold
mineralization with quartz and chalcedony. Hot
springs are still active. Alteration phases are
indicated by secondary albite, adularia, quartz,
kaolinite, illite and montmorillonite.
Meetings
- Workshop in Baia-Mare, Romania, with a field trip
to the Oas and Gutai Mountains, Romania,
21-24 October 1993.
- Annual meeting with pre- and post-meeting field
trips to Baia-Mare, Romania, 7-19 June 1994. The
meeting was organized by the Geological Institute of
Romania and Cuart S.A. Baia-Mare.
- Workshop and field trip in Ankara, Turkey,
6-16 September 1994.
Workshop and field trip in Tokaj, Hungary, 6-8
April 1994.
Workshop and field trip in Bratislava, Slovakia
25 September-2 October 1994. Bilateral co-operation
on comparative analysis of volcanism and related
metallogeny in the Carpathians and Aegean volcanic
arcs.
Workshop and field trip in Majdanpek, Serbia
28 October-2 November 1994.
Workshop and field trip in Athens, Greece,
13-20 November 1994.
Publications
- Stohl, J., Lexa, J., Kaliciak, M., Bacs, Z. 1994.
Genesis of stockwork base-metal mineralizations in
the Neogene volcanics of West Carpathians.
Mineralia Slovaca V., 26,75-117.
- The abstract volume of Baia Mare Annual Meeting
and the guidebooks of the pre- and post-meeting field
trips were compiled in 150 copies (in the category
informal publications).
Planned activities
Meetings
- The Annual Meeting of the Project will take place
from 10 to 12 September 1995, in Athens, Greece,
and will be organized together with the
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XIth Congress of the Carpatho-Balkan Geological
Association.
- Workshop in the former Yugoslav Republic of
Macedonia is planned in April 1995.
- Workshop in Albania is planned in May 1995.
Publications
- The number of submitted papers is not yet sufficient
to publish a special issue of IGCP Project 356, but
individual papers will be published in Mineralium
Deposita in 1995.
- A special issue of IGCP Project 356 containing
papers of the Annual Meeting of Baia-Mare 1994 is
planned to be published in Bucharest.
No. 357- Organics and mineral
deposits (1993-1997)
J. Paava, Czech Geological Survey, Klrov 131/3,
11800 Praha 1, Czech Republic.
Description: The correlation of existing data and new
data, generated from interdisciplinary studies covering
interactions between the biosphere and the geosphere
(organics and metals), will be used to characterize and
evaluate the different roles of organic matter played in
the formation of the industrial sedimentary, diagenetic,
metamorphic, hydrothermal, magmatogenic and
skarnaoid ore deposits, with a view to better
understanding the ore-forming processes, and to
facilitating future exploration. An improvement of
bioleaching methods, along with a positive impact on a
solution of serious environmental damage caused by
facies rich in organic matter and toxic metals, is also
expected.
Achievements in 1994
General scientific achievements
Major scientific results were achieved, in particular in
connection with the evaluation of the differing roles
played by organics in the genesis of sedimentary and
diagenetic ore deposits.
Copper deposits
Very important scientific results have been achieved in
the study of stratiform copper deposits and especially
Cu-ores of the Kupferschiefer type in Poland, which
represent one of the most important copper sources. In
order to explain the mechanism of sulphide formation,
a new model proposing alternative sources of reduced
sulphur has been suggested on the basis of the
discovery of residual sulphur-organic compounds and
gradual release of sulphur bound to organic matter. In
Chile, copper deposits were under intensive study by
Chilean and Canadian scientists. Solid bitumen (Ro=
2-4.5 per cent) has been recognized in many
epigenetic, strata-bound, disseminated, high-grade (ca,
2 per cent Cu) copper deposits which after porphry
coppers, represent the most important source of copper
production in Chile. On the basis of detailed
multidisciplinary studies, it has been suggested that
copper mineralization in some deposits exploited pre-
existing hydrocarbon (petroleum, gas) reservoirs. The
hydrocarbons physically prevented burial metamorphic
minerals from sealing the porosity, and acted
chemically as a reducing agent at the site of sulphide
precipitation.
Base-metal sulphide deposits
Carbonate-hosted Zn-Pb (MVT) ore deposits and other
carbonate-hosted deposits are probably the most well-
known and most extensively studied Zn-Pb
sedimentary deposits. No single genetic model exists
for this category of deposits, but rather a variety of
possibilities, most of which involve organic materials.
The most recent model produced by United States
IGCP Project 357 participants considers organic matter
as the key for location of MVT ores. The authors have
proposed that the ores were localized where a hot
(80-220 C) brine-bearing thiosulphate (S2O2-3) and
metals interacted with organic matter. Organic matter
reduced the thiosulphate to produce sulphide sulphur
to form galena, sphalerite, and other sulphides, and
produce -1 valent sulphur to form disulphides. The
thermal degradation of organic matter produced
organic acids and C02, which, depending on their
relative proportions, either dissolved or precipitated
carbonate minerals. In the cool waning stages of
mineralization, organic matter acted as a substrate for
bacterial metabolism of thiosulphate to produce
oxidized and reduced sulphur species along with CO2.
The study of a giant Zn-Pb carbonate hosted deposit in
Guangdong province, China, has shown that during
burial organic-rich carbonates produced a kind of
thermal oil-field brine which extracted base metals
when mixing with the hydrothermal springs in
seawater.
Uranium deposits
Significant progress has been achieved within the
Gabon-United States-Canada-France-United Kingdom
co-operative study on natural fission reactors rich in
solid bitumen in Gabon. The solid Oklo bitumens are
microporous (few tenths of in diameter) and the
bitumens are not water wet. This would make it very
difficult for aqueous solutions to reach and leach
uraninite securely enclosed in the solid bitumen, and
thereby remove uranium and fission products from the
bituminous matrix and lose them in the surrounding
rocks. More significant results on the Oklo
83
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phenomenon emerged from absorption/excretion
kinetic experiments and calculations made by United
States and Hungarian scientists. These results are
significant and hold the promise of time-tested
analogues for long-term anthropogenic nuclear waste
disposal. A similar type of research has been carried
out by Canadian scientists on the Cluff Lake uranium
deposit. A key role of organic matter in the origin of
sandstone U-deposits in the Grants Uranium Region
(New Mexico, United States) was evidenced by
detailed organic geochemical, petrographic,
mineralogical and isotope investigations by United
States IGCP Project 357 participants.
Precious metal deposits
Important data have also been compiled on the
evaluation of the role of organic matter related to gold
and platinum group elements on the example of the
Canadian, Chinese, Polish, Russian, South African
and Sierra Leone targets. Close association of platinum
group elements (PGE) and Au with organic matter is
essential for possible future recovery of these metals.
The study of oxidation zones from selected gold
deposits in China has revealed that oxidation as a
purificative agent may turn unminable ores into high-
grade accumulations, for example by the elimination of
As, S, C and other impurities and by the enlargement
of gold grains.
Organic and inorganic geochemical investigations
carried out by the Chinese IGCP Project 357 group on
three major gold-bearing formations in South China
have shown a close association between gold and
organic carbon. It was also documented that gold-
bearing hydrothermal fluids caused higher thermal
maturation of organic matter as reported, for example,
from several base metal sulphide deposits in central,
northern and eastern Canada.
Bitumens in ore exploration
Many bitumens are found in a wide range of ore
deposits. Recent studies by British IGCP Project 357
scientists have provided significant new information
on the interaction of metals and bitumens. It has been
shown that metal-hydrocarbon interactions offer
potential exploitation in the exploration for both
metals and hydrocarbons. Metal-rich organic matter
can be an indicator of metal anomalies in the
proximity of an ore deposit (e.g. Ba anomalies in
bitumens occurring 4 km from the Tynagh carbonate-
hosted base metal sulphide deposits in the Lower
Carboniferous of Ireland), even in the case of bitumen
which post-dates the main ore stage (e.g. Ballinalack
carbonate-hosted Pb-Zn deposits in Ireland). Solid
bitumens which have been precipitated with/without U
or Th minerals provide evidence for hydrocarbon
migration pathways, and may even permit dating of
84
the migration/interaction process. For example, a U-Pb
concordia plot for uraniferous carbon of the
Witwatersrand gold deposits provided an upper
intercept age of 2,267 Ma, which may reflect the
timing of hydrocarbon migration in the Witwatersrand
basin.
Experimental works
A comparison between both hydrous and confined
pyrolysis carried out by the French IGCP Project 357
group has demonstrated that the nature of the
hydrogen transfer during primary and secondary
cracking processes is crucial when investigating the
thermal maturation mechanism. Consequently, the
kinetics of organic matter maturation must take into
account the nature of the pressuring media as well as
the level of dilution of the organic effluents. Such data
are of considerable importance for the formation of ore
deposits, since such minerals as pyrite can act as
catalysts for the ionic hydrogen-transfer type.
Environmental field
Another important aspect of IGCP Project 357
activities, launched by Australian and German
scientists, is the study of the noble crap which is
represented by huge accumulations of precious and
heavy metals (ppm range) in sewage (e.g. Melbourne,
Sydney, San Francisco, Toronto, Berlin and other
cities generate sewage exceptionally rich in Au and
Pal). Some sludges possess even higher Au
concentrations (150 ppm) than ore deposits currently
being mined for gold. These anthropogenic noble
metal deposits now being formed in areas of ocean-
outfall systems may be analogous to the ancient black
shale noble metal deposits. Precipitation caused by
microbial activity, reactions with organic matter,
decreases in the ligand concentration (sulphur), and
absorption onto sulphides and organic matter are likely
to be responsible for the rapid and efficient
concentration of Au and PGE on organic sewage
particles in municipal wastewater systems.
Major publications
More than 150 scientific papers were produced in
connection with IGCP Project No. 357 activities and
were published in the form of monographs, articles in
various scientific journals and abstracts to the IGCP
Project No. 357 meetings. Selected major relevant
publications are as follows:
- Bowles, J.F.W., Gize, A. P., Vaughan, D.J. and
Norris, S.J. 1994. Development of platinum-group
minerals in laterites-initial comparison of organic
and inorganic controls. Trans. Instn. Min. Metall.
(Sect. B: Appl. earth sci.), 103:53-56.
 Optical Character Recognition (OCR) document. WARNING! Spelling errors might subsist. In order to access
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- Canfield, D.E., Thamdrup, Bo. and Hansen, Jens. W.
1993. The anaerobic degradation of organic matter in
Danish coastal sediments; iron reduction, manganese
reduction and sulphate reduction. Geochimica et
Cosmochimica Acts 57:3867-3883.
- Coleman, M.L., Henrick, D.B., Lovley, D.R., White,
D.C. and Pye, K. 1993. Reduction of Fe (III) in
sediments by sulphate-reducing bacteria. Nature 361:
436-438.
- Fan, D., Liu, T., Yang, P. and Ye, J. 1993.
Occurrence of anthraxolite spheroids in Xiantang-
type manganese carbonate deposits of south China.
In: Bitumens in ore deposits (J. Parnell, H. Kucha
and P. Landais, eds.), Springer Verlag, pp. 447-458.
- Gauthier-Lafaye, F. and Weber, F. 1993. Uranium-
hydrocarbon association in Francevillian uranium
ore deposits, Lower Proterozoic of Gabon. In:
Bitumens in Ore Deposits (J. Parnell, H. Kucha and
P. Landais eds.), Springer Verlag, pp. 276-286.
- Gize, A.P. 1993. The analysis of organic matter in
ore deposits. In: Bitumens in ore deposits (J. Parnell,
H. Kucha and P. Landais, eds.), Springer Verlag,
pp. 28-52.
- Googarzi, F., Gentzis, T., Mossman, D. and Nagy, B.
1993. Petrography and genesis of organic matter in
the palaeoproterozoic uraniferous conglomerates of
the Elliot Lake region, Ontario, Canada. Energy
Resources 15:339-357.
- Harouna, M., Disnar, J.R., Martinez, L. and
Trichet, J. 1993. Discrepancies between different
organic maturity indicators in a coal series affected
by abnormal thermal event (Visean, Niger).
Chemical Geol. 106:397-413.
- Heroux, Y. 1993. Organic matter and clay anomalies
associated with base-metal sulphide deposits: three
case-histories. Geological Society of America
Abstracts with Programs 25, A-28.
- Kesler, S.E., Jones, H. D., Furman, F. C., Sassen, R.,
Anderson, W.H. and Kyle, J.R. 1994. Role of crude
oil in the genesis of Mississippi Valley-type deposits:
Evidence from the Cincinnati arch. Geology 22:
609-612.
- Kettler, R.M. 1993. Relevance of organic species to
sediment-hosted micron gold deposits and epithermal
system. Geological Society of America Abstracts
with Programs 25, A-27.
- Krinsley, D. H., Nagy, B., Dypvik, H. and
Rigali, M.J. 1993. Microtextures in mudrocks as
revealed by backscattered electron imaging.
Precambrian Research 61:191-207.
- Kribek, B., Hrabal, J., Landais, P. and Hladikova, J.
1993. The association of poorly ordered graphite,
coke and bitumens in greenschist facies rocks of the
Ponikla Group, Lugicum, Czech Republic: the results
of graphitization of various types of carbonaceous
matter. J. Metamorphic Geol. 12:493-503.
- Kucha, H. 1993. Noble metals associated with
organic matter, Kupferschiefer, Poland. In: Bitumens
in ore deposits (J. Parnell, H. Kucha and P. Landais,
eds.), Springer Verlag, pp. 153-170.
- Landais, P. 1993. Bitumens in uranium deposits. In:
Bitumens in ore deposits (J. Parnell, H. Kucha and P.
Landais, eds.), Springer Verlag, pp. 213-238.
- Leventhal, J.S. 1993. Unanswered questions about
organic matter and ore deposits and new directions
for research. Geological Society of America
Abstracts with Programs 25, A-28.
- Liu, D., Fu, J. and Jia, R. 1993. Bitumen and
dispersed organic matter related to mineralization in
stratabound deposits, south China. In: Bitumens in
ore deposits (J. Parnell, H. Kucha and P. Landais,
eds.), Springer Verlag, pp. 171-177.
- Lottermoser, B.G. and Morteani, G. 1993. Sewage
sludges: Toxic substances, fertilizers or secondary
metal resources? Episodes 16:329-333.
- Mastalerz, M., Thomson, M. L., Stankiewicz, A.,
Bustin, R.M. and Sinclair, A.J. 1994. A geochemical
study of solid bitumen in an Eocene epithermal
deposit Owen Lake, British Columbia, Canada.
Chem. Geol. 115:249-262.
- Monson, B. 1993. Mineralogy of thoriferous bitumen
nodules, north-west Irish basin. In: Bitumens in ore
deposits (J. Parnell, H. Kucha and P. Landais, eds.),
Springer Verlag, pp. 350-361.
- Mossman, D. J., Nagy, B. and Davis, D.W. 1993.
Hydrothermal alterations of organic matter in
uranium deposits, Elliot Lake, Canada: Implications
for selected organic-rich deposits. Geochimica et
Cosmochimica Acts 57:3251-3259.
- Nagy, B., Gauthier-Lafaye, F., Holliger, P.,
Mossman, D. J., Leventhal, J.S. and Rigali, M.J.
1993. Role of organic matter in the Proterozoic Oklo
natural fission reactors, Gabon, Africa. Geology 21:
655-658.
- Niewendorp, C.A. and Clendenin, C.W. 1993.
Paragenetic link between organic matter and late-
stage ore deposition in the Sweetwater Mine,
Viburnum Trend, south-east Missouri. Econ. Geol.
88:957-960.
85
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Parnell, J., Kucha, H. and Landais, P. (eds.). 1993.
Bitumens in ore deposits. SGA special publication
No. 9, Springer-Verlag, pp. 520.
Pasava, J. 1993. Did organics play any role in the
accumulation of platinum group elements in metal-
rich black shales? Geological Society of America
Abstracts with Programs 25, A-28.
Peabody, C.E. 1993. The association of cinnabar and
bitumen in mercury deposits of the California coast
ranges. In: Bitumens in ore deposits (J. Parnell, H.
Kucha and P. Landais, eds.), Springer Verlag,
pp. 178-211.
Ravizza, G. and Esser, B.K. 1993. A possible link
between the seawater osmium isotope record and
weathering of ancient sedimentary organic matter.
Chemical Geol. 107:255-258.
Raiswell, R., Botrell, S. H., Al-Biatty, H.J. and
Tan, M.M. 1993. The influence of bottom water
oxygenation and reactive iron content on sulphur
incorporation into bitumens from Jurassic marine
shales. American Journal of Science 293:569-596.
- Sawlowicz, Z. 1993. Organic matter and its
significance for the genesis of the copper-bearing
shales (Kupferschiefer) from the Fore-Sudetic
Monocline (Poland). In: Bitumens in ore deposits
(J. Parnell, H. Kucha and P. Landais, eds.), Springer
Verlag, pp. 431-446.
- Spirakis, C.S. and Heyl, A.V. 1993. Organic matter
(bitumen and other forms) as the key to localization
of Mississippi valley-type ores. In: Bitumens in ore
deposits (J. Parnell, H. Kucha and P. Landais, eds.),
Springer Verlag, pp. 381-398.
- Turner, Ch., Fishman, N. S., Hatcher, P.G. and
Spiker, E.C. 1993. Nature and origin of organic
matter in sandstone uranium deposits, Grants
uranium region, North Mexico - key to
mineralization. Geological Society of America
Abstracts with Programs 25, A-28.
- Warren, L.A. and Zimmerman, P. 1994. The
importance of surface area in metal sorption by
oxides and organic matter in heterogeneous natural
sediments. Applied geochemistry 9:245-254.
- Wodzicki, A. and Piestrzynski, A. 1994. An ore
genetic model for the Lubin-Sieroszowice mining
district, Poland. Mineralium Deposita 29:30-43.
- Ye, L. (cd.) 1993. Biogenic mineralization (in
Chinese). Ocean Press, Beijing, pp. 303.
86
Meeting
- International meeting on the Organics and mineral
deposits held in Beijing, China, from 12 to 18
August 1994 within the framework of the
9th IAGOD Symposium. Seventeen talks and five
posters were presented.
Planned activities
An international symposium Organics and mineral
deposits will be held from 28 to 31 August 1995 in
Prague, Czech Republic, in conjunction with the Third
Biennial SGA Meeting. A special trip to Polish
Kupferschiefer will be organized by SEG.
No. 359- Correlation of Tethyan, Circum-
Pacific and marginal Gondwanan Permo-
Triassic (1993-1997)
Yin Hongfu, Paleontology Laboratory, China
University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074,
China.
J.M. Dickins, Australian Geological Survey
Organization, P.O. Box 378, Canberra, A.C.T., 2601,
Australia.
Aymon Baud, Muse Gologique, UNIL-BFSH2,
CH 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
Yang Zunyi, Dept. Geology, China University of
Geosciences, 29, Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100083,
China.
Description: The late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic
are the interval known for the integration and separa-
tion of Pangaea, the closure of the Palaeotethys and the
opening of the Mesotethys, associated with a series of
worldwide events and having resulted in the formation
of enormous reserves of energy and ore resources. The
project will pursue more reliable stratigraphic sub-
divisions and correlations on an intercontinental scale,
including the evolutionary history of major fossil
groups, their stratigraphic zonation and intercontinen-
tal correlation. On this basis, research will be carried
out to reveal biotic events such as the Permo-Triassic
and Triassic-Jurassic mass extinctions, sea-level
changes accomplished through sequential stratigraphy,
ecostratigraphy and other approaches, and
palaeogeographic, palaeoclimatic and palaeobio-
geographic events, as well as tectonic, volcanic and
possible extraterrestrial events, and different
hypotheses concerning the history of Pangaea, the
Tethys and Palaeo-Pacific will be examined with
information from interdisciplinary research.
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Achievements in 1994
General scientific achievements
In view of the main objectives proposed by this project,
our recent efforts have been concentrated on two tasks:
research on boundaries and zonations of Permian and
Triassic systems, series and stages which are the
premises for regional stratigraphy, and the plotting of
integrative regional stratigraphic charts which are the
basis for interregional correlation.
(1) Progress achieved by project members on
boundaries and zonations of Permian and Triassic
systems, series and stages.
The Permian-Triassic Boundary Working Group
(chaired by H.F.Yin and Y. Zakharov) proposed four
candidates for the stratotype of this boundary during
the 1993 meeting. In the past year, intensive work has
been carried out in three of the candidate sections (Yin
et al. in co-operation with Hallam et al. and Hansen, Li
et al., Wang, Geldsetzer and Shen, Orchard). Work on
the fourth section (Guryul Ravine) was prevented by
the unstable situation in Kaslumire. In addition, work
was also carried out by members in such important
areas as Arctic Canada (Henderson, Baud et al.) and
Iran (Golshani et al.). The results were reported in
some ten papers preserved at the two 1994 meetings of
this project. A review was conducted at the workshops
held at the two meetings. The sections favoured were
Meishan (22), Guryul (l), Meishan (4) and Guryul (3)
respectively, whereas the sections of Shangsi and
Selong received no support. A distinct tendency is to
apply conodont (Hindeodus parvus) instead of
ammonite (Otoceras) as the index of the Permian-
Triassic Boundary. A workshop on the definition and
lineage of H. parvus took place at the Guiyang
meeting, chaired by Yin. The majority of participants
appeared to be agreed on the nomenclature and
definition (sixmembrante apparatus) of this species,
and a lineage was suggested (latidentatus-parvus-
isacica). During the Permian meeting (28-31 August,
Guiyang), Professor Remane, Chairman of the
International Commission on Stratigraphy, gave a very
positive evaluation on the progress of P/T boundary
research.
In previous years, the P/T boundary and the
Asselian-Sakmarian-Artinskian boundaries were
almost fixed, and a Chihsian or Cathedralian boundary
was proposed for the post-Artinskian, pre-
Guadalupian. This year, B. Glenister reiterated his
proposal on Guadalupian as a series. The discovery of
a relatively complete Maokouan-Wujiapingian
conodont sequence makes it possible to establish
connections between Guadalupian and Lopingian. On
this basis, Y.G. Jin (Chairman of the Subcommission
on Permian Stratigraphy) et al. proposed a fourfold
subdivision of the Permian system and its stage
scheme, which attracted widespread attention.
However, the idea of a threefold subdivision still
persists (Yang, Ueno on Shallow Tethys meeting,
1994).
M. Gaetani (Chairman of the Anisian-Ladinian
Boundary Working Group) reported on the positive
results of the A/L boundary field workshop (1993). He
and his colleagues (Black, Rieber, Muttoni, Voros et
al.) set out suggestions for the candidates for the
Olenekian-Anisian boundary (Chios, Dobrudgea?) and
Anisian-Ladinian boundary (Bogolino, Felsoors).
Somerset in the United Kingdom was proposed as the
Triassic-Jurassic boundary candidate by G. Warringon
(Chairman of the T/J Boundary Working Group).
Y. Zakharov presented the Induan-Olenekian boundary
in the Tethys and Boreal realms.
In summary, 1993-1994 was a productive year for
progress on research into the Permian and Triassic
boundaries.
(2) Progress achieved by project members on
regional stratigraphical charts of the Permian and
Triassic.
After the 1993 workshop meeting (Calgary), a
panel was formed to establish an integrative
stratigraphical chart of the Permian and Triassic of
different regions within the Tethys, Circum-Pacific
and marginal Gondwana. In the book Zonal
subdivision and interregional correlations of
Palaeozoic and Mesozoic of Russia and adjacent
territories (1994), G. Kotlyar and V.A. Gavlirova
performed a major role in compiling the parts of the
marine Permian and Triassic. G. Stanley and
G. Kotlyar presented preliminary regional
stratigraphical correlation charts for the Permian -
Triassic of North American terranes and the Permian
of Russia respectively. Y. Ezaki (the Leader of the
Japanese group) showed the preparatory scheme of
deep-sea radiolarian zonation of the Permian-Triassic
and its correlation with shallow sea biozonation based
on Japanese data, which offers potential for
development in a very important area. Australian,
Turkish, Iranian, Indian, Vietnamese and New
Zealand colleagues have been organized into a team
for plotting the charts of marginal Gondwana regions.
In order to co-ordinate the form of the charts, H.F. Yin
presented at the workshop meetings the regional
stratigraphical charts of the Triassic of south China,
which consist of five charts (chrono-, magneto-, bio-,
evento- and sequence stratigraphy) and an explanatory
text with interregional correlation, which will be
distributed as an example to all panel members.
(3) With the compilation of the data it is gradually
becoming clear that the Permian-Triassic is a geologic
interval indicative of intensive global change. The
changes on the surface of the earth were related to the
87
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formation and break-up of Pangea which caused semi-
synchronous worldwide regression and transgression,
transformation of geophysical regimes, continental
volcanism, glaciation and deglaciation, oceanographic
anomalies and mass extinction, possibly also
strengthened by extraterrestrial impact. This global
change represented an ipisodlc phase in the earths
evolution, and should have deep-rooted causes in the
earths mantle and core and the evolution of the
cosmos. This subject will be pursued after completion
of the Permian and Triassic stratigraphical subdivision
and correlation.
Meetings
- An International Symposium on Permian
Stratigraphy, Environments and Resources (Guiyang,
China, 28-31 August), co-sponsored by IGCP
Projects 359 and 306, and the Pangea Project of
GSGP. An excursion was arranged before the
Symposium to the Permian-Triassic Boundary of
Meishan, Hushan (21-24 August) and Shangsi
(25-27 August); while on excursion after the
Symposium they visited the Permian sequences in
Guizhou, Guangxi and northern Tianshan. Eighty
participants from 12 countries attended this meeting
and 84 papers were presented for oral and poster
sessions. A workshop on the project (33 participants)
and another affiliated workshop on the index
conodont (Hindeodus parvus) of the Permian-
Triassic boundary (11 participants) were also held.
- Fourth International Symposium on shallow Tethys
in association with this project. P/T Boundary
Working Group and Subcommission on Triassic
Stratigraphy (Albrechtsberg, Austria, from 8 to 11
September). Pre-excursions 1. Salzburg-Tirol and
2. Southern Alps; post-excursion: Northern
Calcareous Alps, with emphasis being laid on the
late Permian, Triassic and Cretaceus. Seventy-seven
participants from 15 countries attended this meeting
and 61 papers were presented, 33 of which dealt with
the Permian and Triassic. A workshop
(27 participants) and a special plenary session of
IGCP Project 359 were also held.
- A workshop was held during the 9th International
Gondwana Symposium (January 1994, Hyderabad,
India). Nine members participated, chaired by
Dr Dickens. This workshop emphasized the Late
Palaeozoic-Early Mesozoic correlation of the
northern margin of Gondwana with other parts of the
world. More effective participation of India and
Argentina was discussed.
- A workshop of the Chinese Group was held in
Beijing in April, which was attended by
11 participants. The meeting presented new
contributions produced by members, and discussed
preparations for the Permian meeting (1994) as well
as a special session at the 30th IGC (1996), along
88
with their field excursions, and a possible
international meeting in 1997.
Publications
- Nine books, about 50 papers and some 120 abstracts.
Newsletters Nos. 1-5 were distributed among
members and published (condensed) in Albertiana
and Permophiles.
- Erwin, D.H. 1993. The great Paleozoic crisis: life
and death in the Permian. Columbia Univ. Press,
New York, 327 pp.
- Guex, J. and Baud, A. (eds.). 1994. Recent
developments on Triassic stratigraphy: Proceedings
of the Triassic Symposium, Lausanne (1991).
Memoires de Geologie (Lausanne), No. 22. 182 pp.,
10 pls.
- Jiang, N.Y. et al. 1994. Permian palaeogeography
and geochemical environment in Lower Yangze
region, China. Petroleum Industry Press, Beijing.
206 pp., 8 pls. (in both Chinese and English).
- Jin, Y.G. (cd.). 1994. Abstract volume of the
International Symposium on Permian Stratigraphy,
Environments and Resources. 53 pp.
- Jin, Y. G., Utting, J. and Wardlaw, R. (eds.), 1994.
Permian stratigraphy, environments and resources,
Vol. 1, Palaeotology and Stratigraphy. Palaeoworld,
No. 4 (special issue). 262 pp., 9 pls.
- Kristan-Atollmann, E. (ed.), 1994. Abstract volume
of the fourth International Symposium on Shallow
Tethys, 64 pp.
- Lucas, S.G. and Morales, M. (eds.), 1993. The non-
marine Triassic. New Mexico Mus. Nat. Hist. Sci.
Bull., No. 3 (special issue), 478 pp.
- Yin, H.F., Yang, F.Q., Huang, Q. S., Yang, H. S., Lai,
X.L., 1993. The Triassic of Qinling Mountains and
neighboring areas. China Univ. Geosciences Press,
Wuhan, 211 pp., 20 pls. (in Chinese with English
summary).
Twenty-five countries participated in the project:
Australia, Austria, Canada, China, France, Germany,
Hungary, India, Iran, Israel, Italy, Japan, Jordan, New
Zealand, Poland, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain,
Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom, United States,
Viet Nam and Yugoslavia.
Activities planned
General goals
- The boundaries of Permian and Triassic systems,
series and stages.
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- The integrative regional stratigraphical charts.
- The global changes during the Permian-Triassic,
with the prospect that they have deep-rooted common
causes and semi-synchronous interactions, but
different threshold values and timings of execution.
Meetings
International Symposium on Geology of South-East
Asia and Adjacent Areas - a joint meeting of IGCP
Projects 306, 321 and 359, 1-3 November 1995,
Hanoi, Viet Nam.
Field excursion on outcrops of the Permian-Triassic
and Carboniferous-Permian sequences on the
Anatolian Platform (Hadim Nappe) in the western
Taurus Mountain Belt. This is in association with the
6th International Symposium on Fossil Algae and
Carbonate (18-22 September 1995), 24-27 September
1995, Ankara, Turkey.
The International Congress on Triassic
Biostratigraphy, co-sponsored by Queensland
University of Technology, IGCP Project 359 and the
Gondwana Subcommission, 9-12 April 1996,
Brisbane, Australia.
Symposium on the Permian-Triassic Boundary and
Global Triassic correlations in marine and non-
marine environments - 30th IGC, 1. Stratigraphy,
Symposium 1.7 - together with an excursion to
Permian-Triassic sections in Changxing and Hushan,
4-14 August 1996, Beijing, China.
Proposed major publications
Baud, A., Zakharov, Y., Dickins, J.M. (eds.), Late
Paleozoic and Early Mesozoic Circum-Pacific bio-,
geological events, a symposium of the International
Field Conference on Permian-Triassic Bio-
stratigraphy and Tectonics in Vladivostok. Papers
have been collated and are now being edited.
Dickins, J. M., Yang, Z.Y., Yin, H.F., Late
Paleozoic and Early Mesozoic Circum-Pacific
events and their global correlation. Manuscripts of
25 papers have been submitted to Cambridge
University Press for publication.
Beauchamp, B. and Embry, A. (eds.), 1993.
Programme and abstracts of Pangea Symposium,
Carboniferous to Jurassic, 361 pp. including
30 abstracts from IGCP Project 359 members.
Jin, Y.G. et al., Proceedings of the International
Permian Symposium. Papers being collated.
Kristan-Tollmann, E., Proceedings of the Shallow
Tethys 4. Papers being collated.
- Yin, H.F. et al., Upper Permian to Middle Triassic
ecostratigraphy and sequence stratigraphy of
Yangtze Platform and its margins (in Chinese with
English summary). This has been submitted to the
Science Press, Beijing, and will be published in
1995.
- Yin, H.F., Triassic of East Asia (in Chinese). The
first proof of this book is now being read by the
author. It will be published in 1995.
No. 360- Global geochemicnl baselines -
International geochemical mapping,
Phase 2 (1993-1997)
A.G. Darnley, Geological Survey of Canada,
601 Booth Street, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0E8, Canada.
J.A. Plant, British Geological Survey, Keyworth,
Nottingham NG12 5GG, United Kingdom.
A. J. Bjorklund, Geology Department, Abo Akademi,
SF 20500 Abe, Finland.
M. Tauchid, International Atomic Energy Agency,
P.O. Box 100, Vienna International Centre, A-1400
Vienna, Austria.
Description: Global Geochemical Baselines is Phase 2
of the International Geochemical Mapping Project
IGCP 259 which terminated in 1992. The project is
designed to lay the foundations for a global
gcochemical reference network required for the
acquisition of consistent, quantitative, baseline data
and the compilation of internationally compatible
surficial geochemical maps and eventually, a world
geochemical atlas. Systematic geochemical maps are of
vital importance in assessing global change in the
environment as they provide baseline data which can
be used to recognize and monitor chemical changes in
the earths surface. Furthermore, geochemical data are
of prime importance to the economy, health studies,
environmental and geological investigations.
The authors of the final IGCP Project 259 report
identified the following basic requirements as
prerequisites for a global geochemical data base of
permanent value:
(i) commonly available representative sample
media, to be collected in a standardized fashion;
(ii) continuity of data across different types of
landscape;
(iii) adequate quantities of the designated sample
media necessary for future reference and research
requirements;
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(iv) analytical data to be obtained for all elements
of environmental or economic significance;
(v) the lowest possible detection limits for all
elements;
(vi) determination of the total amount of each
element present;
(vii) tight quality control at every stage of the
process.
Achievements in 1993-1994
General
During Phase 1 of the project an inventory was made
of existing geochemical map data and methods; the
great diversity, inconsistency and incompleteness of
existing data bases were confirmed; research was
conducted to seek practical solutions to long-standing
problems (for example, level differences between
adjacent blocks of data); and geochemical map
compilations were made for some large regions of the
world to demonstrate the unexpected features that are
present. As a result of an extended review over a
30-month period, agreement was reached as to
methods which should be followed to obtain a
systematic global geochemical data base. A
comprehensive report entitled A global geochemical
data base for environmental and resource
management, concerning detailed recommendations
for international geochemical mapping, was completed
and externally reviewed and will be published in late
1994.
Demonstration projects which follow the
recommendations of the IGCP Project 259 report are
currently being initiated. Collection of wide-spaced
reference materials has already begun in China and
Canada and discussions are under way for similar
projects in Russia and Western Europe.
Meetings
A workshop entitled Systematic geochemical mapping
in southern Africa, was held in Harare, Zimbabwe, in
February 1993. It was organized on behalf of IGCP by
the Geological Survey of Zimbabwe, with financial
support from the Geological Survey of South Africa
the British Geological Survey and the Geological
Survey of Canada. The workshop was attended by 33
scientists, including a number of geological survey
senior officials, from ten countries in southern and east
Africa. Eighteen papers were presented and discussed
during the first two days. These included a review of
applications and methods, and reports on the status of
geochemical mapping in Botswana, Ethiopia,
Mozambique, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania and
Zimbabwe. The workshop concluded with a one-day
90
local field trip. This meeting provided an excellent
opportunity to present the recommendations contained
in the report to an audience mostly already aware of
the usefulness of geochemical surveys and therefore
primarily concerned with receiving explicit field
instructions and information on how new activities
could be financed.
Two IGCP Project 360 meetings were held in 1993,
one embracing all aspects of geochemical mapping,
and one concerned specifically with the radioactive
elements.
Two sessions at the 16th International Geochemical
Exploration Symposium in Beijing, September 1993,
were devoted to international geochemical mapping
and its end-product, a global geochemical data base.
Sixteen papers were presented, and additional papers
pertinent to the project were given in other sessions.
Prior to the opening of the symposium there was a
workshop on the IGM project, on 1 September,
attended by 30 people from 12 countries where plans
for IGCP Project 360 were discussed. During 1993, a
number of important studies relating to the utility of
wide-spaced sampling for area and transect
reconnaissance, have been completed in Canada (by
Garrett and Fortescue), Fennoscandia (Bjorklund,
Eden, Salminen and Gustavsson) and China (Xie et
al.). Papers based on much of this work were presented
at the Beijing Symposium.
Twelve papers relating to International
Geochemical Mapping were presented at a meeting
sponsored by the International Atomic Energy Agency
(IAEA) on the use of uranium exploration data and
methods in environmental studies, held in Vienna in
November 1993. Three of the papers include reports on
field work in Malaysia, Portugal and Slovenia
sponsored by IAEA, in part to support the ongoing
objectives of IGCP Project 259/360. The meeting was
organized by Mohamad Tauchid, Chairman of the
projects Radiometric Committee. Forty people from
23 countries attended. It should be noted that IAEA is
the only international organization which has a
mandate enabling it to assist and encourage global
geochemical data collection, but unfortunately this
mandate is restricted to the radioactive elements.
Publications
The major publication of the period 1993-1994 is the
final IGCP Project 259 report: Darnley, A.G. et al.
1994 (in press). A global geochemical data base for
environmental and resource management: recommen-
dations for international geochemical mapping,
UNESCO, Paris. The report provides the fundamental
basis on which the global geochemical baselines
project and global geochemical mapping will be
carried out.
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Other significant publications released in 1993-
1994 include:
- a second special volume of the Journal of
Geochemical Exploration (v. 49) dedicated to
International Geochemical Mapping (IGM), with a
selection of papers originally presented at meetings
in 1991 (Uppsala) and 1992 (Reston) was published
in December 1993 (ten papers, edited by
P.H. Davenport);
-32 abstracts pertaining to IGCP Projects 259/360
were published for the 16th IGES in Beijing,
September 1993, and the IAEA meeting in Vienna;
- papers from the IGM sessions at these meetings have
also appeared in other issues of the Journal of
Geochemical Exploration (volume 51 for example)
and other journals such as Applied Geochemistry
(three papers in Supplementary Issue 2, January
1993);
- major atlases published in 1993-1994 including the
British Geological Surveys Regional Geochemical
Atlas of Southern Scotland and the Geological
Survey of Canadas Digital Geochemical Atlas of
Newfoundland. The publication of the 1:4 million
scale Geochemical Atlas of Finland by the
Geological Survey of that country provided an
excellent demonstration of the unexpected
revelations provided by new data. Several reports
demonstrating the uses of wide-spaced sampling
techniques have been prepared by the Geological
Survey of Canada and Finland.
Activities planned
General goals
(1) Distribute and publicize the Global
Geochemical Data Base report. (In order to establish
adequate Global Geochemical Baselines it will be
necessary for government and international agencies to
accept the need for standardized, systematic
geochemical mapping).
(2) Commence pilot projects to demonstrate the
recommended methods.
(a) Institute of Geochemistry, Irkutsk, and
Geochemistry Research Bureau, Ulan Bator, to collect
designated reference materials along the 105 E
transect in Russia and Mongolia. Extend transect
southwards across China at a later date.
(b) Extension of existing wide-spaced sampling in
the Canadian prairies and in China. To be co-
ordinated by the Geological Survey of Canada and the
Institute of Geophysics and Geochemical Research,
China, respectively.
(c) Formalize plans for wide-spaced geochemical
sampling transect(s) linking Fennoscandia, Central
Europe, and Western Russia. (along 30 E and 50N).
Progress will be subject to the availability of funding;
various organizations are being approached.
(3) To encourage establishment of Regional
Committees for Geochemical Mapping; endeavour to
obtain more active involvement from developing
countries.
Meetings
(1) Workshop and field trip relating to
geochemical mapping in tropical landscapes, in
conjunction with the International Geochemical
Exploration Symposium, Townsville, Queensland,
Australia, 15-19 May 1995.
(2) Workshop and field trip in conjunction with
the Geological Society of Africa meeting on geology
for development within a sustainable environment,
Nairobi, Kenya, 9-13 October 1995.
No. 361- East Asia activated zones
R. Barsbold, Geological Institute, Ulan Bator-51,
Mongolia.
O. Gerel, Department of Geology, Mongolian
Technical University, Ulan Bator, P.O. Box 46,
Mongolia.
Description: The project intends to co-ordinate the
different data (structural, petrographic, geochemical,
isotopic, etc.) obtained on tectonics, magmatism and
metallogeny of Mesozoic activated structures in East
Asia for the purpose of establishing the tectonic and
magmatic evolution in time and space. All these data
would be interpreted within the plate-tectonic
framework. The correlation schemes of Mesozoic
granitic magmatism, the types of granitoids with
different metallogenic profiles, and general models of
magmatic evolution and ore genesis will be produced
on the basis of plate-tectonics concepts using new
stratigraphic data.
Results will include the elaboration of schemes of
structural evolution of activation zones and will
provide knowledge about the regularity of main ore
belts and provinces in groups of activated structures in
East Asia. This has a great importance for prognoses
of ore deposits, developed within the time of the main
activated stages.
Achievements in 1994
Workshop at Beijing, China, during the 9th IAGOD
Symposium (12-18 August 1994). Participants from
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nine countries: China, Czech Republic, Germany,
Japan, Mongolia, Russia, South Korea, Thailand and
Ukraine.
Publications
Geotectonica et Metallogenia, Special volume of
Papers and Abstracts: IAGOD/CTOD Working Group
4 in co-operation with IGCP Project 361, Vol. 18, Nos.
1-2, 1994, 88 pp.
Participating countries (* indicates the countries
active in 1994): China*, Czech Republic*, Germany*,
India, Japan*, Mongolia*, Republic of Korea, Russia*,
Thailand, Ukraine*and the United Kingdom.
Planned activities
Meetings
(a) The third meeting of the project will be held in
Blagoveshchensk, on 15-17 August, with field work
from 17 to 23 August.
(b) Field meeting in Transbaikalia, from 1 to
15 August, in co-peration with the Working Group on
Tin and Tungsten Deposits (WGTT) and IGCP Project
373.
(c) Field trip in Central Mongolia: Mo-Cu-
porphyry and Khentei gold deposits, from 1 to 20 July.
Proposed major publications (including maps)
- Regional ore systems of Central Asia. The second
volume of the series Regional geological system of
Central Asia.
- Tectonics, Magmatism and Metallogeny of Activated
Zones of East Asia.
No. 362 - Tethyan and Boreal Cretaceus
(1993-1997)
J. Michalk, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Geological
Institute, Dbravsk cesta 9, 81473 Bratislava,
Slovakia.
H. Leereveld, Laboratory of Palaeobotany and
Palynology, Heidelberglaan 2, 3584 CS Utrecht,
Netherlands.
Description: The priority targets of IGCP Project 362
are: development of a powerful chronostratigraphic
tool by identifying the nature and aptitude of
worldwide Cretaceus events; documentation of
processes playing a major role in the coupled nature of
the palaeo-oceanographic systems; and modelling of
global palaeoclimatic and palaeoenvironmental
92
changes (e.g. establishment of a model for the
relationships of the middle Cretaceus greenhouse
state of the Earth, third-order sea-level fluctuations
and widespread occurrences of anoxia based on
correlation of coeval events in Italy, France, Spain and
Slovakia).
The project is aimed at following the relationships
between geological processes, palaeoclimate,
environmental changes, ocean evolution, as well as
evolution of biota during the Cretaceus period, when
latitudinal climatic belts in the Earth were particularly
differentiated. The evolution of climate during the
Cretaceus period, which started 150 million years ago
and ended with mass faunal extinction 60 million
years ago, peaked in several greenhouse events. The
results obtained by geological methods can elucidate
rapid and sudden global fluctuations in the
atmospheric CO2content, average annual temperatures
and sea-level highs in the Cretaceus sedimentary
record. The area studied comprises countries of the
former Mediterranean area which belonged to the
tropical Tethyan Ocean. The Cretaceus sequences in
this region will be compared with those in north-
western and north-eastern European countries, lying at
the bottom of the former epicontinental (Boreal) seas.
A Cretaceus correlation scheme applicable in both
the Tethyan and Boreal Provinces will be summarized
through the use of data obtained by different
specializations (biostratigraphy, magnetostratigraphy,
cyclostratigraphy and sequence stratigraphy, study of
eustatic sea-level changes, sedimentary and
geochemical changes of sediment composition, etc.).
Achievements in 1994
Scientific achievements
Application of the theory of third-order global sea-
level fluctuations on Cretaceus sections in Poland,
Slovakia, Romania and the Czech Republic, and their
correlation with ammonite-controlled sections of Spain
and France.
Characterization of Cretaceus stages by means of
integrated Tethyan stratigraphical data (e.g.
magnetostratigraphy, paleontology, sequence
stratigraphy). Magnetostratigraphic correlation of
Cretaceus sections in Czech Republic, Slovakia,
Spain and the United Kingdom. Agreement on the
lower Cretaceus ammonite zonal concept. Direct
correlation of the lowermost Cretaceus sequences in
Germany and the United Kingdom (Boreal Realm)
with the Tethyan ammonite standard zones.
Meetings
-25-30 March: Working meeting for applying
sequence stratigraphy in southern Polish sections,
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attended by 30 scientists from two countries
(Netherlands and Poland) in Cracow (Poland).
-3-9 October: Annual Assembly in Smolenice
(Slovakia), attended by 43 scientists from
11 countries.
Over 200 scientists from 36 countries registered for
active participation in the project
Publications
- Erba, E. 1994. Nannofossils and superplumes: the
Early Aptian nannoconid crisis. Palaeo-
oceanography 9, 3.483-501.
- Michalk, J. and Rehkov, D. (eds.). (1994):
Abstract Book of the Annual TBC Assembly in
Slovakia (1994), containing 46 papers on 139 pages.
- Michalk, J. and Rehov, D. 1994. (eds.). (1994):
Excursion Guide of the Annual TBC Assembly in
Slovakia (1994), 81 pp.
- Michalk, J. and Rehkov, D. and Sotk, J. (eds.).
1994. Environments and seeting of the
Jurassic/Lower Cretaceus succession in the Tatric
area, MaL Karpaty Mts. Geologica Carpathica 45, 1.
45-56.
- Rehkov, D. and Michalk, J. 1994. Abundance and
distribution of Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceus
microplankton in Western Carpathians. Geobios 27,
2.135-156.
- Va~ek, Z. and Michalk, J. and Rehkov, D.
(1994). Early Cretaceus stratigraphy, palaeo-
geography and life in Western Carpathians.
Beringeria 10, 1-170.
Activities planned
- Workshop within the EUG 8, XII: The
Mediterranean puzzle 2: Tethys heritage in the
Mediterranean region, Strasbourg, France, from
9 to 13 April 1995.
- Working group meeting including an excursion in
Lhasa, Tibet, from 31 May to 15 June 1995.
- Annual Assembly in conjunction with the Meeting
on Cretaceus Stage Boundaries of the SCS,
Brussels, from 6 to 14 September 1995.
No. 367- Late Quaternary coastal
records of rapid change (1994-1998)
D.B. Scott, Centre for Marine Geology, Dalhousi
University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 3J5, Canada
Description: This project was derived from several
previous IGCP Projects (61, 200, 274) that were highly
successful in the fields of detecting sea-level changes,
global sea-level curves, and coastal evolution. IGCP
Project 367 seeks to use the information obtained in
these earlier projects to focus on rapid events that
occur in coastal zones, for example earthquakes,
tsunamis, storms, rapid climatic events. The aim is to
look at certain events in high resolution to determine
the exact nature of the deposit and determine if these
events leave signatures that we can see in other
records. Also of interest is being able to forecast into
the future what might happen, i.e. determine
periodicity of these events. This has already been
attempted on the west coast of the United States in the
prediction of major earthquakes every 800 years or so.
Achievements in 1994
This project, although only in its first year, has
attracted a very wide range of scientists worldwide,
including palaeontologists, geomorphologists, marine
geologists, geographers, modellers, remote sensing
specialists, seismologists, and many more. The
strength of the project is its diversity and the fact that
anyone in any country can find a rapid event in the
Holocene that is relevant to the overall goals of this
project. We hope that by the end of the project we will
be able to fit the diverse range of rapid coastal events
into a framework that makes some global comparisons
possible.
Meetings
First meeting was held in Scotland (13-20 September)
with 50 participants from 23 countries. We were able
to see many of the classic Holocene shorelines and the
Loch Lomond ice centre. In this meeting, we also set
up several working groups:
(1) seismic events and tsunamis;
(2) tidal amplitude changes;
(3) storm surge history;
(4) rapid sea-level change and response;
(5) changes in sedimentation rate and response;
(6) new high resolution geochronological
techniques,
93
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Publications
- Clague, J.J. and Bobrowsky, P. T., 1994. Evidence for
a large earthquake and tsunami 100-400 years ago on
western Vancouver Island, British Columbia,
Quaternary Research, 41:176-184.
- Ota, Y. (cd.), 1994. Study on coral reef terraces of
the Huon Peninsula Papua New Guinea. A
preliminary report on project 04041048, supported
by Mobusho International Research Program, Dep. of
Geography, Yokohama National University, Japan,
171 pp. plus appendices.
- Scott, D. B., Gayes, P.T., Collins, E. S., 1995. Mid-
Holocene precedent for a future rise in sea level
along the Atlantic Coast of North America. Journal
of Coastal Research, 11(2).
- Sherman, I. (cd.), 1994. IGCP Project 367, Late
Quaternary Coastal Records of Rapid Change, Field
Guide, First International Symposium and Field
Excursion, Dunblane and Fort William, Scotland,
United Kingdom. 13-20 September 1994,
Environmental Research Centre, Univ. of Durham,
Durham, United Kingdom. Research Publication 1,
1994.
- Stiros, S. C., Phazzoli, P. A., Laborel, J., Labonel-
Dequen, 1994. The 1953 earthquake in Cephalonia
(Western Helenic Arc): coastal uplift and
halotectonic faulting. Geophysical Journal
International, 117:834-849.
- Woodroffe, C., 1994. Sea level. Progress in Physical
Geography, 18(3):436-451.
- Vidal, J.R., Olmo, F.D. del, Finlayson, C. and
Pacheco, F.G. (eds.), 1994. Gibraltar during the
Quaternary. Asociacion Espaola para el Estudio del
Cuaternario (AEQUA), Monogarfias 2, Gibraltar
Museum, Printed in Spain, 150 pp.
- Pirazzoli, P. A., Stiros, S.C., Arnold, M., Labord, J.,
Laborel-Dequen, F., Papageorgiou, 1994. Episodic
uplift deduced from Holocene shorelines in the
Perachora Peninsula, Corinth area, Greece
Tectonophysics, 229:201-209.
No. 369- Peritethyan rift basins (1994-1998)
W. Cavazza, Dept. of Mineralogical Sciences,
University of Bologna, Piazza de Porta San Donato 1,
40126 Bologna Italy.
A. Robertson, Dept. of Geology and Geophysics,
University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh
EH9 3JW, United Kingdom.
94
P. Ziegler, Geological-Palaeontological Institute,
University of Basel, Bemoullistrasse 32, 4056 Basel,
Switzerland.
Description: The objective of the project is
the integrated structural/stratigraphic/sedimentologic
study of the evolution of the peritethyan rift/wrench
basins. We also include selected aspects of the
intervening erogenic regions in relation to peritethyan
development. The area considered goes west to east
from the eastern shores of the Atlantic Ocean to the
Ural mountains and the Indus River, and north to
south from the Baltic shield to equatorial Africa. The
time frame is from the Moscovian to the Holocene.
A heterogeneous array of data on peritethyan rift-
wrench basins is currently available. These data have
been gathered by universities, oil companies,
geological surveys and other research institutions in
several countries using different procedures and
standards. The project aims at the standardization of
existing and new data in order to facilitate comparison
among the various rift basins studied.
Among the expected main outcomes of this IGCP
project there will be the creation of a data base
summarizing the principal characteristics of the
sedimentary basins studied. The data base will have
the form of a colour atlas and will include maps, cross-
sections, stratigraphic diagrams, subsidence curves,
graphs, tables, references and short explanatory notes.
The main characteristic of the atlas will be to present
the data pertaining to all the different rift basins
studied in the same simple format, in order to promote
analysis and comparison.
Achievements in 1994
Meetings
The organizational meeting was held at the University
of Bologna (Italy) on 7-9 September 1994. The
meeting was devoted to (1) a review of the present
state of the scientific knowledge in the fields of
peritethyan rift-basin analysis and rift-related
processes, and (2) to devise an agreed programme of
interdisciplinary co-operative research. Sixty-seven
scientists from 17 countries participated in the meeting
and the field trip. Sixteen scientific papers were
presented, providing the participants with a review of
the current knowledge in the field of rift-basin studies;
oral communications included both regional geological
overviews and syntheses of basin-analysis techniques.
The meeting also included a field trip to the
Valdarno basin, a small late Neogene-Quaternary half-
graben in the northern Apennines. The basin fill is
composed of fluvio-lacustrine deposits rich in well
preserved vertebrate fauna. The field trip was led by
Mario Sagri and Ernesto Abbate of the University of
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Florence. A guidebook, also including the abstracts of
the meeting, was published.
Collaboration and interchange of data and
interpretation will take place with the sister IGCP
Project 343 (Stratigraphic correlation of peritethyan
epicratonic basins) and the parent peritethyan
programme (led by Jean Dercourt and Maurizio
Gaetani), whose goal is the drafting of a series of
palaeogeographic-palaeoenvironmental maps of the
peritethyan region covering the last 300 Ma.
Nevertheless, IGCP Project 369 will focus on rift
related-processes as an important topic in its own
right.
Following the advice of a member of the IGCP
Scientific Board, we incorporated in the structure of
IGCP Project 369 the proposal Rifting events in
Europe, which was originally presented to the Board
by I. Bilik (Budapest). Professor Bilik was invited to
the Bologna meeting and agreed to merge his proposal
with IGCP Project 369 (see list of working groups).
IGCP Project 369 has also established links with
Project Pangea and EUROPROBE. These links involve
the free exchange of information and mutual
participation in meetings and workshops.
Activities planned
The following activities are planned:
- definition of requirements and standards for the
uniform drafting of maps, cross-sections,
stratigraphic charts, graphs and tables;
- selection and acquisition of software for the
calculation of subsidence curves, to be used
uniformly by all participating research groups;
- development of the framework for the data base on
peritethyan rift basins.
The 1995 annual meeting of IGCP Project 369 will
take place in Bucharest from 28 September to
4 October. The meeting will include scientific and
organizational sessions (28-30 September) and a three-
day-long field trip to central and northern Dobrogea
focusing on the evolution of superposed Paleozoic and
Mesozoic rift basins, the products of the Cimmerian
deformation, and also transcrustal strike-slip tectonism
in the Carpathian foreland. The meeting will be
organized by Eugen Gradinaru (Bucharest) and
Professor Mircea Sandulescu, President of the National
Committee of Romanian Geologists of the Romanian
Academy. At least three other meetings are being
planned in Budapest, Rabat and the Crimea.
No. 371- North Atlantic Precambrian
(COPENA) (1994-1998)
R. Gorbatschev, Institute of Geology, Department of
Mineralogy and Petrology, Slvegatan 13, S-22362
Lund, Sweden.
Description: The project aims to compare the
development of the Precambrian cratons and crustal
segments in the North Atlantic region. The emphasis
is on trans-Atlantic correlation of the Precambrian in
regard to similarities/differences in the nature and
timing of crust development, the issue of Precambrian
supercontinents. These studies will be supported by
continued work on the internal age-province structure,
particularly of the European Precambrian cratons to
improve the basis of correlation. It is intended also to
test palaeomagnetically indicated liaisons between the
Precambrian of Baltica, Laurentia and the northern
part of South America.
This project is a successor to the IGCP project
Deep Geology of the Baltic Shield. There will be
interaction with the Lithoprobe programme in
Canada and the Europrobe programme in Europe.
Potential partners for co-operation and exchange of
information are IGCP Projects 290 Anorthosites, 304
Continental Lower Crust, 315 Rapakivi Granites
and 336 Intraplate Magmatism and Metallogeny.
Achievements in 1994
Meetings
The inaugural and simultaneously also first general
annual meeting of the project was held in Nottingham,
England, United Kingdom from 13 to 17 September
1994, but even before that the new project engaged in a
variety of international workshops and planning
sessions, particularly to develop future co-operative
geological-geophysical studies. At present,
18 countries are participating, but that number is
expected to increase to above 20 as the project
develops its activities in 1995.
An important function of the Nottingham meeting
was the planning and elaboration of the future
thematic task-group structure of IGCP Project 371,
which will form the basis of the projects activity in the
numerous regions and fields of knowledge relevant to
an integrated view of the Precambrian in a vast area
extending from the Rockies in the west to the Urals in
the east, with implications for correlation also with
other, presently more distant ancient cratons.
Another meeting very important for future
correlation in the whole North Atlantic realm was held
with some IGCP Project 371 funding sponsorship by
the Palaeomagnetic Working Group of the North
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European Countries in Trondheim, Norway from
26 November to 1 December 1994.
IGCP Project 371 also participated in and
sponsored the annual meeting of the Sveconorwegian
Friends Association formed in connection with the
activities of IGCP Project 275. The 1994 meeting was
a week-long workshop with ca. Thirty-five participants
in the Setesdalen area of southern Norway in late
August 1994. A guidebook of 55 pages, also
summarizing new, still unpublished results, was issued
in that context.
Activities planned
The 1995 annual meeting of IGCP Project 371 has as
its venue St Petersburg from 4 to 9 September 1995, in
connection with the Precambrian meeting of the
Association of European Geological Societies
(MAEGS IX). The 1996 annual meeting will be held
in Canada, an earlier major meeting to the west of the
Atlantic having regrettably proved impracticable due
to the large number of already announced meetings of
symposia, As discussed at the Nottingham meeting, the
following annual project congregations should be held
in Scandinavia or one of the Baltic States (1997) and
in the United States (1998).
No. 374 - Palaeoclimatology and palaeo-
oceanography from laminated sediments
(1994-1998)
A.E.S. Kemp, Department of Oceanography,
University of Southampton, Southampton S09 5NH,
United Kingdom.
Description: The scientific objectives involve the
necessity to promote enhanced awareness and
maximum utilization of laminated sediment records
within ongoing palaeoclimatic and palaeoceanographic
research. Specifically to:
(1) provide linking framework between marine
and lacustrine studies of laminated sediments;
(2) act as an information source and clearing-
house for modem techniques and developments in the
sampling, preparation and analysis of laminated
sediments;
(3) build a better understanding from detailed
analysis of laminated sediment fabrics and sediment
trap records of the origins and depositional
mechanisms of laminated sediments and so be in a
better position to interpret the laminated sediment
record:
(4) within the context of (1) to (3), to target certain
key stratigraphic intervals and act as a form for
96
intercomparison of laminated sediment records of
these namely: (i) 2000 - 0 yr b.p.: better insight into
short-term climate variation, anthropogenic influences
and environmental impact; (ii) the last glacial
maximum to beginning Holocene (ea. 25,000-
10,000 yrs. b.p.): enhanced knowledge of the fine-
structure of deglaciation; (iii) isotope Stage 5: greater
understanding of the high frequency variations which
characterize the last major inter-glacial period but not
(so far) the Holocene.
(5) from 4 to identify variations in the amplitude,
frequency and rates of change within key time
intervals and separate local from global effects and
identify anthropogenic effects and environmental
impact.
Achievements in 1994
An IGCP Project 374 data base registration form has
been widely circulated and compilation of a
comprehensive list of international contributor and
specific research interests is under way with, to date,
over 150 scientists from 23 countries. The programme
of IGCP Project 374 was formally presented by
members of the project working group at a series of
meetings including an IGCP Project 324 meeting at
the Royal Society in London; a European Science
Foundation meeting on a proposed European Lakes
Drilling Programme in Strasbourg; at a NATO
workshop on climate changes leading to the end of the
old world (4 ka) in Turkey; and at the Dahlem
conference on upwelling in Berlin. Formal approaches
have now also been made to IGCP Projects 324
and 367.
Inaugural meeting
An inaugural meeting was held in Southampton from
14 to 16 September 1994 attended by 28 delegates
from 14 countries representing workers on both marine
and lacustrine sediments. This meeting had five
components: (1) presentations on existing programmes
to which IGCP Project 374 might contribute or
enhance, including various PAGES initiatives
(IDEAL; PEP I, II & III; IMAGES); (2) overviews of
the scope of national projects work from national
representatives; (3) presentations on sampling and
analytical methods; (4) workshop on SEM techniques;
(5) project working group meeting.
Activities planned
(1) Work will concentrate through the
subject/methods working groups on the compilation of
material for the target volume: High Resolution
Sediment Records of Environmental Change. Ad hoc
meetings of these working groups will be convened to
expedite this work.
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(2) Attention will be focused on the time-slices
during meetings to be held next year including a
meeting at the University of California at Santa
Barbara in August 1995 which will have an associated
field study visit as well as other regional meetings at
the GSC in Canada and in Europe.
No. 376 - Laurentian-Gondwanan connection
(1994-1998)
V.A. Ramos, Departamento de Geologa, Universidad
de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos
Aires 1428, Argentina.
F. Herv, Departamento de Geologa, Universidad de
Chile, Casilla 13518, Correo 21, Santiago de Chile,
Chile.
J.D. Keppie, Department of Natural Resources,
P.O. Box 698, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3J 2T9.
Description: The project aims to rigorously test the
hypotheses of the formation of a Middle-Late
Proterozoic supercontinent (Rodinia), its Late
Proterozoic breakup, and the interactions between
Laurentia and Gondwana during the Paleozoic. This
will be done by acquiring high quality palaeomagnetic
data from both the major cratons and the intervening
terranes, determining the geological record of the
terranes and of the cratons using comprehensive
geological studies including terrane tracers such as
faunal provinces, detailed zircon U-Pb geochronometry
and isotopic signatures. These data will be combined to
test existing hypotheses and to produce a series of
palinspastic maps for the Middle Proterozoic-to Early
Paleozoic interval.
The proposed project is a successor of two very
successful IGCP Projects 233, Terranes in the
Circum-Atlantic Paleozoic orogens and 279
Terranes in Latin America. It will focus on a
multidisciplinary analysis of geophysical, geochemical
and geological data.
Achievements in 1994
The project had two successful meetings held in Nova
Scotia, Canada (including several field trips) and
Concepcin, Chile. Details are recorded in
Newsletter 2/94 (attached here). The main
achievements of the project were field examination by
Gondwanan geologists of the Avalonia composite
terrane, the continental margin of Laurentia and the
Grenvillan basement between Quebec and Montreal.
General agreement was obtained about the Gondwanan
affinities of the Avalonia terrane, and its possible
derivation from South America.
More than 82 participants from five continents,
with a wide distribution, including scientists from
developing countries as well as from the first world.
Young scientists were strongly supported and funded
to attend the meetings. Researchers from a variety of
disciplines as stratigraphy, sedimentology, palaeon-
tology, geochronology, geochemistry, palaeo-
magnetism, tectonics and structural geology are
actively co-operating in the project.
Activities planned
According to schedule a Penrose meeting will be held
in 1995. This conference will be followed by a 1/2 day
meeting in Jujuy (Argentina) and a field trip from
Northern Argentina to the Pacific Coast of Chile to
address the potential Laurentian affinities of the
Arequipa-Antofalla terrane.
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New IGCP projects accepted and starting in 1995
Project 347- Correlation of Ganges-
Brahmaputra sediments
Full title: Quaternary stratigraphic correlation of
Gauges-Brahmaputra sediments and of
the Indian sub-continent
Proposer: Md. Hussain Monsur
Address: Department of Geology, University of
Dhaka, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh
The Ganges delta basin exhibits a thick sedimentary
sequence of quaternary deposits. Little work has so
far been done on the stratigraphy sedimentology,
dating and regional correlation. The aims of the
project are to establish the Quaternary stratigraphy of
different geomorphic units, to demarcate the Palaeo-
Pleistocene boundary and to correlate the
lithostratigraphic units with the chronostratigraphic
state of the Quaternary System by dating, using
methods of litho-, bio-, pedo- and magneto
stratigraphy. These studies will infer regional
Quaternary climatic fluctuations and sea-level
changes and will be helpful in some practical,
engineering and hazard mitigation applications.
The project is accepted for five years provisionally
(1995-1999).
Project 354- Economic super accumu-
lations of metals in lithosphere
Full title: Environments, associations and processes
of metal superaccumulation in terrestrial
ore deposits and district
Proposers: Pei Rongfu, P. Lznicka, J. Kutina,
D.V. Lundquist, C.J. Hodson & Takeo
Sato
Address: Pei Rongfu, Institute of Mineral Deposits,
CAGS, 26 Baiwanzhuang Road, Beijing
100037, Peoples Republic of China
Metals in the lithosphere are unequally distributed.
Localized anomalous concentrations and
accumulations of various metals that could be
profitably exploited by the past or present
technological means have developed into classical
category of ore deposits. The aim is to provide the
98
scientific base for explaining the processes and
conditions of formation of exiting giant ore deposits
and hence to predict undiscovered equivalents. The
current access to improved data bases and an
enhanced degree of international collaboration will
provide real advances leading to the publication of a
significant final volume and a global metallogenic
map.
The main methodology will be information
processing and statistical analysis, coupled with field
meetings and workshops based on critical super-giant
depost localities.
The project is accepted for five years (1995-1999).
Project 368 - Proterozoic events in
East Gondwana
Full title: Proterozoic events in East Gondwana:
southeast Africa, Madagascar, India, Sri
Lanka, Antarctica, Australia
Proposer: Masaru Yoshida
Address: Department of Geosciences, Faculty of
Science, Osaka City University, Sugimoto
3-3-138, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558, Japan
Detailed studies of Precambrian terranes of the East
Gondwanian crustal fragments have been conducted
by many scientists. On the other hand, detailed
geological comparison of those fragments has been
studied only briefly. The main objectives of the
project are (1) to investigate in detail and to correlate
tectonothermal events with their culmination during
circa 2.5 Ga. and 0.5 Ga. in East Gondwanian
crustal fragments including southeastern Africa,
Madagascar, India, Sri Lanka, Antarctica and
Australia; (2) to obtain detailed P-T-t-deformation-
space figures of some Proterozoic mobile belts and
constrain their role in the tectonics of mobile belts
and continents in the East Gondwana; and (3) to
clarify the distribution of selected mineral resources
and to study its redistribution mechanism during the
reworking of crust.
The project is accepted for five years (1995-1999).
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Project 379 - Karst process and
carbon cycle
Full title: World correlation on karst processes and
its relevant carbon cycle
Proposer: Yuan Daoxian
Address: The Institute of Karst Geology, CAGS
Guilin, Guangxi, China 541004
The role of carbonate rock dissolution or
disintegration in the CO2 sink-source cycle in the
atmosphere or the potential of karst records in high
resolution palaeoenvironmental reconstruction have
not been properly addressed yet in the fields of both
global change studies and karstological studies. The
scientific objectives of this project, as a successor of
IGCP Project No. 299 (Geology, Climate, Hydrology
and Karst Formation) are to concentrate on the
understanding of the contribution of karst processes
(dissolution) atmospheric CO2, and to compare it
volumetrically with C0 2 derived from other
geological processes geothermal, volcanic and
tectonic events. It will contribute to our
understanding of climatic change after the late
Pleistocene, in particular, to the biggest karst areas of
the world, e.g. South China, South-East Asia, South-
West Australia.
The project is accepted for five years (1995-1999).
Project 380 - Biosedimentology of
microbial buildups
Full title:
Correlation of biosedimentology of
stromatolites, mud mounds and related
microbial buildups in the Precambrian
and the Phanerozoic
Proposer: C.L.V. Monty
Address: Laboratoire de Biosdimentolgie, 2 rue de
la Houssinire, 44072 Nantes Cedex 03,
France
Recent work on microbial structures encourage
further studies. Multidisciplinary research will lead to
detailed understanding of the nature, origin, genesis
and significance of major types of microbial buildups
(stromatolites, thrombolites, microbial boundstones,
microbial reefs, reef mounds and mud mounds),
which appeared in earth history as a result of the
evolution of life and of the biosphere; marine and
non-marine stromes will be contrasted. Special
attention will be placed on modelling living
stromatolites with transfer of data, concerning the
growth dynamics and the morphologies, to the past.
The project is accepted for five years (1995-1999).
Project 381- South Atlantic Mesozoic
correlation
Full title: Geological correlation of South Atlantic
Mesozoic sequences
Proposers: E.A.M. Koutsoukos & P. Bengtson
Address: Petrobras - CENPES/DIVEX/SEBIPE,
Cidade Universitria, Quadra 7, Ilha
Do Fundao, 21949-900 Rio de Janeiro,
Brazil
The main objectives of the project are to promote
interdisciplinary geological correlative studies in
order to establish a well-defined standard
stratigraphical scale for the Mesozoic sedimentary
basins of South Atlantic improving. The project aims
at our understanding of the nature and sequence of
major geological events during the formation of the
South Atlantic and the global impact of these events,
thus also contributing significantly to the exploration
of hydrocarbon and mineral resources in the area.
One of the major expected accomplishments of the
project is the encouragement of a wide range of
multidisciplinary activities involving a large group of
scientists from developing countries, and stimulating
postgraduate students (in particular from Latin
America and Africa) to undertake specific studies for
M. SC. and Ph.D. degrees within the framework of the
project.
The project is accepted for five years (1995-1999).
Project 389 - Geoenvironmental evaluation
of coastal belts in Arab countries
Full title: Geoenvironmental evaluation of the
coastal belts in the southern
Mediterranean and Red Seas Arab
countries; processes, management and
sustainable development
Proposers: Z.M. Zaghloul & Ferial El-Bedewy
Address: Geology Department, Mansoura
University and Geological Survey of
Egypt, Cairo, Egypt
The project intends to fill a gap in previous IGCP
Projects (61, 200, 274) by focusing on studying and
documenting present coastal changes in the Arab
countries lying on the southern side of the
Mediterranean and Red Seas. The focus in this project
is proposed to be Holocene sea-level changes and the
related environmental problems which threaten
coastal areas, using coastal topography, geomor-
phology, climate oceanography, marine geology,
sediment transport, coastal erosion processes and
means of protection, natural coastal resources, and
pollution phenomena. Serious environmental hazards
will be recognized and suitable approaches for
protection will be suggested.
The project is accepted for five years (1995-1999).
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Project 391- Sand accumulations and
groundwater in the Sahara
Full title: Establishing the relationship between
sand dune fields and groundwater
aquifers in the Eastern Sahara by remote
sensing
Proposers: Farouk El-Baz & Ibrahim Himida
Address: 1 725 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston
MA02215, United States
2
1 Mathaf, El-Matariya Street, Cairo,
Egypt
Groundwater resources in arid and semi-arid areas
are of paramount importance and appropriate and
effective techniques of their exploration in a desert
environment do not often produce easily comparable
results. The project will study the groundwater
resources in the eastern Sahara by identifying and
delineating buried channels and depressions using
satellite images, GIS (Geographic Information
Systems) and field work for the ground truth. The
project will involve mapping of Holocene fluvial
channels and modelling of groundwater potential in
the desert. The results should identify targets for the
ground truth investigation.

The project is accepted for five years (1995-1999).

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Professor Elen Roaldset Professor B.J. Skinner

Dept. of Geology and Mineral Yale University
Resources Engineering Department of Geology and Geophysics
Norwegian Institute of Technology New Haven, Corm. 06511
University of Trondheim United States
Hogskoleringen 6
7034 Trondheim
Norway

102
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IGCP National Committees/
Comits nationaux pour le PICG
(March 1995)

1. AFGHANISTAN 5. AUSTRALIA/AUSTRALIE

Dr Ebrahirn Hamid Dr Paul Bishop

Secretary Chairman
Afghan National Committee of Geology Geomorphologist/Quarternary Geology
Geology and Mineral Survey Dept. Department of Geography and Environment
Micro-Rayon Science
Kabul Monash University
Clayton VIC 3168

6. AUSTRIA/AUTRICHE
2. ALBANIA/ALBANIE
Professor Dr H. Snkel
Dr Aleksander Cina Chairman
Prsident IGCP National Committee
Comit national albanais pour le PICG Institute for Mathematical Geology and
Blloku Vasil Shanto Geoinformatics
Tirane Technische Universitt
Steyregasse 30
A-8010 Graz
3. ALGERIA/ALGERIE
Mrs A. Prtan
M. Mohammed Tefiani Secretary
Institut des sciences de la terre IGCP National Committee
Universit des sciences et de la technologies Dr Ignaz Seipel-Platz 2
BP No. 9 A-1010 Vienna
Dar El Beida
7. BARBADOS

Mr Leslie Barker
4. ARGENTINA/ARGENTINE Chief Geologist, Energy Division
Ministry of Finance
Dr Florencio G. Aceolaza 2nd floor
President National Petroleum Corp. Building
Comit Argentino de Correlacin Geolgica Wildey
Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Saint Michael
Cientficas y Tcnicas (CONICET)
Miguel Lillo 205 8. BANGLADESH
(4000) Tucumn
Mr M.R. Khan
Dr Norberto Malumian Chairman
Secretario IGCP National Committee
Comit Argentino para el PICG Director-General
CONICET Geological Survey of Bangladesh
Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones 153 Pioneer Road
Cientificas y Tcnicas Segun Bagicha
1033 Buenos Aires Dhaka 1000

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Mr Abudullah Manwar Ing. Ramiro Suarez Soruco

General Secretary Secretario General
IGCP Bangladesh National Committee (same address/mme adresse)
Deputy Director
(Same address/mme adresse) 13. BRAZIL/BRESIL

Professor D.A. Campos

9. BELARUS
Chairman
IGCP National Committee
Academician R. Garetsky
DNPM/Paleontologia
Chairman Av. Pasteur 404, urea
Institute of Geology, Geochemistry and
22.290 Rio de Janeiro R.J.
Geophysics
7 Zodinskaya st.
Dr G. Beurlen
Minsk -220600
Secretary
Petrobras - CENPEX-DIVEX
Dr V.I. Zui
Ilha do Fundao Q.7 Pr.20
Executive Secretary
21949-900 Rio de Janeiro R7
(same address/Mme adresse)
14. BULGARIA/BULGARIE
10. BELGIUM/BELGIQUE
Professor Dr I. Zagorchev
M. J. Bouckaert Prsident
Secretaire Comit national pour le PICG
Comit national pour le PICG Institut golgique
Service gologique de Belgique Acadmie bulgare des sciences
rue Jenner 13 Acad. Gheorghi Bonchev Str.
(pare Lopold) Block 24
1040 Bruxelles 1113 Sofia

Professor Dr P. Chumachenko
11. BENIN
Secrtaire
(same address/mme adresse)
M. J.-C. Kogblevi
Prsident BURKINA FASO
15.
Comit national pour le PICG
Directeur gnral de lOffice bninois des M. Wenmenga Urbain
mines Matre Assistant
Ministre de lnergie et de lhydraulique Dpartement de golgie
BP 249
Universit
Cotonou Facult des sciences et techniques
BP 7021
M. Salifou Alidou
Ouagadougou
Secrtaire
Comit national pour le PICG CAMEROON/CAMEROUN
16.
Dpartement des sciences de la terre
Universit nationale du Bnin Professeur F. Tchoua
BP 526 Prsident
Cotonou Comit national pour le PICG
Chef du Dpartement des sciences de la terre
12. BOLIVIA/BOLIVIE Universit de Yaound
Yaound
Ing. Antonio Saavedra Muoz
President M. M.M. Eben
Comit Boliviano de Correlacin Geolgica Secrtaire gnral
Academia Nacional de Ciencias Comit national pour le PICG
Avn. 16 de Julio No. 1732 BP 4599
Casilla -5829 La Paz Yaound - Nlongkak

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17. CANADA Mr Tao Huiliang

Secretary
Professor A.J. Naldrett IGCP National Committee
Chairman (same address/mme adresse)
IGCP National Committee
Department of Geology 21. COLOMBIA/COLOMBIE
University of Toronto
Sr. Ricardo Escobar Reyes
Earth Sciences Centre
Presidente
22 Russel Street
Comit Nacional del PICG
Toronto
INGEOMINAS
Ontario M5S 1A1
Diagonal 53 No. 34-53
Aptdo. Areo 4865
Dr D.G. Benson
Santaf de Bogot
IGCP-Canadian National Committee
Geological Survey of Canada
22. COSTA RICA
16 Rockfield Crescent
Nepean Lic. Teresita Aguilar
Ontario K2E 5L7 Presidente
Comit Nacional para el PICG
Escuela Centroamericana de Geologa
18. CHAD/TCHAD Ciudad Universitaria
Rodrigo Facio
M. O.A. DBabeh P.O. Box 35
Prsident San Pedro de Montes de Oca
Comit national pour Ie PICG San Jos
Direction des mines et du ptrole
BP 816 Professor Gerardo Soto
N'Djamena Secretario
Departamento de Geologa
M. T. Erdimi Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad
Secrtaire Apartado 10032-1000
Comit national pour le PICG San JOS
Doyen - Facult des sciences
Universit du Tchad 23. CTE DIVOIRE
BP 1027
M. Joseph Nzi
N'Djamena Prsident
Comit national ivoirien de correlation
gologique
19. CHILE/CHILI
Directeur gnral
Sodemi
Dr E. DEtigny Lyon
01 BP 2816
President
Abidjan 01
IGCP National Committee
National Commission for Scientific and
24. CROATIA
Technological Research
CONICYT Dr Jakob Pamic
Casilla 297 V President
Santiago 21 Croatian National IGCP Committee
Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts
Kova6i6eva 5
20. CHINA/HINE 41000 Zagreb

Professor Cheng Yuqi 25. CUBA

Chairman
Sra. Nancy Garcia-Lamadric
IGCP National Committee
Presidente
Ministry of Geology and Mineral Resources
Comite Nacional Cubano para el PICG
64 Funei Dajie Ministerio de Industria Bsica (MINBAS)
Xisi
Salvador Allende 666 entre Oquendo y Soledad
Beijing (Peking) 100812 La Habana 10300

105
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Professor Dr V.I. Aksin 100. ZIMBABWE

Secretary
National Committee for IGCP Mr H. Munyanyiwa
Naftagas Co. Co-ordinator
Sutjeska 1 IGCP National Committee
21000 Novi Sad University of Zimbabwe
Geology Department
P.O. BOX MP 167
Mount Pleasant
Harare

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