UNIVERSIDAD JUREZ

AUTNOMA DE TABASCO
DIVISIN ACADMICA
MULTIDISCIPLINARIA DE
COMALCALCO

MEDICO CIRUJANO 2B

MAYRA ELIZABETH LIA ALEJANDRO

MARICRUZ SANCHEZ PERALTA

LIZBETH ADRIANA PEREZ GONZALEZ

VIVIANA VICTORIA GUZMAN

ALEJANDRA PACHECO OCAMPO

GISELLE GPE. CRDOVA ALEJANDRO

WILLIAM ALEJANDRO DE LA CRUZ

TEACHER: ALEJANDRA ROSALDO ROCHA

Date: 17th/ February/ 2017

 DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
The function is to break down the food we eat into smaller parts to form and
nourish cells and supply power

Salivary glands
The salivary glands in mammals are exocrine
glands, glands with ducts, that produce saliva, which
is formed of several things including amylase,
a digestive enzyme that breaks
down starch into maltose and glucose.
In humans and some other mammals the secretion
is alpha-amylase also known as ptyalin.

Parotid glands
Main article: Parotid gland
The two parotid glands are major salivary glands
wrapped around the mandibular ramus in humans.
The largest of the salivary glands, they secrete saliva to facilitate mastication and
swallowing, and amylase to begin the digestion of starches. It is the serous type of
gland which secretes the ptyalin. It enters the oral cavity via the parotid duct or
Stensen duct. The glands are located posterior to the mandibular ramus and
anterior to the mastoid process of the temporal bone. They are clinically relevant in
dissections of facial nerve branches while exposing the different lobes of it since
any iatrogenic lesion will result in either loss of action or strength of muscles
involved in facial expression. They produce 20% of the total salivary content in the
oral cavity.

MEDICO CIRUJANO 2B
Submandibular glands
MAYRA
Main article: ELIZABETH
Submandibular LIA ALEJANDRO
gland
The submandibular glands are a pair of major salivary glands located beneath the
MARICRUZ
lower jaws, superior to the digastricSANCHEZ PERALTA
muscles. The secretion produced is a mixture
of both serous fluid and mucus, and enters the oral cavity via the submandibular
LIZBETH
duct or Wharton ADRIANA
duct. Approximately PEREZ
65-70% of salivaGONZALEZ
in the oral cavity is produced
by the submandibular glands, even though they are much smaller than the parotid
VIVIANA VICTORIA GUZMAN

ALEJANDRA PACHECO OCAMPO

glands. You can usually feel this gland, as it is in the superficial cervical region and
feels like a rounded ball.

Sublingual glands
The sublingual glands are a pair of major salivary glands located inferior to the
tongue, anterior to the submandibular glands. The secretion produced is mainly
mucous in nature, however it is categorized as a mixed gland. Unlike the other two
major glands, the ductal system of the sublingual glands do not have intercalated
ducts and usually do not have striated ducts either so they exit directly from 8-20
excretory ducts known as the Rivinus ducts. Approximately 5% of saliva entering
the oral cavity comes from these glands.

Minor salivary glands

There are 800-1000 minor salivary glands located throughout the oral cavity within
the submucosa of the oral mucosa in the tissue of the buccal, labial, and lingual
mucosa, the soft palate, the lateral parts of the hard palate, and the floor of the
mouth or between muscle fibers of the tongue. They are 1-2mm in diameter and
unlike the major glands, they are not encapsulated by connective tissue, only
surrounded by it. The gland has
usually a number of acini
connected in a tiny lobule. A minor
salivary gland may have a
common excretory duct with
another gland, or may have its
own excretory duct. Their
secretion is mainly mucous in
nature (except for Von Ebner
glands- see next section) and have
many functions such as coating
the oral cavity with saliva.
Problems with dentures are
sometimes associated with minor
salivary glands if there is dry mouth present (see further discussion). The minor
salivary glands are innervated by the seventh cranial or facial nerve.

Mouth
In human anatomy, the mouth is the first portion of the alimentary canal that
receives food and saliva.The oral mucosa is the mucous membrane epithelium
lining the inside of the mouth.
Parts
 Teeth
The teeth are calcified structures whose main purpose is mastication. Each tooth is
composed of a crown, which is the exposed portion above the gumline, and a root,
which is embedded in the jawbone.
Hard palate
The palate is the horseshoe-shaped, domed roof of the oral cavity. It is divided into
a hard portion and a soft portion. The hard palate belongs to the oral cavity and
separates it from the nasal cavities. The soft palate belongs to the oropharynx and
separates it from the nasopharynx.
The hard palate is concave, and this concavity is occupied mostly by the tongue
when it is at rest. The hard palate is subdivided into the primary and secondary
palates.The primary palate is separated from the secondary palate by a small
depression behind the central incisors termed the incisive fossa, where the incisive
foramen opens.
Soft palate
The soft palate marks the beginning of the oropharynx and is the movable posterior
third of the palate. It forms an incomplete septum between the mouth and the
pharynx. It is marked by a median raphe and is continuous with the roof of the
mouth and the mucous membrane of the nasal floor.
Floor of mouth
The floor of mouth forms the inferior limit of the oral cavity. It is often compared to a
quadrangular pyramid with a posterior base. Superficially, it is separated into 3
zones: the anterior floor of the mouth located anterior to the lingual frenulum and
the 2 sublingual folds located between the lateral tongue and the mandibular
gingiva.
Tongue
The tongue is a mobile muscular organ that occupies the major part of the oral
cavity and part of the oropharynx. Its main functions are pushing food into the
oropharynx during swallowing and forming words during speaking, although it is
also implicated in mastication, taste, and oral cleansing.
Lips
The outer lip (outer vermilion) is lined with skin. The epidermis is composed of
stratified squamous, keratinized epithelium. Beneath the epidermis, the dermis is
composed of sebaceous glands, hair follicles, sweat glands, arrector pili muscles,
and the neurovascular bundle on the lip periphery. [8]
The inner lip (interior vermilion) is lined with a stratified squamous, nonkeratinized
epithelium. Under the epithelium is a lamina propria, the counterpart of the dermis.
 Tubuloacinar labial glands are found in
the submucosa. These are
predominantly mucous; their secretion
moistens the oral mucosa, and their
small ducts open into the oral cavity.

THE TOOTH
The tooth is a hard anatomic organ, embedded in the alveolar processes of the
maxillary bones and mandible through a special type of joint called gonfosis, in
which different structures that comprise it: dental cementum and alveolar bone
both joined by the ligament Periodontal disease.

THE TONGUE
The tongue is a muscular hydrostate, an organ (containing salivary glands),
located inside the mouth, odd, medium and symmetrical, which performs important
functions such as hydration of mouth and food through salivation, swallowing,
language and taste. Swallowing and talking are virtually impossible actions without
saliva.
Mucosa of the tongue: The mucosa that covers the back of the body is a
specialized mucosa. The mucosa behind the lingual V constitutes the lingual
amygdala. The mucosa of the lingual dorsum presents six types of taste buds (as
seen in the top-down tongue):
Papilla gustativa, coronal cut.
Goblet or circumvalate papillae.
 Foliate papillae.
Filiform papillae.
Fungiform papillae.

ESOPHAGUS
The esophagus is a muscular tube connecting the throat (pharynx) with the
stomach.
It forms an important piece of the
gastrointestinal tract and functions as the
conduit for food and liquids that have been
swallowed into the pharynx to
reach the stomach.

PHARYNX
The pharynx serves as a continuation of the digestive cavity, providing a
route from the oral cavity proper to the esophagus.
 The pharynx is the part of the throat
that is behind the mouth and nasal
cavity and above the esophagus and
the larynx, or the tubes going down to
the stomach and the lungs.
the interior of the pharynx is often
separated into three sectionsthe
nasopharynx, oropharynx, and
laryngopharynx.

STOMACH
The stomach is a muscular, hollow, dilated
part of the gastrointestinal tract that functions
as an important organ in the digestive system.
In humans and many other vertebrates it is
involved in the second phase of digestion ,
following mastication.
It secretes digestive enzymes and gastric acid
to aid in food digestion.
Stomach is large, curved and J-shaped wide
elastic sac situated just below the diaphragm
on left side of abdominal cavity.

Overall, stomach has three parts -

Fundus part - it is the upper part of stomach, near the heart. Oesophagus opens
into it.
Body - It is middle part of stomach.
Pyloric part - It is the lower part nearest to the duodenum.

SMALL INTESTINE
The small intestine or small bowel is the part of the gastrointestinal tract between
the stomach and the large intestine , and is where most of the end absorption of
food takes place. The small intestine has three distinct regions the duodenum ,
jejunum , and ileum.
The primary function of the small intestine is the
absorption of nutrients and minerals from food.

LIVER
The liver is the bodys second largest organ
weighing in at around 3 pounds. Its a roughly
triangular organ that extends across the entire
abdominal cavity just inferior to the diaphragm. Most of the livers mass is located
on the right side of the body where it descends inferiorly toward the right kidney.
It performs many essential functions related to digestion, metabolism, immunity,
and the storage of nutrients within the body. These functions make the liver a vital
organ without which the tissues of the body would quickly die from lack of energy
and nutrients, but it has an incredible capacity for regeneration of dead or
damaged tissues.

LARGE INTESTINE
Comprises of the second part of the
alimentary canal
The major function of the large intestine is
to absorb water from the remaining
indigestible matter of the food and to
transmit waste material useless from the
body.
The large intestine is composed of the
colon and rectum
Parts of the colon include the ascending, transverse, and descending colon.

PANCREAS
Is a gland and is located in the abdomen.
The pancreas has two main functions, exocrine function and endocrine function.
The exocrine cells of the pancreas produce enzymes that aid digestion.
The endocrine involves the production of substances that are produced in one part
of the body and circulate in the bloodstream to influence another part of the body.
 GALLBLADDER
The gallbladder is a hollow, muscular and pear-shaped small storage organ located
inferior and posterior to the liver. Though small in size, the gallbladder plays an
important role in our digestion of food. The gallbladder holds bile produced in the
liver until it is needed for digesting fatty foods in the duodenum of the small
intestine.
The larger end of the gallbladder extends inferiorly and to the right while the
tapered end points superiorly and medially. The tapered end of the gallbladder
narrows into a small bile duct known as the cystic duct.

ANUS
Is the final part of the digestive tract
Controlling the expulsion of feces