Electronics and Communications in Japan, Part 1, Vol. 77, No.

10, 1994
Translated from Denshi Joho Tsushin Gakkai Ronbunshi, Vol. 76-B-II, No. 9, September 1993, pp. 765-772

Design of Large-Circle Rogowski Coil for Measuring

Lightning Current in Building Columns and Girders

Masaji Sato, Shoichi Kuramoto, Members, and Koichi Matsuoka, Minoru Ohta,

and Kqji TakemotO, Nonmembers

NTT Telecommunication Networks Laboratories, Musashino, Japan 180

SUMMARY Key words: Current probe; Rogowski coil; light-

When observation of a direct lightning strike to a
building is performed or in an experiment for applying
lightning using a building, one needs current sensors that
can measure the current in building columns, girders,
and walls. As the current sensor, the Rogowski coil
commonly is used. The coil is placed around the object
to be measured, and the inductive voltage is obtained.
Although there are many commercially available units,
these sensors are too small for measuring building
columns and girders.
This paper studies Rogowski coils which are long
enough to encircle the building columns and girders and
flexible enough to set up the structure according to the
practical situation. First, the coil and the integrator are
described by their lumped element equivalent circuits. In
addition, the target values were set for the frequency
bandwidth and the sensitivity. A structure optimum for
these characteristics was found. From the results, a
hollow core coil using a vinyl pipe was fabricated. A
Rogowski coil 1 to 10 m long was realized which has a
frequency of 300 kHz and a current-voltage conversion
factor of 1/100. Further, the position dependence of the
current to be measured was observed. Sufficiently practi-
cal characteristics were obtained with the present coil
with a long structure.
ning surge current.
1. Introduction
When the lightning surge current distribution
caused by a direct lightning strike to the center of a
building is measured or an experiment for application of
the lightning surge to a building is carried out, current
probes are needed which can measure the current flowing
in columns, girders, and walls. As a current probe,
Rogowski coils are used more frequently. Here, a coil is
placed around the object to be measured and the in-
duced voltage is determined. Although there are many
commercially available devices, the conventional probes
are small and not large enough to measure the columns
and girders of buildings. Most of the conventional types
are contained in a metal case for static shielding and the
shape is fixed. Therefore, it is difficult to install the coil
when the building is being constructed.
In this paper, a fiexible and shieldless Rogowski
coil is studied which can be set up according to the
construction of the building. There are several examples
of small Rogowski coils which were treated as a distrib-
uted circuit for measurement of an ultrahigh-speed wave-
form with a rise time on the scale of nanoseconds [1-3].
Since the frequency of interest in this paper is less than

75 ISSN8756-6621 /94/0010-0075
1994 Scripta Technica, Inc.
 Current I
Surrounded
area A
Wire
Cross sectional
Induced voltage V area a
(a) Schema of the coil
Wire
Vinyl
chloride
(b) Cross section
Fig. 1. Schema of the Rogowski coil.
1 MHz, a simplified lumped element equivalent circuit is
used. From the frequency bandwidth and the sensitivity
characteristics used as the design goal, an optimum
condition is found.
Based on the results, a coil with a vinyl-pipe core
was fabricated. A Rogowski coil was realized which can
be used up to 10 m with a voltage conversion factor of
about 1/100 and a frequency of 300 kHz. An experiment
was confirmed with the realized coil to confirm the
position dependence of the current to be measured. It
was confirmed that the coil can be sufficiently practical.
2. Equivalent Circuit of Rogowski Coil
and Output Voltage
Here, an equivalent circuit of a Rogowski coil is
approximated by lumped elements. The relationship of
the coil structure to the output from the integrator is
described. A method also is described for reproducing
the current waveform from the measured output voltage.
2.1. Equivalent circuit of Rogowski coil
As shown in Fig. 1, the Rogowski coil is a circular
spiral coil with a partial opening. It is placed in such a
76
Rogowski coil I I Measuring
I 1 equipment
Integrator
Fig. 2. Equivalent circuit of the Rogowski coil.
way to surround the current / to be measured. By deter-
mining the induced voltage, the current is measured
indirectly. Let the cross section of the coil be a, the
number of turns per unit length be n, and the total length
be /. If the area of the portion surrounded by the total
length / of the coil is A, the magnetic flux <>
| linking the
coil is given as [ 1, 2]
\ dl + [
(1)
where ^Q: 4 H X 10"' H/m,
//,: magnetic field intensity in the coil cross
section, and
H2. magnetic field intensity in the portion sur-
rounded by the total length / of the coil.
The first term in Eq. (1) represents the magnetic
flux linking the cross section of the coil while the second
term represents the magnetic flux linking when the coil
is tilted somewhat from the plane orthogonal to the cur-
rent /. If the winding is returned from the end of the coil
as shown in Fig. 1, the second term is eliminated and
only the first term remains.
Hence, the voltage VQ induced at the winding end
of the coil is given by the following equation if d/dt =_/ci)
is used:
d dl
(2)
where w = 2ii/(/: frequency [Hz]).
For this Rogowski coil, the resistance of the coil
winding R^, the self-inductance LQ, and the static ca-
pacitance between the windings Q are considered. An
equivalent circuit is shown in Fig. 2 when an integrator
and a measuring instrument with an input impedance of
R^ are connected.
If it is assumed that the mutual inductance in the
winding is negligible, then IQ is given in the following
equation for the inductance of the coil and Q is given if
it is represented by the static capacitance between the
parallel twin wire replacing the spiral winding [4, 5]:
(3)
o
(4)
where
t^. permittivity (8.854 X 10''^ F/m), and
r. conductor radius of the winding, m.
Since these LQ and CQ are in parallel as shown in Fig. 2,
they have a resonant frequency given by
fr =
1 current waveform.
(5)
Since the resonant frequency f^. in the foregoing is
the usable upper limit frequency, it is important in the
design to minimize LQ and Q as much as possible.
2.2. Output voltage to the measuring instru-
ment
Let us consider first the case in which a measuring
instrument is connected directly to the Rogowski coil in
Fig. 2. If it is assumed that C^ is extremely small and
negligible and also CO^LQQ < 1, the voltage V^ measured
in the instrument is given as
(6)
Further, in the case where CDLQ >-RC + R^in Eq. (6), the
output voltage V^ to the measuring instrument is given as
follows when Eq. (2) is substituted:
1/ _ VQRX _ Rx T
^ jcoLo nl (7)
Hence, the current-voltage conversion factor in this case
is independent of frequency and the output voltage V^ is
77
simply proportional to the current. However, if CO
R^ + i?j, Eq. (6) can be approximated as follows:
Vx= Vo= (8)
Since the current-voltage conversion factor is pro-
portional to frequency in this case, the output voltage V^
is a differential waveform of the current /. In general,
the input impedance of the measuring instrument is 10
kQ to 1 MQ. Hence, if the measuring instrument is
connected directly to the Rogowski coil, a differential
waveform such as Eq. (8) often is obtained.
When a single pulse such as that in a lightning
surge is measured by a wave-differentiating type coil, the
obtained waveform data are mainly the current rise por-
tion only. Since effective data are reduced, it is difficult
to reproduce the original waveform by Fourier trans-
form. Especially, the accuracy of the peak value generat-
ed in the waveform rise portion is degraded. Therefore,
for the frequencies of the waveform rise portion requir-
ing accurate measurement, it is necessary to connect an
integrator so that the output is a simple proportion of the
Next, consider the case where a CR integrator is
connected. If the conditions identical to Eq. (6) are con-
sidered for RQ, LQ, and Q in Fig. 2, the output voltage
V^ to the measuring instrument is given as
(9)
In Eq. (9), the condition for the output voltage V^ to be
simply proportional to the current / is given by the fol-
lowing equations where the corresponding relationship
between V^ and / can also be approximated:
(10)
(11)
When the solution of the quadratic equation of co is
obtained in Eq. (10) and the condition of R^ <. R^ is
considered, the range of o) is as follows:
(o>-
2Lo
If 4Lo < RXs, then

Measured time domain data
X~ y^ Fourier transformation
Frequency domain data
lFo(fi,)U 00 k ; 1 - n / 2
Converstion factor of
Revision the Rogowski Coil
Revised frequency domain data
x~ "T" Fourier inversion
Revised time domain data
Fig. 3. Revising methods for the measured data.
(12)
From the foregoing, the frequency at which the
integrator starts integration is estimated by Eq. (12)
while the upper limit of the frequency for which the coil
is usable is estimated by Eq. (5). The sensitivity between
these two frequencies can be designed by Eq. (11).
However, there is a frequency dependence at frequencies
below that of initiating integration. Hence, the following
Fourier transform is needed.
2.3. Method for reproducing the current
waveform from the measured voltage
To measure a single-pulse phenomenon such as a
lightning surge, the sampling measurement at a fixed
time interval is carried out and the obtained data are A-D
converted and recorded in a digital form. In this case, as
described in section 2.2, the current-voltage conversion
factor has a frequency dependence at low frequencies
where the energy components are large, even if an in-
tegrator is connected to the Rogowski coil. Therefore, it
is necessary to return the recorded time axis data to
the frequency axis by Fourier transform so that the
78
sensitivity characteristics of the Rogowski coil in the
frequency axis must be compensated. The procedure is
shown in Fig. 3.
The voltage value set V^{t^{p = I, , N) recorded
in a digital memory at a certain time interval is Fourier
transformed. Then the number set Fo(/^) on the frequency
axis with the following relationship is given as a discrete
Fourier transform pair [6]:
= g VA/p)exp( - ; 2 ; r ^ )
(13)
(14)
In Eqs. (13) and (14), the relationships of the frequency
to the sampling time interval t^ and to the number of
samples A^ are
/max-2^
(15)
(16)
If the current-voltage conversion factor {Gifj^) of
the Rogowski coil at the frequency _^ is measured sepa-
rately, the frequency data F^(4) after correction are
derived from the following:
(17)
If this F^(4) is inverse-Fourier transformed further and
converted back to the data on the time axis, the actual
current waveform /(/) can be obtained.
3. Design of Rogowski Coil
3.1. Design goal
(1) Structure, shape, and dimensions
The structural objective of the Rogowski coil is
given in Table 1. The coil has a hollow core so that the
magnetic flux does not saturate at a current of several
k/amps. As the core, a vinyl pipe is used so that the coil
is flexible to conform to the shapes of columns and
girders. The external diameter is made less than 50 mm
by taking into consideration the columns of the mechani-
cal room of the center of the building and the surround-
ing environment. The total length of the coil is 1 to 10 m
 Table 1. Design target of Rogowski coil

Item Dimensions, Characteristics

core vinyl pipe (hollow)

Structure external diameter less than 50 mm<|>
total length 1-10 m

current conversion factor about 1/100

Electrical characteristics frequency range - 3 0 0 kHz
current to be measured 10 A - 5 kA

for columns 0.5 to 1.5 m long with circumferential to be i?^ = 10 kQ and C^ = 1.5 nF such that the condi-
length of the radio relay anterma tower. tions in Eq. (12), 4Lo < R/C^ and R^ < R^.

(2) Electrical characteristics
Also shown in Table 1 are the target values of the
electrical characteristics. The current-voltage conversion
factor was chosen to be 1/100 in consideration that the
current to be measured is several amps to several kil-
amps, and the measurement range of the digital memory
is several tens millivolts to several tens volts. For the
current over this value, the range of the measured volt-
age is adjusted by a resistive voltage divider. The fre-
quency range is up to 300 kHz in consideration of the
fact that the rise time of the direct lightning strike surge
current is about 1 \is.
3.2. Structural design
As described in section 2, it is necessary in the
design of a Rogowski coil to determine the optimum
condition of the integration start frequency of the integra-
tor and the upper limit of the coil (resonant frequency) in
consideration of the current-voltage conversion factor.
Let us consider first the integration start frequency.
This is given by Eq. (12). It is desirable that the integra-
tion is possible at the lowest possible frequency. Howev-
er, as indicated by Eqs. (11) and (12), an extension of
the integration to a lower frequency and a setting of a
larger current-voltage conversion factor are contradicto-
ry. Therefore, the integration frequency is restricted to
a range over 10 kHz in which the RF frequency compo-
nents of the rising part of the lightning surge current are
contained. The frequencies below this value are coped
with by the Fourier-transform computation in section
2.3. The resistance R^ and the capacitance Cj are selected
Next, let us consider the resonant frequency of the
coil and the current-voltage conversion factor. From
section 2, the resonant frequency of the coil is given by
Eq. (5). As the values of LQ and Q are increased, the
resonant frequency/^ tends to be smaller. When Eqs. (3)
and (4) are substituted into Eq. (5), the relationship of
the resonant frequency with the coil structure is given by
1
log-
fr = nr
2nl (18)
The frequency is proportional to 3/4th power of the
cross section a and to 3/2th power of the number of
winding n. The resonant frequency decreases as a and n
are increased. The resonant frequency is inversely pro-
portional to the coil length /. As / is increased, the reso-
nant frequency is estimated to decrease. Further, the
resonant frequency is related to the conductor radius r of
the coil winding. The resonant frequency increases as the
conductor r is decreased.
On the other hand, the current-voltage conversion
factor is given by Eq. (10) and the sensitivity is im-
proved as the cross-section a and the number of winding
n are increased. (Note that this sensitivity has little de-
pendence on the coil length and on the conductor radius
of the winding.)
From the foregoing, the cross section a is made
constant since the external diameter of the coil of the
design target is fixed. The resonant frequency and the
current-voltage conversion factor are plotted in terms of
the number of winding n, the coil length /, and the wire
diameter r. The results are shown in Figs. 4 and 5.

79
 10'
Winding diameter : 34
Numberof the winding : 170 (Turn/m)
N

Length of the coil

>^
o o
c
d) <u
3
IT cr
0)
10 ^ 10
d) (U
o o
c
(0
otn o
in
(U (1)
CC Q:
300kHz

10
10=
10- 1 10'
Number of the winding (Turn/m)
Diameter of the wire (mm)
Fig. 4. Relations between the number of the winding,
Fig. 5. Relations between the diameter of the wire
resonance frequencies, and conversion factors.
and resonance frequencies.

Figure 4 shows the relationship of the number of 4. Sensitivity Characteristics of the

windings to the resonant frequency and the current- Fabricated Rogowski Coil
voltage conversion factor. First, with respect to the
resonant frequency, it is seen that the resonant frequency 4.1. Sensitivity for a single current
decreases as the number of winding n is increased and
the coil length / is longer. From the figure, it is found (1) Impedance characteristics of the coil
that the number of windings of less than 190 tums/m is
the condition for satisfying the design objectives of the The measured input impedance of the Rogowski
coil length of 10 m and the operating frequency of more
coil fabricated with the structure as listed in Table 2 is
than 300 kHz. On the other hand, the current-voltage
shown in Fig. 6. The symbol A indicates the measured
conversion factor indicates increased sensitivity as the
data while the solid line indicates calculated results.
number of turns n is increased. Satisfaction of the design
Measured and computed results of the impedance charac-
objective of about 1/100 requires the number of turns of
teristics and the resonant frequency almost agree until the
more than 150 tums/m. Hence, an intermediate value is
resonance occurs. Hence, it is found that the Rogowski
taken here so that the number of turns n is 170 tums/m.
coil can be represented by a lumped element equivalent
circuit. From the slope of the impedance characteristics
Next, Fig. 5 shows the relationship between the and the resonant frequency, the coil resistance /?o, induc-
diameter of the wire and the resonant frequency. In this tance LQ, and static capacitance Q can be derived. They
figure, it is seen that the resonant frequency decreases as are 0.5 Q, 90 jiH, and 175 pF, respectively.
the wire diameter is increased and the coil length is
larger. To satisfy the design objectives of the coil length
(2) Current-voltage conversion factor
of 10 m and the operating frequency of more than 300
kHz, it is necessary to make the wire diameter r less
A wire is placed at the center of the cross section
than 1.2 mm()>. In consideration of the mechanical
A surrounded by the Rogowski coil. By means of the
strength, the wire diameter used is 0.9 mm<j>.
current in this wire, the voltage of the output terminal of
the integrator was measured. The ratio of the current in
The structure of the Rogowski coil designed finally the wire to the output voltage is used as the current-
by considering the foregoing is listed in Table 2. There voltage conversion factor and is plotted in Fig. 6. The
is no shield for flexibility. symbol o indicates the measured data while the solid line

80
 Table 2. Structure of Rogowski coil fabricated for trial

Item Dimensions, Characteristics

total length / 1-lOm

external diameter 34 mm(t>
core vinyl pipe with buried conductors
Coil itself shield none
winding wire diameter 0.9 mm<J)
number of windings 170 tums/m
winding diameter 32 mm4>

Integrator capacitance C^ 1.5 nF

resistance R^ 10 kQ

^ 10'
Length of the coil : 3 m N \ , Calculated

o
V
a) ,Measured
I
o
Required area |_J \
8 300 kHz

10* 10* 10* N

10 1

Frequency (Hz) 0.1 0.3 1 3 10 30

Length of the coil (m)

Fig. 6. Frequency characteristics of the test
Rogowski coil. Fig. 7. Relations between the length of the coil
and resonance frequency.

indicates the results computed by the equivalent circuit in

Fig. 2.
The current-voltage conversion factor increases in
proportion to the frequency at less than 10 kHz whereas
it becomes constant at frequencies beyond 10 kHz. The
value coincides with that obtained in Eq. (12) in section
2.2 at /?, = 10 kQ and C = 1.5 nF. Also, the current-
voltage conversion factor is about 1/100 when the fre-
quency characteristic becomes constant and is in accor-
dance with the design. In Eqs. (9) to (12) in section 2.2,
there is a condition CO^LQCO < 1 as the upper limit of the
operating frequency. When the foregoing values of I^ -
90 ^lH and Q = 175 pF are substituted, the upper limit
frequency is about 1.3 MHz which coincides with the
resonant frequency in Fig. 6. Also, the condition of the
integration start frequency of 4Lo < ^gC^ is satisfied
sufficiently by substitution of = 10 kQ and C^ = 1.5
nF.
From these it is found that the measured values and
the values computed by the equivalent circuit in Fig. 2
agree well and are close to the design target.
(3) Coil length dependence of the resonant fre-
quency
Figure 7 shows the resonant frequency versus the
length of the coil. As shown in Eq. (18), the resonant
frequency decreases in inverse proportion to the coil
length. It is confirmed that the measured results and the
computed values agree well.

81
 Rogowski coil current was measured. Also studied is the effect of the
50cm current in the exterior of the coil on the current measure-
ment inside the coil.
5cm
Figure 8(a) shows the position of the current to be
measured while Fig. 8(b) shows the current-voltage
conversion factor for such a current. Figure 8(c) shows
the waveform observed when a lightning surge current of
1 X 40 us flows in the wire at the location of A in Fig.
(a) Measured position of the current 8(a). The output of the integrator is shown with a dotted
line and the waveform corrected by the procedure in Fig.
3 is shown with a solid line. To compare the position
dependence of the waveform, identical measurement was
(dB)

Length of the coil 3 m carried out at the positions 5 to F in Fig. 8(a). The
-20
CAJLB waveforms at B and C are identical to the one at A while
tor

o -40 they are almost zero at D to F. The results are omitted

<o
to avoid crowding the figure. The effective frequency
-60
Con\ version

range of the current-voltage conversion factors is 1 MHz.

-80
From the results in Fig. 8(b), it is found that there
-100
is no difference in the current-voltage conversion factor
lO' lO' 10* lO' 1 10'
up to the resonant frequency of 1 MHz at the coil center
Frequency (Hz)
A, the winding start point B, and the winding end point
(b) Conversion factor C.

Let us consider the currents at D, E, and F outside

0.8 the coil. At E and F separated by more than 20 cm from
Input the coil, the deviation is more than 20 dB in comparison
to the value at A. On the other hand, the difference is
Calculated 0.4
a. only 10 dB near 1 MHz if the current and the coil are
o separated by only several centimeters and hence the
c 0
0) o current outside the coil becomes mixed more easily.
Integrator
-40 . Measured at output - 0 . 4 f
position A From the lightning surge current waveform in Fig.
-0.8 8(c), it is found that the current in the interior of the
-80
40 80 120 160 200 Rogowski coil has little position dependence and that the
Time (//S) output waveform is almost identical to the input current
(c) Measured surge wave waveform. The output waveform from the integrator in
Fig. 8(c) shows that the rising part of the waveform is
Fig. 8. The differences in the conversion factor almost identical to that of the input waveform and that
depending on the current position. the peak value is about 1/100 of the current. However,
the portion where the waveform attenuates is a differen-
tial form of the current waveform. In this stage, the
rising part and the attenuating part of the waveform
4.2. Position dependence of the current to be correspond to the high-frequency part of the current-
measured voltage conversion factor with a constant frequency
characteristic and the low-frequency part proportional to
Since the length of the Rogowski coil is large, the the frequency, respectively.
distance between the coil and the current to be measured
is significant and the position of the current to be mea- The detection level is extremely small for the cur-
sured fluctuates. To investigate whether the current- rents at D. E, and F outside the coil. It is confirmed that
voltage conversion factor changes depending on the the currents inside and outside the coil can be discrimi-
location of the current, the position dependence of the nated without a shield.

82

Fig. 9. Lightning current measurement at
the column of telecommunication building
using the Rogowski coil.
Finally, Fig. 9 shows the installation of the present
Rogowski coil on the column in an actual telecommuni-
cation center building for measurement of the lightning
surge current.
5. Conclusions
To measure the lightning surge current in columns,
girders and walls of the center of a building, a Rogowski
coil was designed which has a length sufficient to sur-
round a column with its side exceeding 1 m and which
can be installed in a flexible manner in the measurement
location. As shown below, a sufficiently practical coil
has been develoj)ed.
(1) The equivalent circuit of the coil can be ex-
pressed in terms of lumped elements such as the induc-
tance L of the coil itself, the resistance R, and the static
capacitance C between the wirings. Its resonant frequen-
cy is the usable upper limit frequency of the coil. The
output voltage of a CR-type integrator connected to the
coil can be estimated by the equivalent circuit. The num-
ber of windings and the wire diameter of the coil can be
designed from the integration start frequency of the
integrator, the resonant frequency of the coil, and the
current-voltage conversion factor.
83
(2) Based on the equivalent circuit described in the
foregoing, the winding diameter and the wire diameter of
the copper wire can be designed for the given design
target. A hollow coil with a vinyl-pipe core was fabricat-
ed. A coil was realized which has a length of 1 to 10 m,
an effective frequency of 1 to 300 kHz and a current-
voltage conversion factor of 1/100.
(3) In the present coil, the input impedance, cur-
rent-voltage conversion factor and resonant frequency
agree well with the designed values so that the validity of
the equivalent circuit was confirmed.
(4) The relative location of the coil and the current
to be measured were studied. It was confirmed that the
current inside the coil has essentially no position depen-
dence. It was found also that the effect of the current
outside the coil is negligible except for that extremely
close to the coil.
Acknowledgement. The authors thank Dr.
Tokuda, Communication EMC Research Group Leader
of NTT Telecommunications Networks Laboratories,
Communication Quality Department, for his constant
guidance, and all those who assisted in the experiments.
REFERENCES
1. 1. Hayashi and Y. Nakano. Rogowski coil and
magnetic probe. Jour. Inst. Electrical Engineers of
Japan, 81, 874 (June 1961).
2. T. Harada. Measurement of high voltage and large
current in nuclear fusion. Electric Power Central
Research Laboratory Report, No. 183003 (June
1983).
3. H. Krompholz, J. Doggett, K. H. Schoenbach, J.
Gahl, C. Harjes, G. Schaefer, and M. Kristiansen.
Nanosecond current probe for high-voltage experi-
ments. Rev. Sci. Instrum., 55, 1 (Jan. 1984).
4. Takeyama. Electromagnetic Phenomenology.
Maruzen Publ. (1969).
5. K. Funabashi. Exercises for Electromagnetic
Theory. Tokyo Denki Daigaku (May 1967).
6. K. Kido. Fast Fourier transform and its applica-
tions. Jour. Institute of Electronics and Communi-
cations of Japan, 9, 3 (March 1976).
 AUTHORS (from left to right)

J^^ ^5^^

a
yi Sato graduated in 1972 from the Department of Electrical Engineering, Yamagata University, and joined
Nippon Telegraph and Telephone. Since then, he has been engaged in research on structural design of metal communication
cables, gas dam structural design of optical fiber cables, grounding configurations of telephone center buildings, insulation
test of communication equipment, and disaster protection. Presently, he is a senior Research Engineer at NTT Telecommu-
nication Networks Laboratories, Communication Quality Research Department.

Shoichi Kuramoto graduated in 1985 from the Department of Electronic Engineering, Ibaraki University, and joined
Nippon Telegraph and Telephone, Telecommunication Networks Laboratories. Since then, he has been engaged in research
on grounding configuration in a telephone station. Presently, he is a senior researcher of NTT Telecommunication
Networks Laboratories, Communication Quality Research Department.

Koichi Matsuoka graduated in 1986 from Special College of Kogakuin University and joined Nippon Telegraph
and Telephone. Since 1991, he has been engaged in research on grounding configuration in a telephone station.

Minoru Ohta graduated in 1970 from the Department of Electrical Engineering, Tottori Prefectural Yonago
Technical High School, and joined Nippon Telegraph and Telephone. Since 1989, he has been engaged in research on
grounding configuration in a telephone station. Presently, he is with NTT Chugoku Branch, Equipment Service Department.

Koji Takemoto graduated in 1976 from the Department of Electrical Engineering, Komatsu Technical High School,
and joined Nippon Telegraph and Telephone. Since 1989, he has been engaged in research on grounding configuration in
a telephone station. Presently, he is with NTT Facilities, Hokuriku Branch.

84