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Eficienta Indepartare Azot Din Ape Orasenesti PDF
Eficienta Indepartare Azot Din Ape Orasenesti PDF
2/2011
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Analele Universitii Constantin Brncui din Trgu Jiu, Seria Inginerie, Nr. 2/2011
substane organice care prin descompunere they may come as a result of water pollution
pun n libertate n ap astfel de compui. either directly, like in case of the industrial
n principal azotul se gsete n apa and agricultural pollution (fertilizers based on
uzat netratat, ca amoniac sau azot organic, nitrogen), or with organic substances that, by
ambele solubile, i ca microparticule. Azotul decomposition, release such compounds in
organic solubil este ntlnit sub forma ureei water.
sau a aminoacizilor. Apa uzat netratat nu The nitrogen is mainly found in the
conine sau conine n cantiti reduse nitrii untreated waste water, as ammonia or organic
sau nitrai. O parte din particulele organice nitrogen, both of them being soluble, and as
sunt reinute prin decantare primar. micro-particles. The soluble organic nitrogen
Majoritatea particulelor care conin substane is met as the urea or the amino-acids. The
pe baz de azot organic sunt transformate n untreated waste water does not contain or
timpul epurrii biologice, n amoniu (asimilat contain reduced quantities of nitrites or
n parte n celulele biomasei) sau n alte forme nitrates. A part of the organic particles are
anorganice [1]. kept by primary draught. Most of the particles
Deversarea apelor uzate neepurate i containing substances based on organic
chiar a celor epurate mecano-biologic nitrogen are changed into ammonia during
(coninnd poluani reziduali de tipul celor the biologic purification (partially assimilated
amintii) n emisarii naturali se manifest n in the bio-mass cells) or in other inorganic
diferite moduri, de la afectarea sntii forms [1].
umane, pn la probleme complexe de natur The discharge of the non-purified
ecologic, tehnic i economic: waste waters and of the ones mechanically-
compuii azotului pericliteaz sntatea biologically purified ones (containing
oamenilor; residual polluters such as the mentioned ones)
amoniacul este toxic, avnd efecte in natural emissaries manifests in different
cumulative sub-letale, ncetinind creterea ways, from affecting the human health, to
i dezvoltarea copiilor i a adolescenilor; complex ecological, technical and
azotiii sunt foarte periculoi, att pentru economical problems:
oameni (produc cancerul gastric), ct i the nitrogen compounds endanger the
pentru fauna acvatic; human health;
azotaii reprezint o form mai puin the nitrogen is toxic, having cumulative
periculoas pentru aduli (poate determina sub-lethal effects, slowing down the
anumite afeciuni gastrice), ns pentru increase and the development of children
nou-nscui, provoac and teenagers;
methemoglobinemia sau boala albastr. the nitrites are very dangerous both for
Nitraii ca atare nu sunt toxici, astfel c, people (they cause gastric cancer) and for
pentru a-i ctiga aceast calitate ei the water fauna;
trebuie s sufere un proces de reducere i the nitrates represent a less dangerous
s fie transformai n nitrii. Odat form for adults (it may determine certain
ptruni n snge, nitriii se combin cu gastric diseases), but for babies, it causes
hemoglobina formnd methemoglobina, methemoglobynemia or the blue disease.
crend un deficit de oxigen. Maladia este The nitrates as such are not toxic, so that,
ntlnit aproape n exclusivitate la copiii in order to achieve this quality, they
mici din primul an de via, care sunt should suffer a reducing process and they
alimentai artificial, fapt explicat prin should be changed into nitrites. Once they
aceea c n primele luni copilul mai entered the blood, the nitrites are
pstreaz o hemoglobin matern mult combined with the hemoglobin, creating
mai labil, iar nevoia de ap fiind mai an oxygen deficit. The disease is met
mare ca la adult, cantitatea de nitrai pe almost exclusively at the small children
unitatea de greutate corporal este de during their first year of life, who are
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Analele Universitii Constantin Brncui din Trgu Jiu, Seria Inginerie, Nr. 2/2011
Fig. 1. Schem tehnologic pentru procedeul Fig. 1. Technological scheme for the process
Bardenpho. Bardenpho.
AUB - ap uzat brut; DS - decantor secundar; AUB gross waste water; DS - secondary
E - efluent; n.r. - nmol activat de recirculare basin;
E - effluent; n.r. activated sludge recirculation.
Apa uzat intr iniial, ntr-o zon de
The waste water initially enters an
denitrificare anoxic n care este recirculat
area of anoxic denitrification where it is re-
amestec nitrificat din compartimentul
circulated a nitrified mixture of the following
urmtor, ce combin oxidarea C cu
compartment, combining the C oxidation
nitrificarea. Carbonul prezent n apa uzat
with the nitrification. The carbon present in
este utilizat la denitrificarea nitratului
the waste water is used for the denitrification
recirculat. ncrcarea organic fiind crescut,
of the re-circulated nitrate. The organic
denitrificarea se produce rapid. n apa uzat,
charging being increased, the denitrification
amoniacul trece neschimbat prin primul bazin
happens quickly. In the waste water, the
anoxic i este nitrificat n primul bazin de
ammonia crosses the first anoxic basin with
aerare. Amestecul nitrificat din primul bazin
no change and it is nitrified in the first basin
de aerare trece n a doua zon anoxic unde
of aeration. The nitrified mixture of the first
denitrificarea se produce pe baza consumului
basin of aeration goes to the second anoxic
sursei de C endogen. A doua zon aerob este
area where the denitrification is produced
relativ mic i este utilizat mai ales la
based on the consumption of the endogen C
striparea N gazos intrat nainte de limpezire.
source. The second aerobic area is relatively
Amoniacul eliberat din nmol n a doua zon
small and it is used mostly for stripping the
anoxic este de asemenea nitrificat n ultima
gas N entered before the rinsing. The
zon aerob [3,4].
ammonia released from the mud in the
b) nitrificare-denitrificare n trepte
second anoxic area is also nitrified in the last
separate
aerobic area [3,4].
Denitrificarea biologic se poate realiza,
b) nitrification-denitrification in
n condiii acceptabile, i prin adugarea unui
separate stages
sistem biologic separat utiliznd metanol ca
surs extern de C pentru ndeprtarea The biologic denitrification may be
nitratului. Cteva sisteme alternative de accomplished, in some acceptable conditions,
denitrificare n treapt separat sunt and by adding a separate biologic system,
prezentate n fig. 2 i 3. using methanol as an outside source for
removing the nitrate. Some alternative
systems of denitrification in a separate stage
are presented in fig. 2 and 3.
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Analele Universitii Constantin Brncui din Trgu Jiu, Seria Inginerie, Nr. 2/2011
Fig. 2. Schema cu nitrificare n BNA i Fig. 2. Scheme with nitrification in BNA and
denitrificare folosind metanol denitrification using methanol
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5
4
[NO3] mg/l
3
2
1
0
9
09
09
09
09
9
9
09
9
9
t.0
.0
.0
l.0
r.0
c.0
v.0
b.
g.
n.
n.
p.
ai
ar
oc
iu
ap
de
no
fe
ia
iu
au
se
m
m
Fig. 4. Coninutul de nitrai pentru tronsonul Fig. 4. The charging with nitrates for the
- Jiu amonte confluen cu Sadu. section- Jiu upstream in confluence with
Sadu.
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Din figura 4 rezult faptul c s-au From figure 4 it results the fact that there
nregistrat depiri ale indicatorului de were registered crossings of the quality
calitate NO3- n toate lunile anului 2009, cel indicator NO3- in all the months of the year
mai mult depindu-se n luna octombrie, 2009, crossing the most in October, the
concentraia nitrailor fiind de 1,46 ori mai nitrate concentration was 1,46 times bigger
mare dect limita admis pentru clasa a-II-a than the limit admitted for the 2nd quality
de calitate. Cea mai mic concentraie a class. The smallest nitrate concentration was
nitrailor nregistrndu-se n luna martie, registered in March, representing 3,23 mg/l
aceasta fiind de 3,23 mg/l adic de 1,07 ori namely 1,07 times the limit admitted for the
limita admis pentru clasa a-II-a de calitate. 2nd quality class.
Coninutul de nitrii pentru tronsonul - Jiu amonte
confluen cu Sadu.
0,3
[NO2] mg/l
0,25
0,2
0,15
0,1
0,05
0
9
09
9
09
9
09
09
09
.0
.0
v.0
l.0
t.0
c.0
r.0
n.
n.
p.
b.
g.
ar
ai
iu
oc
ap
no
de
se
ia
iu
fe
au
m
m
Fig. 5. Coninutul de nitrii pentru tronsonul - Fig. 5. The charging with nitrites for the
Jiu amonte confluen cu Sadu. section- Jiu upstream in confluence with
Sadu.
Din figura 5 reiese faptul c s-au
nregistrat depiri ale indicatorului de From figure 5, it results the fact that
calitate NO2- n toate lunile anului 2009, cel there were registered crossings of the quality
mai mult depindu-se n luna ianuarie, indicator NO2- in all the months of the year
concentraia nitriilor fiind de 8 ori mai mare 2009, crossing the most in January, the nitrite
dect limita admis pentru clasa a-II-a de concentration being 8 times bigger than the
calitate. Cea mai mic concentraie a nitriilor limit admitted for the 2nd quality class. The
nregistrndu-se n lunile martie i mai, smallest nitrite concentration was registered
aceasta depind de 1,63 de ori limita admis in March and May, crossing 1,63 times the
de 0,03 mg/l. admitted limit of 0,03 mg/l.
4. CONCLUZII 4. CONCLUSIONS
Keeping and improving the water
Pstrarea i mbuntirea calitii
quality has currently become a basic, prior
apei a devenit n prezent o component de
component in the water management.
baz, prioritar, n managementul apei.
Extremely complex problems involved by
Problemele extrem de complexe pe care le
the existence of the residual polluters,
implic existena poluanilor reziduali,
inclusively of the nitrogen compounds, in
inclusiv a compuilor cu azot, n efluenii
the effluents of the purifying stations of
staiilor de epurare a apelor uzate, precum i
the waste water, and also the effects they
efectele pe care acetia le au asupra calitii
have on the emissary quality, have
emisarului, au impus dezvoltarea a
improved the development of numerous
numeroase i variate tehnologii de epurare a
and varied purifying technologies of the
apelor uzate care, n final, au ca scop
waste water that have as a final purpose
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protecia calitii apelor. Cu toate acestea, the protection of the water quality.
msurile de protecie a apelor se dovedesc, n However, the measures of protecting the
unele cazuri insuficiente, ele fiind depite waters prove to be sometimes insufficient,
de ritmul de cretere a impurificrii lor. being crossed by the increase rhythm of
Cerinele impuse n prezent prin their contamination.
legislaia european i naional pentru The demands currently imposed by
calitatea efluentului epurat descrcat n the European and national legislation for the
emisari au devenit tot mai stricte. n cele mai quality of the purified effluent discharged in
multe situaii, sunt impuse condiii severe n emissaries have become stricter and stricter.
ceea ce privete reinerea anumitor poluani In most of the situations, there are imposed
(substane organice, nutrieni, compui toxici severe conditions regarding the keeping of
specifici), condiii ce nu pot fi respectate certain polluters (organic substances,
numai cu ajutorul tehnologiilor clasice de nutrients, specific toxic compounds),
epurare convenional. conditions that cannot be respected only by
Necesitatea evalurii gradului de means of the classic technologies of
poluare a apei cu compui cu azot este conventional purification.
susinut n primul rnd de efectele pe care The necessity to evaluate the water
acetia le au. Nitraii stimuleaz dezvoltarea pollution degree with nitrogen compounds is
algelor i a culturilor acvatice, pot cauza firstly supported by the effects they have. The
methemoglobinemia la copii (boala albastr), nitrates stimulate the development of the
aduc prejudicii folosinelor emisarului n ceea algae and of the water cultures, may cause
ce privete alimentarea unor procese methemoglobinemia at children (the blue
industriale. Compuii azotului, alturi de cei disease), damage the utilities of the emissary
ai fosforului din deversrile de ape uzate au regarding the supply of certain industrial
atras atenia, datorit efectului lor n processes. The nitrogen compounds, next to
accelerarea eutrofizrii lacurilor i stimularea the phosphor ones of the discharges of waste
culturilor acvatice. n prezent, pentru statele waters have attracted the attention, due to
n care domeniul epurrii este deosebit de their effect in accelerating the eutrophication
avansat, controlul compuilor cu azot a of the lakes and the stimulation of the water
devenit o parte obinuit a epurrii apelor cultures. Currently, for the states where the
uzate, mai ales n preocuprile de refacere a purification field is very advanced, the
proviziei de ap subteran. control of the nitrogen compounds has
Pe de alt parte, evaluarea gradului de become a usual part of purification the waste
ncrcare a emisarului cu compui cu azot waters, especially in the concerns of
permite stabilirea procedeelor adecvate de recovering the supply of subterranean water.
epurare a efluenilor. Din acest punct de On the other hand, the evaluation of
vedere, compuii azotului sunt considerai the degree of charging the emissary with
poluani reziduali, iar ndeprtarea lor din ap nitrogen compounds allows the establishment
necesit aplicarea unor procedee de epurare of the adequate purifying proceedings of the
avansat a acesteia. effluents. From this viewpoint, the nitrogen
Unul dintre procedeele moderne de compounds are considered as residual
ndeprtare a compuilor cu azot din apele polluters, and their removal from the water
uzate oreneti l reprezint needs the application of certain advanced
nitrificarea/denitrificarea n treapta biologic purifying proceedings.
de epurare a apei, procedeu ce se One of the modern proceedings of
caracterizeaz prin eficien ridicat n removing the nitrogen compounds from the
privina reducerii azotului, stabilitate waste municipal waters is represented by the
funcional i fezabilitate mare. Procedeul nitrification/denitrification in the biological
este relativ uor de supravegheat i necesit stage of purifying the water, a proceeding
suprafee restrnse de amplasare i cost featured by high efficiency regarding the
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