Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
238-245
Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com
238
International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 12, Number 2 (2017) pp. 238-245
Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com
The use of natural fiber composite also has been introduced to automotive components. The objective of this paper is to
replace the use of conventional materials because of it has an review the factors that affecting energy absorption of
advantages of low density, high specific strength and stiffness automotive composite bumper beam.
[14]. Table 1 shows some of the composite material used in
239
International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 12, Number 2 (2017) pp. 238-245
Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com
detailed CAD model of a new design concept has been cross section [38, 39], rib [38], thickness [40], material [41, 42,
developed, any refined prior to the creation of drawings and 43], and shape [44] also are significant factors that affecting
changes are inexpensive. FEA can analyze the design in detail, the energy absorption. These are the common factors that
saving time and money by reducing the number of prototypes affecting the energy absorption found in literature. Adding rib
required. Because of high cost of physical test and time to the structure is the way to optimize the energy absorption
consuming, by using FEA, thousand of simulation can be improving the energy absorption capability. Ribs give the
done to get satisfied result before conducting the real physical structure more strength. Figure 2 shows the effect of rib in
test. energy absorptiondisplacement curves [38]. From the graph,
it shows that rib-reinforced beam exceeds empty square beam
Currently there are many software can be used to simulate the and foam filled-beam as the compression goes along.
FEA such as ANSYS LS DYNA, LS DYNA, PAMCRASH
and ABAQUS. Marzbanrad et al. [24] simulate low speed
frontal impact of original bumper under ECE United Nations
Agreement, Regulation no. 42, 1994 using LS DYNA. Weight
and impact behaviour parameter were compared for composite
and aluminum material resulted that modified SMC bumper
beam can be replace the used of glass mat thermoplastic
(GMT) and aluminum in Marzbanrad study.
Hambali et al. [31] analyze the energy absorption of the Figure 2. Effect of rib in Energy absorptiondisplacement
bumper beam using ANSYS LS DYNA by replacing the curves [38]
current material by sheet moulding compound (SMC)
composite. Small deflection occurs during simulation, but the
result obtained is reasonable as its within Economic
Commission for Europe (ECE) United Nations standard
requirement where the parts still intact and usable after the
impact. Hosseinzadeh et al. [32] studied impact modelling of a
commercial front bumper beam made of glass mat
thermoplastic (GMT) using ANSYS LS-DYNA 5.7 subjected
to low-velocity impacts. Cheon et al. [33] developing the
composite bumper beam for passenger cars using commercial
finite element software ANSYS 5.0 to determine the strength
and stiffness. Table 2 shows literature founded from past
research search that using FEA.
240
International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 12, Number 2 (2017) pp. 238-245
Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com
LS DYNA Crashworthiness design for foam-filled thin-walled Simulation results agree fairly well with the [26]
structures with functionally lateral graded thickness corresponding experimental results
sheets
LS DYNA Multi-cornered thin-walled sheet metal members for The numerical simulations and quasi-static tests were [27]
enhanced crashworthiness and occupant protection reasonable and the results were creditable
LS DYNA On Functionally Graded Composite Structures for The overall deformation of the FE model in terms of [28]
Crashworthiness collapse mode and number of folds is in good
agreement with that of the experiments.
ABAQUS Geometrical optimization of bumper beam profile Low velocity impact finite element simulations are [29]
made of pultruded composite by numerical performed in order to optimize beam section profile
simulation and beam curvature for crashworthiness. Results
obtained shows that pultruded bumper beam has
comparable energy absorption capability with respect
to the steel normal production solution.
LS-DYNA Investigation on structure optimization of Simulation values SEA are compared with [30]
crashworthiness of fiber reinforced polymers experimental data SEA, fractional error between those
materials are about 5.67% and 4.89%, respectively, which can
meet the precision requirement for engineering
application.
ANSYS Design optimization of automotive bumper beam Three main factors have been taken into account to [31]
LS DYNA through energy absorption analysis optimize the energy absorption of bumper beam which
are cross section of the bumper beam, strengthening
ribs and the thickness. It was found that curved D cross
section beam has appropriate energy absorption and
deflection compares with others design.
ANSYS Parametric study of automotive composite bumper The proposed model of the research have equal [32]
LS DYNA beams strength and rigidity of the structure, reduction of
subjected to low-velocity impacts material, ease of manufacturing by simplifying
geometrical shape and reduction of production cost are
studied and proved
ANSYS Development of the composite bumper beam for It was concluded that the analysis for the determination [33]
passenger cars of the thickness of the cross section of the composite
bumper beam was satisfactory and reliable.
LS DYNA Progressive crushing of fiber-reinforced composite The finite element simulations accurately predict the [20]
structural components of a Formula One racing car overall shape, magnitude and pulse duration in all the
types of impact.
PAMCRASH Motorcycle-car side impact simulation The qualitative results of the car-motorcycle side [34]
impact simulations presented in this paper show close
match with the experimental observations
HYPERMESH, BIW safety performance research based on vehicle Research method and the simulation results in this [35]
LS-DYNA frontal crash paper have provided certain examples for body
longitudinal beams design in future and certain
references for optimization of related frontal crash
structures.
HYPERMESH, Whole car side impact mode and response evaluation The experiment of car side impact shows that the [36]
LS-DYNA simulation result of this paper is of good value in side
impact structure and safety evaluation
LS-DYNA Analysis of Car Crash Simulation Data with Reduce the time spent by the engineer analyzing the [37]
Nonlinear Machine Learning Methods influences of design parameters on the weight, costs or
functional properties of new car models
Increasing the bumper beam thickness, more kinetic energy According to Marzbanrad et al. [24] studies the modified
transfer from impactor to vehicle and less plastic strain energy sheet molding compound (SMC) bumper beam in his study
dissipates. Increasing thickness decrease the deformation after can minimize the bumper beam deflection, impact force and
impact. Figure 3 shows that maximum deformation of the stress distribution and also maximize the elastic strain energy.
beam decreases with the increase of bumper beam thickness Hosseinzadeh et al. [32] studies impact property of the GMT
[42]. As the weight of cars are main issues that uses a lot of and SMC bumper and compare to conventional material steel
fuel, light weight material is preferable to be used. Composite and aluminum. SMC have been found to have equal strength
materials are currently being replaced the conventional and rigidity of the structure which shape, material and impact
material as it offer more light weight. By using composite conditions. Table 3 shows factors that affecting energy
material the weight of car can be reduce [45]. absorption founded from past literature search.
241
International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 12, Number 2 (2017) pp. 238-245
Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com
Optimize Ref
Thickness Applied feasible range wall thickness between 0.5 and 3.5mm, which is practical for aluminum [58]
structures to maximize the SEA
Ribs Optimized reinforced ribs have higher-energy absorption performance than the empty and foam- [38]
filled beams
Cross-section Satisfies both the safety requirements for a front rigid-wall impact and lower leg injuries in a [54]
pedestrian impact test.
Cross-section Found an optimal geometry for dual-channel bumper beams hitting rigid barriers at 16 km/h for [59]
offset frontal impact and at 15 km/h for pole frontal impact.
Cross-section Optimization of straight and curved bumper beams subjected to static and dynamic loads using [56]
hybrid cellular automata (HCA)
242
International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 12, Number 2 (2017) pp. 238-245
Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com
243
International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 12, Number 2 (2017) pp. 238-245
Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com
[19] Davoodi, M. M., Sapuan, S. M., Aidy, A., 2012, [33] Cheon, S. S., Choi, J. H., and Lee, D. G., 1995,
Effect of the Strengthened Ribs in Hybrid Toughened Development of the Composite Bumper Beam For
Kenaf/ Glass Epoxy Composite Bumper Beam Life Passenger Cars Composite Structures. 32(14):491
Science Journal. 9(1):285-289. 499.
[20] Bisagni, C., Di Pietro, G., Fraschini, L., and Terletti, [34] Mukherjee, S. and Chawla, A. 2001. Motorcycle-Car
D., 2005, Progressive Crushing of Fiber-Reinforced Side Impact Simulation. International IRCOBI
Composite Structural Components of a Formula One Conference, 19.
Racing Car Composite Structures, 68(4):491503. [35] Shen, Z., Qiao, X., and Chen, H., 2013, BIW Safety
[21] Hrmann, M., and Wacker, M., 2005, Simulation of Performance Research based on Vehicle Frontal Crash
the Crash Performance of Crash Boxes Based on Proceedings of the FISITA 2012 World Automotive
Advanced Thermoplastic Composite 5th Europe LS- Congress Volume 9: Automotive Safety Technology.
DYNA Users Conference. 5d31. 9:1326.
[22] Daniel, L., Hogg, P. J., and Curtis, P. T., 1999, [36] Zhao, G., Zhao, Y., and Li, X., 2012, Whole Car
Relative Effects of Through-Thickness Properties Side Impact Mode and Response Evaluation
and Fibre Orientation on Energy Absorption by Procedia Engineering, 29:26672671.
Continuous Fibre Composites Composite Part B: [37] Bohn, B., Garcke, J., Iza-Teran, R., Paprotny, A.,
Engineering, 30(3): 257266. Peherstorfer, B., Schepsmeier, U., and Thole, C.A.,
[23] Mamalis, A. G., Manolakos, D. E., Ioannidis, M. B., 2013, Analysis of Car Crash Simulation Data With
and Papapostolou, D. P., 2006, The Static and Nonlinear Machine Learning Methods Procedia
Dynamic Axial Collapse of CFRP Square Tubes: Computer Science, 18:621630.
Finite Element Modelling Composite Structures, [38] Zhang, Z., Liu, S., and Tang, Z., 2009, Design
74(2):213225. Optimization of Cross-Sectional Configuration of Rib-
[24] Marzbanrad, J., Alijanpour, M., and Kiasat, M.S., Reinforced Thin-Walled Beam Thin-Walled
2009, Design and Analysis of an Automotive Structures, 47(89):868878.
Bumper Beam In Low-Speed Frontal Crashes Thin- [39] Patil, S. A., Moradi, R., and Lankarani, H. M., 2014,
Walled Structures. 47(89):902911. Vehicle Mass Optimization for Frontal Structure
[25] Kathiresan, M., Manisekar, K., and Manikandan, V., Using I-Sight and Study Of Weld Parameterization for
2014, Crashworthiness Analysis of Glass Mass Improvement ASME International Mechanical
Fibre/Epoxy Laminated Thin Walled Composite Engineering Congress and Exposition, Proceedings
Conical Frusta Under Axial Compression Composite (IMECE). 12.
Structures, vol. 108, 584599. [40] Wang, G., Zhou, J., Liu Z. W., Li, L. X., Liu, B., Li,
[26] An, X., Gao, Y., Fang, J., Sun, G., and Li, Q., 2015, X. Q., and Liu Y. S., 2012, Lightweight Design and
Crashworthiness Design for Foam-Filled Thin- Crash Performance Analysis of Automotive
Walled Structures with Functionally Lateral Graded Aluminum Bumper Chinese Journal of Nonferrous
Thickness Sheets Thin-Walled Structures, 91:6371. Metals, 22(1):9098
[27] Reddy, S., Abbasi, M., and Fard, M., 2015, Multi- [41] Hu, Y., Liu, C., Zhang, J., Ding, G., and Wu, Q., 2015,
Cornered Thin-Walled Sheet Metal Members for Research on Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Plastic
Enhanced Crashworthiness and Occupant Protection Bumper Beam Subjected to Low-Velocity Frontal
Thin-Walled Structures. 94:5666. Impact Advances in Mechanical Engineering,
[28] Zhang, Y., Lu, M., Sun, G., Li, G., and Li, Q., 2015, 7(6):115.
On Functionally Graded Composite Structures for [42] Wang, T. and Li, Y., 2015, Design and Analysis Of
Crashworthiness Composite Structures, 132:393405. Automotive Carbon Fiber Composite Bumper Beam
[29] Belingardi, G., Beyene, A. T., and Koricho, E. G., Based on Finite Element Analysis Advances in
2013, Geometrical Optimization of Bumper Beam Mechanical Engineering, 7(6):112.
Profile Made of Pultruded Composite by Numerical [43] Wang, Z., Sun, X., Lang, S., Lu L., and Li, J., 2015, A
Simulation Composite Structures, 102:217225. Research on the Application of Aluminum Alloy
[30] Duan, S., Tao, Y., Han, X., Yang, X., Hou, S., and Hu, Front Bumper Beam. Automotive Engineering,
Z., 2014, Investigation on Structure Optimization of 37(3):366369.
Crashworthiness of Fiber Reinforced Polymers [44] Tanlak, N., Sonmez, F. O., and Senaltun, M, 2015,
Materials Composite Part B: Engineering, 60:471 Shape Optimization of Bumper Beams Under High-
478. Velocity Impact Loads Engineering Structures.
[31] Hambali, A., Rabiatul, A., Rahim, A., and Taufik, 95:4960.
2012, Design Optimization of Automotive Bumper [45] Jacob, G. C., Starbuck, J. M., Fellers, J. F., and
Beam Through Energy Absorption Analysis Simunovic, S., 2003, Energy Absorption in Chopped
International Journal Engineering of Science, 3(1):34 Carbon Fiber Epoxy Composites for Automotive
39. Crashworthiness Polymer Journal, 35(7):560567.
[32] Hosseinzadeh, R., Shokrieh, M. M., and Lessard, L. [46] Davoodi, M. M., Sapuan, S. M., Aidy, A., Abu Osman,
B., 2005, Parametric Study of Automotive N. A., Oshkour, A. A., and Wan Abas, W. A. B., 2012,
Composite Bumper Beams Subjected to Low-Velocity Development process of new bumper beam for
Impacts Composite Structures, 68(4):419427.
244
International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 12, Number 2 (2017) pp. 238-245
Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com
245