Mathematics III , Unit I PDE

Part A Questions and Answers

1. Form the PDE by eliminating arbitrary constants a and b from z = (x+a)(y+b).

Ans: Given z = (x+a)(y+b)..(1)
Partially Differentiating eqn (1)with respect to x & y we get
z
p y b .(2)
x
z
q x a (3)
y
Eliminating a & b between eqns (1) ,(2) & (3)
(ie) Substituting (2)and (3) in (1) we get z = pq.

2. Find the PDE of all planes having equal intercepts from the x and y axis.
x y z
Ans: Eqn. of such plans is 1 (1)
a a b
Partially differentiating (1) w.r.t x & y we get
1 p 1 p
0....(2) .........( 2)
a b a b
1 q 1 q
0....(3) .........(3)
a b a b
From (2) & (3) we get p = q. which is the required PDE.

3. Eliminate f from z = f(y/x)

Ans: Given z = f(y/x)(1)
Partially differentiating (1) w.r.t x & y we get
z y y px 2
p f ( )( 2 ) f .........(2)
x x x y
z y 1
q f ( )( ) f qx.........(3)
y x x
From (2) & (3) we get px +qy = 0.

4. Form the p.d.e by eliminating f from z = f(x+y).

Ans: Given z = f(x+y)(1)
Differntiating (1) p.w.r.t. x &y we get
z z
p f ( x y ).......(2) & q f ( x y ).......(3)
x y
(2) p
1 ie p q. (or ) p q 0
(3) q

2z
5. Solve 2 sin x
x
2z
Ans: Given 2 sin x Integrating
x
z
cos x f ( x). z sin x xf ( y ) g ( y).
x
6. Write the complete solution of p + q = x + y.
Ans: Let p + q = x + y = k
p x = k, y q = k., ie p = k + x, q = y k
z pdx qdy (k x)dx ( y k )dy.

( k x) 2 ( y k ) 2
z c.
2 2

7. Find the complete integral of z px qy pq (1)

Ans: The given equation is Clairauts type
Put p = a & q = b in equation (1)
Complete integral is z ax by ab

8. What is the C.F of (D2 4DD 4D2 )Z x

Ans: Replace D by m and D/ by 1
A.E is m2 4m + 4 = 0.
(m 2)2 = 0.
C.F = f1(y + 2x) + xf2(y + 2x).

9. Solve
(D 3DD 2D )z 0.
3 2 3

Ans: A.E is m3 3m + 2 = 0.
m = 1, 1, 2 .
z = f1(y + x) +xf2(y + x) +f3(y 2x).

10. Find the particular integral of (D2 3DD 2D2)z sin(x 5y).
1
Ans: P.I = sin(x 5y)
(D 2 3DD 2D2 )
Replace D2 by 1, DD/ by 5, D/2 by 25
1
P.I = sin( x 5 x)
66

11. Find the particular integral of (D2 4DD2 )z ex

1
Ans: P.I = ex Replace D by 1, D/ by 0.
D DD
2 2

P.I = ex.

12. Write the solution of pq = 2 (1)

Ans: Let z = ax +by + c(2) be the solution
Put P = a. q = b. in equation (1) => ab = 2 => b = 2/a
Substitute b = 2/a in equation (2) we get
Z = ax + (2y)/a + c. This is the required solution.
13. Find the general solution in terms of arbitrary functions for the PDE 2p + 3q = 1.
dx dy dz
Ans: Subsidiary equation is
2 3 1
dx dy
Consider integrating 3x 2y = c1
2 3
dy dz
Consider integrating y 3z = c2
3 1
Solution is f(3x 2y, y 3z) = 0.

14. Explain the method of solving Lagranges Linear equation

Solution: Lagranges linear P.D.E is of the form Pp + Qq = R where P,Q,R are functions of x,y,z,
dx dy dz
To solve this, we first form the subsidiary simultaneous equations P Q R .
If u = a and v = b Are two independent integrals of these simultaneous equations,
then the solution of P.D.E. is (u, v) = 0 where is an arbitrary function.
It can also be put as u = f(v), f being arbitrary.
There are two methods of solving the simultaneous equations (1) Method of grouping
(2) Multiplier Method.

15. Solve ( D 2 2 DD ) z 0
Ans: A.E is m2 + 2m = 0.
m(m+2) = 0 => m =0, m= 2
Solution is z = f1(y) +f2(y 2x)
 MATHEMATICS - III
UNIT III APPLICATIONS OF PDE
BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEM

1. Write all the solution of the wave equation

Solution: The wave equation is 2 y / t 2 a 2 2 y / x 2 .
The various possible solution of this equation is
y(x,t) = (c1e px c 2 e px )(c3 e pat c 4 e pat )
= (c5 cos px c6 sin px )(c7 cos pat c8 sin pat )
= (c9 x c10 )(c11 x c12 ) .

2. The pde of a vibrating string is 2u / t 2 a 2 2 u / x 2 what is a 2 ?

Solution: a 2 =T/m = Tension/mass per unit length of string.

3. State the assumptions made in the derivation of one dimensional wave equation.
Solution: The wave equation is 2 y / t 2 a 2 ( 2 y / x 2 )
(i) The motion takes place entirely in one plane.ie xy plane.
(ii) we consider only transverse vibrations. The horizontal displacement of the particles of the string is negligible.
(iii) The tension T is constant at all times and at all points of the deflected string.
(iv) T is considered to be so large compared with the weight of the string and hence the force of gravity is
negligible.
(v)The effect of friction is negligible.
(vi) The string is perfectly flexible.

4. Give reasons for choosing y = (Acospx+Bsinpx)(Ccospat+Dsinpat) as a suitable solution of the pde of the
vibrating string.
Solution: Since the vibrating of the string is a periodic motion with respect to time .we must get a solution for y(x,t)
in which trigonometric terms of t are present.

5. Write down the boundary conditions for the following boundary value problem.
if a string of length is initially at rest in its equilibrium position & each of its points is given the velocity
v v0 sin 3 x / l ; 0 x l determine the displacement functions.
Solution: wave equation 2 y / t 2 a 2 ( 2 y / x 2 ) boundary conditions are
1. y(0,t)=0
2. y(,t)=0}, t>0
3. y(x,0)=0
4. y / t ( x,0) v0 sin x / l
3

6. Write all the solution of one dimensional heat equation. u / t 2 2 u / x 2

Solution:
2 p 2t
u(x,t) = ( A1e px A2 e px )e
2 p 2t
u(x.t )= ( A3 cos px A4 sin px )e
u(x,t)= ( A5 x A6 ) .
7. The partial differential equation of one dimensional heat equation is u / t 2 2 u / x 2 what is 2 ?
Solution : 2 is called the diffusivity of the material of the body through which heat flows.
If be the density, c the specific heat & k thermal conductivity of the material.
We have the relation 2 = k/c.

8. What is meant by steady state condition in heat flow?

 Solution: steady state condition in heat flow means that the temperature at any point in the body does not vary
with time. ie it is independent of t the time.

9. In steady state conditions derive the solution of one dimensional heat flow?
Solution: The pde of unsteady one dimensional heat flow is u / t 2 2 / x 2 1
In steady state condition the temperature u depends only on x & not time t.
Hence u / t 0 . Eqn (1) reduces to 2u / x 2 0 2 solving 2.
The general solution of 2 is u = ax + b where a, b are arbitrary.

10. Find the steady state temperature of a rod of length l whose ends are kept at 30 and 40 .
Solution: The steady state equation of one dimensional heat flow is d 2 u / dx 2 0 1
Solving we get u = a x+ b 2 .
The boundary conditions
u = 30 when x = 0, u = 40 when x =
30 = a(0) + b, => b = 30
40 = a () + 30, => a = 10, => a = 10/
Sub in 2 we get u = 10x/ + 30.

11. Explain the term Thermally insulated ends

Solution: If an end of a heat conducting body is thermally insulated. It means that no heat passes through that
section Mathematically the temperature gradient is zero at that point u / x 0 .

12. Express the boundary conditions in respect of insulated ends of a bar of length a and also the temperature
distribution f(x).
Solution: The boundary conditions are
u
at ( x 0) 0
x
For all values of t
u
at ( x a) 0
x
u(x,0) = f(x) for 0 < x < a.

13. What are the assumptions made while deriving one dimensional heat equation?
Solution:
1. Heat flows from a higher to lower temperature.
2. The quantity of heat required to produce a given temperature change in a body is proportional to the
mass of the body and the temperature change .The constant of proportionality is known as the specific heat(c) of
the material.
3. The rate at which heat flows across any area is jointly proportional to the area and to the temperature gradient
normal to the area. Ie The rate of change of temperature w.r.t the distance normal to the area .The constant of
proportionality is known as the thermal conductivity (k).This is known as Fourier law of heat conduction.

14. What is steady state heat equation in two dimensions in Cartesian form?
Solution: The required equation is 2 u / x 2 2u / y 2 0

15. Write the different solutions of Laplace equation in Cartesian coordinates?

u ( x, y ) (c1e px c 2 e px )(c3 cos py c 4 sin py )
Solution: u ( x, y ) (c5 cos px c6 sin px)(c7 e py c8 e py )
u ( x, y ) (c9 x c10 )(c11 c12 )
16. For u xx u yy 0 write a solution which is periodic in y?
Solution: u ( x, y ) ( Ae px Be px )(C cos py D sin py )
17. Write the general solution y(x,t) of vibrating motion of a string of length with fixed end point and zero initial
velocity.
Solution:

nx nat
y(x,t) = Bn sin cos
n 1 l l

18. A rectangular plate is bounded by the lines x = 0, y = 0, x = a and y = b. Its surfaces are insulated and the
temperature along the adjacent sides x = a; y = b are kept at 100 & the temperature along the two sides x = 0 & y
= 0 are kept at 0.write the boundary conditions.
Solution: The boundary conditions are
1) u(0,y) = 0
2) u(a,y) = 100}, 0 y b.
3) u(x,0) = 0
4) u(x,b) = 100}, 0 x a

19. classify the pde (i) u xx xu yy 0

(ii) y 2 u xx 2 xyu xy x 2 u yy 2u x 3l 0
Solution: (i) Here A = 1; B = 0; C = x
B 2 4AC = 0 4x = 4x 1
If x is negative (x < 0) then B 2 4 AC 0 ie (i) is Hyperbolic
If x > 0 then B 2 4 AC 0 is elliptic
If x = 0 then B 2 4 AC 0 is parabolic
(ii) Here A = y 2 ; B = 2xy; C = x 2
Now B 2 4 AC 0 (ii) is parabolic.

20. Classify the following

(i) xf xx yf yy 0 (ii) f xx 2 f xy 0
Solution: A = x; B = 0; C = y
B 2 4 AC 0 4 xy = 4xy < 0
B 2 4 AC 0 xf xx yf yy 0 is elliptic
(ii) A = 1; B = 2; C = 0
B 2 4 AC 4 0 f xx 2 f xy 0 is Hyperbolic.

21. Classify the following pde?

(a) y 2u xx u yy u 2 x u 2 y 7 0
Here A = y 2 ; B = 0; c = 1
2 2
B 2 4AC = 0 4 y = 4 y < 0
B 2 4 AC 0
y 2u xx u yy u 2 x u 2 y 7 0 is elliptic

Z Transform ( Unit V )
Part A
1. Define Z- transform.
Soln:
If {x(n)} is a causal sequence if x(n) = 0 for n< 0, then Z transform is called one sided or

unilateral Z transform of {x(n)} and is defined as Z{x(n)} = x(n) z X ( z )

n 0
n

2. Prove that Z-transform is linear. (Or) Prove that Z{ax(n) by(n)} aZ {x(n)} bZ { y (n)}
Soln:

Z{ax(n) by( n)} {ax(n) by(n)}z n
n0

a x ( n) z n b y ( n) z n
n 0 n 0

aZ {x(n)} bZ { y (n)}
3. Find Z{an}.
Soln:
 an n
Z{a}z
znn 00
4. Find Z{eat}
Soln:
at anT e
Z{e}z
znn 00
 an
5. Find Z n!

Soln:
 n nn
a 1 a
Z z
n
6. Find Z-transform of n
Soln:
7. Find Z{n2}
Soln:
 d
Z{n Z n }{} z Z{n}
2

dz
d z
z 2
dz (z1)
(z 1) 2z( 1) ( zz )1
2
z 4 3
(z1) (z1)
8. Find Z transform of 1/n.
Soln:
 n
1 1
Z z
n

n nz
 1
9. Find Z transforms of
n 1
Soln:
 d
10. Prove that Z{nf (n)} z f ( z)
dz
Soln:

f ( z ) Z{ f (n)} f (n) z n
n 0

Differenti ating both side w.r.t z

d
f ( z ) f (n)( n) z n 1
dz n 0

1
z 1 nf (n) z n Z {nf (n)}
n0 z
d
ie Z {nf (n)} z f ( z )
dz
11. State and prove initial value theorem.
Soln:
if Z{ f (n)} f ( z ) then f (0) Lt f ( z )
z

Pr oof f ( z ) Z{ f (n)} f (n) z n
n 0

f (1) f (2) f (3)

f (0) 2 3 ....
z z z
Taking lim it as z on both sides
f (1) f (2) f (3)
Lt f ( z ) Lt { f (0) 2 3 ..}
z z z z z
1
f (0) ( z 0)
z

12. If Z{ f (t)} f (z)then Z{eanT f (nT )z n

Soln:

Z{e f(t)} fe T)( zn
at ant n

n 0

f nT)( e z
aT n n

n0

f nT)( ze f(ze )
aT n aT

n 0
13. Find Z{nan}
Soln:
 d
Z{na }Z{ an }z Z a }{
n n n

dz
d z
z
dz ( az )
( az )z az
z 2 2
( az ) ( az )
14. Find Z{n(n 1)}
Soln:
z ( z 1) z
Z {n(n 1)} Z (n 2 ) Z (n)
( z 1) ( z 1) 2
3

2z

( z 1) 3

15. Find Z-transform of t

Soln:
 n n
16. Prove That Z{ f (n n0 )} z 0 Z{ f (n)} z 0 f ( z)
Soln:

Z { f ( n n0 )} f (n n
n 0
0 ) z n Put m n n0

f ( m) z
m n0
( m n0 )

z n0 f (m) z
m0
m
{ f (n) is causal sequence}

z n0 Z { f (n)} z n0 f ( z ) if n n 0
n
17. Find Z {cos u (n)}
2
Soln:
 n nn n n 1
Z{cos u(n)}Z{cos}cos z cos
2 2 n0 2 n0 2 z
18. Find Z e at b
Soln:

atb
Z e Z[e e ] (we knowthat Z[e ] aT
b at at z
ze
b at b z
e Z[e ] e aT if z e aT

t 2
ze
19. Find Z [e t ]
Soln:

t 2 2 at
Ze t ][ Z[t ]zeT (weknowthaZ[e f(t)]Z[f(t]zeaT))
T z( 1) T ze (ze 1)
2 2T T
3 T 3
( z1) zeT (ze 1)
 20. Find Z {a n 1 }
Soln:
z
Z{a n1} z 1 Z (a n ) z 1
za
1
, if n 1.
za

Fourier Series

Part-A(Question and Answers)

1. State Dirichlets condition

Sol: (i) f(x) is bounded, single valued
(ii) f(x) has atmost a finite no. of maxima and minima
 (iii) f(x) has atmost a finite no. of discontinuities
2. Write the formula for finding Eulers constant of a Fourier series in (0,2)
a0
Sol: f ( x) [a n cos nx bn sin nx]
2 n1
2 2 2
1 1 1
where a0
f ( x)dx
0
; an
f ( x) cos nxdx ;
0
bn
f ( x) sin nxdx
0

x 0 x 1
3. Sum the Fourier series for f ( x) at x = 0 and x =1.
2 1 x 2
Sol: Here x =0 is discontinuous point
f (0 ) f ( 2 )
[Sum of Fourier series of f ( x)] x 0
2
02
1
2
Here x = 1 is discontinuous point
f (1 ) f (1 ) 1 2 3
[ Sum of Fourier series of f ( x)]x 1
2 2 2
4. What is the constant term ao and the coefficient of cosnx, an in the Fourier series expansion of f(x)=x-x3 in (-
, ).
Sol: f ( x) x x 3
f ( x ) ( x ) ( x ) 3 x x 3 ( x x 3 ) f ( x )
f(x) is odd function
ao = an = 0
5. State Parsevals Identity for the full range expansion of f(x) as Fourier series in (0, 2 l ).
2l
1 a02 1 2 2
( a n bn )
2l 0
Sol: [ f ( x )] 2
dx
4 2 n 1
6. Find a Fourier sine series for the function f(x) = 1, 0 < x <

Sol: f ( x ) b sin nx n
n 1

2 2
bn f(x)sin xd sin xd
0 0

2 cosnx 2 n
(1 1)
 4 1
f ( x) sin nx
n 1,3,5 n
0 x 1 2 cos 2 x cos 4 x cos 6 x
7. If the Fourier series for f ( x)
0
sin x x 2

is f ( x) 1.3 3.5 5.7

sin x
2 ----- (1)
1 1 1 2
Prove that .......
1.3 3.5 5.7 4

Sol: Put x in ( 1 )
2

Here x is continuous point . [ f ( x)] x / 2 0
2
1 2 1
1 1 1
(1) 0 1.3 3.5 5.7 ..... 2

 1 1 2 1 1 1
. .
2 1 .3 3 .5 5 .7
2 2 1 1 1
. .
2 1.3 3.5 5.7
2 1 1 1
. .
2 2 1.3 3.5 5.7
2 1 1 1
. .
4 1 .3 3 .5 5 .7
8. Find bn in the expansion of x2 as a Fourier series in (-, ).
Sol: Here f ( x) x 2 is even function in (-, )

2
bn x
2
sin nxdx
0

0
9. If f(x) is an odd function defined in (-l , l ) what are the values of a0 and an.?
Sol: Here f(x) is an odd function in (-l , l )
a0 an 0
10. What do you mean by Harmonic Analysis?
Sol: The process of finding the Fourier series of the function f(x) which is given in terms of numerical
values.
-
11. Find an in expanding e x as Fourier series in (-, )

1 1
e
x
Sol: an f ( x) cos nxdx cos nxdx



1 e
x
2( cosnx in x)s
1 n
1 e e

( 1) 0) ( 1) 0)
n n
2 2
12. State Parsevals Identity for the Half range cosine series expansion of f(x) in (0,1).
l
a02 1 2
Sol: [ f ( x)] dx
2
an
0
4 2 n1

nx l
l
13. If for 0<x<l the function f(x) has the expansion f ( x) bn sin .Show that [ f ( x)]2 dx 2 [b12 b22 b32 ....]
n 1 l 0

nx nx
l l
2 lb
Sol: WKT bn l f ( x) sin l dx f ( x) sin l dx 2n
0 0
nx
---- (1)

Given f ( x) bn sin
n 1 l
Multiply f(x) in the above eqn.(1) and integrate over 0 to l,
 l l xn
([ xf )] dx bn xf )( sin dx
2

0 n1 0 l

lbn l 2
bn bn
2n1 2n1

l2 2 2
b1 b2 b3 . .
2
14. Find the value of an for f(x)=k in (0,10) in cosine series expansion.
nx nx
l 10
2 2
l 0
Sol: an f ( x) cos dx k cos dx
l 10 0 10
 10
nx
sin 10
15. Define Root Mean Square value for f(x) in (a,b)
b

[ f ( x)] dx
2

Sol: y a

ba

Fourier Transform

Part-A(Questions and Answers)

1. State Fourier Integral theorem

1
0
Sol: f ( x) f (t ) cos (t x)dtd

2. State Fourier Transform Pair

1
Sol: F [ f ( x)] f ( x)e
isx
dx
2

1
F[ f ( x)]e
isx
f(x) ds
2

3. State Fourier Sine Transform Pair

2
0
Sol: Fs [ f(x)] f ( x ) sin sxdx

2
0
f(x) Fs [ f ( x)] sin sxds

4. State Fourier Cosine Transform Pair

2
0
Sol: Fc [ f(x)] f ( x) cos sxdx

2
0
f(x) Fc [ f ( x)] cos sxds

5. Find Fourier Sine Transform of e x , x 0

2
0
Sol: W.K.T. Fs [ f(x)] f ( x ) sin sxdx

2 x
0
Fs [e x ] e sin sxdx

2 ex
= 2 ( sin sx s cos sx)
s 1 0

2 1
= 0 2 (0 s )
s 1
 2 s
=
s 2 1

6. Find Fourier Cosine Transform of e x , x 0

2
0
Sol: W.K.T. Fc [ f(x)] f ( x) cos sxdx

2 x
0
Fc [e x ] e cos sxdx

2 ex
= 2 ( cos sx s sin sx)
s 1 0

2 1
= 0 2 (1)
s 1
2 1
=
s 2 1

7. Solve the Integral Equation 0 f ( x) cos xdx e

2 2
0
Sol: W.K.T. Fc [ f(x)] f ( x) cos xdx e


2
0
f(x) Fc [ f ( x)] cos xd

2 2 2
e

= e cos xd = cos xd
0
0

2 e
= 2 ( cos x sin x)
1 0

2 1 2 1
= 0 2 (1) = 2
1 1

8. Define Self Reciprocal

Sol: If the Fourier Transform of f(x) is f(s) then f(x) is said to be self reciprocal function.

9. State Parsevels Identity

Sol: f ( x) dx F( s ) ds where F( s ) F [ f ( x)]

2

10. State Convolution theorem

Sol: F[ f ( x) * g ( x)] F[ f ( x)]F [ g ( x)]

11. Prove that F [e iax f ( x)] F(s a) where F(s) F [ f ( x)]

1
Sol: F [e iax f ( x)] e
iax
f ( x)e isx dx
2

1
f ( x )e
i(sa) x
= dx
2

= F(s + a)
1
12. Prove that F [ f (ax)] F(s / a) where F(s) F [ f ( x)]
a

1
Sol: F [ f (ax)] f (ax)e
isx
dx
2
 du
Let u = a x then x = u / a and hence dx =
a
If x then u
and if x then u

1 du
F [ f ( ax)] f (u)e
i ( s / a )u

2
a

1 1
f ( x )e
i(s / a) x
dx
a 2

1
= F( s / a )
a
1
13. Find Fourier Sine Transform of
x

1 2 1
0 x
Sol: Fs sin sxdx
x

2 sin sx

= x
dx
0

sin t
W.K.T
0
t
dt
2
Let sx t x t / s and dx dt / s

1 2 sint dt 2 s int dt
Fs
x 0 /st s 0 t s

2 sint
dt
0 t
2

2 2 1 x 1
14. Find Fourier Transform of f ( x)
0 x 1
1
1 1
Sol: F [ f ( x)] f ( x )e dx e
isx isx
dx
2 2 1
 1isx is is
1 e 1 e 1 2isn

i2 s1 2 is 2 is
 1
15. Prove that F [ f ( x) cos ax] F(s a) F(s a) where F(s) F [ f ( x)]
2

1 1 e iax e iax isx
Sol: F [ f ( x) cos ax]
2


f ( x) cos axe isx dx
2


f ( x)
2
e dx

1

1
= 2 [ f ( x )e f ( x)e iax ]e isx dx
iax

2
1

1
= 2 [ f ( x )e e isx f ( x)e iax e isx ]dx
iax

2
1

1 1
[ f ( x )e [ f ( x )e
iax isx
= e ]dx
iax isx
e ]dx
2 2 2
1

1 1
f ( x)e f ( x )e
i ( sa ) x i ( sa ) x
= dx dx
2 2 2
1
= F(s a) F(s a)
2

d
16. Prove that Fc [ xf ( x)] Fs [ f ( x)]
ds

d d 2
ds 0
Sol: Fs [ f(x)] f ( x) sin sxdx
ds

2
xf )( sinsxdx
0 s

2
([ .xxf ]) cos xdx
0
Fc[xf(x)]