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ENVE 301
Environmental Engineering Unit Operations
CHAPTER: 3
Types of reactors
1
MU- Department of -Env.Eng.- Enve 301 Course Notes- Dr. Bilge Alpaslan Kocamemi
REACTOR MODELS
REACTOR:
Containers vessels or tanks in which chemical or biological reactions are carried out.
1. Batch reactor
BATCH REACTORS
Ref: http://www.water-msc.org/e-learning/file.php/40/moddata/scorm/203/Lesson%204_04.htm
Applications:
BOD test
3
MU- Department of -Env.Eng.- Enve 301 Course Notes- Dr. Bilge Alpaslan Kocamemi
COMPLETE-MIX REACTORS
(CFSTR=Continuous-Flow Stirred Tank Reactor)
Fluid particles that enter the reactor are
instantaneously dispersed throughout the reactor
volume
Q, C o Q, C
Fluid particles leave the reactor in proportion to their
statistical population
.C
conc of any material leaving = conc. at any point in the reactor (after steady-state conditions are reached)
dc
= QC o QC rV
dt
No conc. gradient within the system.
n-1 n n+1
is used to model the flow regime that exists between the hydraulic flow patterns
corresponding to the complete and plug flow reactors.
7
MU- Department of -Env.Eng.- Enve 301 Course Notes- Dr. Bilge Alpaslan Kocamemi
Application:
FLUIDIZED-BED reactors
Packed bed reactors in which the packing medium is expanded by the
upward movement of fluid (air or water) through the bed.
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Ref: http://www.water-msc.org/e-learning/file.php/40/moddata/scorm/203/Lesson%204_04.htm
MU- Department of -Env.Eng.- Enve 301 Course Notes- Dr. Bilge Alpaslan Kocamemi
Q ,C o Q ,C conservative (non-reactive)
Material input may be
non-conservative (reactive)
C,
NOTE
For conservative (non-reactive) material input having Co conc., eff. conc. is initially C (not Co)
due to unsteady state condition.
dc
= QC o - QC + r
Q ,C o Q ,C dt since the tracer
is non-reactive
dc
= Q (C o -C)
dt
C,
MU- Department of -Env.Eng.- Enve 301 Course Notes- Dr. Bilge Alpaslan Kocamemi
C dC Q t
= 1 1
dt dx = ln ax + b
Co C ax + b
C=0 t=0 a
1 Q
Ln C 0 C C
C=0 = t
1
(
Ln C 0 C Ln C 0 0 = ) Q
t
Ln (C 0 C )+ LnC 0 =
Q
t
Ln (C 0 C ) LnC 0 =
Q
t
C 0 C Q
Ln = .t
C0
C (Q )t
C =1e
1- = e - (Q )t C0
C0 11
MU- Department of -Env.Eng.- Enve 301 Course Notes- Dr. Bilge Alpaslan Kocamemi
Q m 3 / sec 1 1 C
= 1 e (Q ).t
= = = Hydraulic retention time
m3 sec tR C0
(HRT)
1,2
1
1212 Q t C
0,8
C0
C/Co
0,6
0,4
0 0 t=0, C=0 0,2
1 e 0,5
0
0,5 =0,393 0 2 4 6
1 e 1
Qt/V
1 =0,632
2 1 e2 =0,865
After this time, C/C0
3 1 e3 =0,952 does not change
4 1 e4 =0,982
5 1 e5 =0,99
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MU- Department of -Env.Eng.- Enve 301 Course Notes- Dr. Bilge Alpaslan Kocamemi
dc
= QC 0 QC + generation First-order rxn r=-kC
dt generation term =r = -kC
dc
= QC 0 QC k.C. (Divide both sides to )
dt 13
MU- Department of -Env.Eng.- Enve 301 Course Notes- Dr. Bilge Alpaslan Kocamemi
= .(C 0 C ) k.C
dc Q Q 1
( = )
dt tR
= .(C 0 C ) k.C
dc 1
dt tR
dc C 0 C k.C.tR
=
dt tR
dc C 0 C(1 + k.tR )
=
dt tR
dc C 0 C(1 + k.tR )
= dy
dt tR tR + P(x)y = Q (x)
dx
dc C 0
=
1
- C.
+ k Integration factor= e P(x ).dx
dt tR tR
Multiply both sides w/integration
factor
d[ ye
dc 1 C P ( x (/dx
]
+ c ( + k) = 0 14
dt tR tR Left hand side =
Q(x)
MU- Department of -Env.Eng.- Enve 301 Course Notes- Dr. Bilge Alpaslan Kocamemi
1 dc 1 C
+k = e .dt = e .t + c ( + k) = 0
tR dt tR tR
(
d C.e t 1 )
= .C o .e .t
dt tR
Ct
( )
t
t 1
d C.e = .C 0 .e t .dt
t
C0 t=0 R
Ct t 1 ax
C.e.t .C 0 . .e t
1 1 ax
= e dx = e
C0 tR t = 0 a
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MU- Department of -Env.Eng.- Enve 301 Course Notes- Dr. Bilge Alpaslan Kocamemi
t=0 e t=1
t t 1 1 t 1 1
C e C e = C e C
t 0 tR 0 tR 0
t 1 1 t 1 1
C e C = C e C
t 0 tR 0 tR 0
C e
t
=C +
1
C
1 t 1
e C
1 (Divide both sides to e t )
t 0 tR 0 tR 0
C0 1 1 1 1 1
C = + C C
t e t tR 0 tR 0 e t
C0 C0 1
C = + (1 )
t e t tR et
t C0 t 1
C =C e + (1 e ) where = +k
t 0 tR tR 16
CFSTR, UNSTEADY-STATE FOR NON-CONSERVATIVE REACTANT HAVING 1ST ORDER REACTION RATE
MU- Department of -Env.Eng.- Enve 301 Course Notes- Dr. Bilge Alpaslan Kocamemi
Q ,C o Q ,C
C,
C0
C t = C 0 .e .t + .(1 e .t )
tR .
Ct
C0
=
C0 C0 CFSTR, steady-state, non-
Ct =
tR . 1 1 +k.tR conservative (reactive) reactant
tR +k
tR having 1st order reaction rate.
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MU- Department of -Env.Eng.- Enve 301 Course Notes- Dr. Bilge Alpaslan Kocamemi
dc Q Q
= C 0 - C - kC
dt
dc
At steady-state =0
dt
1
kC = (C 0 -C)
tR
kCt R = (C 0 -C)
kCt R + C = C 0
C0
C=
1 + k.tR 18
MU- Department of -Env.Eng.- Enve 301 Course Notes- Dr. Bilge Alpaslan Kocamemi
dc Q Q
= C 0 - C1 + r
dt 1 1
. . . .
1 1
0= C 0 - C1 + r
1 2 n t R1 t R1
C0
1 1 +kt R1 C1 =
0= C 0 - C1 1 + kt R1
t R1 t R1
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MU- Department of -Env.Eng.- Enve 301 Course Notes- Dr. Bilge Alpaslan Kocamemi
dc
2nd reactor 2 = QC 1 - QC 2 + r 2
dt
dc Q Q
= C1 - C2 + r
dt 2 2
. . . . 1 1
0= C1 - C2 + r
t R2 t R2
1 2 n
1 1+kt R2
C2 =
C1 C0 C0
0= C1 - C2 C1 = C2 =
t R2 t R2 1 + kt R2 1 +kt R
1
(1 +kt R1 )(. 1+kt R2 )
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MU- Department of -Env.Eng.- Enve 301 Course Notes- Dr. Bilge Alpaslan Kocamemi
dc
3rd reactor 3 = QC 2 - QC 3 + r 3
dt
dc Q Q
= C2 - C3 + r
dt 3 3
. . . . 1 1
0= C2 - C3 + r
tR 3 tR 3
1 2 n
1 1 C0
0= C 2 - C 3 ( + k) C2 =
tR3 tR 3 (1 + kt R 1 )(1 + kt R 2 )
1 1+kt R3 C2
0= C2 - C3 C3 = C0
tR 3 t R3 1 +kt R3 C3 =
(1 +kt R1 )(1 + kt R2 )(1 +kt R3 )
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MU- Department of -Env.Eng.- Enve 301 Course Notes- Dr. Bilge Alpaslan Kocamemi
C0
C1 =
1 + kt R1
C0
C2 =
(1 +kt R1 )(. 1+kt R2 )
C0
C3 =
(1 +kt R1 )(1 + kt R2 )(1 +kt R3 )
C0
n th reactor Cn = CFSTR in series under steady states and
(1+kt R1 )(1+kt R2 )...(1+kt Rn ) for 1st order rxn.
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MU- Department of -Env.Eng.- Enve 301 Course Notes- Dr. Bilge Alpaslan Kocamemi
V1=8.68 x 10 ^5 m3
V2=25.9x 10 ^5 m3
V3=17.28 x 10 ^5 m3
v4=8.64 x 10 ^5 m3
V5=25.92x 10 ^5 m3
The river reach shown has been divided into 5 segments based on measured velocities and
depths. An industrial facility is planned just upstream of the 1st segment and it is necessary
to estimate effect of ww discharge. A series of dye experiments have been run and each of
the segments was found to behave as an approximate CFSTR. The pollutant is expected to
disappear according to 1st order reaction. For the data given determine the steady-state
pollutant con. in each segment.
Q river = 5m 3 / sec
k = 0 ,2day 1
C 0 = 30 g / m 3 23
MU- Department of -Env.Eng.- Enve 301 Course Notes- Dr. Bilge Alpaslan Kocamemi
Ref: http://www.water-msc.org/e-learning/file.php/40/moddata/scorm/203/Lesson%204_04.htm
Tracers (dyes, electrolytes, radioactive isotopes) are used to characterize the degree
of mixing.
must be conservative
does not participate in any reaction
it is not adsorbed or absorbed by reactor or its contents
are assumed to be moved about in the same manner as the water molecules
their flow pattern will mimic have liquid flow pattern.
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Ref: Tchobanoglous and Scroeder, 1985, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company
MU- Department of -Env.Eng.- Enve 301 Course Notes- Dr. Bilge Alpaslan Kocamemi
In a PF situation the mass balance must be taken over an incremental volume because a
longitudinal concentration gradient exists (since there is no longitudinal mixing.
Materials Balance:
Accumulation = Inflow - Outflow + Generation
c
= (QC 0 )x - (QC )x + x + r (Divide both sides to )
t
c Q
= (C x -C x + x )+ r
t
c Q
= (C x -C x + x )+ r
t Ax Ref: Tchobanoglous and Scroeder, 1985, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company
c Q C x C x + x
= +r
t A x
c Q c c Qc PFR
= +r = +r Unsteady-state conditions
t A x t 26
MU- Department of -Env.Eng.- Enve 301 Course Notes- Dr. Bilge Alpaslan Kocamemi
c Qc
= +r
t
c
@ steady-state conditions =0
t
c
=0 Q c c
t r= = PFR
t R steady-state conditions
27
MU- Department of -Env.Eng.- Enve 301 Course Notes- Dr. Bilge Alpaslan Kocamemi
EXAMPLE 2:
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MU- Department of -Env.Eng.- Enve 301 Course Notes- Dr. Bilge Alpaslan Kocamemi
EXAMPLE 3:
Determine the volume of a CFSTR required to give a treatment efficiency of 95% for a
substance that decay according to half order kinetics with a rate constant of
0.05 (mg/L)1/2 .
The flow rate is steady at 300L/hr and the influent concentration is 150mg/L.
EXAMPLE 4:
Determine the volumes of two identical CFSTR reactors in series to provide the same
degree of treatment for the conditions given in Example 1.
EXAMPLE 5:
Determine the volume of a PFR to provide same degree of treatment for the conditions
given Example 1. 29
MU- Department of -Env.Eng.- Enve 301 Course Notes- Dr. Bilge Alpaslan Kocamemi
When the same reaction model (except for zero-order rxns) applies, regardless of the
mixing regime a PF system is always the most efficient (less volume requirement)
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