PRESENT PERFECT

PRESENT CONTINUOUS
PRESENT SIMPLE PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE CONTINUOUS
/PROGRESSIVE/
/PROGRESSIVE/
Statements
Statements subject + have/has + been* + V-ing
Statements Statements
subject + am/is/are + V-ing (You have been working.)
subject + V(s) subject + have/has + V3
(You are working.)
(You work.) (You have worked.)
Question
Question (quest. word+) have/has + subject +
Question Question
(quest. word+) am/is/are + subject + been + V-ing
FORM (quest. word +) do/does + subject + V (quest. word+) have/has + subject + V3
V-ing (Have you been working?)
(Do you work?) (Have you worked?)
(Are you working?)
Negative
Negative Negative
Negative subject + have/has + not + been +
subject + do/does + not + V subject + have/has + not + V
subject + am/is/are + not + V-ing V-ing
(You do not work.) (You have not worked.)
(You are not working.) (You have not been working.)
3
(*been = be , not an auxiliary verb!)

AUX. (present form of do) (present form of be) (present form of have) (present form of have)
do/does am/is/are have/has have/has
VERB
V(s)*
VERB rd V-ing V3 V-ing
*(in 3 person singular we add s)
- Something that happened in - Something began in the past
- Something is happening at
the past but has an effect on the and it is still going on (and
the moment (while we are
- Habits present might continue in the future
talking)
- General truth - Something began in the past also)
- Something is happening
- Schedule/timetable and it is still going on (and - Something began and ended
nowadays
USE - Narrative texts (description might continue in the future in the past, it has an effect on
- An event/action what
of novels, films) also) the present and we want to
breaks our habit.
- With certain verbs, in - Something began in the past express the importance of
- Fixed future plan
certain phrases and has (just) finished (now) continuity
- With always we can
- We highlight the happening - We highlight the result and
express that a habit bothers us
itself (time is not important) our anger (indignation)

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 PRESENT PERFECT
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
PRESENT SIMPLE PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE CONTINUOUS
/PROGRESSIVE/
/PROGRESSIVE/
Habits
I watch TV every evening. Something is happening at the
moment (while we are talking) Something that happened in the
He is walking now. past but has an effect on the Something began in the past and
General truth present it is still going on (and might
o
Water boils at 100 C . I have broken the window. continue in the future also)
Something is happening
E I have been waiting for the bus for
nowadays
X 2 hours.
Schedule/timetable I am writing a new book. Something began in the past and
A
M The bus arrives at 7.30 am. it is still going on (and might
P continue in the future also) Something began and ended in
I arrive in Paris at 2 pm. and then I An event/action what breaks
L go to London tomorrow morning. I have lived here for 10 years. the past, it has an effect on the
E our habit present and we want to express
S I usually get up at 6 oclock, but the importance of continuity
Narrative texts (description of this week I am waking up at 8 Something began in the past and Im tired, because I have been
O novels, films) oclock. has (just) finished (now) working hard (all day).
F
Mel Gibson has two kids in the I havent seen you for ages.
movie and they are really sweet Fixed future plan I have just arrived.
U We highlight the result and our
S I am travelling to my mothers anger (indignation)
E With certain verbs, in certain place next week. We highlight the happening itself Who has been eating with my
phrases (time is not important) spoon?
I love you. / I hate this. / I want With always we can express I have never eaten ice-cream. Have
that. that a habit bothers us you ever eaten chocolate?
Here she comes. / There she goes. He is always watching TV!
There is a cat in my bag.

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 PRESENT PERFECT
PRESENT SIMPLE PRESENT CONTINUOUS PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE
CONTINUOUS
The following time expressions
W - always, generally, often, rarely, The following time expressions
A sometimes, seldom, never - just
The following time expressions
R - every day/month/year The following time expressions - already, yet
- since, for
N - on Monday(s)/Tuesday(s) - now, right now, nowadays, at - ever, never
- all day/week/year
I - once/ /three times/twenty times this/the moment, at present, - since, for
Time expressions that talk about
N a day/week/year currently - till now, to date, so far
a period of time without an end:
G These question words: - today, tonight, this Time expressions that talk about
- today
- How often? night/week/year a period of time without an end:
- this day/week/year
S - How many times a day/week? Given expressions - today
These question words:
I Given words - Look out!, Watch out!, Listen!, - this day/week/year
- How long?
G - want, have These question words:
- Since when?
N - emotions (like, love, hate, enjoy) - How long?
S - senses (smell, taste) - Since when?
(Think of the 1st meaning of these words!)
We can use the auxiliary verb in We can express changes that are Already: Something happened
statements if we want to highlight happening now with this phrase: Sometimes Present Perfect Simple
before now or earlier than expected.
NOTE the action! and Present Perfect Continuous
to be getting + adjective In statements only.
1 express the same thing. In these
A: You never arrive on time! The weather is getting colder (and Yet: Until now. In questions and
cases (of course) we can use both.
B: I do arrive on time every day! colder). negative sentences only.
In the case we want to say that we
We put never/always/rarely After given words we use Present We can see that the warning signs
NOTE have or have not visited a place, we
between the subject and the verb. Simple even though those things are only soft signs because they
2 say been + to (and not in).
She usually goes home after school. are happening right now. are (often) not unique.
I havent been to the Bahamas.
Both forms are correct: In this tense go has a special
NOTE We often use still with this tense. flavor (compare be and go). This is not a really frequently used
on Monday on Mondays
3 It is still snowing. She is gone! tense.
on Friday on Fridays (It means she is not here.)

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