TABLE OF CONTENT

NO CONTENT PAGE
1 Abstract/summary 2
2 Introduction 2
3 Aims 2
4 Theory 3
5 Apparatus 4
6 Methodology/Procedure 4-5
7 Results 6-9
8 Calculation 10-14
9 Discussion 15-16
10 Conclusion 16
11 Recommendations 16
12 Reference/ Appendix 17-18

1
ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

Basically, titration method is used to neutralized acid solution and basic solution. Titration
also used to determine the equivalence point of the reaction. In this experiment, titration
method is used to determine the molarity of solution and the percent by mass of acetic acid in
vinegar with standardized sodium hydroxide solution. Burette is used to determine the
volume of standardized sodium hydroxide used to neutralize acetic acid completely. Next, pH
meter also needed to detect drastically any changes in pH value and helps to determine the
equivalence point of the reaction. As a result,

INTRODUCTION

Titration came from latin word titulus which means inscription or title. French word
titre mean rank. By definition titration is the determination rank or concentration of solution
with respect to water with pH 7. In late of 18th century, Francois Antoine Henry Descroizilles
was the first developer the burette. Next, in 1791 Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac developed the
improvement of burette. Burette is the most important apparatus needed for titration process.
Pipette also can be used as a replacement of burette. Burette is used instand of measuring
cylinder because the accuracy of the calibration reading of burette is 0.1ml while the
measuring cylinder is 1ml.

AIMS

To determine the molarity of a solution and the percent by mass of acetic acid in vinegar by
titration with the standardize sodium hydroxide solution.

2
THEORY

Basically, the solution with unknown concentration is called titer while the added solution
is called titrant. In titration, burette usually used in the experiment because it has smallest
calibration units of 0.1ml. Therefore, the volume dispensed from the burette is estimated to
the nearest 0.05ml. Instead of burette, pipette also can be use in this experiment. The
equivalence point reach when the number of mole basic is equal to the number of mole acid.
In neutralization reaction, acid solution will react with basic to produce salt and water. So,
when the titration reaction reached its equivalence point, its mean that the acid in the beaker
had been completely neutralized with basic and produce basic salt and water.

NaOH(aq) + CH3CO2H(aq) NaCH3CO2(aq) +H2O(l)

The equivalence is reached when there are a sudden change in the pH value of the solution
occur. pH in the aqueous solution is related to the concentration of the hydrogen ion H+ or
hydronium ion H3O+. pH value can be determine using the formula.
pH = -log10 [H3O+]
pH = -log10 [OH-]
pH + pOH =14

pH scale is used as a method to show the properties of substance which is either acid, basic or
neutral solution. Solution with pH more than 7 are basic , pH more than 7 are acidic and ph
equal to 7 are neutral substance (see Appendix A). For this experiment, pH value is taken by
using pH meter.
In titration solution, as the sodium hydroxide solution is added to the acetic acid, the
concentration of hydrogen ion in acetic acid solution is decrease as the hydrogen ion in acetic
acid is neutralized . So, the pH value will gradually increase.

APPARATUS

Burette, 250 ml beaker, retort stand, pH meter, glass rod, stirrer balance, weighing balance,
filter funnel, distilled water, solid sodium hydroxide, solid KHP, vinegar solution.

3
METHODOLOGY/PROCEDURE

Preparation for standardization of sodium hydroxide solution

1. Prepare approximately 0.6M sodium hydroxide solution by weighted 6g of solid

sodium hydroxide diluted with 250ml of distilled water in the 500ml beaker. The
solution is stirred until the solid sodium hydroxide (NaOH) dissolved completely.
2. Using another 100ml beaker, 1.5g of KHP is added to the beaker. The mass of KHP
must be recorded to the nearest 0.001g.The solid KHP is diluted with 30ml of distilled
water. The solution is stirred using stirrer balance until the KHP has dissolved
completely.
3. Prepare burette on the clam. Using filter funnel, the NaOH solution is poured into the
burette. Make sure there is no air bubbles appear on the tip of the burette.
4. Titrate the KHP solution with NaOH solution. The pH value of the KHP solution is
recorded using pH meter for every 1ml addition of NaOH solution.
5. Repeat steps 1 to 4 and two more NaOH standardize solution prepared.
6. Plot the graph of pH versus volume of NaOH. From the graph, determine the volume
of sodium hydroxide required to neutralize the KHP solution. Find the equivalence
point for each titration.
7. The molarity of the sodium hydroxide solution for titration 1 and 2 are been
calculated and the average molarity of sodium hydroxide solution.

4
Molarity of acetic acid and mass percent in vinegar

1. 10ml of vinegar is poured into the 250ml of beaker. 80ml of distilled water is added
into the beaker to cover the pH electrode tip during the titration.
2. Titrate the vinegar solution with sodium hydroxide solution. The pH value of vinegar
solution is recorded for every 1ml added sodium hydroxide solution.
3. Repeat step 1 to 2 twice.
4. Plot the graph of pH versus volume of sodium hydroxide solution. From the graph,
determine the volume of sodium hydroxide solution needed to neutralize vinegar
solution. The data is recorded.
5. The molarity of acetic acid in vinegar for titration 1 and 2 are calculated.
6. The average molarity of acetic acid are calculated.
7. The percent by mass of acetic acid in vinegar for titration 1 and 2 are calculated.
8. The average percent by mass of acetic acid in vinegar are calculated.

5
RESULT

Standardization of sodium hydroxide solution (KHP)

Titration 1 Titration 2
Mass of beaker (g) 95.518 95.518
Mass of beaker + KHP (g) 97.024 97.024
Mass of KHP (g) 1.506 1.508
Volume of NaOH to 12.50 12.50
neutralize the KHP
solution(ml)

Molarity of NaOH for titration 1: 0.590M

Molarity of NaOH for titration 2: 0.5908M
Average molarity of NaOH : 0.5904M

pH against volume of NaOH (1st)

14
12
10
8
pH 6
4
2
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

volume of NaOH (ml)

Equivalence point = 12.5mL

6
 pH against volume of NaOH (2nd)
14
12
10
8
pH 6
4
2
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

volume of NaOH (ml)

Equivalence point = 12.5mL

pH against volume of NaOH (average)

14
12
10
8
pH 6
4
2
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

volume of NaOH (ml)

Equivalence point = 12.5mL

7
Standardization of sodium hydroxide solution (vinegar)

Titration 1 Titration 2
Volume of NaOH required 10.5 10.5
to neutralize vinegar(mL)

Molarity of acetic acid in vinegar for titration 1: 0.6195

Molarity of acetic acid in vinegar for titration 2: 0.6203

Average molarity of acetic acid in vinegar : 0.6199

Percent by mass of acetic acid in vinegar for titration 1: 3.721%

Percent by mass of acetic acid in vinegar for titration 2: 3.726%

Average percent by mass of acetic acid in vinegar: 3.7235%

pH against volume of NaOH (1st)

14
12
10
8
pH 6
4
2
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

volume of NaOH (ml)

Equivalence point = 10.5mL

8
 pH against volume of NaOH (2nd)
14
12
10
8
pH 6
4
2
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

volume of NaOH (ml)

Equivalence point = 10.5mL

pH against volume of NaOH (average)

14
12
10
8
pH 6
4
2
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

volume of NaOH (ml)

Equivalence point = 10.5mL

9
CALCULATION

Standardization of sodium hydroxide solution (KHP)

1.Calculation for preparing 250mL of approximately 0.6M sodium hydroxide solution:

mole
Molarity = volume

mole
0.6= 0.25

Mole= 0.15mol

mass
Mole= molar mass

mass
0.15= 40

Mass of NaOH needed= 6g

2.Calculation of moles of KHP used in titration.

a) Titration 1

1mol KH C8 H 4 O4
1.506 g KHC8H4O4 204.2 g KH C 8 H 4 O4 = 0.007375 mol KHC8H4O4

b) Titration 2

1mol KH C8 H 4 O4
1.508 g KHC8H4O4 204.2 g KH C 8 H 4 O4 = 0.007385 mol KHC8H4O4

3. Calculation of moles of NaOH required neutralizing the moles of KHP.

a) Titration 1

1 mol NaOH
0.007375 mol KHP 1 mol KHP = 0.007375 mol NaOH

10
b) Titration 2

1 mol NaOH
0.007385 mol KHP 1 mol KHP = 0.007385 mol NaOH

4. Calculation of molarity of the NaOH

a) Titration 1

1L
12.50ml NaOH 1000 ml =0.01250L NaOH

mol NaOH 0.007375mol NaOH 0.5900mol NaOH

M= L of solution = 0.01250 L solution = 1 L solution = 0.5900 M NaOH

b) Titration 2

1L
12.50ml NaOH 1000 ml =0.01250L NaOH

mol NaOH 0.007385mol NaOH 0.5908mol NaOH

M= L of solution = 0.01250 L solution = 1 L solution = 0.5908 M NaOH

c) Average molarity

0.5900+ 0.5908
2 = 0.5904 M NaOH

Standardization of sodium hydroxide solution with vinegar

1. Calculation of moles of NaOH reacted

a) Titration 1

1L
10.5mL NaOH 1000 mL =0.0105L NaOH

11
 0.5900 mol NaOH
0.0105L NaOH 1 L NaOH solution = 0.006195mol NaOH

b) Titration 2

1L
10.5mL NaOH 1000 mL =0.0105L NaOH

0.5908 mol NaOH

0.0105L NaOH 1 L NaOH solution = 0.006203mol NaOH

2. Calculation of the moles of CH3COOH neutralized by the moles of NaOH

a) Titration 1

1 mol c H 3 COOH
0.006195mol NaOH 1 mol NaOH = 0.006195mol NaOH

b) Titration 2

1 mol c H 3 COOH
0.006203mol NaOH 1 mol NaOH = 0.006203mol NaOH

3. Calculation of molarity of the CH3COOH solution

a) Titration 1

1L
10mL CH3COOH 1000 mL = 0.010L CH3COOH solution

mol C H 3 COOH 0.006195mol C H 3 COOH 0.6195mol C H 3 COOH

M= L of solution = 0.01 L of solution = L solution =

0.6195 M CH3COOH

b) Titration 2

1L
10mL CH3COOH 1000 mL = 0.010L CH3COOH solution

12
 mol C H 3 COOH 0.006203mol C H 3 COOH 0.6203mol C H 3 COOH
M= L of solution = 0.01 L of solution = L solution =

0.6203 M CH3COOH

c) Average

0.6195 M CH 3 COOH + 0.6203 M CH 3 COOH

M= 2 = 0.6199 M CH3COOH

4. Calculation of mass of acetic acid in the solution

a) Titration 1

1L
10mL CH3COOH 1000 mL = 0.010L CH3COOH solution

0.6195mol C H 3 COOH 60.06 g C H 3 COOH

0.010L CH3COOH 1 L solution 1 mol C H 3 COOH = 0.3721g

CH3COOH

b) Titration 2

1L
10mL CH3COOH 1000 mL = 0.010L CH3COOH solution

0.6203mol C H 3 COOH 60.06 g C H 3 COOH

0.010L CH3COOH 1 L solution 1 mol C H 3 COOH = 0.3726g

CH3COOH

5) Calculation of mass of the acetic acid solution

1 g CH 3 COOH solution
10mL CH3COOH 1 mL CH 3COOH solution = 10.00g CH3COOH solution

6. Calculation of percent by mass of acetic acid in the solution

13
 a) Titration 1

g C H 3 COOH
percent mass CH3COOH = g C H 3 COOH solution 100%

0.3721 g C H 3 COOH
percent mass CH3COOH = 10 g C H 3 COOH 100% = 3.721%

b) Titration 2

g C H 3 COOH
percent mass CH3COOH = g C H 3 COOH solution 100%

0.3726 g C H 3 COOH
percent mass CH3COOH = 10 g C H 3 COOH 100% = 3.726%

3.721+3.726
c) Average = 2 = 3.7235%

14
Sample of calculation errors
1. Molarity of CH3COOH
Theoretical Actual
Percentage of error = Theoretical 100

0.82630.6199
= 0.8263 100

=24.98%

2. Percent by mass

Theoretical Actual
Percentage of error = Theoretical 100

4.9633.7235
= 4.963 100

=24.97%

15
DISCUSSION

Acid is defined as the substance when react with water to produce hydrogen ion (H+)
while basic is substance when react with water will produce hydroxide ion (OH-). From the
equation of neutralization reaction, acid when react with basic will produced salt and water.
For this experiment, the neutralization concept is used in titration method to find the
unknown molarity of a solution and the percent by mass of acetic acid in vinegar. At the end
of the experiment, the molarity of acetic acid is 0.6199 M while the percent by mass of acetic
acid in vinegar is 3.7235%. To obtain this result, there are a few precaution needed to be done
to avoid an error in the experiment. In weighing the solid of KHP using weighing balance,
record the reading of mass KHP to the nearest 0.001g to minimize the error in calculating the
mole of KHP solution. Next, make sure the weighing balance is clean before using it because
the impurities will affect the actual reading of the weighing balance. Before using the pH
meter, make sure to read the manual first. Finally, make sure there is no air bubbles appear on
the tip of the burette before conducting the experiment to ensure the volume of solution used
is same as the reading of burette shows.

While conducting the experiment, there are also some error that occur such as zero
error, parallax error and random error. For zero error, reset the weighing balance to 0 before
taking the measurement. The eye also must be perpendicular to the scale on the burette to
avoid parallex error. The electrode of pH meter also need to be immersed completely in the
solution while taking the pH reading to avoid random error.

In this experiment, the propose of using pH meter instead of using indicator solution
such as phenolphthalein to determine the pH value of the solution is because pH meter shows
more accurate reading in showing the equivalence point by calculating the drastically changes
in pH value. If the indicator is used, the equivalence point of the reaction is hard to obtain as
the indicator only shows the changes in colour of the solution (see Appendix B).

The reason why the standardize of sodium hydroxide solution must be done because the
sodium hydroxide is highly soluble. In open air, sodium tend to absorb the carbon dioxide
which is weakly acidic. This reaction partially neutralize the NaOH. To make it simpler, the
molarity of the sodium hydroxide solution is not the molarity of sodium hydroxide itself. The
standardize of sodium hydroxide with KHP is needed to know the actual molarity of sodium

16
hydroxide solution. From the experiment result, we can say that the value of molarity and the
percent by mass of the CH3COOH are not accurate based on the theoretical value given. Its
problem are affected by many errors. For example, air bubble are present in the burette during
our experiment occurs.

CONCLUSION

The molarity of acetic acid in vinegar is 0.6199 M and the percent by mass of acetic acid is
3.7235% CH3COOH. The result of the experinment are not accurate with the theoretical
value given.

RECOMMENDATIONS

Titration process must be done by dropping 1ml of sodium hydroxide solution slowly drop
by drop. When on the range of equivalence point, reduce the dropping of sodium hydroxide
solution to 0.5ml. This action is to obtain an accurate and good graph as a result. Next, stir
slowly the solution while taking the pH reading to ensure the substance was dissolved
completely in the solution. In preparation of sodium hydroxide solution and KHP solution,
rinse the beaker with a distilled water to ensure there is no solid substances left on the beaker
that will affect the molarity of the solution. Before taking a reading using the pH meter, rinse
the electrode first using distilled water to make sure the pH meter is working properly. After
finishing the experiment, make sure all the apparatus is cleaned and placed before left the
laboratory.

17
REFERENCES

1. Theodore L.Brown, H. Eugene LeMay, Jr , Bruce E.Bursten, Catherine J.Murphy,

Patrick M.Woodward, Matthew W.Stoltzfus, Chemistry The Central Science,
Thirtteenth Edition(2015)Pearson Education Limited.
2. Lim YouSie, Yip Kim Hong, Chemistry Giude, Second Edition(2014) Pearson
Longman.
3. Printed in Singapore,Robert C.Atkins, Chi Wi Ong, Chemistry (2014) McGraw-Hill
Education.

APPENDIX

18
Appendix A

Appendix B

19
20