PRINTING TECHNIQUES

ADOPTED BY PUNJAB KESARI

“A CASE STUDY”
A Study based on the history and printing techniques of
Punjab Kesari.

A Dissertation

Submitted in the Partial fulfillment of the requirement for the

DEGREE of
MASTERS IN ARTS OF MEDIA STUDIES
&
PRODUCTION
2009-2010

SUPERVISED BY: SUBMITTED BY:

Ms ANTERPREET KAUR RICHA

Department of Mass Communication & journalism.

BBK DAV College for Women, Lawrence road, Amritsar.
 CERTIFICATE

THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT THE CASE STUDY OF

PUNJAB KESARI BASED ON THE HISTORY AND
PRINTING TECHNIQUES OF PUNJAB KESARI, IS
SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE
REQUIREMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTERS IN
MEDIA AND PRODUCTION OF BBK DAV COLLEGE
FOR WOMEN BY RICHA BAJAJ.
THE STUDY IS HER ORIGINAL WORK AND HAS
BEEN CARRIED OUT UNDER MY SUPERVISION. NO
PART OF THE STUDY HAS BEEN SUBMITTED FOR
ANY OTHER DEGREE. THE ASSISTANCE AND HELP
RECEIVED DURING THIS STUDY HAS BEEN FULLY
ACKNOWLEDGED.

(Ms ANTERPREET)
 GRATITUDE

This study PRINTING TECHNEQUES ADOPTED BY

PUNJAB KESARI- A CASE STUDY is based on the
changes in techniques of printing. I would never have been
able to complete this study without the help of teachers,
family and friends.
I feel honored while giving thanks to my mentor and
teacher Ms. ANTERPREET for guiding me and showing
me right directions in the successful completion of this case
study. I am blessed to have her as my guide.
I would like to express my respect and gratitude to Mrs
Priyanka Bassi,(HOD) and Mrs Antarpreet kaur for giving
me opportunity, encouraging me to conduct a case study
and also showing confidence in me to complete this case
study.
Gratitude would be incomplete without thanking my whole
family for helping me in this study. Finally I thank the
almighty, God for giving me strength and aptitude to
complete my case study work effectively and successfully.
 CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION
a) History of Punjab Kesari
b) Synopsis
*Statement of the Problem
*Significance of the study
*Limitations
*Objectives
*Hypothesis
*Research Methodology
2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
3. HISTORY OF PRINTING TECHNOLOGY
4. HISTORY OF PUNJAB KESARI’s TECHNOLOGY
5. BEHIND THE SCENE -- ‘MAKING OF A NEWSPAPER’
6. PRESENT PRINTING SCENARIO
*CTP (Computer to Plate)
7. CHANGES IN INDUSTRY
*Part A
*Part B
8. READERSHIP CHARACTERISTICS
9. CONCLUSION
10. BIBLIOGRAPHY
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

HISTORY OF PUNJAB KESARI--THE HIND SAMACHAR STORY

The Beginning
Hind Samachar was established in 1948. A fledging newspaper
that has spawned into the Hind Samachar Group of Newspaper. Today
it encompasses Punjab Kesari in Hindi, Jagbani in Punjabi and Hind
Samachar in Urdu. It is published from the three centers- Jalandhar,
Ambala and Delhi. It serves the reader in the states of Jammu &
Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Delhi,
Rajasthan and the Union Territory of Chandigarh. It reaches out o a
total of 7.5 lakh plus readership families daily. Punjab Kesari alone
touches the lives of 9.28 lakh families on Sundays making it the top
selling Sunday newspaper. The number of actual readers may be close
to one crore.

But this position has not been achieved overnight and with ease.
It has been powered by hard work, sacrifice, blood, lives and the efforts
of every hawker, agent, reporter, photographer and desk man.

The journey started in 1948 when Late Lala Jagat Narain gave
independent India what he termed “an independent newspaper”. He
wanted it to be free to criticize, appraise and apprise the public of the
happenings and events as they unfolded day after day. They are proud
that they have been able to uphold the traditions and values that formed
the foundation of the newspaper at its inception.
 Lalaji made Hind Samachar a mouthpiece against corruption,
nepotism and misuse of power. Additionally, it extended its support to
the needy refugees in the post- partition days. This stance of the
staunch Congressman did at one time or the other land the publication
in trouble with the then State Government. The Governmental support
in terms of subscription and advertising was withdrawn as a
consequence.
In the face of such adversity, the newspaper did not flinch in
giving the reader the truth. This was primarily due to the editor’s
resoluteness. The result was all too evident. The image of the
newspaper as a bastion of righteousness was established in the mind of
the reader. The additional policy was remarkable in its constancy. This
ensured continued growth of the newspaper. It was the voice of the
masses. From an initial print order of 3,000 copies a day, Hind
Samachar now sells over 52,000 copies daily. It is an in indicator of its
level of acceptance.

Tractor Power
During the course of its chequered history, two events stand out
for their singularity. The first was when, in 1974, the government cut
off power to the press. But instead of cowering under this seemingly
no-win situation, the publishers rigged up a tractor to power the Web
offset Rotary and issues rolled off like this for 10 days. The High Court
was moved and the Government was forced to grant a temporary
reprieve. Of source they won the case.
Ban Orders
The second instance was when the Jammu & Kashmir
Government banned the publication and the Supreme Court had to be
moved and the ban order revoked.

Terrorist Onslaught
It has not been a series of instance but one long struggle. It
started with the silencing of the strident voice of Lalaji who was shot
by terrorists on 9th September, 1981. They bade adieu to a man who
was the contemporary of freedom fighters like Dr. Saif-Ud-din
Kitchloo, Dr. Gopi Chand Bhargav, Dr. Satya pAl , Lala Lajpat Rai,
Agha Safdar and others. A man who showed them the path, that was
founded on truth and of communicating that truth of the readers. They
bade adieu to a man who was not afraid of calling a spade a spade.
They bade adieu to a man who cared for the underprivileged with a
passion that equaled his love for justice.
Mr. Romesh Chander took over the mantle of editorship
following Lalaji death. The group of Newspaper continued its stance
and lashed out at the terrorists under the tutelage of Mr. Romesh
Chander. In a span of just under three years the group lost its second
Editor when Mr. Romesh Chander was felled by terrorist bullets. The
date was 12th May, 1984. Mr. Vijay Chopra, Lalaji’s younger son, took
over as Editor.
He too paid the price of not bowing to the outrageous terrorist
groups, which had by now become very visible on the Punjab scene, in
the form of sacrifices by the Group staff.
 It kicked off a tale of killing which claimed 60 lives. There is a
long list of reports, agents, hawkers, who were targeted and killed. It
was the saddest phase in newspapers existence. They lost many limbs
of their body and bled, but they stood firm. People questioned their
stance and opinioned that they were losing there people. They felt that
it was their duty to stand firm and resist the pressure to bend. After all
their newspaper were institution that had become rocks in the seas of
time. They had come to symbolize the hope of a battered people,
People who had suffered at the hands of terrorists and were looking to
the future for a better day.

Shaheed Parivar Fund

For that brighter future the GROUP set up the Shaheed Parivar
Fund, instituted by Mr. Romesh Chander on 27th November, 1983. It
was a relief fund which was to help rehabilitate the victims of terrorist
violence and November, 1984 riots. Sixty Five installments have been
distributed till 29.05.94. These represents a total amount of Rs 3.99
crores disbursed to 3609 families. It was a small way of telling these
families who had lost their breadwinners-‘GROUP CARES’.
What really goes into every newspaper before it hits the
street? Besides the editorial content, that is:
• A country wide network of correspondents and stringers. Offices
connected by fax, tele printer hot lines photo-transmitters.
Foreign picture service tie-ups and prominent news agencies
subscription make them one of the best in terms of editorial
matter.
 • The first to introduce computerized laser typesetting giving the
reader a crisp, clean and high quality newspaper. Punjab Kesari
was the first along with jag Bani, to be produced with photo
composing in 1980 Hind Samachar likewise was the first Indian
Urdu Newspaper to come out with Photo Typesetting in 1987.
• Colour Scanners and Layout programmers helped them to
produce all colour editions.
• They have installed press capacity of 480,000 copies per hour
and installed the first Web offset machine as far back as 1971.
All presses now are geared for colour printing.
• They have one of the most extensive distribution system with
over 2,000 agents and a fleet of transport vehicles to ensure
speedy delivery.
• Another first was the computerization of all advertising billing
and accounting function.
• Commercial offices in Delhi and Chandigarh with representatives
in Bombay, Calcutta, Ahmedabad, Madras, Bangalore &
secundrabad.
• A dedicated force of newspaper professionals who are willing to
put their lives on the line for the sake of the truth which they
package every day for the reader.

Fight Against Terrorism

While all these inputs have been essential part of the newspaper
group all through its existence the story of its struggle to service during
the days of terrorism in Punjab in the last decade or so is worth a
special mention? It is the story of courage not only of the management,
not only of the editorial staff and the distribution agents and hawkers
but also of this reader. It is difficult to describe those days when the
newspaper group not merely struggled for its survival but had a frontal
confrontation with the terrorist forces in the region. It was a time when
the production and distribution of its papers, even buying and reading
them involved a grave risk and endangered the lives of the concerned
persons at the hands of the terrorists.
The newspaper group because of its bold policy with regard to
terrorism and violence of kind its fearless criticism of those engaged in
or backing terrorism, its unstained support to all those putting up a fight
against heavy odds and its advice to the authorities to bring back peace
in the region earned it the wrath of all terrorist forces. It was the target
No. 1 for years. It paid heavily in terms of lives and material losses in
the process. It lost men from the editorial staff and distribution
network. No body connected with the group was safe. It had to spend
heavily on unprecedented security measures. One had only to visit its
head offices in Jalandhar to see what a fortress it had turned in to, to
face the threat from terrorists. The trucks carrying the papers had to be
provided with armed guards, its important members of staff had to be
provided protection, and even its hawkers had to be accompanied by
armed security men. As for the family owning, managing and editing
the papers the less said the better. They were virtually imprisoned in the
complex. All social life came to a naught for them. Those manning the
offices faced the threat of bullet or an explosion all the time. Many
others would have broken but they did not give up.
The distribution and sale of the papers became a hazard. Not all
hawkers could withstand the pressure. Some of them gave in and
discontinued supply of the papers. Even some readers in small and
unsafe places stopped buying the papers under threat of the terrorists.
The newspapers group went on receiving threat after horrible threat
which would have scared away many others. But this group stood like a
rock before all this. It may not be an exaggeration, to say that, in the
media it almost stood as the lone fighter against terrorism. At a time
when many others including the well protected official media
succumbed to the threats of the terrorist and followed their dictates this
group refused to give in. The threat came not only from individual
terrorist leaders, But also from much feared organizations like the
Panthic committee, Khalistan Commando Force and so on.
Matter of conviction
Whatever the Group did to confront terrorism was not merely of
convenience but a matter of conviction for it. It could have lost the
fight and disappeared from the scene. But this fear did not cramp its
style. Irrespective of the consequences, it went ahead, for what was
virtually a head-on conformation against terrorism. The people of
Punjab and the adjoining states, who live in safety and peace today
appreciates the efforts of the Group. Their patronage of its papers
resulting in a phenomenal growth, their support in its ventures like the
Shaheed Parivar Fund, their affection and regards expressed publicity
for the Hind Samachar family, are all proof of the people’s sentiments,
if any proof was needed. These people belong to all faiths, creeds and
economic background. The fact that their papers in Hindi, Punjabi, and
Urdu are equally popular shows that its support comes from all sections
of the society. This decade further endeared the papers which became a
part of the people’s life in this region.
THE THREE CHIEFS
Snap shot into the life of the 1st General
Lala Jagat was born on 31st May, 1899 in Wazirabad (in Pakistan
now.) In 1915, he passed his matriculation examination as a student of
Government High School, Lyallpur. In the year 1919, he earned his
Bachelors degree. He studied at DAV College, Lahore. Following this,
he enrolled for Law at the Law College, Lahore, but left it at the call of
Mahatama Gandhi, who appealed to student to leave their colleges and
join in the freedom struggle. The result was a jail sentence handed
down in 1921 which spanned two and a half years. During this jail
sentence, Lalaji met the doyens of the freedom movement in the region.
These were the likes of Lala lajpat rai, Dr. Satya Pal, baba Kharak
Singh Dr. Gopi Chand Bhargav, Dr. Saif-Ud-din Kitchloo, Maulvi
Saaed habib, Agha Mohd Safdar and others. He was released in 1924
and joined the staff of ‘Akash Vani’, an independent Hindi weekly
newspaper as Editor. He was arrested again in 1930 for a year and then
again spent a year in jail in 1932. This very year saw him take over as
Editor of ‘Punjab Kesari’ (started by the late Purshottam Lal tandon)
the hindi weekly. His arrest followed.

Twice again he was arrested once in 1941 for taking part in the
Satyagarh Movement and the second time for the Quit India Movement
in 1942. He spent a total of four years during these jail terms.

All this while Lalaji had been Congress party also. He was
President of the Lahore City District Congress Committee for Several
years. He remained active in city affairs also and was member of the
Lahore Corporation.
 After Partition in 1947 Lalaji migrated to Jalandhar and threw his
energies into the rebuilding of the area. He was a member of both the
Jalandhar Municipal Corporation and the Jalandhar Improvement Trust.
He served the Congress in various capacities as General Secretary of
the Punjab Congress, member of the All India Congress Committee, as
Minister of Education Health and Transport in the ministry of Sh. Bhim
Sen Sachar in 1952. But in 1956 he resigned from the Congress and
contested the Jalandhar Vidhan Sabha seat as an independent and was
elected. In 1964 he was elected to the Rajya Sabha.

In Independent India also he was arrested twice. The first time for
being critical of the Deputy Commissioner of Hoshiarpur and the
second time during the Emergency.

He led the Hind Samachar Group of Newspapers from the front

and it was under his wings that the foundation of growth was laid. He
warned the Governments both at the Centre and in the State, about the
risk of letting a few anti-social elements get out of hand regarding
‘Khalistan’.

For standing firm to ideals he was shot dead by terrorists on

September 9 1981 on the G.T Road near Ludhiana.

The 2nd General

. Romesh Chander, Lalaji’s elder son born on December 24, 1926 at

Lyallpur. He also got his Bachelor Science degree from DAV Collage
Lahore. He was arrested during the Quit India Movement in 1942 and
jailed in Borstal Jail Lahore.

In 1952 he entered the world of journalism and took over as

 Editor of Punjab Kesari in 1965 and Hind Samachar in 1972. He was
elected member of the jalandhar Municipal Committee in 1965 on a
Congress ticket and was the youngest Municipal Commissioner.

In 1956 he resigned along with Lalaji from the Congress and

fought the subsequent three elections to Municipal Committee as an
Independent defeating the Congress each time. He was elected member
of the Punjab Legislative Assembly on the Janata Party ticket in 1977.

He kept himself in touch with society and tried to serve its needs
as best as he could. He was a member of the Local Committee of DAV
Institutions of Jalandhar. He was Chairman of the Delhi Regional
Committee of India’s and Eastern Newspaper Society. He was also
Director of the PTI.

He at every available opportunity sought to promote communal

harmony and national Integration. Till the very end he stood his ground.

He was short dead by terrorists on May 12, 1984 while he was on

his way back from the Guru nanak Library after addressing his last
meeting on communal harmony.

And The Present Incumbent

Sh. Vijay Kumar Chopra was born on January 31, 1932 at

Lyallpur where Lalaji had his ancestral home. He graduated from DAV
College, Jalandhar in 1955.

He was groomed to take over the reins of the Hind Samachar

group and with this end in mind he went to U.K. for the Thompson
Foundation Newspaper Management Course in 1972. Prior to that he
had already spent time in Leipzig, in 1967, to undergo training in
printing technology.

In 1984 following the assassination of Sh Romesh Chander, he

took over as Editor of the Group. In 1989

He assumed greater responsibility as Chairman and Managing Director

of the Company. Today the Group is the third largest newspaper
concern in the country.

The year 1990 saw the Padam Shri Award being conferred on
him. He also got FIE Award for eminence in journalism during this
year. 1991 saw two awards one the FFI Award given by the Foundation
for Freedom of Information and second the Munshi Premchand Award.
Both were given for fearless journalism. He is a Director of PTI and
member of the Executive Committee of the Indian Newspaper Society.

In addition to the responsibility of leading a newspaper groups,

Sh Vijay Chopra has not distanced himself from the city of jalandhar
and is associated with several social and charitable in various
capacities. He is also the administrator of the Shaheed Parivar Fund
which has been engaged in the task of rehabilitating terrorist and 1984
riot affected people
CHAPTER 1 PART 11

SYNOPSIS

Statement of the problem:

What technical advancements have come up in Punjab Kesari from the

time of its establishment till now and it also includes the present
printing Technology of this newspaper.

Significance of Study:

Every Research study requires to be rational & significant as a

contribution to the existing knowledge the significance of this study
lies in finding out the advancements in Techniques of printing of
Punjab Kesari. These Techniques play a major role in making a
newspaper look interesting and luring people to at least have a look on
it.

Limitation:

Every study has some limitations and particularly such kind of

researches always has some limitations so, this study is not different.

• Lack of Time.

• Lack of Money.

• Research done by single individual.

• People were reluctant to answer.

Objectives

The purpose of the dissertation is to present edge to the wedge on the

topic of Printing Techniques of Punjab Kesari.

1. To study with the passage of time what changes have come up

in the production Style of Punjab Kesari.

2. It will help people know that what impart these new printing

techniques have made on the readership of Punjab Kesari.

Hypothesis

 The case study proves that the newspaper Punjab Kesari is rising
high day by day because of its latest printing techniques and
regular up gradation to its techniques making its readership high.

 As it is, its a big and colored newspaper and people get attracted
towards it.

 This newspaper caters to people of all ages due to varied sections

from cartoons, political coverage, entertainment, latest
happenings etc.

Research Methodology

By research methodology we mean the method which the researchers

use to carry out his research.

• In this research content analogue Method is used.

• Interview method.

• Observation.
• Data analysis.

• Personal interaction with the correspondents and the people

working with this newspaper.
 CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

1. Modern Printing Technology

Author: NIIR Board Published: 1998
Publisher: National Institute of Industrial Research
The book covers process, project profiles of different types of printings and
printing inks manufacturing along with sources of machinery and raw
materials.

2. Hand Book on Printing Technology (Offset, Gravure,

Flexo and Screen)
Author: NIIR Board Published: 2002
Publisher: National Institute of Industrial Research

The developments in science and technology have revolutionized the

printing industry in the progressive countries of the world. There has been a
considerable compact of this progress in the Indian Printing Industries.
Keeping this fact in view we have made a sincere effort to provide the latest
printing techniques in this book and hope that it will be very helpful to new
entrants as well as established one.

3. The Complete Book on Printing Technology

Author: NIIR Board Published: 2003
Publisher: Asia Pacific Business Press Inc

This is the age of hi-fi, jets and computers. Rapi’s advancements in science
and technology have made their impact on the printing industry of the world
too. The old techniques of printing have become obsolete and made way for
the new technology. The book contains the latest printing processes like
web, gravure, flexo, security and offset printing. This is very useful book for
new entrants, technicians, craftsmen and executives working with printing
industries.
 CHAPTER 3

History of Printing Technology

A printing is the production of identical copies or words on illustrations

by the transfer of ink to paper or another substance. To make copies,
the original first has to be changed into a printing surface and then
mounted on a printing press. Then press uses pressure to transfer the
image from the inked type or plate to the paper.

Printing is an important part of civilization. It makes education and

entertainment available to all who can read, and millions of copies are
read each day.

There are three major methods of printing namely:

1. Relief printing (commonly called Letter Press) in which the

readied surface of the letters covered with ink and pressed
against the paper.

2. Lithography or Plano graphic printing, in which ink is

transferred to the paper from an approximately smooth
surface.

3. Gravure or Intaglio Printing prints from a plate in which the

inked areas are made up of tiny pits or cells of varying depth.

The first step in all methods is to set the type and prepare the
illustrations. Type is set, or composed, by machinery, photography or
by a combination of the two methods.
History:

In Europe during the middle ages books were made by handwriting,

copying and illuminating fine arts. Printing from wooden blocks on silk
cloth, vellum and paper is known to have been done as early as 1423
A.D. Entire books were made this way. Each page was hand engraved
on a block of wood. Sometimes one part of the page was devoted to a
picture and the rest to text. Numerous books were printed from blocks
of this kind.

Block printing was done in China, Korea, and Japan at a much

earlier date than in Europe. The oldest known printed book is the
Diamond Sutra which as printed in the form of a scroll by Wang Chieh
in 868 A, D. which is lying in the British Museum. Separate wood
types were used later, and prior to 1049 A.D. Pi Sheng invented a
method of printing from separate baked – clay characters, in iron form.
The Koreans had the first foundry to cast metal characters, in 1403.
These were cast in tin and bronze from wood patterns, using sands
molds.

Movable type was invented independently there at a later date.

Credit for this invention is generally given to Johann Gutenberg, who
had a print shop in Mainz, Germany, in the 1450’s. Some historians,
however, have claimed that Lquires Janszoon Coster of Haarlem,
Holland, might have printed from moveable type of his own making at
an earlier date. The first printed Bible, called the Mazarin, Gutenberg
or 42 line Bible, is generally be lived to have been printed by
Gutenberg in 1456 or earlier. His press is believed to have been a
modification contained between two upright wooden beams. When
ready for printing the type was placed face upward and clamped in
place on a flat bed of wood or stone. The type was then inked by hand
with two bells of soft leather. A sheet of dampened paper was spread
over the inked type. An upper surface, the plate was pressed down the
paper by means of a wooden screw.

When an impression had been the screw was recessed the platen
lifted, the paper removed and put aside to dry, the type re-inked and
another this process. From Mainz, printing spread throughout Europe
with great rapidity. By 1500 more than 60 German towns had printers.
In most other European countries, the first printers were German who
were brought there by the promise of patronage or left Germany
because of the intense competition. Printing Presses were established in
Italy, 1464, Switzerland 1465: France 1470; Spain and Flangery 1473;
England 1476; and Sweden 1483

It was William Claxton who set up the first printing press in

England. He had learned the art in Cologne, where he had worked
about 1472 and had operated a press in Bruges as a partner of Colard
Mansion. There the first book was printed in English, when printing
became actively engaged in throughout England, the authorities
realized that the press was able to exercise considerable influence on he
attitude of the public and in the year 1530 the first press censorship was
continued until the end of the 1600’s. After its abolishment printing
revived and improvements began to be introduced.

The first printing press in America was set up in Mexico City in the
1530’s. In 1584 the first press ion South America was established in
Lime, Peru. By 1775, some 15 printers were operating in the 13
colonies. A series of inventions in the 19th century, spurred by the
technological advances in all fields that marked the Industrial
Revolution, brought about sweeping charges in the art of printing. Most
of these involved radical improvements in presses, but other important
contributions included new methods of paper manufacture, plate
making and finally typesetting. All these inventions combined to make
printing cheap. In the introduction in 1803 of the Fourdrinier machine,
which made paper in a continuous web, on roll and the inventions of
the cylinder press about 1810, the power press about 1822 and the
rotary press about 1846 finally moved printing in new direction nearly
four centuries after Gutenberg’s day.

The end of the 18th century James Watt had produced a practical
steam engine. In 1810 a crude inking roller was produced in England,
This roller fitted into the press and successfully replaced the slow hand
inking operation. From this invention, presses designed to print from
type or plates advanced in there directions; the steam- powered press,
the cylinder press and the rotary press.

The first application of Watt’s steam engine to printing was

achieved by two Boston printers, Daniel Treadwell in 1822 and Isaac
Admas in 1830. Both men adapted the new technology to the well-
known bed-and platen press that had been designed by Gutenberg.
Treadwell’s press failed commercial, but Adams machine was used for
many years in book printing.

The basic principle of the cylinder press is as old as Gutenberg’s

time, but no practical use was made of it until the early 19th century.
The first workable cylinder press was developed in England about 1810
by Friedrich Koing, a German land placed in service by the Times of
London in 1814. The Koing press offered a major innovation- it was
the first to use a heavy rotating cylinder to apply pressure to type on a
flat bed, eliminating the time consuming process of lifting the platen
away from the type. The cylinder increased the speed of the printing
process to about 1,100 sheets per hour, four times greater than that of
any previous press. Kong also designed a two-cylinder press that
printed sheets on both motions of the bed and printed both sides of a
sheet.

Another major advance in printing technology came in 1846

when an American, Richard M. Hoe, devised the rotary press –a
machine in which the paper passes between two curved surfaces. It
consisted of a large, cylinder, on which the type was locked and the ink
distributed surrounded by several small cylinders onto which the sheets
were fed. The small cylinders supplied the pressure to bring the large
printing claimer and the sheets in contact with each, other. This press,
put in service by the Philadelphia Public Ledger was the forerunner of
modern high speed newspaper presses.

Hoe’s press was also significant for opening the way to

stereotyping the making of plates that are exact facsimiles of pages of
type. Claude Gennoux, a French printer patented a paper- Mache or
web mat process for making facsimile plates in 1829. Gennoux’s
method involved pressing a wet mat composed of several layers of
paper against the type to receive the impression and then using the
dried mat as a mold to cast the plate from molten metal. Curved
stereotype plates were devised by Jacob Warms of Paris in 1849.

The first rotary press, which could print both sides of the paper at
one time and also print on a continuous roll instead of sheets, was
invented by William Bullock of Philadelphia in 1865. The roll of paper,
known as the web, a lowed higher production speeds than ever before
possible. R. Hoe &Company introduced a web- fed rotary press in 1871
that eliminated many of the problems of the Bullock machine. It was
placed in service at the New York Tribune and gained wide acceptance
in the newspaper industry.

About 1844, W.H. Fox Talbot, a British inventor first suggested

the use of gravure technique for the reproduction of photographs, and
he developed the process of etching acquaint-screened plates with ferric
chloride. In 1878 the Czech graphic artist Karl Klic conducted the first
experiments leading to modern photographs and he developed the
process of etching acquaint screened plates with ferric chloride. In 1878
the Czech graphic artist Karl Klic conducted the first experiments
leading to modern photogravure printing. About 1890 he also
developed a crass line screen to form the walls of tiny recessed equal-
area ink cells that varied in depth and thus held different amounts of ink
for printings.

Lithography was invented by alloys Seinfeld of Prague in 1796-

1799. The other principal of transferring the image to paper by way of a
rubber blanket cylinder was invented by the American printer. W.
Ruble about, 1905, Rubies discovered by accident that the rubber
cylinder produced a superior impression, and the constructed the first
offset press a three cylinder machine. Offset Lithography has surpassed
letter press as the most widely used printing method of the modern era.

The modern development of screen process printing in the West

is generally attributed to Samuel Simon an Englishman who in 1907
introduced the uses of a frame a taut silkscreen mesh and a stencil.
 After World War II more changes were introduced in printing
than in the 500 years following Gutenberg’s invention. Major
innovations included the development of phototypesetters computers
for automatic justification and hyphenation electronic scanning
machines for use in color printing and electrostatic screen printing.

The combination of computer technology and photocomposition

has revolutionized typesetting. Machines have been developed that read
coded tape and produce type on film, corrected paged and ready for
making a printing plate, at speeds of 3,000 characters a second or
faster. Optical Character, Recognition machines have been developed
that can read copy typed by authors or journalists and pass information
via computer to a photo composing machine.

Computers can store not only text matter but also illustrations in
digital from. Both can be recalled and displayed on picture tube
terminals for makeup into pages. Even the photographic stages of page
production can now be eliminated by laser beam system, which when
linked to computers, create printing images directly onto image-
bearing surfaces.

In machine printing, letter press is fast giving way to offset

lithography, a process that is also superseding photogravure because of
its plate-making economics. Many advances are being made in plate
making technology. For example, dry offset plants have been
developed that do not require damping to repel ink from the non- image
areas.

Typesetting:

Typesetting is the process by which reading matter is converted into a

form suitable for multiple reproduction by one of the various printing
methods. As the first step in fine printing process, it involves the
assembly of letters into, words, words into lines and lines into pages. It
is also called composition. Hand composition one letter at a time, began
in the 15th century and remained in general use until the part of the 19
the century.

The earliest known printed books were block books, produced

not from type but imprinted from wooden blocks on which text and
illustrations were engraved Type was first cast in Korea in the late 14
the century, the invention probably originating in China. By the mid
15th century the invention of moveable type had been accomplished in
Europe. It is believed that Johan Gutenberg first demonstrated the
practicability of printing from moveable type in 1448. The casting of
type in hand molds continued unchanged for nearly four centuries.

Other Mergenthaler, a German born watch – maker who

emigrated to Washing ten, D.C. is credited with the invention of the
first modern composing machine about 1884. Hios creation, called the
Linotype machine. Linotype machine produced a line of type as a
single bar of metal. The first commercial application of a Linotype was
at the New York Tribune in 1886.

An entirely new technology photocomposing evolved after World

War Iran it brought sweeping changes to the printing industry. The first
machine to compose type images on film was the Fathometer which
appeared in 1947.

In the 1960’s even more advanced composition systems were

developed that generated letters electronically by using film matrices
and cathode-ray tube. Such systems are capable of outputs up to 1,000
characters per second.

Today, through computers we can make all kinds of

manipulations on the screen possible, words can be inserted or deleted
a whole paragraph can be moved too another place in the text, spellings
can be automatically checked. Designing page make up proof reading
editing all are possible in seconds through computers.

Post Graduate Diploma in Journalism & Mass Communication

Academic Session: - 2004-2005

Typography Design and Layout

Anything connected with a written communication may be

termed typography. Type means a immaterial by which we put an
image on paper or any other surface. Type surface is the image of a
letter we get on paper, which is created by the type body. The concept
of type body comes from the hot metal type. Printing type is a three
dimensional design of a letter or a character of an alphabet. The three
dimensions are is width, height type size or length. When we see any
print on paper then we can see only two dimensions i.e. width and
length or type size.

Dimensions of Type:

1. Type size or length

Besides the height of the type body, certain design strokes of an

alphabet are in a consistent size for all the letters. This is known as
x-height of the letters. The main design stokers of lower case letters
are within this height. Some of the letter stokers extend above the
height and some stokers drop below the x-height. These are called
ascenders and descanters respectively. So we can say this dimension
represents the full vertical span of its design. In other words we can
say it is the distance between the ascender and the descended lines.

For many years type designing was an inexact technology

especially in the area of type measure. Different typographer Pierre
Simmon proposed a type measuring unit, which was further
developed by another Frenchman. This type measuring unit was
accepted as a uniform measure of type in the USA. And the UK ir.
1888 and there after in the entire printing world.

The units developed by a Frenchman are termed points and pics.

These units are used not only for type sizes but also for other
printing dimensions, such as line length. A point is the smallest unit
of this scale and pica is the bigger one. Seventy two points or six
picas equal to one inch. This means that there are 12 points in a pica.
Actually 72 points are slightly less than one inch. (0.9963)

Type Width

This represents the horizontal span of the design of type. The

width of each alphabet is varied according to their aesthetic and
functional requirements.

Type Height

This is the third dimension of type. This is the only physical

dimension of the type. This represents the full standing of the type.
This is constant in measurement.
 Physical Points of a Type

1. Body: It is the main point of a type which support the face and
extends from the shoulder to the extreme bottom of the type.

2. Nick: This is an important part of a type. It acts as an

identification mark. It is the rounded out cut on that side of the
body which runs into the bottom of the character.

3. Feet: The feet are the projections at the bottom on which the
type stands. They are separated by groove.

4. Face: The upper most flat surface of the type which represents
the design of a character is called face. This is face gets ink and is
pressed on paper to farm a print.

5. Beard: The part of the type which runs vertically or at a sharply

sloping angle from the face to the surface upon which the face
rests is called beard.

6. Shoulder: The flats surface upon which the face rests is called
shoulder

Choosing a type for design / Selection of a type Face

Selection of the type face for a design is not am easy task. We

can’t select a face just arbitrarily. Modern technology has created
flexible options in choosing a type face in a design. In the days of hot
metals, various type families were available; they were limited,
however in size width and posture. But now a designer with the help of
a computer can get a face in any size, with an increment of fraction of
appoint, and expansion and condensation of which in any percentage.
There are some important factors to consider while choosing a type
face.

Appropriateness:

Type selection is important not only for the legibility of a message but
also for the creation of a congenial environment for the idea, which the
communicator wants to transmit. Type composition can create and
environment of help, showing will be more appropriate in sans serif
bold type. So the type face must be appropriate for the readers.

Readability / Legibility:

Readability should be the decisive factor in choosing a type face for a

design composition. The readability has several aspects is the type face
easy for the eye to follow? Can it be read for long periods of time
without excessively tiring the eyes etc?

Legibility means clarity of letter character in the type composition. A

type composition, which can be read faster, should be considered more
legible. Decorative and script letters are examples of illegible faces,
Readability and legibility are inter-related. In short legibility describes
a font, readability, its function.

Reproducibility:

Reproducibility of typefaces is very important aspect in choosing a

typeface design. Some typefaces do not reproduce well when used in
printing.
Practicability:

A practical aspect in printing is to find out whether the type facer is

available in the commercial establishment where the printed product is
t be reproduced or not.

Important Typefaces

Typefaces is available in thousand of design variations,

especially Roman characters. So many of these are already in existence
and still many more are being designed. Many type designers, these
days, are engaged in designing new faces suitable for new technology.
Accordingly we can divide in into different groups. These groups are
based on the basis of the design characteristics and gradual
development of faces.

1. Old English / Script Type: The first movable type cast by

Gutenberg was developed from the ancient religious
manuscripts of Germany. His type was designed with thick
strokes, the type composition looks very dark. This was the
only face available having that time. It was known as text.
Modified later it was given the name. “Old English”. These
days these faces are used only for specific purposes such as
newspaper masthead, name plates, diploma or degree
certificates, invitation cards etc.

2. Roman Types: Early Roman faces wee developed by

Germans. The basic characteristic of Roman face are thick and
thin strokes within a letter with a short cross line attached to
the main strokes of the letter known as serif. Another
 characteristic of the old Roman style is low x-height and long
ascenders and descanters. Roman types are basically text
faces. The modern type style can be used for both text and
display matters and not only for book but also for packaging,
poster bill board etc.

Square Serif:

This was the type face of the 19th century. This face could not be very
popular for text-matter because of its monotonous effect. A monotogal
long copy is too tiring to read. It however looks interesting for
promotional literature or an advertising copy. The square typefaces are
somewhat of a cross between the Roman and the sans serif
classification.

Sans Serif:

In the early 19th century type designers experimented successfully with

face designers by removing the serif from the previous design styles.
Sana is a French word, which means without a face style without serif.
Sans serif types are more effective in terms of legibility. San-serif
letters are the simplest and most primitive of all styles.

Fancy Type Faces:

This category embraces all the faces do not have any clear- cut
characteristics of other types. This category can be divided it into two
groups – Novelty and Decorative. Novelty faces are used both for text
matter and display purpose. Decorative typefaces are mainly designed
for display difficult not for text matter because a long copy inn
decorative face in too difficult to read. But these faces are attractive.
Principals of Design and Layout

1. Proportion

The planning of design stars with setting on a shape, in which design

elements will be arranged. The dimension or area of a layout is an
important design decision. The first thing is the shape of a design. The
most pleasing shape is a rectangle. A square shape is static,
monotonous and uninteresting because the eye quickly perceives the
quality of dimensions. A square is not a good design from a rectangle
shape is prominent element because of a room, furniture, a book, a
magazine and in fact everything is in the shape of a rectangle. The idea
shape poof a rectangle the ratio of breadth to length is 2:3 or 1:4, 414.

The shape of the printed material depends on the paper sizes

available in the market. A most standard paper sizes are rectangular.
Once the basic size and shape are selected the job of the designer is to
divide the shape into rectangular girds. Four equal parts tend to make
the layout attractive and unexciting because of the rigid, mathematical
division. The square is not usually used for two dimensional graphic
materials. So the page proportion is very important to all two
dimensional graphic materials.

2. Balance: Design elements should be put together not only in

proportion but also in balance. There are two kinds of balance.
Formal and informal. Formal balance gives us the feeling of
formality, exactness, carefulness. In formal, bvalance3the
elements of the page are centered horizontally. In formal
balance the graphic elements are unequally placed. In
comparison to informal balance formal balance is easier to
 achieve. But in most layout works, balance is achieved
informally. We must place elements on the page in such a way
as to make them look comfortable on a particular space.

3. Contrast: Contrast can be achieved by making one of the

items bigger in size. An unusual shape can create contrast. If
all elements of a page are large, underlined, bold, same size
and shape or in colour they would not indicate change,
therefore no specific item would be noticed. Contrasts of
headlines types, columns etc. are desired for a change.

4. Unity: Individual elements of a design relate to each other and

to the total design, so that they hold together,. Unity can be
achieved in various ways. Some way are obvious enough, e.g.
enclosing everything in border , grouping some elements by
pushing out the white space and using the same basic shape,
tone, typography etc. All professional layouts must be planned
to have eye movement, otherwise portions of the page might
go unnoticed altogether. Eye movement is obtained with good
unity.

5. Harmony: The design elements of a page should be

harmonious. These will fail to deliver the message to the
reader, if they flight among themselves. One element should
go with another element in terms of tone, shape and size. For
example, typographical harmony means that the individual
character (alphabet) including figures, signs and punctuation,
are of the same type, style and designed in such a way that
they look homogeneous and blends together. Tone harmony
refers to the weights of design elements. A bold illustration
 goes well with bold lettering.

Layout

A plan is needed for any structure. To construct a building you

need a plan. Like a building a graphic design is a structure. You need a
plan to make a graphic design. A graphic design plan is known as a
layout. It is the art of arranging various visual elements to from a
newspaper page. Properly arranged the elements will constitute an
attractive layout. The layout is the master plan on the basis of which the
make up of a page is carried out. A layout person is the architect of a
graphic design plan. Both imagination and skill are needed to develop a
layout.

Different terms are used for layouts. If the plan is for an

advertisement, we call it an advertising layout. If it is for a newspaper,
it is called a press layout. A plan for the magazine pages is called a
page layout and a complete complication of all pages is referred to as a
dummy.

Types of Layout

1. Thumbnail Sketches

The first stage of layout is known as a thumbnail sketch. There are

several advantages of a thumbnail sketch. It can be done quickly.
Saving of time is the major advantage of this stage. It is also
economical because we don’t have to waste much of color, paper bush
etc. In one A-4 paper size page we can prepare at least half a dozen trial
layouts. There will be then several arrangements in front of you, of
which we can select the best. Each trial help us to get new ideas.
Therefore, thumbnail sketches are meant for the person who is
developing the idea, not for the client, nor for anybody else.

Thumbnail sketches should be drawn to proportion because the

selected thumbnail is redrawn in a full –size layout.

2. The Rough Layout

The second stage of layout is known as a rough layout. The rough

layout may be different degree of finish from vary rough to very
finished. This stage of layout is mainly used for presentation to the
client. Rough layouts can save a great deal of money as well as time
and effort.

The rough layout will present all elements clearly and accurately
in regard too size, style, spacing placement etc. A rough layout is meant
not only for the clients approval, but also as a guide for the other
professionals, who are going to make the mechanical to the art work for
reproduction.

3. Comprehensive Layout

It is master plan or blue print of the finished product. It is complete in

all respects and looks exactly as it will look after printing. A
comprehensive layout should be done very carefully. The illustration
should be drawn and pasted on the layout by a trained professional.

Nowadays computers can prepare a comprehensive layout. A full

newspaper page, magazine page , even a complicated advertising
layout can be prepare by computer. Now on computers one person can
accomplish what would formerly have taken several persons to do. A
iaser print out of the created advisements can be sent to the client for
appraisal. If there is ant change or alteration. It can be mad eon
computers in to time. In ordinary circumstances one would have had to
re-do the whole design thus frustrating the layout artist and involving a
lot of expenses tine and effort.

Printing processes

Printing is the art and technology of reproducing words, and

pictures on paper, cloth, or other surfaces. It was practiced by the
Chinse in the second century. China invented three necessary elements
of printing which were paper ink and engraving, i.e. carving image
reliefs on surfaces. Printing became mechanized after the invention of
movable types in the 15th century by Johan Gutenberg. The second
revolution in printing technology came at the end of the 19th century
when two methods of mechanical typesetting were invented speeding
up the process of setting type in metal. The first one was the monotype
system .

The third revolution was photo typesetting in hot metal was line
casting. A desktop Publishing system is basically a computer connected
to a laser printer. The laser printer provides almost typeset quality print
out on paper and has reduced the composing or typesetting cost
substantially at least in comparison to photo typesetting.

There are three major processes of printing:

1. Letterpress or Relief

2. Offset or Planography

3. Gravure or Intaglio.
1. Letterpress:-

Letterpress is an art of printing from types , stereo plates blocks etc.

having the designs and characters in relief i.e. in a raised position.
Printing areas are physically raised from the non-printing area. It is
also called relief above the surface that carries it and the non-
printing area is depressed. Thus, while applying ink by roller on the
image area only the raised surface gets ink. This is then pressed
against the paper to make the raised surface gets ink. This is then
pressed against the paper to make the impression. The non-image
area, which is depressed , does not come into contact with the
inking roller or the paper, and so gives no impression on paper.

Printing from type is used chiefly for stationery, business cards,

pamphlets and similar small jobs where only a small quantity is to e
printed. It is not feasible for longer printing runs of many thousands
of copies because type metal is relatively soft and wears down
quickly while it is on press. In addition, if the type is damaged the
entire composition process has to be repeated.

There are three major types of letterpress printing presses. All are
based on the principle of inking the raised image on the principle
of inking the raised on the form or plate and pressing a sheet of
paper against the inked image.. The processes differ in the way in
which the form or plate is carried in the press and in the way in
which the paper is brought into contact with it

1. The platen Press:- This is the simplest kin of press. It is used in

nearly every small printing plant for jnobm letter heads, cards,
bill forms and leaflets. The Platen press consists essentially of
 two flat surfaces hinged together . One surface, the bed is vertical
and opens and closes on the bed by swing on its hinge. When
the platen swings open from the bed, rollers ink the plates or
forms and a sheet of paper is placed on the platen. As the press
opens again the printed sheet is removed and a new sheet is
inserted as the plate is re-inked . The feeding automatic system is
faster than the hand operate.

2. The Flat – bed Cylinder Press :- In 1810 Friedrich Konig a

German developed the Cylinder Press also called the flat bed.
The cylinder increased the speed of the printing process to about
1,100 sheets per hour, four times greater than that of any previour
press. The form or printing plate is carried on a moving
horizontal bed, and the paper sheet is carried on an impression
cylinder. Sheets of paper are fed automatically to the impression
cylinder. During printing the bed moves under the rotating
cylinder, which prints the sheet by pressing it against the inked
plate. The cylinder is then raised as it continues to rotate,
delivering the printed sheet and picking up another blank sheet to
be printed. At the same time the bed moves back and is re-inked
for the next impression. Plat bed cylinder process are used for
almost all kinds of printing work.

3. The Rotary Press: In 1846 an American Richard M. Hoe,

divised the first Rotary Press. The type forme in a strong press is
converted ini an cylindrical plate and another cylinder is rolled
against it. The paper passer between the two cylinders. The
Rotary Press is faster than any flat-bed press because of the
continuous action of the cylindrical image carrier. The most
 commonly used plates are curved stereotypes of electrotypes. In
this machine the paper may be fed either in sheet, on a sheet fed
press, or in continuous rolls, on a web fed or web press.

The rotary machine had been a hot favorite of the newspaper industry
till the recent decades, it has now been almost completely replaced with
offset presses.

Advantages of Letterpress

1. Its technique is very simple and easily available.

2. Skill is easily available and is avoidable at lesser rates.

3. It is suitable for small jobs like cards, letter heads, bill books,
leaflets etc.

4. This process is best for non-pictorial reproduction.

5. Best result can be achieved on good quality paper.

Disadvantages

1. Printing of photographs and color printing is very expensive

because blocks are to be prepared which take long time are
difficult to be made are costly and go waste after use.

2. It is time consuming process.

3. This process is unhygienic.

4. Lot of space is required.

5. This process is not suitable for Indian languages dueto
typographical problems.

6. This process is now outdated and does not suit new technological

2. Offset Process:-

It is also called planography . Its and name is lithography. The

planographic printing process is based on the principle that grease
and water as the non-printing areas, which do not print. This is in
contrast to a letterpress plate of which pinting areas raised above the
non- printing and to a gravure plate, on which printing areas are
engraved below the non-printing areas Lithography was invented by
Aloys Senefelder of Prague in 1796-1791. The offset principal of
transferring the image to paper by way of a rubber blanket cylinder
was invented by the American printer Ira, W. Rubel. In about 1905
Rubel discovered by accident that the rubber cylinder produced a
superior impreesion and he constructed the first offset press, a three
cylinder machine, Planography is so called because both printing
area and non-printing area are on the same surface. Printing area
and non- printing area are separated chemically. Threre are three
cylinders used in this process. The third blanket cylinder receives
the image from the image carrier surface and then sets it off to the
paper. That is why it is called offset. Therefore, this is indirect
method of printing . Rubber blanket considerably enhances the
quality of reproduction by making fine details possible even on
rough paper.
Offset printing requires an elaborate make-ready procedure. Whatever
is to be printed has to be pasted on the paper. Visuals and types are
pasted in position exactly as thy are to appear in the final printed job.
Photographs are generally submitted separately so that the camera sort
them out through a screen and make a half tone negative.

In this process, the plate is coated with a light sensitive and them
dried. The negative is positioned over the plate and exposed under a
high-intensity lamp. The light is passed through the transparent area
of the negative, thus making the plate- coating hard and waterproof.
The coating on the non- image area remains soft or water soluble and is
washed off in running water, thus retaining the image on the surface
of the plate. When the image is developed , it becomes visible and
greasy. After the image is transferred to the plate, the plate is fitted on
to the cylinder. A plant made from a negative is known as a surface
palate . These plates are economical for short run jobs without half-
tone illustrations . The plate made from film positive is called a deep
etch plate. The deep etch plate is suitable for long run, half-tone and
coloured work.

These days ready made coated plates are available. These are
known as pre-sensitized plates. These enable the offset press to be more
efficient and clean of .

Advantages

1. This is the cheapest and the best printing process for

newspaper and magazines.

2. This is the cheapest process for colour photography because

no blocks are required.
 3. The offset process is less time consuming, is cleaner and less
cumbersome.

4. Fast speed machines are also available.

5. It requires less space as in letterpress process.

6. It is suitable ffor every kind of printing of all languages.

7. Better quality can be obtained even oon rough paper.

8. It is hygienic printing process as compared to letterpress.

9. Reprinting is very cheap because threr is no need for

typesetting.

Disadvantages:-

1. Skilled labour for this process is not easily available.,

2. Machines and equipments are very expensive and not easily

available .

3. Effect of water can be seen.

4. It is expensive for small printing jobs.

3. Gravure Printing (Intaglio)

This process is the reverse of letterpress in tee sense that the

printing areas are etched wheas non- printing areas raised. It is a type of
intaglio printing, in which the image is cut into the surface of a plate.
The palte is inked and the ink is wiped off the surface of the plate but
remains in the engraved image area. The sheet of paper is pressed
firmly against the plate, and the ink transfers from the plate on to the
paper.

Plate Making :- The process is the same as that for the offset. The only
differences is that the continuous tone illustrations are converted into
continuous tone positions instead, of being broken into dots, as is done
in the offset process. The positive is placed on a light sensitized gelatin
transfer sheet i.e. carbon tissue which is pre-screened and appears like
graph paper where lines are transparent and spaces between them are
opaque because of gelatin. The light that passes soft and water soluble.
Then the carbon tissue is applied to the plate and the paper packing is
peeled off, leaving the gelatin firmly attached to the copper plate. Soft
gelatin is also washed off in this action. The plate is now etched with
acid in a series of bites. No etching takes place in the areas, covered by
thoroughly hardened gelatin and the plate is etched more or less deeply
in those areas covered by gelatin of varying degrees of hardness,
resulting in creation of pits of different depths. The deeper pits create
deeper and the shallower pits create lighter images.

The etched cylindrical plate is then fixed in the Press. The pits of
the plate are filled with liquid ink. The excess ink on the plate surface is
wiped clean by a thin steel blade known as doctor blade leaving ink
only in the depressed areas. A paper is fed between the impression and
plate cylinders, which picks up the ink from the depressed area that
forma the image.

Today, all gravure printing is photogravure. The material to be

printed is prepared as positive film and is transferred to the printing
plate by a photographic process. It is also called rotogravure because it
is printed on rotary presses.
Advantages

1. Very high speed machines are available.

2. Half-tone reproduction is superior than reproduction in other

processes.

3. Gravure plates are extremely durable and economical for a

long run print order

4. Good printing quality can be achived even on newsprint.

Disadvantages

1. The expensive gravure plates are not suitable for short run
print-order.

2. This process is not suitable for every kind of printing.

3. This is also a time consuming process.

4. Technical know-how is not easily available.

5. Investment is very high in this process.

6. This process is not suitable for textual printing.

Silk Screen Printing

Screen Printing is accomplished by forcing ink through a fine

screen directly into the surface to be printed. Silk is not the only fabric
used. Nylon Dacron and wire screens are also being used with equal
effect, Screen printing can be used for almost any surface, glass wood,
plastic, metal and cloth as well as for the whole range of paper and card
board. It is also used for printing on cylindrical surfaces such as
bottles.

A photo stencil can be prepared either by transferring the image

indirectly or by exposing the light sensitive emulsion directly. Both the
methods require film positive . In photographic method light sensitive
coating is applied to the screen and exposed through a positive film to
harden the coating over the non-image areas. The screen is then wasted
to remove the coating from the image areas.

Screen printing is done either by hand or by machine. In the hand

process, used by artists and small scale commercial printers, the
screen is placed on the material to be printed and a thick ink is porved
on to one end of the screen forcing the ink through the mesh on to the
surface to be printed. The screen is then raised and the printed pices is
removed . The action is repeated till the coppices required are printed .
For printing in several colours aa separate screen is used for each
colour.

Advantages

1. This is a simple and cost-effective method of printing.

2. This process is suitable for any type or shape of surface.

3. It can be set- up anywhere.

4. In this process printed image looks like the original because of

its high relief quality and brilliant colour.

5. All the materials used are simple inexpensive and easy to

handle
Disadvantages

1. It is not suitable for fine half- tone printing.

2. It is not suitable for long run jobs.

3. It is a time consuming job.

 CHAPTER 4

HISTORY OF PUNJAB KESARI TECHNOLOGY

Punjab Kesari Group Surging ahead With ideologically

and Technologically sophisticated Vision

“ Newspapers ‘ importance is incalculable and they have adequate shelf

life, no means for dissemination of information can provide alternative;
that’s why the newspapers are becoming of greater relevance even in
the era of electronic media. So, we should not take electronic media
and magazines as the threat to newspapers, but should deem them as
complementary to newspapers, owing to their contribution in bringing
up the curiosity in populace to know what ever is happening in their
region, nation and world over as well,” opined the triad of Punjab
Kesari group (PKG), including Vijay Kumar Chopra and his
enterprising sons Avinash as well as Amit, in conversation with SK
Khurana and SM Dutt, editor at All About Newspapers, recently.

The Punjab Kesari group (PKG)-originated from the fertile

soil of Jalander the former capital of Punjab(1947-1953), legendarily
that of the kingdom of Lav (son of Lord Rama) and literarily means ‘
area inside the water ‘ that is tract laying between the two rivers Satluj
and Beas, located at a distance of 380 kms from New Delhi on Delhi-
Amritsar highway is constantly illuminating the huge Hindi. Urdu and
Punjabi speaking belt of northern India with knowledge and awareness
through their three bright moon, including Punjab Kesari Hind
Samachar and Jag bani. The group initiated their perpetual operation in
1948 with the lunch of the Urdu daily hind Samachar and later added
daily Hindi daily Punjab Kesari in 1965 and Punjab daily Jag Bani in
1978 to their spinning compass. Now, the three dailies are well
established with a combined circulation of around 9.75 lakh copies on
Sundays.

Founded by Lala jagat Narain and nourished by this elder son

Romesh Chander (both were assassinated in 1981 and 1984
respectively), The plant of PKG has become a mature banyan tree.
Succeeding these two icons the leadership triad-Vijay, Avinash and
Amit- now altogether engage in bringing the group to a prominent
platform in India’s newspaper publishing industry While Padma Shri
Vijay Kumar Chopra(76) contributes the group with his sunlime ideas
through authoring a regular editorial for the three newspapers besides
supervising the entire group performance, being editor in chief &
chairman-cum-managing director; his elder son Avinash Chopra(46)
has been shouldering the responsibilities of administration distribution
and editorial department since 1983 and Amit Chopra(45) is
responsible for finance, modernization expansion/ new projects as well
as advertising promotion, apart from editorial for supplements since
1984.

“However the profuse cut-throat competition is pervading all

over newspaper publishing industry and every one involves in the race
to grow at any cost. Households are getting direct benefits of this
situation, receiving newspaper for only Rs 180-!99 per year. So they
have started to get more than one newspaper. In spite of this sort of
scenario, PKG is constantly improving their strength, without coming
under influence of the competitors. We have no adverse impact of the
competition yet. To name, Daink jagran, Dainik Bhaskar. The
Hindustan Times. The Tribune, Amar Ujjala and Ajit Samar char are
our completions in the covering region,” they started. “Companying the
progress. PKG has advanced with a growth rate of fifteen percent in the
last three years. Last year, both ad revenues and volumes went up,
albeit this year they remain static; advertisers are receiving better
response from our publications. Owing to wide gamut of our quality
writers, We share content with many newspapers. The various
supplements of our newspaper are too good and ply that readership to
which even magazines can’t cater they said further.

“Presently Hind Samachar is being printed from Jalandhar,

Ambala and Jammu with a circulation of about thirty thousand copies.
While Punjab Kesari a flagship publication is being pronted from
Jalandhar(since1965), Ambala(1991), Palampur(2004), Ludhina(2004),
Panipat(2006), Hisar(2006), Jammu(2007), and Mohali(2008); and
planned to be printed from Chandigarh and Shimla in 2009. This is the
largest circulated newspaper of the group with a circulation of 6.4 lakh
copies Our third newspaper jag Bani being printed from Jalandhar and
Ludhiana with circulation of 3.1 lakh copies is also getting popularity
enough so we have planned for its Chandigarh edition from 2009, the
triad divulged.

At their all printing facilities, PKG has set up city line web
presses from Manugraph India LTD or Ronald presses from KK
printing Machine Mfg Co Pvt Ltd(Faridabad). Cityline Express presses
have been installed in jalandhar, Ludhiana and Mohali; while Ronald
presses are operational in Ambala, Palampur, Panipat, Hisar and
Jammu. All pull outs are printed on honest web Presses, including
Mitsubishi BT 2-800, Manroland’s Cromoman, manugraph;s manuline-
16 Komori 535 at their Jalandhar facility and sent to other locations.

“PKG was the second customer in India for the popular Coroset
offset press in 1984. As many as 2,20,000 copies of Punjab Kesari were
printed on its first Conset press in a single Saturday night! And when in
late 2005 plans were being finalized to go all colour once again the first
preference was Manograph who met with the group’s requirements and
six Cityline Express presses capable of printing 24 pages in full colour
were ordered. The first press was installed in a record time of 35 days
and in September 2006 Punjab Kesari came up as the first full colour
Hindi daily. In January 2007 jag Bani the largest Punjabi newspaper
become the first and till now the only Punjab newspaper to go all
colour. These presses have helped Punjab Kesari and jag Bani not only
in going all colour but also in achieving highest standard of quality for
the discerning readership careered to Having gone all colour has
boosted the colour advertisement revenues of the group since the
advertisers have greater flexibility of colour placement and with
superior production quality and an overall more appealing product. On
the other hand, the circulation of the newspaper has also been
positively impacted by the quality up gradation,” Amit illustrated. In
the post segment they have IDAB WAMAC International’s stacker set
up in 1990, besides mailroom equipment from Technicon and
Gammerler. “In prepress segment majorly we are still using CTF
system as they look beneficial to us. The increasing trend towards CTP
system in the industry has contracted the demand for Ctf resultantly
prices of films coming down. Taking the advantage of this pervading
scenario we had bought two CTF System in the recent past. However
we are also utilizing Ctp system and thermal plate setters from screen
in our Jalandhar facility and have brought ourselves to a level of CtP
ready at all locations. Whenever we wish to switch over,” informed
Amit.

On asking the reasons for opting most of the web machine from
domestic manufactures Amit replied ,”Being not a very large print run
in each district machine of 36,000 cph speed are fully adequate. And
indigenously produced machines are rather user friendly. Their
handling is not complicated be it changing over to next folder or speed
up gradation.”

Revealing their future plans, Amit pointed out,” We are to cover

more territories of India with our vernacular newspaper and add more
titles to the group. We are setting up two more printing facilities in the
next one-year. Besides planning to bring up an afternoon newspaper
and SMS portal, In Jalandhar we have already set up a new facility in
Suranussi, where 3 nos Cityline express with 6 towers each , Manuline
4-page, Mitsubishi heatest 4-page, and Komori heatest presses are
functioning.” Presenting the chronicle of their initiatives Amit
mentioned with pride the various firsts in their operations including
monocaster (automatic composing) in 1966 web press(1971). Photo
composing (1980), colour scanner(1989), mailroom (1990),
facsimile(1991), heatest press(1996), abllon former (2003) and full
colour hybrid heatset/coldest press (2006). “ And with our 1,500
individuals mostly nurtured throughout in house training programmes
we are set to add some another firsts in the years to come,” He added.

“As our existing chronicle reveals, we are constantly surging

ahead with ideologically and technologically sophisticated vision. Our
business strategy adhered to our approach keep us ever in profitable
position providing a good share of advertising and placing us amongst
the leaders in the newspaper publishing industry “ Amit Concluded.

“Manugraph a sure winner”

For Punjab Kesari group manugraph is synonym of quality that can be

trusted! Amit Chopra, director, Punjab Kesari group revealed why the
Manugraph machine get place at their facilities. According well
designed and well built and till date have purchased over 30 presses
consisting of over 300 printing unit including 148 printing units in past
one year alone. This speaks of the faith we have in their equipments.”
Our group is on a rapid expansion path and finds Manugroup the most
suitable partner for meeting with their growth requirements.

“Manugraph also scores over other available options in terms of

design and quality of manufacture backed by excellent service support
Our business growth after the installation of the latest Manugraph
presses has been good specially due to going full colour. We have been
able to offer colour advertising to advertisers on every page, which has
been given us significant revenue growth. They have a track record of
keeping themselves upto date with the latest innovations in the industry
worldwide. We would like to see Manugraph brings shaftless technique
to Cityline Express machines and also greater automation like remote
inking, more advanced software for sequential start-up motorized ink
fountain roller and folders capable of producing more sections etc,”
 CHAPTER 5
BEHIND THE SCENES
‘MAKING OF A NEWSPAPER’
As casual yet habitual reader, most of us perhaps never ponder on how
the world lands at our doorsteps every morning in the form of a
newspaper. However some of us discerning readers do question: how is
a newspaper made? What goes into making the broadsheet? How do
calculated crimes, smart sports, dreadful drought, violence, grief, fun,
film,, music, masala, and so on we find every fact of life, big or small
in a newspaper. And that’s a big feat by any standard. From
Kanyakumari to Kashmir from Manipur to Mumbai the length and
breadth of the country is a newspaper.

While the through is piercing a peek into the way a newspaper is

produced is fascinating. It is full of men, women, drama, action,
linkages. Remember it is inescapable and a given fact of life. Also
remember that it has to be rolled into the printing press every night,
Night after night. Also remember, the life rather shelf life of a
newspaper is barely a few hours-six to eight hours. It may be a mere
coincidence but just when a day’s newspaper is beginning to become a
tale, the process for the production of the next day’s newspaper is
beginning starts.

The essence of this essay is to take you through these few critical
hours in the life of a newspaper organization- the A to Z of the
production of a newspaper. It is aimed at giving you an overview of the
processes, principals, and people involved in the production of a
newspaper. The nature of the essay makes it mandatory to run you
through the various editorial, marketing sales, and production
processes.

On the face it, the various branches of a newspaper organization

appear as stand alone departments working on their own assigned tasks.
Thus the sales team goes around scouting for advertisements while the
circulation department ensures the newspaper rides the tight rope of
distribution and the editorial team devotes its energy to accumulate
flesh for the newspaper. Then there are various back end support which
work constantly to ensure there are no glitches, System, networking,
photography, accounts, transport are some such departments. On
another level, three are great synergies and we unravel them bit by in
the course of this description.

On a given day, life for the sales team begins at 9 a.m. when the
entire world is awake and getting on with their businesses. Their job
typically include making sales pitches remember they sell as space
here- meeting existing clients, surveying competition newspapers to
check if they have missed any important advertisement, besides
attending a host of in house meetings. One important assignment for a
sales professional on a given day is to prepare a list of advertisement
that would be carried on that day. The department keeps an account of
all the various types of advertisements that would go in a newspaper on
that day. This department also determines the placements of
advertisements as per the requirements of clients.

You may find it interesting to know that charges for right-hand pages,
namely, pp.3,5,7,9 attract a premium on rd rates as compared to pp,2,4
or the left hand pages. The reason apparently is that right-hand side
pages get better visibility. Even in right hand pages, some newspaper
charge a premium on top right slots. A ‘bottom left’ position even on
page some 3 may not attract any premium. On a typical day the main
action in the newspaper offices starts at the response department, when
they start collating all the advertisements-remember, there are offices
across the country so are the advertisers. Thus an advertiser in
Bangalore may choose to get his ad printed in the Mumbai edition on a
Monday while he may ask for the same ad to appear in Delhi the next
day. Tuesday, the bottom line here are many permutations and
combinations involved in the process and it requires solid support of
human and technological resources.

Thanks to advances in technology most of these tasks are

automated as compared tp past when it involved diligent and tedious
human labor. Work in the response depart in a way is the first step in a
newspaper’s production cycle.

For beginners first a decision on the total number of pages in a

day’s edition is taken by the top management. The numbers may vary
according to the availability of ads on a major event like the budget or
new government formation, etc. On an average for instance the
mainstream English newspaper have mainline edition varying between
twelve to twenty two pages. For instance the Statesman has main
editions pages; Hindi, Times of India and Hindustan Times have twenty
to twenty two pages; Pioneer has twelve to sixteen pages. Additionally
there are always supplements that go along with the mainline edition.
The response plays a critical role of coordinating ads for the
supplements also. After the responses jugglery with the advertisement
end they place on various pages a dummy of the edition is drawn.
 Let’s understand it the other way. Assume there are twenty blank
pages, which are to be converted into a newspaper. First all the
advertisements are placed as per the conditions and premiums dictated
by the advertisers, as mentioned above. Let’s assume there are a total of
160 columns space in a newspaper that needs to be filled in. Out of
these let’s again assume 96 columns have been consumed by
advertisements- this is an ideal situation as most newspaper desire to
have a 60:40 ratio of ad and editorial. Editors call the space left for
them a news hole. In this case there will be a news hole of 64 columns;
the distribution will again be between different genres of news,
analysis, opinions etc. We shall come back to this later. Space a
moment at this juncture to the variety of advertisements.

Broadly three types of advertising dominate modern newspaper:

 Display ads: These ads generally placed by department stores,

movie theatres and to other businesses, may be prepared by an
advertising agency or the advertising department itself. They are
called run of press ads and they produce the most revenue.

 Classified ads:- Classified ads, often called want ads, appear in a

miniature typeface called agate. These ads come from individuals
trying to buy or sell items, business seeking workers or trades
people offering a wide variety of service, “Classifieds’ are
affordable, popular and highly effective in reaching tens of
thousand potential customers.

 Inserts: Inserts the third form of advertising are favored by any

business. They may come for instance in the form of colorful
booklets and are trucked to newspaper in huge bundles for
distribution with an edition. Inserts produce less revenue than run
no –press advertising. Newspaper charge for distributing inserts,
but otherwise have no control over their content or print quality.

Additional there are government tender social message ads

that have started to feature often in modern newspapers.

After the blank papers have been pasted with 96 columns

od ads the papers are sent to the editorial department for filling
up the est of the space. Between now when the ads-pasted papers
have arrived at the news desk, and the time it is released there is a
lot of action and its fun going through the process. Once in the
news desk, the bundle of twenty pages gets distributed broadly
between city, nation, business, features, editorial options, foreign,
sports and entertainment departments.

Each of these departments will run through almost the same

pattern that we’ll discuss and then dispatch individual pages to
the systems department, which takes a final look before the pages
are fired to the printing press for the last leg preparations. Each
department has two main sections-reporting and desk. While the
reporting wing is in the business of newsgathering the desk gives
newspapers the shape and a face. These two units work in close
coordination to ensure that a newspaper is born.

On a given day, reporters out in the field according to the

beat assigned to them. A beat is a particular area that one is
required to cover. For example there are beats like crime,
international affairs home ministry. CBI(Central Burean of
Investigation), education, Civic environment and so on. The
reporters come back by evening and start filing (writing) their
stories. After they have filed their stories and have got approvals
from their respective editors, the stories go into a desk basket.
The desk comprises of sub editors and copy editors, who check
the stories for language, style, consistency, clarity, and also
factual errors, etc. The headlines and photo captions are given by
the desk too. The desk also determines the treatment of stories,
their placement (which story would be slotted whereas per their
importance on a given day), and visual elements to go with these
(a story may deserve a picture the other one a cartoon whereas
the third one might seem fit with an info graphic and so on.)

You may wonder if the sub editors on copy editor create

cartoons, photography, info graphics, Not really. The desk gets
the support services of graphic artists, visualizes, cartoonists,
photographers, and even layout artists who work in close
coordination with it to ensure adequate visual supply.

Once the stories have been checked and decisions taken

about all the above things the process of page making begins.
Mostly modern newspapers work on a software called Quark
Xpress for this. It is an easy to learn software and appears as a
enhanced versions of a software called page Maker. All the
desks(city), sports, foreign, business and nation, etc. Make their
pages and complete them by a given deadline. Generally a
smaller print is taken of the pages and the respective editors
check each of these. The overall in charge of the newspapers,
executive editor, and resident editor, if present in the office take a
look at the pages. Hold on, for the newspaper is still a few steps
away from getting ready.

After the editors may recommend certain corrections in

terms of layout of the page, Photo caption headlines, etc, the desk
has to ensure that sub-editors and copy editors carry out these
corrections. After these corrections have been carried out the job
of the editorial department is over, the desk releases the pages,
which then goes to the systems department.

After the pages have been finalized from the desk the soft
copy in a postscript file format is fired to the system department.
This department does a few things before sending the files to the
printing press, which may either be located inside a newspapers
office or away from it, For instance the pictures that are placed
on the pages made by the desk are on low resolution, which are
not fit for printing. The pictures are converted into high
resolution image in order to ensure that the printing is legible.
The systems department also has pre-flighting software installed
to check the pages for all minute technical details like colour
composition resolution of pictures, font and colour consistency
and so on. At times if the corrections require tampering with the
editorial matter, the systems gets back in touch with the desk for
the same.

After checking for technical problems if any the pages are

converted into PDF(Portable Document Format) files and sent to
various centers of the newspaper, which have their own printing
units. At the local press, often the files are transmitted through
microwave links to the press. At the press an output of a page is
taken which in turn is converted into films, which are then put
onto a metallic plate, which is ultimately mounted on the
printings press.

The press starts rolling, churning out pages after pages. The
day’s newspaper is made. It still goes through the grueling
process of distributor making a silent entry into our bedrooms the
next morning. Truly the journey of a newspaper is tough. It is full
of bumpy rides. The face of a newspaper, however tells a
different story altogether. It’s nice and bright when it comes to us
early in the morning.

Many of us must have noticed that it’s company that we

must have every morning, even if only for five minutes. And
when we don’t get it, we feel our day may go awry.

It takes Herecule efforts to beings out a newspaper. Thanks

to advances in technology things have become much simpler
today than in the past. The point to note is that the timeline has
remained the same. The deadlines might have advanced a bit
inputs in terms of human labor also might have gone down a bit,
but rigmarole remains. The anxiety and trepidation of newsrooms
are mind-boggling. The heat, drama, passion, and tension are
taxing and yet give an ecstatic satisfaction. For journalists this
becomes a staple diet. Day in and day out, they live and revel in
it. They joy of diet bringing out a newspaper said a friend is
much like the joy of bearing a baby. It’s the ultimate high, she
said.
 CHAPTER 6
PRESENT PRINTING SCENARIO
COMPUTER TO PLATE TECHNOLOGY (CTP)

Today big printers are investing in computer (CTP) systems that by

pass film entirely. With electronic imposition of complete flats, it
makes sense to go a stage further and expose plates instead of film,
eliminating several prepress production stages.

Imaging directly to plate also does away with the distortions introduced
in film-based plate making. It is possible to resolve fine image detail
more consistently, which is a special benefit with frequency-modulated
screening where very small spots are being imaged.

Offset plates are quite thin. If the base material is flexible enough, they
can be loaded in an imagesetter in roll form and exposed. Alternatively,
dedicated plate exposure units commonly known as platesetter can be
used for metal plates. These systems can in corporate automatic register
punching.

Sometimes CTP loses out to conventional film-based platemaking due

to the speed and low capital costs of conventional platemaking
equipment. e.g. When duplicate plates or reprints are needed, a CTP
system has to repeat the imaging process, while a conventional
platemaking system has only to re-expose the film. Film is a convenient
storage medium that is cheaper than archiving rasterized data on
magnetic media. Proofing can also be a problem unless digital proofs
are accepted as contract proofs.
It is not possible for every element in a job to be supplied a digital
form, and then it is necessary to combine film produced conventionally
with the digital data.

The platesetter receives the imposition instructions and exposes the

digital information, masking the areas that are missing. The device then
uses the register marks as a guide to position the films & expose them
conventionally.

Computer-to-plate technology eliminates the film output and stripping

stages in the production workflow.

Alternatively, film or artwork can be scanned and converted into digital

form, Very high resolution scanners are used to avoid image quality
loss on line artwork, such as type with fine strokes and to avoid the
need to descreen halftones, which risks changing color values. One
type of scanner designed for this purpose converts the scanned data
directly in postscript code, which can then be inserted into a postscript
CTP workflow.

Film is a convenient storage medium that is cheaper than archiving

rasterized data on tapes or optical discs.

When alternations are required the new matter is either stripped

inmanually or the films are re-output. It is more or less impossible to
edit rasterized CPT data. Changes must be made to the customer files
and new plates produced whenever alterations are required.

Platesetters are usually very large as they must be able to handle the
full plate size for a given job plates cannot be assembled from strips
like films). Some models incorporate automatic plate handling
mechanism ana can accept plates upto 48 x 66 inch i.e. 1200 x 1650
mm. They ay incorporate work flow management, including queing in
and preparing files while the previous job is being exposed, automatic
compensation for shingling and placement of colour bars, register
marks and fold and trim marks. These systems at the very end of the
prepress production workflow, are installed at printers or occasionally
at larger trade shops.

In contrast to conventional photographic method in which the whole

plate is exposed from film simultaneously, in direct - to plate system
must be more sensitive. Such containg are to sensetive to handle in
daylight and unlike convention plates, they must always be handled and
loaded in the dark.

By using high-sensitivity plates and multiple blue laser exposure heads,

exposure at 4000 dpi can be similar to those for conventional diazo and
photopolymer plates.

Computer to Plate

It is not all that long ago since publishers supplied manuscript Or

typescript for the typesetter to re-key. Indeed some still do - but with
the advent of Computers and universal languages like Postscript an
increasing number of authors and publishers do their own key-stroking
and page make-up and supply the printer with a disk for outputting on
to bromide or film.

A number of prepress houses are now able to offer a CTF (computer. to

film) facility which involves outputting eight pages of AS on one piece
of film already imposed with correct heads, backs and gutters. Four of
these are then exposed on a Stoesser print down frame for platemaking
in very quick time. Some imagesetters are able to go from disk direct to
70mm film for automatic imposition. One of the problems are the
moment is that generally speaking image setting film is much more
expensive than negative film for platemaking. However, that situation
is unlikely to continue. The aim has got to be to avoid the use of film
altogether.

This brings us to a consideration of CTP (computer to plate) and as the

technology evolves so some platemakers are struggling to keep up.
CTP involves the customer supplying an electronic disk in Postscript or
similar so that the prepress supplier can use this to go direct to plate
thus avoiding the use of bromide and film altogether (see Figure 1).

There are at least two solutions available on the market that address
large format press sizes and these are from Krause and Misomex.
Interestingly they approach the problems in quite different ways. The
essence of such solutions is that the disks supplied should be as
Postscript files created using QuarkXpress, PageMaker, Ventura and
other software packages. When disks are supplied they should be
accompanied by laser proofs to ensure there are no conflicts between
systems and no surprises when the job is printed. No doubt, as
confidence in CTP grows laser proofs will be redundant and publishers
will use unaccompanied data transmission “over the wires”.

The Krause solution involves RIPing individual rates and storing the
subsequent bitmap on the PSU (page storage unit). At that point the
information is read onto exabyte tapes each usually containing one
complete book. The tape is then kept until the plates are required at
which point it is read onto the IPU (imposition processing unit). Once
the imposition parameters have been installed the plates are loaded onto
the platemaker and the plates exposed and processed ready for use on
the press. The exabyte tape can be stored in a tape library for future use
as required for reprints.
Nervous publishers will be able to see a proof before plates are made
but obviously this will slow down the whole process and the use of a
large plotter is necessary to produce the proofs.

The approach taken by different manufacturers in exposing the

electronic bitmapped data direct to the printing plate is interesting. The
Krause solutions involve a large and heavy plate setter with about 5
tons of granite in the framework to give stability to the laser. The plate,
up to SP65 size, is loaded on the concave bed and slowly moves
underneath the laser which exposes the image through a prism onto the
plate. The technical data and plate exposure times for the Krause
Laserstar are presented in Tables land 2 respectively.

The Misomex solution is based on their step and repeat system. The
laser head is clamped by vacuum on to the plate and four A5 pages can
be exposed at one time. The head then moves (rather than the plate) and
exposes the next four pages. There are of course pros and cons for each
solution but at this stage Misomex claims that their system is almost
twice the speed of the Krause system. That of course is not the whole
story Misomox are working with Cascade in developing pre-
platemaking protocols and hope to have an actual system to show
shortly, while of course Krause already has systems in the USA and
Europe working in printing plants.

Savings are achievable in time and cost due to fewer people being
needed, of course, without the intermediate film, higher quality can be
achieved as well with help from Misomex, Create Publishing Services
and Redwood Books (both BPMG companies) cooperated to produce
their first CTP book in the sununer of 1994. This was a book of old
photographs and text and the quality achieved Was mi than similar
books produced conventionally.
A continuing and unresolved problem is the limited suppliers of plates
and the price being asked. The main supplier to users of existing
Krause systems is Kalle, but they propose to market their plates in the
UK at about 50 per cent more than the price of conventional plates. The
same plates are available from the same supplier however at very much
cheaper prices in Ireland and even more so in Germany and Sweden!

However, other suppliers are working hard to break this present

monopoly and these ind)ude Polychrome, Ou Pont, Horsell,,Fuji, Agfa
and others. However because of plate technology some will work better
than others on the two systems. For example the laser on the Krause
platesetter is strong enough to be able to penetrate and expose onto the
N90 plate but could be too strong for other plates. No doubt as systems
are installed increased demand will drive down prices as will increased
competition and both Misomemx and Krause will develop their systems
to work with the various plates.

This then bodes well for book manufacturers and for book publishers
who will need, to work closely together to extract the major advantages
this front end revolution has to offer.
 CHAPTER 7

CHANGES IN INDUSTRY

PART A

1971 :- First to convent too offset technology in Northern India

1974 :- Used tractor to run printing press after electricity supply was
cut off by PSEB because of political reasons.

1980 :- First to use photo composing technology among Hindi

newspaper.

1983 :- One of the pioneers in introduction of process colour

technology.

1989 :- First language daily to acquire in house colour scanning.

1990 :- First Hindi daily to introduce full page image setters, Telephoto
environment , First to automated packaging.

1992 :- First Hindi and Urdu daily to use page facsimile technology .

1993 :- First Hindi daily to print 4 colour pages on a daily basis.

1996 :- First Hindi/Punjabi/ Urdu daily to introduce heat –set printing.

1997 :- First Hindi daily to complete computerized pagination.

2006 :- First Hindi daily to go full colour .

PART B

1971 :- Web offset printing

1980 :- Photo composing

1983 :- Four colored printing

1987 :- Urdu photo composing

1989 :- Computerized colour scanning and yare photo system

1990 :- Mail room system

1992 :- Page fax system

1996 :- Heat set printing

1997 :- Creation of page through computer

2003 :- Balloon format technique

2004 :- Every day 10 pages colored

 CHAPTER 8

READERSHIP CHARACTERISTICS OF
DIFFERENT STATES OF PUNJAB KESARI
Based on the 1989 ORG-NRS data the following points emerge:

• Punjab Kesari is the largest read newspaper in the Hindi belt.

• Punjab Kesari has the largest male readership (32.7 lakh).

• Punjab Kesari also has largest female readership (15.7 lakh).

• Punjab Kesari has a high percentage of urban readers (81%).

• In the Hindi belt, Punjab Kesari leads in readership

particularly in the age group of 25-44 years.

• Among occupational groups in the Hindi belt Punjab Kesari in

8 of the 10 categories?

• Compared with other dailies in the area, Punjab Kesari has the
highest reach in all income groups. It reaches 33.26 lakh
readers with incomes above Rs. 1500 per month. Of them 6
lakh have incomes above Rs. 4000 per month (Figs. Relate to
1989)

• Most of Punjab Kesari’s readership read the daily all 7 days of

the week.

• In Delhi, Punjab Kesari is ranked seconds among all dailies

and first among Hindi newspapers.
HIND SAMACHAR –The Group Numbers

July-Dec ’93 Figure for all three papers of the Group:-

Sundays 10,95,428

Weekdays 7,54,790

This makes it India’s third largest group after the times of India Group
and the Indian Express Group.

Punjab Kesari (Sundays edition) 9,28,098

Punjab Kesari (Daily) 6,22,946

This Sunday edition of Punjab Kesari is the highest selling newspaper

in India. The daily edition of the newspaper is number 3 among India’s
top dailies.

The newspaper is India’s top selling Hindi paper.

In the Capital it is second to Hindustan Times in terms of circulation

among all newspaper

Jag Bani 79,785

This Punjabi newspaper happens to hold the second position among all
Punjabi newspapers.

Hind Samachar 52,059

This is India’s top Urdu Newspaper leaving all others behind.

 CHAPTER 9

CONCLUSION

 From Using tractor to run printing press after

electricity supply was cut off by PSEB because of
political reasons in 1974 to become First Hindi daily
to complete computerized pagination In 1997, Punjab
Kesari has come a long way.

 The case study proves that the newspaper Punjab

Kesari is rising high day by day because of its latest
printing techniques and regular up gradation to its
techniques making its readership high.

In 2006 It became the First Hindi daily to go full

colour .

This newspaper caters to people of all ages due to

varied sections from cartoons, political coverage,
entertainment, latest happenings etc.

 The Sunday edition of Punjab Kesari is the highest

selling newspaper in India. The daily edition of the
newspaper is number 3 among India’s top dailies
 CHAPTER 10

BIBLIOGRPHY

 PERSONAL INTERACTION WITH Mr AMIT CHOPRA

one of the heads of PUNJAB KESARI.

 WWW.PUNJABKESARI.COM

 HAND BOOK OF PRINT MEDIA: Technologies and

Production methods by HELMUT KIPHHAN.

 PRINTING TEXTBOOK by LLOYD P.DEJIDAS

 HANDBOOK ON PRINTING TECHNOLOGY by Offset,

Gravure, Flexo and Screen

 WEB OFFSET PRESS OPERATING by DANIEL G.

WILSON

 PRINT PUBLISHING GUIDE by BRIAN P. LAWLER

 WIKIPEDIA ENCYCLOPEDIA THROUGH INTERNET.