21/2/2017

Make sure to arrive the lecture room/laboratory the
PTT 204/3 FLUID MECHANICS
SEM 2 (2016/2017)
Lecturers: Dr Ahmad Anas Nagoor Gunny
Pn. Nor Helya Iman Kamaludin
Pn. Nur Zatul Iffah Zakaria

Teaching plan PTT 204
latest 15 min after the class/lab started, otherwise
youll consider absence

Kindly please provide any valid document/ letter if you
are cannot attend the class/lab

Absent from class for more than 20% of all lectures
without justification will be barred from taking final
exam

Kindly submit assignment/ lab report at given time.
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Hydrodynamics: The study of the motion of fluids that can

be approximated as incompressible (such as liquids,
especially water, and gases at low speeds).

The science that deals with the behavior of
fluids at rest (fluid statics, v=0) or in motion
(fluid dynamics) and the interaction of fluids
with solids or other fluids at the boundaries.

Hydraulics: A subcategory of hydrodynamics, which deals
with liquid flows in pipes and open channels.

Gas dynamics: Deals with the flow of fluids that undergo
significant density changes,

It is divided into several categories:
Aerodynamics: Deals with the flow of gases (especially

Examples: hydrodynamics, hydraulics, gas air) over bodies such as aircraft, rockets, and
dynamics, aerodynamics etc. automobiles at high or low speeds.

Meteorology, oceanography, and hydrology: Deal with

naturally occurring flows.

A substance in the liquid or gas phase is referred as FLUID

Fluid Properties
Stress=force per unit area .

Common properties: pressure, temperature, mass, Normal stress,
volume, density. The normal component of a force acting
Normal to
on a surface per unit area.

Other fluid properties: specific weight, specific density, surface
= Fn/dA
specific gravity, surface tension and viscosity. (in fluid at rest, it is called pressure) Force acting
Fn F

It is also important in determining the character of the on area dA
Shear stress,
flow of fluids and the amount of energy that is lost The tangential component of a force
from a fluid flowing in a system. acting on a surface per unit area.

= Ft/dA
Tangent to
(for fluid at rest, =0)
dA Ft surface
FLUID vs SOLID??

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1.2 ANCIENT FLUID MECHANICS OR HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING

Intermolecular bonds are strongest in solids and weakest in gases.
Solid: The molecules in a solid are arranged in a pattern that is repeated
throughout.
Liquid: In liquids molecules can rotate and translate freely.
Gas: In the gas phase, the molecules are far apart from each other, and
molecular ordering is nonexistent.

The arrangement of atoms in different phases: (a) molecules are at relatively

fixed positions in a solid, (b) groups of molecules move about each other in the
liquid phase, and (c) individual molecules move about at random in the gas
phase. 9

Boats
Wind turbines
Aircraft and spacecraft

Natural flows & weather Power Plant

Cooling tower

Tornadoes Physiology and Medicine

Water Sport
Industrial applications

Ventricular assist device

Oil and gas industries

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Relative velocities
Uniform approach of fluid layers
velocity, V

Viscous Internal Compressible

vs. vs. vs.

Zero velocity at inviscid external flow incompressible flow

the surface

Plate Laminar Natural Steady

vs. vs. vs.

A fluid in motion comes to a complete stop at the surface and
assumes a zero velocity relatives to the surface. Turbulent flow Forced flow Unsteady flow

Fluid in direct contact with solid sticks to the surface due to
viscous effect, and there is no slip.

video

Viscous vs inviscid regions of flow Internal vs external flow

Viscosity -a measure of internal stickiness of fluid
Viscous flow regionsignificant frictional effect Internal flow - flows in which the fluid is completely bounded
Inviscid flow region negligible viscous forces by solid surface
 e.g: flow in a pipe or duct
The development of viscous and
inviscid regions of flow
External flow - flows in which the fluid is unbounded over
as a result of inserting a flat plate
parallel into a fluid
solid surfaces
stream of uniform velocity
 e.g: flow over a plate, wire, sphere object
The flow of an originally uniform fluid
stream over a flat plate, and
the regions of viscous flow (next to
the plate on both sides) and inviscid
flow (away from the plate).

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Laminar vs Turbulent Flow

Compressible vs. incompressible Laminar flow:

depending on the level of variation of  The highly ordered fluid motion
characterized by smooth layers of fluid.
density during flow.  The flow of high-viscosity fluids such as
Incompressible Flowdensity of the fluid remains oils at low velocities is typically laminar.
nearly constant throughout
 liquids, gases at low speeds Turbulent flow:
 density changes of gas flows are under 5% or when Mach no.,  The highly disordered fluid motion that
Ma<0.3 typically occurs at high velocities and is
characterized by velocity fluctuations.
Compressible Flowdensity changes of the fluid is  The flow of low-viscosity fluids such as air
at high velocities is typically turbulent.
significant
 gases at high speeds Transitional flow:
 A flow that alternates between being
laminar and turbulent

Laminar vs. Turbulent Flow Natural (or unforced) vs forced flow

Determined by Reynolds number, Re
Forced Flow
 A fluid is forced to flow over a surface or in a
pipe by external means such as pump or a fan

Natural Flow
 A fluid motion is due to natural means such as
buoyancy effect, where warmer (and thus
lighter) fluid rises and cooler (and thus denser)
fluid falls

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Steady vs. unsteady flow

Steady Flow
 no change of fluid properties (velocity,
pressure) at a point with time.
 Many devices such as turbines,
compressors, boilers, condensers, and heat
exchangers operate for long periods of time
under the same conditions, and they are
classified as steady-flow devices.

Unsteady Flow
 Any flow that is not steady.